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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Michael Meyers is the industry’s leading authority on CompTIA Network+

certification. He is the president and founder of Total Seminars, LLC, a
member of CompTIA, and a major provider of IT fundamentals, PC and
network repair, and computer security training and training materials for
thousands of organizations throughout the world.
Mike has written numerous popular textbooks, including the best-selling
CompTIA A+® Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Mike Meyers’
CompTIA Network+® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks,
and Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Security+® Certification Guide.
Mike has attained numerous industry certifications, including CompTIA
A+, CompTIA Network+, CompTIA Security+, CompTIA Cybersecurity
Analyst (CySA+), and Microsoft Certified Professional.

About the Contributor

Scott Jernigan wields a mighty red pen as Editor in Chief for Total
Seminars. With a Master of Arts degree in Medieval History, Scott feels as
much at home in the musty archives of London as he does in the crisp IPS
glow of Total Seminars’ Houston HQ. After fleeing a purely academic life,
he dove headfirst into IT, working as an instructor, editor, and writer.
Scott has written, edited, and contributed to dozens of books on computer
literacy, hardware, operating systems, networking, security, and certification,
including Computer Literacy—Your Ticket to IC3 Certification, and co-
authoring with Mike Meyers the CompTIA IT Fundamentals® All-in-One
Exam Guide and Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Security+® Certification Guide.
Scott has taught computer classes all over the United States, including
stints at the United Nations in New York and the FBI Academy in Quantico.
Practicing what he preaches, Scott is a CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+,
and CompTIA Security+ certified technician, a Microsoft Certified
Professional, a Microsoft Office User Specialist, and Certiport Internet and
Computing Core Certified.

About the Technical Editor

Jonathan S. Weissman is an associate professor and IT program coordinator
(Department of Computing Sciences) at Finger Lakes Community College.
He is also a senior lecturer (Department of Computing Security) at Rochester
Institute of Technology and teaches part-time at Syracuse University
(Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) and Nazareth
College (School of Management).
Jonathan is the co-author of Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+®
Certification Passport, Sixth Edition and Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+®
Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks Lab Manual, Fifth
Edition, and also serves as technical editor for many industry textbooks.
Jonathan also developed three courses for the edX RITx Cybersecurity
MicroMasters program, which he has taught to more than 50,000 students
worldwide. In addition to teaching, Jonathan is a networking and
cybersecurity consultant for local businesses and individuals.
Jonathan has a master’s degree in Computer Science from Brooklyn
College and holds 34 industry certifications, including CCNP® Routing and
Switching, CCNA® Security, CompTIA Security+, CompTIA Network+,
CompTIA A+, Certified Ethical Hacker, Computer Hacking Forensic
Investigator, and IPv6 Certified Network Engineer (Gold), among others.

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonathan-s-weissman-058b649b

Twitter: https://twitter.com/cscprof
Becoming a CompTIA Certified IT
Professional Is Easy
It’s also the best way to reach greater professional opportunities and rewards.

Why Get CompTIA Certified?

Growing Demand
Labor estimates predict some technology fields will experience growth of
more than 20% by the year 2020. (Source: CompTIA 9th Annual Information
Security Trends study: 500 U.S. IT and Business Executives Responsible for
Security.) CompTIA certification qualifies the skills required to join this
workforce.

Higher Salaries
IT professionals with certifications on their resume command better jobs,
earn higher salaries, and have more doors open to new multi-industry
opportunities.

Verified Strengths
Ninety-one percent of hiring managers indicate CompTIA certifications are
valuable in validating IT expertise, making certification the best way to
demonstrate your competency and knowledge to employers. (Source:
CompTIA Employer Perceptions of IT Training and Certification.)

Universal Skills
CompTIA certifications are vendor neutral—which means that certified
professionals can proficiently work with an extensive variety of hardware and
software found in most organizations.

Learn More: Certification.CompTIA.org

CompTIA Disclaimer
© 2018 CompTIA Properties, LLC, used under license by CompTIA
Certifications, LLC. All rights reserved. All certification programs and
education related to such programs are operated exclusively by CompTIA
Certifications, LLC. CompTIA is a registered trademark of CompTIA
Properties, LLC in the U.S. and internationally. Other brands and company
names mentioned herein may be trademarks or service marks of CompTIA
Properties, LLC or of their respective owners. Reproduction or dissemination
of this courseware sheet is prohibited without written consent of CompTIA
Properties, LLC. Printed in the U.S. 04711-Jan2018.
 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Chapter 1 Network Models

