See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/359155725

NEMATICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST

Meloidogyne incognita: A REVIEW

Article in The Uttar Pradesh State dental journal: an official publication of the State U.P. Dental Branch of the Indian Dental Association · December 2021

CITATIONS READS

2 198

4 authors, including:

Shubham Ghosh
Sidho Kanho Birsha University
3 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Shubham Ghosh on 11 March 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
ISSN: 0256-971X (P)

NEMATICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL

PLANTS AGAINST Meloidogyne incognita: A REVIEW

BIPLAB BHOWMIK a*, SHUBHAM GHOSH b, SOUMILI DUTTA b

AND BIPASA DEY a
a
Department of Zoology, Diamond Harbour Women’s University, Diamond Harbour – 743368, West Bengal,
India.
b
Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information

Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Juan Carlos Troiano, Professor, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Reviewers:
(1) Manica Tomar, India.
(2) Tarek M. Abdelghany, Egypt.

Received: 20 October 2021

Accepted: 27 December 2021
Published: 28 December 2021 Review Article

ABSTRACT

Root knot nematodes live up to their name as they cause galls (knots) in the roots of various plants. These
sedentary microscopic nematodes belong to the Meloidogyne genus, which has approximately 98 species.
Among these 98 types of parasites, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla, and M. arenaria are the most common
in crop fields. M. incognita is also known as "southern root knot nematodes." Similar to its other species, it also
causes giant cell formation in the roots of the host plant. It affects approximately 5 per cent of the total crop
production in the world. The most widely used controlling approach against this microscopic enemy of plants is
chemical nematicides. But due to its huge bad impact on the environment, an eco-friendly approach has been
grown and introduced, which is the use of potent plant extracts to control M. incognita. This new approach is
biodegradable and cost-effective. Plant extracts are also very potent for mitigating M. incognita. Various studies
in this area reveal its huge potency against the southern root knot nematodes. The presence of alkaloids,
phenols, diterpenes, and polyacetylene in the plant extracts may be the cause of such potency. This biological
approach controls M. incognita in two ways: one is by inhibiting the hatching of nematodes from eggs, and the
other is by killing the nematodes. Studying with the help of chemistry, the administration's approach to this
control will be more fruitful. Further study should be done in this area so that such an eco-friendly and cost-
effective controlling measure against Meloidogyne incognita can be marketed.

Keywords: Root knot nematodes; biodegradable; Meloidogyne incognita; ecofriendly; cost effective; chemical
nematicides.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: panchakotbb@gmail.com;


