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DETAILED CONTENTS

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  xiii

LIST OF FIGURES  xvi

LIST OF BOXES  xvii

LIST OF TABLES  xix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS  xx

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS  xxiv

NEW TO THIS EDITION  xxv

THE EUROPEAN UNION’S MEMBER STATES xxvi

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xxvii

PART I Background1
1 Introduction 3
Daniel Kenealy, John Peterson, and Richard Corbett

Studying the EU 4

Why bother? 6

Understanding the EU: Theory and Conceptual Tools 11

International Relations (IR) approaches 12
A comparative politics approach 13
A sociological/cultural approach 14
A public policy approach 15
Different theories, different insights 16

Themes17
Experimentation and change 17
Power sharing and consensus 18
Scope and capacity 19

Chapter Layout 21
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 21
FURTHER READING 21
WEB LINKS 23
viii Detailed Contents

2 How Did We Get Here? 24

Desmond Dinan
Introduction25
Post-War Problems and Solutions 26
The Schuman Plan 28
The European Defence Community 29
The European Community 30
Consolidating the European Community 33
Crisis and compromise 35
The EC after De Gaulle 36
A difficult decade 36
The Emerging European Union 37
Economic and monetary union 38
Maastricht and beyond 38
Enlargement, constitution building, and crisis 40

Conclusion43
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 44
FURTHER READING 44
WEB LINKS 45

PART II Major Actors 47

3 The EU’s Institutions 49
Richard Corbett, John Peterson, and Daniel Kenealy
Institutions in Treaties and in Practice 50
The European Commission 50
Tasks and powers 50
How the Commission is organized 51
The Council (of Ministers) 54
Vice president of the Commission / high representative
for foreign and security policy 56
The Council presidency 58
Voting in the Council 58
Coreper59
European Council (of Heads of State or Government) 60
The European Parliament 61
The powers of the EP 62
European Court of Justice 64
Why Institutions Matter 67
Experimentation and change 68
Power sharing and consensus 68
Scope and capacity 69

Conclusion70
 Detailed Contents ix

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 72
FURTHER READING 73
WEB LINKS 73

4 Member States 75
Brigid Laffan

Introduction76
Six Determining Features 77
Entry date 77
Size80
Wealth82
State structure 84
Economic ideology 84
Integration preference 86

Member States in Action 90

Managing EU Business 91
A Community of Values 92
Explaining Member States’ Engagement 92
Conclusion95
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 95
FURTHER READING 96
WEB LINKS 97

PART III Policies and Policy-Making 99

5 Key Policies 101
John Peterson with Alberta Sbragia

Introduction: Policies in the EU 102

Key Features of EU Policies 104
Differences between national and EU policies 104
The primacy of economic integration 108

‘Market-building’ Policies 108

Competition policy 109
Commercial (trade) policy 110
Economic and Monetary Union 111

‘Market-Correcting’ and ‘-Cushioning’ Policies 113

Common Agricultural Policy 113
Cohesion policy 115
Environmental and social regulation 115
Justice and home affairs policy 116

Comparing Policy Types in the EU 117

Conclusion119
x Detailed Contents

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 120

FURTHER READING 120
WEB LINKS 121

6 How Policies Are Made 123

Daniel Kenealy with Fiona Hayes-Renshaw

Introduction124
How it Works Formally 125
The basic rules 126
The principal actors 127
The key stages 128

What Happens in Practice 128

The adapted rules 129
A variety of actors 133
Fluid stages 136

Assessing the Process 138

Is the process transparent? 138
Is the process efficient? 139

Theory and Practice 141

Conclusion142
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 143
FURTHER READING 143
WEB LINKS 144

7 Democracy in the European Union 146

Richard Corbett

Democracy Beyond the State? 147

Legislating through Representative Assemblies 149
How representative are the Parliament and the Council? 150
Involving national parliaments 152

Separation of Powers 154

Executive Accountability 155
Respecting Fundamental Rights 159
Political Parties 160
Conclusion162
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 163
FURTHER READING 163
WEB LINKS 164