Chapter 2 Cabling and Topology
Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics
Chapter 4 Modern Ethernet
Chapter 5 Installing a Physical Network
Chapter 6 TCP/IP Basics
Chapter 7 Routing
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Applications
Chapter 9 Network Naming
Chapter 10 Securing TCP/IP
Chapter 11 Advanced Networking Devices
Chapter 12 IPv6
Chapter 13 Remote Connectivity
Chapter 14 Wireless Networking
Chapter 15 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
Chapter 16 Mobile Networking
Chapter 17 Building a Real-World Network
Chapter 18 Managing Risk
Chapter 19 Protecting Your Network
Chapter 20 Network Monitoring
Chapter 21 Network Troubleshooting
Appendix A Objective Map: CompTIA Network+
Appendix B Create Your Study Plan
Appendix C About the Online Content
Glossary
Index
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1 Network Models
Historical/Conceptual
Working with Models
Biography of a Model
Network Models
The OSI Seven-Layer Model in Action
Welcome to MHTechEd!
Test Specific
Let’s Get Physical—Network Hardware and Layers 1–2
Beyond the Single Wire—Network Software and Layers
3–7
The TCP/IP Model
The Link Layer
The Internet Layer
The Transport Layer
The Application Layer
Frames, Packets, and Segments/Datagrams, Oh My!
The Tech’s Troubleshooting Tools
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 2 Cabling and Topology
Test Specific
 Network Topologies
Bus and Ring
Star
Hybrid
Mesh
Parameters of a Topology
Cabling and Connectors
Copper Cabling and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cabling and Connectors
Other Cables
Fire Ratings
Networking Industry Standards—IEEE
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics
Historical/Conceptual
Ethernet
802.3 Standards
Test Specific
Ethernet Frames
Early Ethernet Standards
Bus Ethernet
10BaseT
10BaseFL
CSMA/CD
Enhancing and Extending Ethernet Networks
The Trouble with Hubs
Switches to the Rescue
Connecting Ethernet Segments
Troubleshooting Switches
 Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 4 Modern Ethernet
Test Specific
100-Megabit Ethernet
100BaseT
100BaseFX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000BaseSX
1000BaseLX
SFF Fiber Connectors
Mechanical Connection Variations
Implementing Multiple Types of Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Evolutions
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Beyond Network+
IEEE 802.3ba
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 5 Installing a Physical Network
Historical/Conceptual
Understanding Structured Cabling
Cable Basics—A Star Is Born
Test Specific
Structured Cable—Network Components
Structured Cable—Beyond the Star
Installing Structured Cabling
Getting a Floor Plan
Mapping the Runs
 Determining the Location of the Telecommunications
Room
Pulling Cable
Making Connections
Testing the Cable Runs
NICs
Buying NICs
Link Lights
Diagnostics and Repair of Physical Cabling
Diagnosing Physical Problems
Check Your Lights
Check the NIC
Cable Testing
Problems in the Telecommunications Room
Toners
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 6 TCP/IP Basics
Historical/Conceptual
Test Specific
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Internet Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Application Layer Protocols
IP and Ethernet
IP Addresses
IP Addresses in Action
Class IDs
CIDR and Subnetting
Subnetting
 CIDR: Subnetting in the Real World
IP Address Assignment
Static IP Addressing
Dynamic IP Addressing
Special IP Addresses
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 7 Routing
Historical/Conceptual
How Routers Work
Test Specific
Routing Tables
Freedom from Layer 2
Network Address Translation
Dynamic Routing
Routing Metrics
Distance Vector and Path Vector
Link State
EIGRP
Dynamic Routing Makes the Internet
Route Redistribution
Working with Routers
Connecting to Routers
Basic Router Configuration
Router Problems
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Applications
Historical/Conceptual
 Transport Layer and Network Layer Protocols
How People Communicate
Test Specific
TCP
UDP
ICMP
IGMP
The Power of Port Numbers
Registered Ports
Connection Status
Rules for Determining Good vs. Bad Communications
Common TCP/IP Applications
The World Wide Web
Telnet and SSH
E-mail
FTP
Internet Applications
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 9 Network Naming
Test Specific
Before DNS
NetBIOS
hosts
DNS
How DNS Works
DNS Servers
Troubleshooting DNS
Diagnosing TCP/IP Networks
Chapter Review
 Questions
Answers
Chapter 10 Securing TCP/IP
Test Specific
Making TCP/IP Secure
Encryption
Integrity
Nonrepudiation
Authentication
Authorization
TCP/IP Security Standards
User Authentication Standards
Encryption Standards
Combining Authentication and Encryption
Secure TCP/IP Applications
HTTPS
SCP
SFTP
SNMP
LDAP
NTP
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 11 Advanced Networking Devices
Test Specific
Virtual Private Networks
PPTP VPNs
L2TP VPNs
SSL VPNs
DTLS VPNs
 DMVPN
Alternative VPNs
Switch Management
Virtual LANs
Trunking
Configuring a VLAN-Capable Switch
Tagging
VLAN Trunking Protocol
InterVLAN Routing
DHCP and VLANs
Troubleshooting VLANs
Multilayer Switches
Load Balancing
QoS and Traffic Shaping
Port Bonding
Network Protection
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 12 IPv6
Test Specific
IPv6 Basics
IPv6 Address Notation
Link-Local Address
IPv6 Prefix Lengths
The End of Broadcast
Global Unicast Address
Aggregation
Using IPv6
It Just Works
DHCPv6
 DNS in IPv6
Moving to IPv6
IPv4 and IPv6
Transition Mechanisms
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 13 Remote Connectivity
Historical/Conceptual
Telephony and Beyond
The Dawn of Long Distance
Test Specific
Digital Telephony
Copper Carriers: T1 and T3
Fiber Carriers: SONET/SDH and OC
Packet Switching
Real-World WAN
Alternative to Telephony WAN
The Last Mile
Dial-Up
DSL
Broadband Cable
Satellite
Fiber
Which Connection?
Using Remote Access
Dial-Up to the Internet
Private Dial-Up
Dedicated Connection
Remote Terminal
WAN Troubleshooting Scenarios
 Loss of Internet Connectivity
Interface Errors
DNS Issues
Interference
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 14 Wireless Networking
Historical/Conceptual
Test Specific
Wi-Fi Standards
802.11
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ac
WPS
Wi-Fi Security
Enterprise Wireless
Implementing Wi-Fi
Performing a Site Survey
Installing the Client
Setting Up an Ad Hoc Network
Setting Up an Infrastructure Network
Extending the Network
Verifying the Installation
Troubleshooting Wi-Fi
No Connection
Slow Connection
Weird Connection
 Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 15 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
Historical/Conceptual
Concepts of Virtualization
Meet the Hypervisor
Emulation vs. Virtualization
Desktop Virtualization
Test Specific
Virtualization Benefits
Power Saving
Hardware Consolidation
System Recovery
System Duplication
Research
Virtualization in Modern Networks
Hypervisors
Scaling Virtualization
To the Cloud
The Service-Layer Cake
Cloud Delivery Models
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 16 Mobile Networking
Mobile Network Technologies
Test Specific
Cellular WAN
802.11
Bluetooth
 Less Common Mobile Network Technologies
Deployment Models
BYOD
COBO
COPE
CYOD
On-Boarding and Off-Boarding
Scenarios
Geofencing
Locating and Disabling Lost Mobile Devices
Hardening IoT Devices
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 17 Building a Real-World Network
Test Specific
Designing a Basic Network
Define the Network Needs
Documentation
Network Design
Compatibility Issues
Internal Connections
External Connections
Unified Communication
It Started with VoIP
Unified Communication Features
VTC and Medianets
ICS
DCS
PLC
SCADA
 Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 18 Managing Risk
Test Specific
Risk Management
Security Policies
Change Management
Patching and Updates
Training
Points of Failure
Standard Business Documents
Security Preparedness
Contingency Planning
Incident Response
Disaster Recovery
Business Continuity
Forensics
Safety
Electrical Safety
Physical/Installation Safety
Rack Installation and Maintenance
Emergency Procedures
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 19 Protecting Your Network
Test Specific
Network Threats
Spoofing
Packet/Protocol Abuse
 Zero-Day Attacks
ARP Cache Poisoning
Denial of Service
Man-in-the-Middle
Session Hijacking
Brute Force
Physical/Local Access
Malware
Social Engineering
Common Vulnerabilities
Unnecessary Running Services
Unpatched/Legacy Systems
Unencrypted Channels
Cleartext Credentials
RF Emanation
Hardening Your Network
Physical Security
Network Security
Device Hardening
Host Security
Firewalls
Types of Firewalls
Implementing and Configuring Firewalls
Troubleshooting Firewalls
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 20 Network Monitoring
Test Specific
SNMP
Monitoring Tools
 Packet Sniffers
Protocol Analyzers
Interface Monitors
Performance Monitors
Putting It All Together
Scenario: Monitoring and Managing
SIEM
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Chapter 21 Network Troubleshooting
Test Specific
Troubleshooting Tools
Hardware Tools
Software Tools
The Troubleshooting Process
Identify the Problem
Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
Test the Theory to Determine Cause
Establish a Plan of Action and Identify Potential Effects
Implement the Solution or Escalate as Necessary
Verify Full System Functionality and Implement
Preventative Measures
Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes
Resolving Common Network Service Issues
“We Can’t Access Our Web Server in Istanbul!”
Hands-On Problems
LAN Problems
WAN Problems
Beyond Local—Escalate
End-to-End Connectivity
 Troubleshooting Is Fun!
Chapter Review
Questions
Answers
Appendix A Objective Map: CompTIA Network+
Appendix B Create Your Study Plan
Review Your Overall Score
Review Your Score by CompTIA Network+ Exam Domain
Appendix C About the Online Content
System Requirements
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account
Single User License Terms and Conditions
TotalTester Online
Assessment Test
TotalSims for Network+
Mike’s Video Training
Playing the Mike Meyers Introduction Video
Mike’s Cool Tools
Technical Support
Glossary
Index
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I’d like to acknowledge the many people who contributed their talents to
make this book possible:
To Tim Green, my sponsoring editor at McGraw-Hill: I love what you
bring to the table with every book—the encouragement, the joy, the witty
banter, and the grammar hammer. Always a pleasure to work with you!
To my in-house Editor-in-Chief, Scott Jernigan: I couldn’t have done it
without you, amigo. Truthfully, has there ever been a better combo than a
wizard and a paladin?
To Jonathan S. Weissman, technical editor: Wait, how many more
certifications did you get since the last edition? No wonder you keep me
honest (and accurate)! Still, tossing in smiley faces after telling me, in perfect
New Yorker, “you’re totally wrong here!” doesn’t actually stop the sting
much. Ha!
To Bill McManus, copy editor: So wonderful to work with you again.
You are the best!
To Michael Smyer, Total Seminars’ resident tech guru and
photographer: Your contributions continue to shine, from superb
photographs to excellent illustrations and, in this edition, some nicely styled
writing. Well done!
To Dave Rush, crack technologist and ridiculously talented person:
How can I list the many contributions you’ve made to make this book—and
all the crazy products that go with it—so awesome? Researching, writing,
arguing, filming, arguing, researching some more … and the final product.
All fun!
To Travis Everett, Internet guru and writer: You bring the “A” game
every time and your contributions to this book in writing and as a
technologist were both lasting and timely. Thank you!
To Dudley Lehmer, my partner at Total Seminars: As always, thanks
for keeping the ship afloat while I got to play on this book!
 To Claire Yee, acquisitions coordinator at McGraw-Hill: Another
stellar effort from you keeping us on task, on yet another book that is better
by far because of your participation. Thank you!
To LeeAnn Pickrell, project editor: So fun working with you again. Not
a rollercoaster this time, but just smooth sailing!
To Claire Splan, proofreader: You did a super job, thank you!
To Cenveo Publishing Services, compositors: The layout was excellent,
thanks!
 INTRODUCTION