1. INTRODUCTION
Root Knot Nematodes (RKN) are one type of
microscopic Plant parasitic nematodes. They belong
to Genus Meloidogyne which comprises of about 98
species [1]. These sedentary endoparasites parasitize
over 3000 of known plant species [2,3]. Most
common species of these nematodes are M. incognita,
M. javanica, M. hapla, and M. arenaria as found in
most crop fields [1]. First root knot nematode was
reported by Berkeley in 1855 and in India Barber in
1901 reported RKN for first time [4,5]. RKN causes
large scale economic loss of vegetables in both
tropical and sub-tropical region with its worldwide
distribution [6]. Around 5 per cent of total crop
production in the world got harmed by RKN every
year [7]. They induce root galling, stunning & N2
deficiency [8]. The mechanism of action of the RKN
is to distort normal cells of root & form giant cells
resulting in formation of the galls in the roots. RKN
exhibit thermotaxis it helps the nematodes in the
movements toward the appropriate soil level in search
of the specific roots [9,10]. There are various
controlling methods against Root knot nematodes.
Mostly used approach against the parasite is synthetic
nematicide for their fast and effective action [11]. But
the non-biodegradable nature of the nematicides
evoke the concern of environmental pollution,
resistance of nematode & toxicity in plants it selves.
Not only these but also its high cost and ban on many
nematicides provoke the researchers for finding
another alternative of root knot nematode control
[11,12]. A very effective alternatives of those
synthetic nematicides is controlling agents from plants
[13]. Various plants are potent to defend the attacks of
fungi, insects & nematodes by synthesizing a variety
of chemical compound [14,15,16]. The number is less
than 10% which have been isolated among the total
number of chemical compounds from the plants [17].
The benefits of the alternatives from plants are their
biodegradable nature and cost-effective property
[18,19].
1.1 Aim of the Study
Aims of this review are:
1. Study of the efficiency of plant extract
against Meloidogyne incognita from
the literature review of the previous
researchers.
2. Find out the advantage of using plant extract
and disadvantage of chemical nematicides
against the root knot nematode from the
research done in this area.
1022
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
2. LIFE CYCLE OF Meloidogyne incognita
Mitotic parthenogenesis is the main process of RKN
reproduction and males are believed not to have any
roles in the reproduction [20]. Female nematodes lay
upto 1000 eggs which give rise to the first stage
juveniles (J1) within the egg. Generally depending on
suitable moisture and temperature, the main infective
form, the second stage juvenile (J2) hatched from the
egg. In some case generation number may be an
influence for the hatching [21]. The eggs are laid in a
gelatinous masses which gives protection to the eggs
from adverse environmental condition and generally
the eggs remain within the gall tissue [20]. Second
stage juvenile possesses a piercing body part named
stylet and with the help of this J2 penetrates the root
cell of the host plant. These parasites become
sedentary by moving to the cortical tissue and cells of
the root of the host plant after penetrating the root
[22]. There is another role of stylet in secretions from
the esophagus and nutrient uptaking [23]. RKN
exhibit four juvenile stage and by four successive
molting they become adult worm. First stage juvenile
developed from the egg and remain within it. After
molted to second stage juvenile the nematodes
hatched out and molted thrice as third stage juvenile
(J3), fourth stage juvenile (J4) and adult worm
respectively [21]. Environmental conditions have a
crucial influence on the sex determination of RKNs.
Adverse environments and lack of nutrition give rise
to more males. Males leave the host plant during their
third molts as they acquire motility this time and the
sedentary females lay eggs on the surface of the root
and thus the life cycle of the RKNs continued [24].
The total life span of Meloidogyne incognita includes
25 to 30 days. It takes 1 to 5 days for hatching second
stage juvenile (J2) from the eggs. After a molt it
become third stage juvenile (J3) which requires 6 to 8
days. J3 become fourth stage juvenile (J4) through
another successive molting taking 9 to 12 days.
Finally, J4 molts again for becoming adult worm
requiring 23 days for becoming male and 27 days for
becoming female [25] [Fig. 1].
3. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF
Meloidogyne incognita:
Plant cells have a cell wall as outer layer giving it
protection against intracellular pressure [26]. The cell
walls have a prohibitory effect on nematodes because
of its chemical composition and structures.
Nematodes invade the plant tissue by degrading the
cell wall using cell wall digestive enzymes [27]. The
nematodes are attracted towards the host plant by the
root exudates using their own chemoreceptor [28]. As

Fig. 1. The life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita and gall formation in host plant
second stage juveniles are the infective form, they
migrate through root cells piercing just behind the tip
of the root and stay close to vascular cylinder [29].
Then the sedentary RKNs induce the formation of
feeding site in the root by secreting effector proteins.
These proteins make the host plant as a nutrient
source of RKN and help them for evading the plant
defense mechanisms [27]. In the surrounding 5-7 cells
of the cells in which the RKNs become sedentary,
karyokinesis occur but no cytokinesis takes place as
no cell plate is formed. As a result, a cell resides with
two nuclei and the process goes on till the nuclei
content of the cell become 100 approximately. These
cells are called Giant cells as they may upto 400 times
larger than the normal root vascular cells and are the
nutrient source of RKNs [30,31]. Giant cells have
quick increasing property as quick as attending
its full size takes only 2-3 weeks after RKNs start to
induce the giant cells formation [32]. Such
damage inhibits the host plant in taking water and
nutrients properly as a result of gall formation [23,33]
[Fig. 1].
4. SYMPTOMS OF THE INFECTION OF
Meloidogyne incognita
Root knot nematodes affects the roots of host plant it
is not epidemic but it includes decreasing in yields
which elevated gradually year after year [34,35]. The
1023
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
infection of Meloidogyne incognita start the formation
of giant cells which results in gall formation in root.
These galls represent the primary symptoms of root
knot nematodes infection though it required
laboratory inspection for proper species identification.
Meloidogyne incognita inducing symptoms of host
plant are subdivided into two categories, i.e.,
symptoms above the ground and symptoms on the
roots [33].
Though M. incognita infects the root of the host plant
mainly it includes some above ground symptoms also.
The symptoms of upper part of the host plant from the
ground exhibit yellowing, stunning, wilting and
premature shedding of the foliage. The symptoms
seem to be as same as normal mineral deficiency
injury caused by drought. But this deficiency of
minerals takes place due to infection of M. incognita
in roots and thus the roots become incapable to uptake
the required nutrition. Chlorosis is also seen in the
foliage and it leads to yield loss. Soil infested with
huge no. of M. incognita may results in death of
young plants but without the co- infection of plant
pathogenic fungi, bacteria or other parasites, death of
fully grown plant is rarely seen [34,35].
The symptoms of infected plant by M. incognita in the
below ground are different from the upper ground
symptoms. It includes gall formation in roots and

