:

Atharva
Notes
Telegram
:
:f¥id
Aggie
.
 Molecular Basis of
inheritance

material
DNA is the
genetic
for maximum
organisms
other roles
•
RNA has

DNA is polymer deoxy ribonucleotide

of

Fg
.

Bacteriophage 5386→
.

(0/174) nucleotides
48502 Gp
x
phage
→

E- coli
→
4-6×106610
Human → 3-3×1096 p .

Structure of Nucleotide

+ phosphate
N B 1-
sugar
.
-

pentose

2 Nucleotides joined by
a re

phosphodiester bond .
 First identified GF .
Meisner ,
DNA →

Named 6 Nucleini

helical Watson S
Double →
crick
structure

A- < 6- pooing
chargaff
-

* 's rule
Usc ,
> →pynm=
→ dsDNA
→ A -_ T - G- =L

→
AtG_ =L

Ttc

helical structure
•
DNA double

•
Antiparallel
between bp → o -34hm
• Dist

-
Pitch =
106ps
3 -4hm

-
H bonds A=T .
GEC

confer stability
purine → AiG

Pyrimidine -1 Vic
, .

Nucleoside Nucleotide

N -

B → Adenine Adenosine
Adenylic
acid .
 of Helix
Packaging
•

DNA

**

Length of DNA → 2.2m

C. human)

E- coli → 1- 36mm

Histone protein →

HI , HZA.tlzB.H3.MY#IX2
It

Histone octanes .

§ Nucleosome
octamer → + ve

DNA wrapped - ve
g-

;÷
a

' '

Beaty chromatin
 Nithya Heterochromatin
Euchromatin
-

Dark

Light Dense
•
.

Lose
inactive
•

.
.

-
Active

material
Search for
genetic
.
•

principle
1.
Transforming
• Griffeth
^
streptococci pneumoniae
×
stain
R stain s

( not -
harmful) Ctearmtul)

S strain → mice
→ Dead
strain mice Live
R →
-
-
 S strain → mice → Lire

cheat killed
)
→ Died
5 strain + R stain
,

cheat killed)

•
Biochemical characterisation
Macleod McCarty
Avery
,
•
,

Proteina-DNA
Rna

experiment
•

grittth f protease . R Noses

No effect
D. Noses → Transformation
stop
-
.

• Unequivocal →
Hershey
s chase
proof radioactive
→
Help of
p32 P
"
s sulphur S

-
-
• DNA RNA
-
-

→
genetic material
in Max
Eg . TMV . QB

uracil
Thymine
→
→

stable S
→ - unstable

→ Follow
multiply
easily
Mendelian
characters

•
central Dogma → crick .

(20-13)
transcription

DNA
↳ mRNA →
proteins
I
-
Translation
⇐ -

DNA stable than

Why
• more

RNA

→ ✓
Thymine
'
→ 2 OH absent

→ Double stranded .
 •
Replication

' /
5 s

"
/
s
3

is

•
Semi - conservative
replication
S Stahl
Proof Nese / son
•
: →
By ( 2010)
-
in C- coli
☐
→
NHUICI
20min
E coli replicate DNA in

NIU

separated
s
v14 "

MJ v15
Nih - Ms by

v14 MI5 v15

CSI
vis
NIU
v15
NIY
→ Similar experiment by )
Fata beans
'

Taylor
on

radioactive
by
@ 016) thymidine
machinery
Main DNA dependent
enzyme
-

DNA
polymerase
E coli
→ 20min , 20006ps 1min88s Sec

de triphosphate
*
Deoxyribonuclease
Dual
•
purposes
✓ ↳
Provide
Add substrate energy
'
51 3

NormulDNA_ :

of
originreplication

s
'
3
 helicase
Step
opening by
2 →

51 31

Replication
fork

'
s

31

SP :
DNA polymerase
work in
' 1
5 → 3

51 31

' '
strand
laying
g
' Discontinues /
>
→ C Okazaki

73
tag @ott)
,

,
.

S
/
j

a)
'
3
'
3

continuous
•

Joined by
strand
DNA ligase
 I 1
•

Transcription
A- = U instead of A=T

•
One strand is copied or

transcribed
only
5
'
31
only in
→
dependent
→
• DNA

RNA polymerase Transcription unit

Terminator
Promoter structural →
stop
→ Binds site
gene
for RNA
Transcription
→

polymerase
takes
place
 ' '

3 -
s → template
not
51
'
does
3
coding
- → →

code

•
GENE → functional unit of
inheritance

citron →

secy
of DNA
coding
for polypeptide .