By picking up this book, you’ve shown an interest in learning about

networking. But be forewarned. The term networking describes a vast field of
study, far too large for any single certification, book, or training course to
cover. Do you want to configure routers and switches for a living? Do you
want to administer a large Windows network at a company? Do you want to
install wide area network connections? Do you want to set up Web servers?
Do you want to secure networks against attacks?
If you’re considering a CompTIA Network+ certification, you probably
don’t yet know exactly what aspect of networking you want to pursue, and
that’s okay! You’re going to love preparing for the CompTIA Network+
certification.
Attaining CompTIA Network+ certification provides you with four
fantastic benefits. First, you get a superb overview of networking that helps
you decide what part of the industry you’d like to pursue. Second, it acts as a
prerequisite toward other, more advanced certifications. Third, the amount of
eye-opening information you’ll gain just makes getting CompTIA Network+
certified plain old fun. Finally, you’ll significantly enhance your opportunity
to get a job. Everything seems to be networked today, putting network techs
in demand.
Nothing comes close to providing a better overview of networking than
CompTIA Network+. The certification covers local area networks (LANs),
wide area networks (WANs), the Internet (the world’s largest WAN),
security, cabling, and applications in a wide-but-not-too-deep fashion that
showcases the many different parts of a network and hopefully tempts you to
investigate the aspects that intrigue you by looking into follow-up
certifications.
The process of attaining CompTIA Network+ certification will give you a
solid foundation in the whole field of networking. Mastering the
competencies will help fill in gaps in your knowledge and provide an
ongoing series of “a-ha!” moments of grasping the big picture that make
being a tech so much fun.
Ready to learn a lot, grab a great certification, and have fun doing it? Then
welcome to CompTIA Network+ certification!