PART IV The EU and the Wider World 165

8 EU Enlargement and Wider Europe 167
Ulrich Sedelmeier with Graham Avery
 Detailed Contents xi

Introduction168
Widening versus deepening 168
Enlargement as soft power 169
An institutional paradox 171

How the EU Has Expanded 172

Why countries want to join . . . 174
. . . and when the EU decides to let them in 177
Recent enlargements 178

Prospective Members 180

Balkan countries 180
Turkey181
Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland 183

Wider Europe 183

European Neighbourhood Policy 183
The Eastern Partnership 185

What Limits for EU Expansion? 185

Evaluating Enlargement 188
Leaving and Joining 189
Conclusion190
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 190
FURTHER READING 190
WEB LINKS 191

9 The EU as a Global Actor 193

John Peterson and Niklas Helwig

Introducing European Foreign Policy 194

How it developed 195
The basics 196
A National ‘System’ of Foreign Policies 200

The Community System 201

Commercial (trade) policy 202
Aid and development 204
Externalizing ‘internal’ policies 204

The CFSP and CSDP 206

Theorizing the EU as a Global Actor 210
Conclusion212
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 213
FURTHER READING 214
WEB LINKS 215

10 Brexit and the Future of Two Unions 216

Daniel Kenealy, John Peterson, and Richard Corbett
Introduction217
xii Detailed Contents

The Referendum 218

Why have a referendum? 218
The referendum campaign 220
Understanding the result 222

How to Leave the EU 223

The negotiation process 224
Can Article 50 be revoked? 226

What Might Brexit Look Like? 226

The key issues 227
Hard versus soft Brexit 228

The Future of Two Unions 232

Brexit and UK constitutional politics 232
Brexit and the EU’s future 234

Conclusion235
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 236
FURTHER READING 236
WEB LINKS 237

11 Conclusion 238
John Peterson, Daniel Kenealy, and Richard Corbett

Introduction239
Three Themes 239
Experimentation and change 239
Sharing power and seeking consensus 242
Scope and capacity 243

Explaining the EU 243

International relations approaches 244
A comparative politics approach 245
A public policy approach 246
A sociological/cultural approach 246

Where Do We Go from Here? 247

Debating the future of Europe 247
How will it work? 249

Conclusion251

APPENDIX: CHRONOLOGY OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 253

GLOSSARY  259

REFERENCES  267

INDEX293
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Previous editions of this book have emphasized change as a constant in the world
of European Union (EU) politics and public policy. That certainly applies to the EU
since the fourth edition was published in 2015. As we concluded writing the fourth
edition the EU had seemingly emerged from the depths of the global financial crisis
that had rocked the Eurozone between 2010 and 2012. As we finalized that edition,
the global refugee crisis was emerging as the EU’s latest crisis, a reality that has crys-
tallized since 2015. Meanwhile Europe’s leaders struggled with a revanchist Russia,
under President Vladimir Putin, which intervened in the Donbass region of Ukraine
in 2014, creating a frozen conflict that persisted despite efforts by the French and
German governments to alleviate the situation.
As we approach the present fifth edition of the book our task remains a daunt-
ing one. The most challenging days of the financial crisis do seem to be behind the
EU. However, significant and complicated public policy challenges persist as the EU—
and particularly the 19 member states who use the euro as their currency—tries to
complete the project of a banking union and looks for new institutional mechanisms
to strengthen the governance of the Eurozone and its ability to absorb the effects of,
and counter, any future economic crisis. Similarly, although the refugee crisis is less
intense in 2018 than it was in 2015, significant challenges remain as EU member
states struggle to absorb those who have arrived over recent years. There remains a
pressing need for the EU to speak with a strong and coherent voice on the global stage
as Russia extends its influence in the EU’s neighbourhood, as multiple crises and con-
flicts continue to unfold in North Africa and the Middle East, and as China seeks to
extend its economic influence and leverage globally via its Belt and Road Initiative.
The policy agenda in Brussels remains a full one.
These significant policy challenges—and there are more not mentioned here—are
made even more difficult by a rising tide of populist political sentiment across the
EU and beyond. The election of Donald Trump as US president in November 2016
added yet another volatile and unpredictable element to the mix given the impor-
tance of the transatlantic relationship both economically and in terms of security. In
several member states—notably Poland and Hungary—a form of illiberal democra-
cy is taking root, which poses a challenge to some of the EU’s founding principles.
Euroscepticism, a phenomenon linked politically to populism, remains an issue for
the EU. Anti-EU parties made significant gains in the 2014 European Parliament elec-
tion. As we completed the fourth edition, we remarked on the prospect of an existing
member state—the United Kingdom (UK)—voting to leave the EU. On 23 June 2016,
citizens of the UK did vote to leave the EU. This event was a seismic one that shook
the Union to its core: the first time in the EU’s 60-year history that its membership will
shrink, from 28 to 27. Brexit—as it has come to be called—poses a major challenge for
xiv Preface and Acknowledgements