Structural
gene
- -
Monocistnn Polyscistron
-

Eukaryotes
→

prokaryotes
-

split genes
✓ → No spit
genes
 [ hnRNAy
RNA
types
•

mRNA
RNA II →

polymerase rRNA (structural

RNA
polymerase
I →

scatylatrc)

23s rRNA → Act as

ribozyme

1T£ tRNA Cadaptar)

RNA
poly
→

(transfer)

steps

1. initiation
-

or factor ( initiation factor

→
RNA
poly
binds to promoter

2-
Elongation
- Chain

ATP
elongate
ftp.UTP CTP added
-
New ,
,
3- Termination

Terminator
region
→

p factor Crho factor )

→ Termination factor

→
splicing
-
¥nnR④
this
7 Remove

inl.ro#--
IF
-0--0

yapping '
.

5 end →
methyl guanosine
•
triphosphate
→
Tailing
3
'
end → zoo -300 adenylate
- residues
 need of
In
prokaryotes no
•

this translation
changes ,

begins
much before
fully
formed mRNA .

hnRNA→mR⑦
 Genetic code

t code 61 codons AUG £""

universal
fashion

÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷
#
a. stop

ga 1 methionine
px④
rn⑦
UAA UAG
,

→ non -

overlapping
④ cod
.
monycT
Except SUGE
-
-
1

amin
codon
#nambigous S specific i. e → I
-
acids

• Marshal
Nirenberg ? →
Developed cell
-
free system

polynucl-eotide.ph#Nenzyme
•
Severo Ochoa →

-
 RNA :
Adapter molecule

"
"±
" "

Ñtmture inverted
-
'

.
-

Ant loop
has
complementary
codon
seqto
→ initiated tRNA
- -
's
present ѥi)
→ No tRNA for stop codon
 TRANSLATION

of tRNA
d-
charging
Camino acylation)
amino acids
tRNA
charging .

activated
Camino acid + AtP)

2. Initiation

Small subunit binds to mRNA

 subunit has 2 sites
Large
✓ ↳ p site
A site
( peptidyl site)
(
aminoacyl )
binding

3.Elong-at.cn
AAO AAO AAO
- -

Wideband
Enzyme
-
peptidyl
transferase ,

4. Termination
reach
• when
aminoacyl tRNA
stop codon .

*
Poly ribosome (
poly some )
Ribosome
go
.

000 000 mRNA

 untranslated region
•U#
→

Mag
___@-If②µ
) , start codon stop codon g
,

for efficient
Required
→

translation

•
Induction → substrate added to

medium of
growth
bacteria
switched on
→
genes
switched off .

Repression
-
-
 Operon Iet of '

genes
→

•
in E- coli → control
Lac operon lactose

• Consists of

regulatory or inhibitor

•
i
'
codes for
gene
→

repressor .

•
structural genes

z
-
B -

galactosidase
Y -
permease

a - trans
acetylase .

Negative Regulation
•
.
 ②

Foot _Éu

%¥⑨¥→%↳¥
lactose

ghuoseg.dae.to#
3-3×10%10 Human project
genome
tire DNA in
haploid →
genome
2003
project -2 1990 -

Goals all
: →
identify genes
of 3^3×109 bp
sequence
→

→
Address ELSI
→ Data
analysis

Methodologies
✓ ↳
sequence
Expressed sequence annotation
tags
sequencing
→
t
whole

identity all genome

genes
expressed as

RNA

BAC YAC
cloning
→
.
 •
HGP is associated with Bioinformatics
t
computer science

8 information
technology
•
HGP achievements

7- million
-

→ 3164 -

•
Human
genome
•
Genes -
30,000
3000 bases
size →

Aug gene
-

2-4 million
dystrophin
→

Largest gene
-

bases

Chromosome 2968
•
I →
genes
- chromosome Y → 231

So :/ function not known

genes
-

99,9% genome
•

same .

only o -

1% same .

code
•

Less than 2% →
protein .

1.4 million location have single

←
base DNA difference .

SNP 's
'
→
single nucleotide polymorphism
 DNA
fingerprinting
↳
Jeffrey
Alec

Basi
-

Noncoding repetitive sequence

-
VNTR
-

size of VNTR -
o
-
l to 20kt .

-6min isatellite DNA .

Steps (southern Blotting)

a- Isolation of DNA

t
by Restriction
b-
Digestion endonuclease
t
c. Get electrophoresis
I
d. Transfer DNA
fragments to

synthetic membranes
like nylon
 I
VNTR
e.
Hybridisation
b
using

f Detection of
Autoradiograph

fingerprintingCidentical
is same in
•
DNA
twins
monozygotic
increased by PCR
→ Sensitivity