Who Needs CompTIA Network+? I Just

Want to Learn about Networks!
Whoa up there, amigo! Are you one of those folks who either has never heard
of the CompTIA Network+ exam or just doesn’t have any real interest in
certification? Is your goal only to get a solid handle on networks and a jump
start on the basics? Are you looking for that “magic bullet” book that you can
read from beginning to end and then start installing and troubleshooting a
network? Do you want to know what’s involved with running network
cabling in your walls or getting your new wireless network working? Are you
tired of not knowing enough about TCP/IP and how it works? If these types
of questions are running through your mind, then rest easy—you have the
right book. Like every book with my name, you’ll get solid concepts without
pedantic details or broad, meaningless overviews. You’ll look at real-world
networking as performed by real techs. This is a book that understands your
needs and goes well beyond the scope of a single certification.
If the CompTIA Network+ exam isn’t for you, you can skip the rest of this
Introduction, shift your brain into learn mode, and dive into Chapter 1. But
then, if you’re going to have the knowledge, why not get the certification?

What Is CompTIA Network+ Certification?

CompTIA Network+ certification is an industry-wide, vendor-neutral
certification program developed and sponsored by the Computing
Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). The CompTIA Network+
certification shows that you have a basic competency in the physical support
of networking systems and knowledge of the conceptual aspects of
networking. To date, many hundreds of thousands of technicians have
become CompTIA Network+ certified.
CompTIA Network+ certification enjoys wide recognition throughout the
IT industry. At first, it rode in on the coattails of the successful CompTIA A+
certification program, but it now stands on its own in the networking industry
and is considered the obvious next step after CompTIA A+ certification.
(CompTIA A+ is the certification for PC technicians.)

What Is CompTIA?
CompTIA is a nonprofit, industry trade association based in Oakbrook
Terrace, Illinois, on the outskirts of Chicago. Tens of thousands of computer
resellers, value-added resellers, distributors, manufacturers, and training
companies from all over the world are members of CompTIA.
CompTIA was founded in 1982. The following year, CompTIA began
offering the CompTIA A+ certification exam. CompTIA A+ certification is
now widely recognized as the de facto requirement for entrance into the PC
industry. Because the CompTIA A+ exam initially covered networking only
lightly, CompTIA decided to establish a vendor-neutral test covering basic
networking skills. So, in April 1999, CompTIA unveiled the CompTIA
Network+ certification exam.
CompTIA provides certifications for a variety of areas in the computer
industry, offers opportunities for its members to interact, and represents its
members’ interests to government bodies. CompTIA certifications include
CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+, and CompTIA Security+, to name a
few. Check out the CompTIA Web site at www.comptia.org for details on
other certifications.
CompTIA is huge. Virtually every company of consequence in the IT
industry is a member of CompTIA: Microsoft, Dell, Cisco … Name an IT
company and it’s probably a member of CompTIA.

The Current CompTIA Network+ Certification Exam

Release
CompTIA constantly works to provide exams that cover the latest
technologies and, as part of that effort, periodically updates its certification
objectives, domains, and exam questions. This book covers all you need to
know to pass the N10-007 CompTIA Network+ exam released in 2018.

How Do I Become CompTIA Network+ Certified?

To become CompTIA Network+ certified, you simply pass one computer-
based exam. There are no prerequisites for taking the CompTIA Network+
exam, and no networking experience is needed. You’re not required to take a
training course or buy any training materials. The only requirements are that
you pay a testing fee to an authorized testing facility and then sit for the
exam. Upon completion of the exam, you will immediately know whether
you passed or failed.
Once you pass, you become CompTIA Network+ certified for three years.
After three years, you’ll need to renew your certification by taking the current
exam or completing approved Continuing Education activities. By
completing these activities, you earn credits that (along with an annual fee)
allow you to keep your CompTIA Network+ certification. For a full list of
approved activities, check out CompTIA’s Web site (www.comptia.org) and
search for CompTIA Continuing Education Program.

NOTE The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has

accredited the CompTIA Network+ certification as compliant with
the ISO 17024 Standard. That makes it special.

Now for the details: CompTIA recommends that you have at least nine to
twelve months of networking experience and CompTIA A+ knowledge, but
this is not a requirement. Note the word “recommends.” You may not need
experience or CompTIA A+ knowledge, but each helps! The CompTIA A+
certification competencies have a degree of overlap with the CompTIA
Network+ competencies, such as types of connectors and how networks
work.
As for experience, keep in mind that CompTIA Network+ is mostly a
practical exam. Those who have been out there supporting real networks will
find many of the questions reminiscent of the types of problems they have
seen on LANs. The bottom line is that you’ll probably have a much easier
time on the CompTIA Network+ exam if you have some CompTIA A+
experience under your belt.

What Is the Exam Like?

The CompTIA Network+ exam contains 100 questions, and you have 90
minutes to complete the exam. To pass, you must score at least 720 on a scale
of 100–900.
CompTIA uses two types of questions: multiple-choice and performance-
based. Multiple-choice questions offer four or five answer options; you select
the correct answer and proceed to the next question. The majority of the
questions follow this format.
Performance-based questions require you to do something. You might
need to arrange a wireless access point in an office for maximum coverage,
for example, or properly align the colored wires on a network connector. You
need to have appropriate command-line skills to respond at a command
prompt. These are all things that good network techs should be able to do
without blinking. I’ll cover all the topics in the book, and you’ll get practical
experience as well in the various extra design elements and labs.
The exam questions are divided into five areas that CompTIA calls
domains. This table lists the CompTIA Network+ domains and the
percentage of the exam that each represents.

The CompTIA Network+ exam is extremely practical. Questions often

present real-life scenarios and ask you to determine the best solution. The
CompTIA Network+ exam loves troubleshooting. Let me repeat: many of the
test objectives deal with direct, real-world troubleshooting. Be prepared to
troubleshoot both hardware and software failures and to answer both “What
do you do next?” and “What is most likely the problem?” types of questions.
A qualified CompTIA Network+ certification candidate can install and
configure a PC to connect to a network. This includes installing and testing a
network card, configuring drivers, and loading all network software. The
exam will test you on the different topologies, standards, and cabling.
Expect conceptual questions about the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) seven-layer model. You need to know the functions and protocols for
each layer to pass the CompTIA Network+ exam. You can also expect
questions on most of the protocol suites, with heavy emphasis on the TCP/IP
suite. If you’ve never heard of the OSI seven-layer model, don’t worry! This
book will teach you all you need to know.