lesions on roots [36]. Feeding of these nematodes on
roots leads to knot or gall formation throughout the
root of infected plants. Typical symptoms of M.
incognita infection appear with thickening of roots so
that, females of that nematodes can conceal and lay
eggs in the tissue of the roots [34,35].
5. MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
AGAINST SOUTHERN ROOT KNOT
NEMATODE
5.1 Chemical Management of Root Knot
Nematode
Innovation of various chemicals helps in controlling
the root knot nematodes. There are basically two
types of chemical nematicides widely used in
controlling the parasites which can be categorized as:
fumigants and non-fumigants. Halogenated
hydrocarbon fumigants such as DD, EDB etc. were
used in early stage of chemical nematicides
innovation [37,38]. Methyl bromide was an active
ingredient of nematicides that time [39]. But later the
use of methyl bromide as nematicides has been
banned in many parts of the world [40]. As an
alternative to methyl bromide 1,3-dichloropropene
and Chloropicin which are also fumigants were used
and reported to be effective at the rate of 150kg/hector
and 250kg/hector respectively against nematode
population and root galls [41]. Another chemical was
introduced to mitigate RKN population i.e., methyl
isothiocyanate in 1950. Dazomet and menthan sodium
containing methyl isothiocyanates were introduced in
1952 & 1956 respectively. These fumigants not only
mitigate the Meloidogyne incognita population but
also, they control other soil borne pathogens and
weeds. Gradually the use of these fumigant
nematicides has been decreased due to their harmful
nature and for being toxic to those organisms which
are not required to be affected. Nonfumigants
nematicides containing organophosphate and
carbamate has been trialed in the place of above
fumigants [42]. The new chemicals have some
advantages like low required doses, systemic action
and easy application [35,43,44,45].
5.2 Disadvantage of Using Chemical
Nematicides
Uses of chemical nematicides introduced some
negative impacts which are as follows:
a) Large scale use of chemical controls induces
negative impacts on environments and
affect the non-target organisms of that
nematicides.
1024
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
b) There is a risk of consuming pesticides with the
crops which are harmful for human health.
c) Emergence of resistant species of nematodes to
the particular chemical may occur.
d) There is a risk for user of the chemical
nematicides [46].
e) Due to its high cost, it is not affordable by the
small farmers [35].
5.3 Biological Control of Meloidogyne
incognita Using Plant Extracts
Application of biological control of nematodes is
induced by non-availability of proper chemical
nematicides, high cost of chemicals and their
hazardous effects on environment [35]. Whereas
biological control is cost effective and also
biodegradable and so not hazardous for environment
[18]. The use of plants as medicine is not very new, it
is traditionally utilized throughout the history [17].
Recently, various studies revealed the promising
effect of plant extract against M. incognita [47,48].
The efficacy of aquous plant extract against
nematodes has been reviewed by Chitwood [49].
5.4 Few Other Management Approaches
against Root Knot Nematodes
There are other management
approaches besides chemical management and use of
plant extracts to mitigate problems due to RKN in
crop fields, like soil modifications, soil treatments,
application of industrial waste, etc. A green manure
collected from Fumaria parviflora was studied and
proved to be effective as a soil amendment against M.
incognita in tomatoes under field and green
house conditions [56]. Chitin oligosaccharide was
also evaluated as fruitful in this context against RKN
[57]. Solarization and treatment of soil with various
compound like ozonated water found to be working
well as a controlling approach of RKN [58,59].
Application of industrial wastes like Manipueira,
which is a liquid residue discharged from cassava
(Manihot esculenta) starch factories, exhibits its
nematicidal effect against M. incognita in a tomato
field [60].
6. DISCUSSION
In this review 13 plants have been discussed to be
efficient against Meloidogyne incognita. We have
found from the review that the mentioned plants
(Table 1) controls the southern root nematode in two
ways one is to inhibit the second stage juveniles (J2)
hatching from eggs over control and the another is, by
inducing mortality of the nematodes.
 Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021

