" Basics for Electrical Circuits "

(1) what is the thing that the Transmission lines transfer ??

Electric power P = I * V this is general form
the relation between I & V
1) P = I * V inversely proportional for constant power
2) I = V/R where R: resistance
Directly proportional for Element
(2) I ∝ C.S.A & V ∝ insulation level
(3) we have two types for supplying Electric power
AC system & DC system
from long time ago the most common system used is AC
the AC divided into 1 Ph & 3 Ph
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for Delta Connection

(1) VL = Vph
(2) IL = √3 Iph
(3) P tot = 3 Iph Vph * P.F = √3 IL VL * P.F
for Star Connection
(1) VL = √3 Vph
(2) IL = Iph
(3) P tot = 3 Iph Vph * P.F = √3 IL VL * P.F
Conversions for Electrical Units

(1) Watt → VA P = S * P.F & P.F ( 0.8 : 0.85)

(2) Hp → Watt 1 hp = 746 watt

(3) Hp → VA hp = (746/P.F) VA then 1hp ≈ 1 KVA

note: load < 5 hp 1ph

load > 5 hp 3ph according to our Electrical
code
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Types of Electrical Loads
An electrical load is the part of an electrical circuit in which current
is transformed into something useful. Examples include a lightbulb,
a resistor and a motor. A load converts electricity into heat, light or
motion. Put another way, the part of a circuit that connects to a
well-defined output terminal is considered an electrical load.
Three basic types of loads exist in circuits: capacitive loads,
inductive loads and resistive loads. These differ in how they
consume power in an alternating current (AC) setup. Capacitive,
inductive and resistive load types correspond loosely to lighting,
mechanical and heating loads. Some scholars and engineers refer to
"linear" and "nonlinear" loads, but these terms are not as useful.

Resistive Loads
Loads consisting of any heating element are classified as
resistive loads. These include incandescent lights, toasters,
ovens, space heaters and coffee makers. A load that draws
current in a sinusoidal waxing-and-waning pattern in concert
with a sinusoidal variation in voltage – that is, the maximum,
minimum and zero points of the voltage and current values
over time line up – is a purely resistive one and includes no
other elements.
Inductive Loads
Loads that power electrical motors are inductive loads. These are
found in a variety of household items and devices with moving
parts, including fans, vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, washing
machines and the compressors in refrigerators and air
conditioners. In contrast to resistive loads, in a purely inductive
load, current follows a sinusoidal pattern that peaks after the
voltage sine wave peaks, so the maximum, minimum and zero
points are out of phase.

Capacitive Loads
In a capacitive load, current and voltage are out of phase as with an
inductive load. The difference is that in the case of a capacitive
load, the current reaches its maximum value before the voltage
does. The current waveform leads the voltage waveform, but in an
inductive load, the current waveform lags it.

Normal loads: normal loads are supplied from the

transformer only, when the transformer has a problem, they will be
turned off Because of cutting of electric power.
Emergency loads: Emergency loads are supplied from the
transformer and Generator, when the transformer has a problem ,
they will be turned off Because of cutting of electric power and that
only for several minutes ,after that they will come back to work and
the Generator will be the power source in this case until the
transformer works again.
UPS loads: UPS loads must work continuously without any
stopping like medical equipment in Intensive care unit , critical
loads I mean , so in the first UPS loads are supplied from Batteries
for several minutes then supplied from Generator until the
transformer works again, in the Normal case all loads are supplied
by transformer.