NOTE CompTIA occasionally makes changes to the content of

the exam, as well as the score necessary to pass it. Always check
the Web site of my company, Total Seminars
(www.totalsem.com), before scheduling your exam.

How Do I Take the Test?

To take the test, you must go to an authorized testing center. You cannot take
the test over the Internet. Pearson VUE administers the actual CompTIA
Network+ exam. You’ll find thousands of Pearson VUE testing centers
scattered across the United States and Canada, as well as in over 75 other
countries around the world. You may take the exam at any testing center. To
locate a testing center and schedule an exam, call Pearson VUE at 877-551-
7587. You can also visit their Web site at https://home.pearsonvue.com/.

NOTE Although you can’t take the exam over the Internet,
Pearson VUE provides easy online registration. Go to
https://home.pearsonvue.com/ to register online.
How Much Does the Test Cost?
CompTIA fixes the price, no matter what testing center you use. The cost of
the exam depends on whether you work for a CompTIA member. At press
time, the cost for non-CompTIA members is $302 (U.S.).
If your employer is a CompTIA member, you can save money by obtaining
an exam voucher. In fact, even if you don’t work for a CompTIA member,
you can purchase a voucher from member companies (like mine) and take
advantage of significant member savings. You simply buy the voucher and
then use the voucher to pay for the exam. Vouchers are delivered to you on
paper and electronically via e-mail. The voucher number is the important
thing. That number is your exam payment, so protect it from fellow students
until you’re ready to schedule your exam.
If you’re in the United States or Canada, you can visit www.totalsem.com
or call 800-446-6004 to purchase vouchers. As I always say, “You don’t have
to buy your voucher from us, but for goodness’ sake, get one from
somebody!” Why pay full price when you have a discount alternative?
You must pay for the exam when you schedule, whether online or by
phone. If you’re scheduling by phone, be prepared to hold for a while. Have
your Social Security number (or the international equivalent) ready and either
a credit card or a voucher number when you call or begin the online
scheduling process. If you require any special accommodations, Pearson
VUE will be able to assist you, although your selection of testing locations
may be a bit more limited.
International prices vary; see the CompTIA Web site for international
pricing. Of course, prices are subject to change without notice, so always
check the CompTIA Web site for current pricing!

How to Pass the CompTIA Network+ Exam

The single most important thing to remember about the CompTIA Network+
certification exam is that CompTIA designed it to test the knowledge of a
technician with as little as nine months of experience—so keep it simple!
Think in terms of practical knowledge. Read this book, answer the questions
at the end of each chapter, take the practice exams on the media
accompanying this book, review any topics you missed, and you’ll pass with
flying colors.
 Is it safe to assume that it’s probably been a while since you’ve taken an
exam? Consequently, has it been a while since you’ve had to study for an
exam? If you’re nodding your head yes, you’ll probably want to read the next
sections. They lay out a proven strategy to help you study for the CompTIA
Network+ exam and pass it. Try it. It works.

Obligate Yourself
The first step you should take is to schedule the exam. Ever heard the old
adage that heat and pressure make diamonds? Well, if you don’t give yourself
a little “heat,” you might procrastinate and unnecessarily delay taking the
exam. Even worse, you may end up not taking the exam at all. Do yourself a
favor. Determine how much time you need to study (see the next section),
and then call Pearson VUE and schedule the exam, giving yourself the time
you need to study—and adding a few extra days for safety. Afterward, sit
back and let your anxieties wash over you. Suddenly, turning off the
television and cracking open the book will become a lot easier!

Set Aside the Right Amount of Study Time

After helping thousands of techs get their CompTIA Network+ certification,
we at Total Seminars have developed a pretty good feel for the amount of
study time needed to pass the CompTIA Network+ exam. Table 1 will help
you plan how much study time you must devote to the exam. Keep in mind
that these are averages. If you’re not a great student or if you’re a little on the
nervous side, add another 10 percent. Equally, if you’re the type who can
learn an entire semester of geometry in one night, reduce the numbers by 10
percent. To use this table, just circle the values that are most accurate for you
and add them up to get the number of study hours.
Table 1 Determining How Much Study Time You Need

A complete neophyte may need 120 hours or more of study time. An

experienced network technician already CompTIA A+ certified should only
need about 24 hours.
Study habits also come into play here. A person with solid study habits
(you know who you are) can reduce the number by 15 percent. People with
poor study habits should increase that number by 20 percent.
The total hours of study time you need is __________________.

Study for the Test

Now that you have a feel for how long it’s going to take to study for the
exam, you need a strategy for studying. The following has proven to be an
excellent game plan for cramming the knowledge from the study materials
into your head.
This strategy has two alternate paths. The first path is designed for highly
experienced technicians who have a strong knowledge of PCs and
networking and want to concentrate on just what’s on the exam. Let’s call
this group the Fast Track group. The second path, and the one I’d strongly
recommend, is geared toward people like me: the ones who want to know
why things work, those who want to wrap their arms completely around a
concept, as opposed to regurgitating answers just to pass the CompTIA
Network+ exam. Let’s call this group the Brainiacs.
To provide for both types of learners, I have broken down most of the
chapters into two parts:

• Historical/Conceptual Although not on the CompTIA Network+ exam,

this knowledge will help you understand more clearly what is on the
CompTIA Network+ exam.
• Test Specific These topics clearly fit under the CompTIA Network+
certification domains.

The beginning of each of these areas is clearly marked with a large banner
that looks like the following.