the EU as it attempts to minimize the disruption and turbulence caused by the depar-
ture of a member state, and to maintain the integrity of the Union for its remaining
27 members.
As in previous editions, we the editors—and our authors—can offer little more
than educated guesses about what the effects of these institutional, political, and eco-
nomic changes will be. The status quo looked fragile as we went to press, suggesting
that more changes were likely to be in the offing. We (or most of us) are, by now,
battle-hardened as to how much and fast the ground can shift in European integration.
What the Union does, how it does it, and with what consequences, have all altered or
intensified in some (usually significant) ways since the fourth edition of this volume
was published.
We have tried to reflect the most important of these changes in this new edition.
Each individual chapter has been significantly updated (three years is a long time in
EU affairs), especially, but not only, to take account of the UK’s vote to leave the EU.
We have added several new authors to be sure that, even as we offer a basic introduc-
tion to the Union, our book reflects findings from the very latest and most perceptive
research on European integration. The editorial team remains the same as it was for
the fourth edition.
Our core mission remains the same: to produce a clear, concise, truly introductory
text for students and the curious general reader. No experience required. We know
the EU is important; we demonstrate why and how in the following chapters. We also
know that it can be made both comprehensible and interesting; our aim is to show
how. If we succeed, it is in great part due to our team of star contributors, and support
and publishing staff.
First, the contributors. One of the book’s most distinctive and strongest quali-
ties is its blend of academics and practitioners. All chapters were either co-authored
or reviewed by both an academic and practitioner. We thank our team of authors
for making this blend workable and even enjoyable. Special thanks are owed to
the authors or co-authors who contributed to the first four editions: Alexander
Stubb, Laura Cram, Lynn Dobson, Lykke Friis, David Martin, John D. Occhipinti,
Michael E. Smith, Michael Shackleton, Rory Watson, Albert Weale, Andrew Geddes,
Marlene Gottwald, and the late, great Sir Neil MacCormick. We also continue to be
in the debt of Elizabeth Bomberg who was the lead editor of the first three editions.
Elizabeth did more than anyone to establish this book’s credentials as the first one
to assign to inquiring minds trying to make sense of this strange and often baffling
political beast.
A second batch of thanks goes to the editorial and production team. As always,
we are in considerable debt to series editor Helen Wallace, who has offered not only
excellent substantive guidance but also unflagging and essential encouragement in the
production of this and past volumes. Thanks also to the editorial and production team
at OUP, especially Francesca Walker (née Mitchell), who demonstrated patience and
skill in seeing the project through, and Aishwarya Panday for efficiency and precisions
during the production process.
 Preface and Acknowledgements xv

Third, our readers. The advantage of doing multiple editions is that we are able
to benefit from the feedback from the last one as we plough ahead with the next one.
We’ve profited enormously from comments offered by reviewers of the first four edi-
tions, by practitioners in Brussels, and by the many EU studies colleagues who have
used this book in their teaching. An extremely useful range of comments, criticisms,
and suggestions came directly from end users themselves—including students using
the earlier editions in their courses at the University of Edinburgh.
Finally, amidst all the tumultuous change, there is always one constant: the support
offered by our partners and families, and presumably those of our authors. Like last
time, only more so: we could not have done it without you.
Daniel Kenealy, John Peterson, and Richard Corbett
Edinburgh and Leeds
LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 The three pillars of the European Union 5