Table 1. List of some plants having efficacy to inhibit hatching or/and in mortality, induce paralysis of
juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita with their families, part used and solvent of extract

Name of the plant Family Plant part Solvent of Action Reference

used extract
Butea monosperma Fabaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [50]
(Lam.) (Taub) water hatching from
eggs
Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [50]
water hatching from
eggs
Cucuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [51]
water hatching from
eggs
Datura stramonium Solanacea Leaves Ethanol Inhibit J2 [47]
L. hatching from
eggs
Polyalthia Annonaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [50]
longigolia Benth. & Water hatching from
Hook. F. eggs
Argemone Papaveraceae Leaves Distilled Mortality of J2 [48]
Mexicana L. water
Xanthium Asteraceae Leaves Distilled Mortality of J2 [48]
strumarium L. water
Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [52]
(Wild Sage) water hatching from
eggs
Zizipus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [52]
Lam. water hatching from
eggs
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Leaves Methanol J2 paralysis and [53]
Inhibit J2
hatching from
eggs
Tectona grandis Lamiaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibit J2 [52]
L.f. water hatching from
eggs
Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Leaves Distilled Inhibition of J2 [54]
Miller. water hatching from
eggs and
Mortality of
Juveniles
Coccinia grandis L. Cucurbitaceae Leaves Distilled Mortality of [55]
Voigt water juveniles of M.
incognita and
Inhibition of J2
hatching from
eggs

According to the study it was reported that the 50%
distilled water extract of the leaves of Butea
monosperma is potent inhibitor of J2 hatching from
eggs [50]. In this study the extract exhibit 98.37%
efficiency for the inhibition of J2 hatching. Another
plant Psidium guajava is also reported for its
inhibiting efficiency against J2. The 50% distilled
water extract of leaves of P. Guajava show 100%
efficiency against J2 hatching [50]. Turmeric,
scientifically known as Cucuma longa also show
efficient J2 hatching inhibition and nematode
mortality [51]. In this study it was concluded that
aquous extract of leaves of turmeric exhibit 81% &
64.10% nematode mortality when applied at 20% &
10% concentration respectively after 48h exposure to
nematodes in vitro. Not only distilled water but