Historical/Conceptual
If you consider yourself a Fast Tracker, skip everything but the Test Specific
section in each chapter. After reading the Test Specific sections, jump
immediately to the Chapter Review questions, which concentrate on
information in the Test Specific sections. If you run into problems, review the
Historical/Conceptual sections in that chapter. After going through every
chapter as described, take the free online practice exams on the media that
accompanies the book. First, take them in practice mode, and then switch to
final mode. Once you start scoring in the 80–85 percent range, go take the
test!
Brainiacs should first read the book—the whole book. Read it as though
you’re reading a novel, starting on page 1 and going all the way through.
Don’t skip around on the first read-through, even if you are a highly
experienced tech. Because there are terms and concepts that build on each
other, skipping around might confuse you, and you’ll just end up closing the
book and firing up your favorite PC game. Your goal on this first read is to
understand concepts—to understand the whys, not just the hows.
Having a network available while you read through the book helps a lot.
This gives you a chance to see various concepts, hardware, and configuration
screens in action as you read about them in the book. Plus, you’ll need some
gear to do all the hands-on exercises sprinkled throughout the book. Nothing
beats doing it yourself to reinforce a concept or piece of knowledge!
You will notice a lot of historical information—the Historical/Conceptual
sections—that you may be tempted to skip. Don’t! Understanding how some
of the older stuff worked or how something works conceptually will help you
appreciate the reason behind current networking features and equipment, as
well as how they function.
After you have completed the first read-through, cozy up for a second.
This time, try to knock out one chapter per sitting. Concentrate on the Test
Specific sections. Get a highlighter and mark the phrases and sentences that
make major points. Look at the pictures and tables, noting how they illustrate
the concepts. Then, answer the end of chapter questions. Repeat this process
until you not only get all the questions right, but also understand why they are
correct!
Once you have read and studied the material in the book, check your
knowledge by taking the online practice exams included on the media
accompanying the book. The exams can be taken in practice mode or final
mode. In practice mode, you are allowed to check references in the book (if
you want) before you answer each question, and each question is graded
immediately. In final mode, you must answer all the questions before you are
given a test score. In each case, you can review a results summary that tells
you which questions you missed, what the right answer is to each, and where
to study further.
 Use the results of the exams to see where you need to bone up, and then
study some more and try them again. Continue retaking the exams and
reviewing the topics you missed until you are consistently scoring in the 80–
85 percent range. When you’ve reached that point, you are ready to pass the
CompTIA Network+ exam!
If you have any problems or questions, or if you just want to argue about
something, feel free to send an e-mail to me at michaelm@totalsem.com or to
my editor, Scott Jernigan, at scottj@totalsem.com.
For additional information about the CompTIA Network+ exam, contact
CompTIA directly at its Web site: www.comptia.org.
Good luck!

—Mike Meyers
 CHAPTER 1

Network Models
The CompTIA Network+ certification exam expects you to know how to
• 1.2 Explain devices, applications, protocols and services at their
appropriate OSI layers
• 1.3 Explain the concepts and characteristics of routing and switching
To achieve these goals, you must be able to
• Describe how models such as the OSI seven-layer model and the
TCP/IP model help technicians understand and troubleshoot networks
• Explain the major functions of networks with the OSI seven-layer
model
• Describe the major functions of networks with the TCP/IP model

The CompTIA Network+ certification challenges you to understand virtually

every aspect of networking—not a small task. Networking professionals use
one of two methods to conceptualize the many parts of a network: the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model and the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model.

These models provide two tools that make them essential for networking
techs. First, the OSI and TCP/IP models provide powerful mental tools for
diagnosing problems. Understanding the models enables a tech to determine
quickly at what layer a problem can occur and helps him or her zero in on a
solution without wasting a lot of time on false leads. Second, these models
provide a common language techs use to describe specific network functions.
Figure 1-1 shows product information for a Cisco-branded advanced
networking device. Note the use of the terms “L3” and “layer 7.” These terms
directly reference the OSI seven-layer model. Techs who understand the OSI
model understand what those numbers mean, giving them a quick
understanding of what the device provides to a network.

Figure 1-1 Using OSI terminology in device documentation

This chapter looks first at models in general and how models help
conceptualize and troubleshoot networks. The chapter then explores both the
OSI seven-layer model and the TCP/IP model to see how they help clarify
network architecture for techs.

Cisco and Certifications

Cisco Systems, Inc. is famous for making many of the “boxes” that
interconnect networks all over the world. It’s not too far of a stretch to say
that Cisco helps power a huge portion of the Internet. These boxes are
complicated to configure, requiring a high degree of technical knowledge.
To address this need, Cisco offers a series of certifications. The entry-level
certification, for example, is the Cisco Certified Entry Networking
Technician (CCENT). The next step is the Cisco Certified Network Associate
(CCNA) Routing and Switching.
Go to Cisco’s certification Web site and compare the objectives for the two
certifications with what you learned about CompTIA Network+ in the
“Introduction” of this book. Ask yourself this question: could you study for
CCENT or CCNA R&S and CompTIA Network+ simultaneously?
Historical/Conceptual
Working with Models
Networking is hard. It takes a lot of pieces, both hardware and software, all
working incredibly quickly and in perfect harmony, to get anything done. Just
making Google appear in your Web browser requires millions of hours in
research, development, and manufacturing to create the many pieces to
successfully connect your system to a server somewhere in Googleland and
to enable them to communicate. Whenever we encounter highly complex
technologies, we need to simplify the overall process by breaking it into
discrete, simple, individual processes. We do this using a network model.

Biography of a Model
What does the word “model” mean to you? Does the word make you think of
a beautiful woman walking down a catwalk at a fashion show or some hunky
guy showing off the latest style of blue jeans on a huge billboard? Maybe it
makes you think of a plastic model airplane? What about those computer
models that try to predict weather? We use the term “model” in a number of
ways, but each use shares certain common themes.
All models are a simplified representation of the real thing. The human
model ignores the many different types of body shapes, using only a single
“optimal” figure. The model airplane lacks functional engines or the internal
framework, and the computerized weather model might disregard subtle
differences in wind temperatures or geology (Figure 1-2).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Plate 16.

Plate 17.
 MECHANICK EXERCISES:
Or, the Doctrine of

Handy-works.
Applied to the ART of
Mold-Making, Sinking the Matrices,
Casting and Dressing of
Printing-Letters.

§. 15. ¶. 1. Of making the Mold.