4.1 ‘Onion’ Chart of EU Enlargements 78

5.1 Breakdown of EU spending commitments, 2017 114

6.1 Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP) flowchart  137

8.1 The Expanding European Union 181

8.2 The European Union’s Neighbourhood Policy 184

9.1 How it really works: CSDP missions 207

LIST OF BOXES

1.1 What’s in a name? 4

1.2 The three pillars of the European Union 5

1.3 The practical significance of the EU 7

1.4 Constitutional, Reform, or Lisbon Treaty? 8

1.5 Key concepts and terms 10

1.6 The treaties 18

1.7 Lost in interpretation? 20

2.1 Interpreting European integration 25

2.2 Key concepts and terms 26

2.3 How it really works 28

2.4 Compared to what? 32

2.5 How it really works 34

3.1 How it really works: Who initiates policy? 54

3.2 How it really works: Reaching decisions in the Council 56

3.3 Voting in the Council of Ministers 58

3.4 How the European Parliament ‘squeezes’ power 63

3.5 Compared to what? The ECJ and the US Supreme Court 65

3.6 How it really works: Turf wars! 67

3.7 Enlargement’s institutional impact 69

3.8 Other institutions and bodies 71

4.1 Key concepts and terms 76

4.2 Rescuing the euro 88

4.3 How it really works: Referendums 89

4.4 How it really works: Decision gridlock? 94

5.1 Key concepts and terms 103

5.2 How it really works: Budget bargaining 105

5.3 The policy competences of the EU 107

6.1 Key concepts and terms 124

6.2 A plethora of policies, processes, and procedures 125

xviii List of Boxes

6.3 How it really works: Trilogues 130

7.1 Key concepts and terms 148

7.2 Compared to what? Referenda in EU member states 150

7.3 Compared to what? The Council and the German Bundesrat 152

7.4 Compared to what? How are heads of executive chosen? 157

7.5 European political parties 160

8.1 Key concepts and terms 168

8.2 Criteria for membership 170

8.3 Chronology of enlargement 172

8.4 Prospective members 174

8.5 The path to membership 174

8.6 Compared to what? EU and NATO—a double race to

membership 176

8.7 How it really works: Joining the EU individually or together 177

8.8 Other Europeans 187

9.1 Key concepts and terms 196

9.2 How it really works: The EU and the Middle East and
North African region 201

9.3 How it really works: Making foreign policy decisions 205

9.4 Compared to what? The EU and Russia 208

9.5 Insights: The EU Global Strategy 210

10.1 Article 50: The provision meant never to be used 223

10.2 Hard versus soft Brexit: The available models 228

11.1 What’s in a name? 240

11.2 Two-speed Europe? 251

LIST OF TABLES

1.1 Theories of European integration and the EU 16

4.1 Clusters of member states by size 80

4.2 Member states’ gross domestic product in 2017 83

4.3 Public attitudes to EU membership 87

5.1 CAP spending breakdown: top recipients 114

5.2 Policy types in the EU 118

6.1 Stage at which agreement has been reached on dossiers concluded

under the co-decision/Ordinary Legislative Procedure 131

6.2 Average length of time required to reach agreement under

the co-decision / Ordinary Legislative Procedure 140

7.1 Election of Commission President by the European Parliament 156

9.1 European foreign policy: Three systems 199

10.1 Mapping ‘red lines’ 230

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific

AECR Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists

AKP Turkey’s Justice and Development Party

ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe

APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

CEPOL European Police College

CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

CEU Central European University

CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy

CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US)

CoE Council of Europe

COPS European Political and Security Committee

CoR European Committee of the Regions

Coreper Committee of Permanent Representatives

CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy

DG Directorate-General (European Commission)