1025

ethanol has also been served as potential solvent of
plant extract. Datura stramonium leaves extract in
ethanol solvent suppressed the hatching of J2 [47].
Another report from Khieya et al. 2018 state that
Polyalthia longifera obstruct the J2 hatching [50].
Various plants like Argemone mexicana, Xanthium
strumarium, Nerium indicum and Coccina grandis are
potent to induce mortality of juveniles of M. Incognita
[48,54,55]. Distilled water extract of leaves of
Xanthium stramarium induce 32%, 49%, 67% & 83%
mortality of juveniles after 48hours of exposure to
nematodes when applied at 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000
ppm, 2000 ppm respectively. Argemone mexicana
leaves with distilled water extract exhibit 32%, 49%,
53% & 62% mortality after 48 hours of exposure to
M. Incognita in 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000ppm, 2000
ppm concentration respectively [48]. Nerium indicum
induces 72%, 57%, 37% & 83% juvenile mortality
when expose for 48 hours to nematodes at 50%, 10%
& 1% distilled water extract of leaves along with
stock solution respectively [54]. Coccinia grandis is
applied in 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm & 4000
ppm concentration for 24 hours, 48 hours & 72 hours
and show highest mortality of the juveniles of the
nematodes when made exposed to nematodes for 48
hours as distilled water leaves extract. Beside
inducing mortality of juveniles Coccinia grandis and
Nerium indicum also inhibit J2 hatching [54,55].
From the study of Oduyo et al. 2018 it is found that,
Lantana camera, Tectona grandis and Ziziphus
mauritiana leaves successfully inhibit the emergence
of J2 of the M. incognita from eggs. Application of
50% distilled water extract of the mentioned plants
show 31.43%, 71.05%, 87.66% & 98.69% inhibition
of J2 emergence from egg respectively [52].
Similarly, Solanum nigrum was reported for
obstructing the cell division in undifferentiated eggs
of M. incognita so that the main infective stage J2 can
be hatched out [53]. Plant extract exhibit nematostatic
or nematicidal efficiency due to the presence of
various active product such as alkaloids, phenols,
disterpenes and polyacetylene etc. [61,62]. The
concentration of the extract and the time of exposure
of nematode to that extract are directly linked to
nematicidal and hatching inhibition efficiency
[47,48,63]. Potent plant extract may control
nematodes by dissolving the membranes of the
nematode cell and destroying the enzyme protein
structure through degradation of proteins,
denaturation and preventing the Electron Transport
Chain [64,65].
7. CONCLUSION
In this review, the studies of various researchers have
been noted down which support the use of plant
extract as an efficient alternative to the chemical
1026
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
nematicides. For the sake of stability of the
environment Plant extract can be used for having
ecofriendly nature. It is also easily available and
affordable to the small farmers in comparison with the
chemical nematicides and can increase total yield
production. With the help of chemistry proper
formulation of the plant extract having nematicidal
efficiency can be produced. More studies should be
done in this area so that, proper formulation from the
plant extract can be marketed and our ecosystem and
economy of the farmers would not suffer.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests
exist.
REFERENCES
1. Jones JT, Haegeman A, Danchin EGJ, Gaur
HS, Helder J, Jones MGK, Kikuchi T,
Manzanilla-López R, Palomares-Rius JE,
Wesemael WIMML, Perry RN. Top 10-plant-
parasitic nematodes in molecular plant
pathology. Molecular plant pathology.
2013;14:946-961.
2. Castagnone-Sereno P. Genetic variability of
nematodes: A threat to the durability of plant
resistance genes? Euphytica. 2002;124:193-
199.
3. Fuller VL, Lilley CJ, Urwin PE. Nematode
resistance. New Phytologist. 2008;180:27-44.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-
8137.2008.02508.x
4. Berkeley MJ. Vibrio forming cysts on the roots
of cucumbers. Gardener’s Chronicle and
Agricultural Gazette. 1855;14:220.
5. Barber CA. A tea-eelworm disease in South
India. Bulletin of the Department of Land use
and Agriculture, Madras. 1901;2:227-234.
6. Sikora RA, Fernandez E. Nematode parasites
of vegetables. In Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge
J(Eds.). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in
subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 2005;319-392.
7. Karajeh, M. Interaction of Root-Knot
Nematode (Meloidogyne Javanica) and Tomato
As Affected By Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of
Plant Protection Research. 2008;48:181–
187.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-008-
0021-x
8. Siddique ZA, Iqbal A, Mahmood I. Effects of
Pseudomonas fluorescens fertilizers on the
reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and
growth of tomato. Applied Soil Ecology.
2001;16:179-185.

Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-
1393(00)00083-4
9. Pline M, Diez JA, Dusenbery DB. Extremely
Sensitive Thermotaxis of the Nematode
Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of
Nematology. 1988;20(4):605-608.
10. Diez JA, Dusenbery DB. Preferred
Temperature of Meloidogyne incognita.
Journal of Nematology. 1989;21(1):99-104.
11. Odeyemi IS, Afolami SO, Adigun JA. Plant
parasitic nematode relative abundance and
population suppression under
Chromolaenaodorata (Asteraceae) fallow.
International Journal of Pest Management.
2013;59:79-88.
12. Adegbite AA, Adesiyan SO, Agbaje GO,
Omoloye AA. Host suitability of crops under
Yam intercrop to root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne incognita Race 2) in South-
Western Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural and
Rural Development in the Tropics and
Subtropics. 2005;106:113-118.
13. Javed N, Gowen SR, Inam-ul-Haq M, Abdullah
K, Shahina F. Systemic and persistent effect of
neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations against
root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica
and their storage life. Crop Protection.
2007;26:911-916.
14. Bakri MM, El-Naggar MA, Helmy, Ashoor
MS, Abdel-Ghany TM. Efficacy of Juniperus
procera Constituents with Silver Nanoparticles
Against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium
chlamydosporum. BioNanoScience.2020;10: 6
2–72.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-019-
00716-x
15. Abdel-Ghany TM, Aisha MA.-R., Al-Rajhi
MH, Al-Abboud MA, Alawlaqi MM, Magdah
G, Helmy EM, Mabrouk AS. Recent advances
in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and
their applications: about future directions. A
review. BioNanoScience. 2018;8(1):5–16.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-017-
0413-3.
16. Abdel Ghany TM. Eco-friendly and safe role of
Juniperus procera in controlling of fungal
growth and secondary metabolites. Journal of
Plant Pathology & Microbiology. 2014;5:231.
Available:https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-
7471.1000231.
17. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Patch CS,
Sullivan DR, Fenech M, Roodenrys S, Keogh
JB, Clifton PM, Williams PG, Fazio VA, Inge
KE. Health benefits of herbs and spices:
The past, the present, the future. The Medical
journal of Australia. 2006;185(S4):S1–
S24.
1027
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
Available:https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-
5377.2006.tb00548.x.
18. Wiratno W, Taniwiryono D, Van-den-berg H,
Riksen JAG, Rietjens IMCM, Djiwantia SR,
Kammenga JE, Murk AJ. Nematicidal activity
of plant extracts against the root-knot
nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The Open
Natural Products Journal, 2009;2:77-85.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2174/18748481009
02010077.
19. Abdel Ghany TM, El-Naggar MA, Ganash
MA, Al Abboud MA. PCR identification of
Aspergillus niger with using natural additives
for controlling and detection of malformins and
maltoryzine production by HPLC. Bio Nano
Science. 2017;7:588– 596.
20. Moens M, Perry RN, Starr J. Meloidogyne
incognita a diverse group of novel and
important plant parasites. In Perry RN, Moens
M, Starr JL (Eds.) Root -Knot nematodes.
CABI Publication. Wallingford, UK. 2009;1-
17.
21. Curtis RH, Robinson AF, Perry RN. Hatch and
host location. In Perry RN, Moens M, Starr JL
(Ed.). Root-knot nematodes. CABI Publication.
Wallingford, UK. 2009;139-162.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1079/97818459349
27.0139
22. Hussey RS, Grundler FM. Nematode
parasitism of plants. In Perry RN, Wright J
(Eds). Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-
Living and Plant Parasitic Nematodes.
CAB International Press, Oxford. 1998;213–
243.
23. Anamika S, Sobita S. Variation in Life Cycle
of Meloidogyne incognita in Different Months
in Indian Condition. International Journal of
Science and Research. 2012;3(7):2286-2288.
24. Papadopoulou J, Traintaphyllou AC. Sex
differentiation in Meloidogyne incognita and
anatomical evidence of sex reversal. Journal of
Nematology. 1982;14(4):549.
25. Kavitha PG, Jonathan EI, Nakkeeran S. Life
cycle, histopathology and yield loss caused by
root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on
Noni. Madras Agricultural Journal. 2011;98:
386-389.
26. Wieczorek K. Cell wall alterations in
nematode-infected roots. In Escobar C. Fenoll
C (Eds.). Advances in botanical research.
Academic Press. 2015;73:61-90.
27. Quentin M, Abad P, Favery B. Plant parasitic
nematode effectors target host defense and
nuclear functions to establish feeding cells.
Frontiers In Plant Science. 2013;4:53.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.000
53