The Steel-Punches being thus finish’d, as afore was shewed, they
are to be sunk or struck into pieces of Copper, about an Inch and an
half long, and one quarter of an Inch deep; but the thickness not
assignable, because of the different thicknesses in Letters, as was
shewed in §. 2. and shall further be shewed, when I come to the
sinking and justifying of Matrices. But before these Punches are
sunk into Copper, the Letter-Founder must provide a Mold to justifie
the Matrices by: And therefore it is proper that I describe this Mold to
you before I proceed any farther.
I have given you in Plate 18. at A, the Draft of one side or half of the
Mold; and in Plate 19. at B, its Match, or other half, which I shall in
general thus describe.
Every Mold is made of two parts, an under, and an upper Part; the
under part is delineated at A, in Plate 18, the upper part is marked B,
in Plate 19, and is in all respects made like the under part, excepting
the Stool behind, and the Bow, or Spring also behind; and excepting
a small roundish Wyer between the Body and Carriage, near the
Break, where the under part hath a small rounding Groove made in
the Body. This Wyer, or rather Half-Wyer in the upper part makes the
Nick in the Shank of the Letter, when part of it is received into the
Grove in the under part.
These two parts are so exactly fitted and gaged into one another,
(viz. the Male Gage, marked C in Plate 19, into the Female-Gage
marked g, in Plate 18.) that when the upper part of the Mold is
properly placed on, and in the under part of the Mold both together,
makes the entire Mold, and may be slid backwards for Use so far, till
the Edge of either of the Bodies on the middle of either Carriage
comes just to the Edge of the Female-Gages, cut in each Carriage:
And they may be slid forwards so far, till the Bodies on either
Carriage touch each other. And the sliding of these two parts of the
Mold backwards, makes the Shank of the Letter thicker, because the
Bodies in each part stand wider asunder; and the sliding them
forwards makes the Shank of the Letter thinner, because the Bodies
on each part of the Mold stand closer together.
 Plate 18.
The Under half of the Mold
This is a general Description of the Mold; I come now to a more
particular Description of its parts.

a The Carriage.
b The Body.
c The Male-Gage.
d e The Mouth-Piece.
f i The Register.
g The Female-Gage.
h The Hag.
a a a a The Bottom-Plate.
b b b The Wood the Bottom-Plate lies on.
c c e The Mouth.
d d The Throat.
e d d The Pallat.
f The Nick.
g g The Stool.
h h g The Spring or Bow.

I have here given you only the Names of the parts of the Mold,
because at present I purpose no other Use of it, than what relates to
the sinking the Punches into the Matrices: And when I come to the
casting of Letters, You will find the Use and Necessity of all these
Parts.

¶. 2. Of the Bottom-Plate.

The Bottom-Plate is made of Iron, about two Inches and three

quarters long, and about the same breadth; its thickness about a
Brevier: It is planisht exactly flat and straight: It hath two of its Fore-
Angles, as a a cut off either straight or rounding, according to the
pleasure of the Workman.
About the place where the middle of the Carriage lies, is made a
Hole about a Great-Primmer square, into which is rivetted on the
upper-side a Pin with a Sholder to it, which reaches about half an
Inch through the under-side of the Bottom-Plate. This Pin on the
under-side the Bottom-Plate is round, and hath a Male-Screw on its
end. This Pin is let through a Hole made in the Wood of the Mold to
fit it; so that when a square Nut, with a Female-Screw in it, is turned
on the Male-Screw, it may draw and fasten the Half Mold firm to the
Wood.
The Hind-side of the Carriage lies on this Bottom-Plate, parallel to
the Hind-side of it, and about a Two-Lin’d-English within the Hind
Edge of it; and so much of this Bottom-Plate as is between the
Register and the left-hand end of the Carriage (as it is posited in the
Figure) is called the Stool, as g g in the under half of the Mold,
because on it the lower end of the Matrice rests; but on the upper
half of the Mold is made a square Notch behind in the Bottom-Plate,
rather within than without the Edge of the Carriage, to reach from the
Register, and half an Inch towards the left-hand (as it is posited in
the Figure) that the upper part of the fore-side of the Matrice may
stand close to the Carriage and Body.

¶. 3. Of the Carriage.

On the Bottom-Plate is fitted a Carriage, (as a) This Carriage is

almost the length of the Bottom-Plate, and about a Double-Pica
thick, and its Breadth the length of the Shank of the Letter to be cast.
This Carriage is made of Iron, and hath its upper side, and its two
narrow sides filed and rubed upon the using File, exactly straight,
square and smooth, and the two opposite narrow sides exactly
parallel to each other.
On one end of the Carriage, as at g, is made a long Notch or Slit,
which I call the Female-Gage: It is about a Double-Pica wide, and is
made for the Male-Gage of the other part of the Mold to fit into, and
to slide forwards or backwards as the thickness of the Letter to be
cast may require.

¶. 4. Of the Body.

Upon the Carriage is fitted the Body, as at b. This Body is also made
of Iron, and is half the length of the Carriage, and the exact breadth
of the Carriage; but its thickness is alterable, and particularly made
for every intended Body.
About the middle of this Body is made a square Hole, about a Great-
Primmer, or Double-Pica square; and directly under it is made
through the Carriage such another Hole exactly of the same size.

¶. 5. Of the Male-Gage.

Through these two Holes, viz. That in the Body, and that in the
Carriage, is fitted a square Iron Shank with a Male-Screw on one
End, and on the other End an Head turning square from the square
Shanck to the farther end of the Body, as is described at c; but is
more particularly described apart at B in the same Plate, where B
may be called the Male-Gage: For I know no distinct Name that
Founders have for it, and do therefore coyn this:

a The square Shanck.

b The Male-Screw.

This square Shanck is just so long within half a Scaboard thick as to

reach through the Body, Carriage, and another square Hole made
through the Bottom-Plate, that so when a square Nut with a Female-
Screw in it is turned on that Pin, the Nut shall draw and fasten the
Body and Carriage down to the Bottom-Plate.
The Office of the Male-Gage is to fit into, and slide along the
Female-Gage.
¶. 6. Of the Mouth-Piece.
 Plate 19.
The Upper half of the Mold
Close to the Carriage and Body is fitted a Mouth-Piece marked d e.
Letter-Founders call this altogether a Mouth-Piece: But that I may be
the better understood in this present purpose, I must more nicely
distinguish its parts, and take the Freedom to elect Terms for them,
as first,

c c e The Mouth.
d The Palate.
c c e d The Jaws.
d d The Throat.

Altogether (as aforesaid) the Mouth-Piece.