DUP Democratic Unionist Party

EAF European Alliance for Freedom

EaP Eastern Partnership

EC European Community

ECAS European Citizen Action Service

ECB European Central Bank

ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office

ECHR European Convention on Human Rights

ECJ European Court of Justice

ECOFIN (Council of) Economic and Financial Affairs

ECSC European Coal and Steel Community

EDC European Defence Community

EDF European Development Fund

 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi

EEA European Economic Area

EEC European Economic Community

EEW European Evidence Warrant

EFTA European Free Trade Association

ELDR European Liberal, Democratic and Reformist Party

EMS European Monetary System

EMU Economic and Monetary Union

ENP European Neighbourhood Policy

EP European Parliament

EPACA European Public Affairs Consultancies Association

EPC European Political Cooperation

EPP European People’s Party

ERF European Refugee Fund

ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism

ESC Economic and Social Committee

ESDP European Security and Defence Policy

ESFS European Financial Stability Facility

ESM European Stability Mechanism

ESS European Security Strategy

ETUC European Trades Union Confederation

EU European Union

EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission

Euratom European Atomic Energy Community

Eurostat European statistical agency

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (US)

FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office

FD Framework Decision

FRG Federal Republic of Germany

FTA Free Trade Area

FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

GAERC General Affairs and External Relations Council

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP gross domestic product

GMOs genetically modified organisms

GNP gross national product

xxii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IGC Intergovernmental Conference

IMF International Monetary Fund

IO international organization

IR international relations

JHA justice and home affairs

MAXCAP Maximizing the Integration Capacity of the European Union

MEP member of the European Parliament

MEPP Middle East Peace Process

MFA Minister for Foreign Affairs

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO non-governmental Organization

NSS National Security Strategy

OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation

OLP Ordinary Legislative Procedure

OMC open method of coordination

OMT Outright Monetary Transactions

OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (formerly CSCE)

PCTF Police Chiefs Task Force

PES Party of European Socialists

PESCO Permanent Structured Cooperation

PIS Law and Justice Party (Poland)

PNR Passenger Name Record

PTA preferential trade agreement

QMV qualified majority voting

REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals

S&D Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats

SAP Stability and Association Process

SCIFA Strategic Committee on Immigration, Frontiers, and Asylum

SEA Single European Act

SGP Stability and Growth Pact

SIS Schengen Information System

SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise

SNP Scottish National Party

TEC Treaty establishing the European Community

 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii

TEU Treaty on European Union

TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of European Union

TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

UK United Kingdom

UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party

UN United Nations

UNICE Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe

US United States

VIS Visa Information System

VWP Visa Waiver Program (US)

WEU Western European Union

WTO World Trade Organization

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

GRAHAM AVERY St Antony’s College, Oxford

RICHARD CORBETT Member, European Parliament

DESMOND DINAN George Mason University

FIONA HAYES-RENSHAW Independent researcher, Brussels

NIKLAS HELWIG Johns Hopkins University

DANIEL KENEALY University of Edinburgh

BRIGID LAFFAN European University Institute

JOHN PETERSON University of Edinburgh

ALBERTA SBRAGIA University of Pittsburgh

ULRICH SEDELMEIER The London School of Economics and Political Science

FRANCESCO STOLFI Macquarie University

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of With the movie
makers
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: With the movie makers

Author: Myron M. Stearns

Release date: May 9, 2022 [eBook #68037]

Most recently updated: November 18, 2022

Language: English

Original publication: United States: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co,

1923

Credits: Charlene Taylor, Robert Tonsing and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH THE

MOVIE MAKERS ***
WITH THE MOVIE MAKERS
 Getting Ready to Take a Scene “On Location.”
The camera men preparing their cameras while the
director is coaching the actors in their parts. Because
the scene is to be a “long shot,” the two cameras are
put on a platform to secure greater elevation.
 WI T H T H E
M OV I E M A K E R S
BY
JOHN AMID

WITH FIFTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM

FAMOUS STUDIOS AND FROM THE
AUTHOR’S OWN PRODUCTIONS

BOSTON
LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
 Copyright, 1923,
By Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard Co.

All rights reserved

With The Movie Makers

PRINTED IN U. S. A.