28. Huettel RN. Chemical communicators in
nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 1986;18:3-
8.
29. Castagnone-Sereno P. Genetic variability and
adaptive evolution in parthenogenetic root-knot
nematodes. Heredity (Edinb). 2006;96(4):282-
289.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.68007
94
30. Abad P, Castagnone-Sereno P, Rosso MN,
Engler JDA, Favery B. Invasion, feeding and
development. In Perry RN, Moens M, Starr JL
(Eds.). Root-knot Nematodes. 2009;7:163.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1079/97818459349
27.0163.
31. Caillaud MC, Lecomte P, Jammes F, Quentin
M, Pagnotta S, Andrio E, de Almeida Engler J,
Marfaing N, Gounon P, Abad P, Favery B.
MAP65-3 microtubule-associated protein is
essential for nematode-induced giant cell
ontogenesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant
Cell. 2008;20(2):423–437.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.0574
22.
32. Bird AF. Quantitative studies on the growth of
syncytia induced in plants by root-knot
nematodes. International Journal of
Parasitology. 1972;2:157-170.
33. Rowe RC, Powelson M. Potato early dying:
Management challenges in a changing
production environment. Plant Disease.
2002;86:1184–1193.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.
11.1184
34. Mammen KV, On a wilt disease of betelvine in
Kerala caused by root knot nematode.
Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala.
1974;12:76.
35. Khan MR, Jain RK, Ghule TM, Pal S. Root
knot Nematodes in India-a comprehensive
monograph. All India Coordinated Research
Project on Plant Parasitic nematodes with
Integrated approach for their Control, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi;
2014.
36. Oka Y, Koltai H, Bar‐Eyal M, Mor M. New
strategies for the control of plant-parasitic
nematodes. Pest Management Science.
2000;56(11):983–988.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/1526-
4998(200011)56:11<983::AID-
PS233>3.0.CO;2-X.
37. Sen, A.K. Preliminary Studies on Parasitic
nematodes on vegetable crops in Bihar. Indian
Agriculturist. 1960;4:113-116.
38. Nirula, K.K. Control of root knot nematodes.
Indian Potato J. 1961;3:72–75.
1028
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
39. Hussaini, S.S. Efficacy of durofume, rabbing
and aldicarb against root-knot nematode and
weeds in tobacco nurseries. Indian Journal of
Nematology. 1985;15:88–92.
40. UNEP. Montreal protocol on substances that
deplete the ozone layer. Report of the methyl
bromide technical options committee. United
Nations Environment Programme. Gigri,
Nairobi, Kenya; 2006.
41. Qiao K, Wang Z, Wei M, Wang H, Wang Y,
Wang K. Evaluation of chemical alternatives to
methyl bromide in tomato crops in China. Crop
Protection. 2015;67:223-227.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014
.10.017.
42. Radwan MA, Farrag, SAA, Abu-Elamayem
MM, Ahmed NS. Efficacy of some granular
nematicides against root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne incognita associated with tomato.
Pakistan Journal of Nematology.
2012;30(1):41-47.
43. Bhatti DS, Jain RK. Chemical control of root-
knot nematode in India: A Review. Haryana
Journal of Horticulturural Science.
1984;13:62–68.
44. Trivedi PC, Tiagi B. Control of root-knot of
chilli with nematicides. Journal of Research
Asam Agricultural University. 1985;4:65–
66.
45. Sharma PK, Trivedi PC. Nematotoxicity of
some organophosphates and carbamates against
Meloidogyne incognita and their effect on plant
growth and rhizobial nodulation in pea.
International Nematology Network Newsletter.
1985;2:10–12.
46. Gowen SR. Chemical control of nematodes:
Efficiency and side-effects. FAO Plant
Production and Protection Paper. 1997;144:59-
65.
47. Babaali D, Roeb J, Hammache M, Hallman J.
Nematicidal potential of aqueous and ethanol
extracts gained from Datura stramonium, D.
innoxia and D. tatula on Meloidogyne
incognita. Journal of Plant Disease and
Protection. 2017;124:339-348.
Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-
0079-7.
48. Akhter G, Khan TA. Evaluation of some plant
extracts for nemato-toxic potential against
juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in vitro.
The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2018;
7(2):141-145.
49. Chitwood DJ. Phytochemical based strategies
for nematode control. Annual review of
phytopathology. 2002;40:221-249.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyt
o.40.032602.130045.