Norwood Press
BERWICK & SMITH CO.,
NORWOOD, MASS.
U. S. A.
 FOREWORD
Motion pictures are still changing so much, in their development
from year to year, that any survey of this vast, chaotic new industry is
in danger of being out-of-date long before its time. With this in mind,
I have attempted to stress those phases of movie-making, and of the
story-telling that underlies each photoplay, that do not change. A
generation hence, the fundamental problems confronting the makers
—how to show real people, doing interesting things in interesting
places—will be the same.
Grateful acknowledgment is due Walter P. McGuire, of “The
American Boy,” where much of the material embodied in this book
first appeared in article form, for his assistance in planning the
original articles, as well as in editorial supervision of the work as it
progressed. If there is good entertainment, as well as instructive
value, in these pages, and interest for old minds as well as young
ones, much of the credit is due to him.
John Amid.
August 23rd, 1923.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
How Do You Watch Movies?
CHAPTER II
Trick Stuff
CHAPTER III
The World Through a Camera
CHAPTER IV
Inside the Studios
CHAPTER V
Making a Motion Picture
CHAPTER VI
Pioneer Days of the Movies
CHAPTER VII
What Makes Good Pictures Good
CHAPTER VIII
How Good Can a Picture Be?
CHAPTER IX
American Movies Abroad
CHAPTER X
Movies of To-morrow
 ILLUSTRATIONS
Getting Ready to take a Scene “On Location”
Making use of a “Real” Incident
The Scene the Audiences Saw
Roping an Auto Bandit
Taking “Close-Ups” on a Moving Auto
A Movie “Miniature”
A Snow Scene Made of Salt
“Shooting” a Tramp on a Moving Train
A Closer View of the Preceding “Take”
Getting Thrills with a Balloon
An Old Whaling Ship Refitted to Make a New Movie
Capsized by a Real Whale
Aiding Nature by a Skilful Fake
Real Danger on the High Seas
The Second Step to Safety
A Douglas Fairbanks “Set” used in “The Three Musketeers”
How a Movie “Set” is Made
Applying the Mysteries of “Make-Up”
A Typical Movie “Interior”
Staging a Movie Prize-Fight
How a Motion Picture Interior is Made
Engine Trouble on a Dakota Prairie
When the Hero is the Captain of a Steam Shovel
Douglas Fairbanks as D’Artagnan in “The Three Musketeers”
Another Scene from “The Three Musketeers”
Filming an Old Engineer on a Fast-Moving Locomotive
Another Railroad Scene
Getting a Comedy Close-Up for a Laugh
A “Location” where Reflectors are Essential
Where Scenic Beauty is Required
A Proposal on a Mountain Top
Wrecking a Racing-Car for Sport
Getting a Risky Bit of Action
Actress, or a Victim of an Accident?
Getting a real “Thriller”
Drama on an Aëroplane
A Gruesome Aëroplane Wreck
Good Training in Cheerfulness
Two Cameras Against One Pig
Carrying an Elephant to a “Location”
An Auto Load of Horses
A Tête-à-Tête with a Lion
Acting with a “Tame” Lion
An Elephant on a Rampage
Human Brains Against Brute Strength
One of the Big Scenes in “Robin Hood”
Spending Money on a “Spectacle”
A “Western” Actor and His Favorite Horse
“Westerns” are always Popular
Archway from “The Three Musketeers”
A Mexican Gateway from “Winners of the West”
WITH THE MOVIE MAKERS
 CHAPTER I
HOW DO YOU WATCH MOVIES?

Grover Cleveland was a great fisherman. Once, after he was

famous and President, some one asked him what he did, all those
hours he spent, waiting so patiently for the fish to bite.
“Oh,” he is reported to have answered, “sometimes I sit and think,
and other times I just sit.”
That’s the way most of us watch motion pictures—with the accent
on the sit.
We don’t use our brains enough, where the movies are concerned,
either in the selection of pictures to go to see, or in analyzing—and
appreciating or criticizing—what we see.
How often do you watch motion pictures?
Do you know anything about how they’re made? And who makes
the best ones? And how they do it? And why they are better? And
how you can tell them? And what it means in your life to see good
ones—or bad ones?
More than twenty years ago, at a Yale-Harvard football game in
New Haven, Harvard got the ball somewhere near midfield, in the
second half, and hammered away towards the Yale goal. It was a
cold, rainy day, with gray skies overhead and mud underfoot.
Harvard weighed more, and was better trained, and had better men.
From the very first they had the better of it; early in the game they
plowed through to two touchdowns, while lumps came into the
throats of the draggled Yale thousands, looking helplessly down from
the great packed bleachers.
Then came that march down the field in the second half, with the
rain falling again, and the players caked with mud until you couldn’t
tell Red from Blue, and the last hopes of the Yale rooters sinking
lower and lower.
But as Harvard pounded and plowed and splashed past midfield—
half a yard, three yards, two yards, half a yard again—(five yards to
a first down in those heartbreaking days) the cheering for that
beaten, broken, plucky, fighting eleven swelled into a solid roar of
encouragement and sympathy. It rose past the cheer leaders—
ignored them; old grads and undergrads, and boys who wouldn’t
reach Yale for years to come. Yale—Yale—Yale—over and over
again, and then the famous Brek-ek-ek-ek! Co-ex! Co-ex!—rolling
back again into the Nine Long Yales. All the way from midfield they
kept it up, without a break or waver—there in the rain and the face of
defeat—all the way down to the goal—and across it. Loyalty!
Another game. Yale-Princeton this time, with Yale ahead, all the
way. And at the very end of the game, with the score twenty or more
to nothing against them, those Princeton men gritted their teeth and
dug in, holding Yale for downs with just half a yard to go! And on the
stands the Princeton cohorts, standing up with their hats off, singing
that wonderful chant of defeat:

“Her sons—will give—

While they—shall—live—
Three cheers—for old—Nassau!”

Great!
But what of it? And what has it to do with motion pictures?
Just this. Each person, of all the thousands watching those
games, was impressed.
Could not help but be. Few will ever forget all of what they saw, or
all of what they felt. Something of the loyalty of the Yale stands, the
fighting spirit of that dauntless Princeton eleven, became a part of
each spectator.
Do you get it?
 It’s the things that we see, the things that we hear, the things that
we read, the things that we feel and do, that taken together make us,
in large measure, what we are. Yes, the movies among the rest.
Every time we go to a loosely played baseball game, and see
perhaps some center-fielder, standing flat-footed because he thinks
he’s been cheated of a better position, muff an unimportant fly—
we’re that much worse off. We don’t realize it, and of course taken all
alone one impression doesn’t necessarily mean much of anything,
but when it comes to our turn at the middle garden, it’ll be just that
much simpler to slack down—and take things easy. And every time
we see c. f. on a snappy nine, playing right on his toes, turn and race
after a liner that looks like a home run, and lunge into the air for it as
it streaks over his shoulder, and stab it with one hand and the luck
that seems to stick around waiting for a good try, and hold it, and
perhaps save the game with a sensational catch—why, we’re that
much better ball-players ourselves, for the rest of our lives.
It’s a fact. An amazing, appalling, commonplace fact. But still a
fact, and so one of the things you can’t get away from. The things we
hear, the things we do, the things we see, make us what we are.
Take stories. The fellow who reads a raft of wishy-washy stories,
until he gets so that he doesn’t care about any other kind particularly,
becomes a wishy-washy sort of chap himself. On the other hand, too
much of the “dime-novel” stuff is just as bad, with its distorted ideas
and ideals. Twenty-five years ago, the Frank Merriwell stories, a
nickel a week, were all the thing, and sometimes it seemed to many
a boy unfair foolishness that Father and Mother were so against
reading them. But Father and Mother knew best, as those same
boys will admit to-day. Too much of that sort of thing is as bad for a
fellow as a diet of all meat and no vegetables. Wishy-washy,
sentimental books can be compared to meals that are all custard
and blanc mange.
To watch first-class motion pictures (when you can find them) is
like reading worth-while stories. They tell us, show us, as often as
not, places that are interesting, and different from the parts of the
world we live in. They bring all people, and all times, before us on
the screen. But the poor pictures that we see twist out of shape our
ideas of people and life; they show things that are not and could not
be true, they gloss over defects of character that a fellow should—
that a regular fellow will—face squarely. A clothing-store-dummy
“hero” does things that no decent scout would do—and we’re just as
much hurt by watching him on the screen as we would be by
watching that flat-footed center fielder on the losing baseball team.