50. Khieya V, Simon S, Lal AA. Effect of
botanical extracts against Fusarium oxysporum
and Meloidogyne incognita (J2). The Pharma
Innovation Journal. 2018;7(6):297-302.
51. Neeraj SR, Goel AK, Singh G, Madan VK.
Effect of Plant Extracts on hatching and 58.
Mortality of Root-Knot Nematode,
Meloidogyne incognita Larvae (in-vitro).
Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia.
2017;14(1):467-471.
Available:https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/246
6.
52. Oduyo T, Simon S, Lal AA. Effect of selected 59.
botanical extracts against Curvularia sp. and
Meloidogyne incognita (J2). Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;
7(3):2331-2336.
53. Oplos C, Eloh K, Spiroudi UM, Pierluigi C,
Ntalli N. Nematicidal Weeds, Solanum nigrum 60.
and Datura stramonium. Journal of
Nematology. 2018;50(3):1-13.
Available:https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-
2018-017.
54. Asif M, Parihar K, Rehman B, Ganai MA,
Usman A, Siddique MA. Bio-efficacy of some
leaf extracts on the inhibition of egg hatching 61. Khan SA, Javed N, Khan MA, Kamran M, Atif
and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita.
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant
Protection. 2014;47(8):1015-1021.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.20
13.829626
55. Khan F, Asif M, Khan A, Tariq M, Ansari T,
Shariq M, Siddiqui MA. Evaluation of the
nematicidal potential of some botanicals
against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne
incognita infected carrot: In vitro and 63. Nile SH, Nile AS, Keum YS, Baskar V,
greenhouse study. Current Plant Biology.
2019;20:100115.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2019.10
0115
56. Fan Z, Qin Y, Liu S, Xing R, Yu H, Chen X, Li 64. Knoblock K, Weis K, Wergent R. Mechanism
K, Li R, Wanga X, Li P. The bioactivity of new
chitin oligosaccharide dithiocarbamate
derivatives evaluated against nematode disease
(Meloidogyne incognita). Carbohydrate
Polymers. 2019;224:115155.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.201
9.115155
57. Naz I, Saifullah, Palomares-Rius JE., Khan
SM, Ali S, Ahmad M, Ali A, Khan A. Control
of southern root knot nematode Meloidogyne
incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood on
__________________________________________________________________________________________
© Copyright MB International Media and Publishing House. All rights reserved.
View publication stats
Bhowmik et al.; UPJOZ, 42(24): 1021-1029, 2021
tomato using green manure of Fumaria
parviflora Lam (Fumariaceae). Crop
Protection. 2015;67:121–129.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014
.10.005
ico , im ne -D az RM, Castillo P.
Solarization of soil in piles for the control of
Meloidogyne incognita in olive nurseries in
southern Spain. Plant Pathology. 2003;52:770–
778.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-
3059.2003.00927.x.
art ne - nchez A, Aguayo E. Effects of
ozonated water irrigation on the quality of
grafted watermelon seedlings. Scientia
Horticulturae.2020;261:109047.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.201
9.109047
asu , Das GC, Formentini HM, Furlanetto
C. Effect of manipueira on tomato plants
infected by the nematode Meloidogyne
incognita. Crop Protection. 2015;78:193–
197.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015
.08.005
HM. Management of root knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita through the use of plant
extracts. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology.
2008;20:214-217.
62. Oka Y, Ben-Daniel B, Cohen Y. Nematicidal
activity of the leaf powder and extracts of
Myrtus communis against the root knot
nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Plant
pathology. 2012;61:1012-1020.
Ramalingam S. In vitro and in plant a
nematicidal activity of black pepper (Piper
nigrum L.) leaf extracts. Crop Protection.
2017;100:1-7.
of antimicrobial activity of essential oils.
Proceedings of 37 The Annual Congress
edicine Plant Research ( C PR’89)
Braunisweig. 1989;5-9.
65. Regaieg H, Bouajila M, Hajji L, Larayadh A,
Chiheni N, Guessmi- Mzoughi I, et al.
Evaluation of pomegranate (Punica granatum
L. var. Gabsi) peel extract for control of root-
knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on
tomato. Archieve pf Phytopathologyand Plant
Protection. 2017;50:1-11.
1029