Courtesy W. W. Hodkinson Corporation.

Making Use of a “Real” Incident.
In this scene, taken at the edge of the Mississippi, the young hero has just
missed the old ferry, from which the pictures are being taken. He was
unfamiliar with the machine he was driving, and nearly went to the bottom of
the river. The scenario was changed to make use of this mishap.
Courtesy W. W. Hodkinson Corporation.
The Scene the Audiences Saw.
In the preceding illustration the cameras that took this
picture are shown. But on the screen only what was included
inside the “camera angle,” as shown here, appears.
 Why are the Bill Hart pictures about the best of the so-called
“Westerns” of the last seven or eight years? Isn’t it because on the
whole Bill Hart has played the sort of chap that is most worth while—
with courage, kindness, and loyalty, and ability to control his temper
and do the right thing?
Only, did you ever stop to wonder how it happened that so often
Bill Hart’s “hero” was a bandit or train-robber or outlaw? If the fellow
Hart played had really been as good as he made out, would he have
been robbing or killing so many times? At least, it’s worth thinking
about. And in one of Hart’s Westerns the hero had to ride a horse
over a twenty-foot bank—almost a cliff—to get away from his
pursuers. It made you wonder how they could “pull a stunt” like that
without too much risk. It looked as though both horse and rider were
hurt.—As a matter of fact, the horse actually broke a leg, and had to
be shot. Nobody seemed to think there was anything out of the way
about that—merely killing one horse to get a good picture. But how
does it strike you?
Of course, that horse incident is an unusual one, but there are
hundreds of interesting problems that come up in the making of
motion pictures nowadays. Pictures are one of the things that week
by week are making us the fellows we are—oughtn’t we to know
something about them?
In one year, according to the government tax paid on box-office
admissions, nearly $800,000,000 worth of photoplay tickets were
bought. That means more than $2,000,000 a day paid to see motion
pictures. If the admissions averaged about twenty cents apiece, that
means some 10,000,000 people a day watching the movies—getting
their amusement and instruction, good or bad, and their impressions,
good or bad, that go to determine what sort of people they will be,
and what sort of a nation, twenty years from now, the United States
will be.
What about it? Isn’t it a pretty important thing for us to know
something about the best movies, and the worst, and why they are
the best, or the worst? And how they might be better?—So that we
can encourage the right films, and censure the ones that ought to be
censured, and do it intelligently, playing our part in improving one of
the biggest influences that this country or any other has ever seen?
For surely we all know that if we can avoid the photoplays that aren’t
worth while, they will be just that much less profitable for the men
who make them, and the pictures that we do see, that are worth
while (if we can tell which ones they are, and recommend them to
our friends after we’ve seen them), will have just that much more
chance to live and show a profit and drive out the poorer specimens
and get more worth while pictures made.
One of Marshall Neilan’s pictures was called “Dinty.” It told the
story of a little newsboy in San Francisco. It contained a lot of
cleverness and a lot of laughs; for instance, Dinty had a string tied to
his alarm clock, that wound around the alarm as it went off, and
tipped a flatiron off the stove, and the weight of the flatiron yanked a
rope that pulled the covers off Dinty.—Then, on the other hand, there
was a lot of stuff in it that was not so good.
Now, when you saw that picture, if you did, could you tell what was
good and what was not so good, and why the poorer part was poor?
If you could tell that, you’re in a position to profit most from such
pictures as you see, and get the least possible harm. Also, you can
help the whole game along by intelligent comment and criticism, and
enthusiasm for the right thing.
Of course, you can get some fun out of watching a picture as a
two-year-old watches a spinning top, but you can get a lot more if
you use your brains. Try it.