The Mouth-Piece hath its Side returning from the Throat filed and
rubb’d on the Using-File exactly straight and square to its Bottom-
side, because it is to joyn close to the Side of the Carriage and Body;
but its upper-side, viz. the Palate is not parallel to the Bottom, but
from the Side d d, viz. the Throat falls away to the Mouth e, making
an Angle greater or smaller, as the Body that the Mold is made for is
bigger or less: For small Bodies require but a small Mouth, because
small Ladles will hold Metal enough for small Letters; and the smaller
the Ladle, the finer the Geat of the Ladle is; and fine Geats will
easier hit the Mouth (in a Train of Work) than the course Geats of
Great Ladles: Therefore it is that the Mouth must be made to such a
convenient Width, that the Ladle to be used and its Geat, may
readily, and without slabbering, receive the Metal thrown into the
Mold.
But again, if the Mouth-Piece be made too wide, viz. the Jaws too
deep at the Mouth, though the Geat of the Ladle does the readier
find it, yet the Body of the Break of the Letter will be so great, that
first it heats the Mold a great deal faster and hotter; and secondly, it
empties the Pan a great deal sooner of its Metal, and subjects the
Workman sometime to stand still while other Metal is melted and hot:
Therefore Judgment is to be used in the width of the Mouth; and
though there be no Rule for the width of it; yet this in general for
such Molds as I make, I observe that the Orifice of the Throat may
be about one quarter of the Body for small Bodies; but for great
Bodies less, according to Discretion, and the Palate about an Inch
and a quarter long from the Body and Carriage. The reason that the
Orifice of the Throat is so small, is, because the Substance at the
end of the Shanck of the Letter ought also to be small, that the Break
may easier break from the Shanck of the Letter, and the less subject
the Shanck to bowing; for the bowing of a Letter spoils it; and the
reason why the Palate is so long, is, that the Break being long, may
be the easier finger’d and manag’d in the breaking.
If it be objected, that since the smalness of the Break at the end of
the Shanck of the Letter is so approvable and necessary for the
reason aforesaid, then why may not the Break be made much more
smaller yet? The Answer will be, No; because if it be much smaller
than one quarter of the Body, Metal enough will not pass through the
Throat, to fill both the Face and Shanck of the Letter, especially if the
Letter to be cast prove thin.
Near the Throat and Jaw is made straight down through the Palate a
square Hole (as at k.) This square Hole hath all its Sides on the
Upper-Plain of the Palate opened to a Bevel of about 45 Degrees,
and about the depth of a thick Scaboard. Into this square Hole is
fitted a square Pin to reach through it; and within half a Scaboard
through a square Hole, made just under it in the Bottom-Plate which
the Mouth-Piece lies upon. On the upper end of this square Pin is
made a square Sholder, whose under-sides are filed Bevil away, so
as to comply and fall just into the Bevil made on the Palate
aforesaid, and on the under end of the Pin is made a Male-screw
long enough to contain a square Nut, with a Female-screw in it about
a Pica or English thick, which Nut being twisted about the Pin of the
Male-screw, draws and fastens the Mouth-piece close down to the
Bottom-Plate, and also close to the Carriage and Body of the Mold.
Note, that the square Hole made in the Bottom-Plate to receive the
square Shanck of the Pin, must be made a little wider than just to fit
the square Shanck of the Pin, because the Mouth-piece must be so
placed, that the end of the Jaw next the Throat must lie just even
with the Body it is to be joyned to; and also that the Throat of the
Mouth-piece may be thrust perfectly close to the Sides of the
Carriage and Body: And when Occasion requires the Shanck of the
Letter to be lengthned, it may be set farther off the Carriage, that an
Asidue, or sometimes a thin Plate of Brass may be fitted in between
the Carriage and the Throat of the Mouth-piece, as shall farther be
shewed when I come to justifie the Mold.

¶. 7. Of the Register.

Behind the Mold is placed the Register, as at f i h, which I have also

placed apart in the aforesaid Plate, as at C, that it may the more
perspicuously be discerned, and a more particular account of its
parts be given, which are as follows:

C a a b c d e The Register.
a a The Sholders.
b c The Neck.
d The Cheek returning square from the Plate of the
Register, and is about an English thick.
e The Screw Hole.

It is made of an Iron Plate about a Brevier thick; its upper-side is

straight, but its under-side is not: For at a a projects downwards a
small piece of the same Plate, which we may call the Sholders, of
the Form you see in the Figure. These Sholders have two small
Notches (as at b c) filed in them below the Range on the under-side
of the Register, which we will call the Neck, and is just so wide as
the Bottom-Plate is thick. This Neck is set into a square Notch, filed
so far into the Bottom-Plate, that the flat inside of the Register may
stand close against the hind-side of the Carriage and Body; and this
Notch is filed so wide on the left Hand, that when the side b of the
Neck stands close against the left-hand-side of this Notch (as it is
posited in the Figure) the Cheek of the Register stands just even
with the Edge of the Body. And this Notch is also filed so wide on the
right-Hand-side, that when the Neck at c stands close against the
right-hand Side of the Notch, the Cheek of the Register may remove
an m, or an m and an n from the edge of the Body towards the right
hand: And the Sholders a a are made so long, that when either Side
of the Neck is thrust close against its corresponding side in the
Notch of the Bottom-Plate, the upper Edge of the opposite Sholder
shall hook or bear against the under-side of the Bottom-Plate, and
keep the whole Register steady, and directly upright to the Surface of
the Bottom-Plate.
In the Plate of the Register, is made a long square Hole, as at e, just
wide enough to receive the Pin of a Male-screw, with a Sholder to it,
which is to fit into a Female-screw, made in the Edge of the
Carriage, that when the Male-screw is turned about in the Female-
screw in the Carriage, it shall draw the Sholder of the said Male-
screw hard against the upper and under Sides of the square Hole in
the Plate of the Register, close to the side of the Carriage and Body.
The reason why the Hole in the Plate of the Register is made so
long, is that the Cheek of the Register may be slid forwards or
backwards as occasion requires; as shall be shewn when I come to
justifying the Mold.

¶. 8. Of the Nick.

In the upper half of the Mold, at about a Pica distance from the
Throat, is fitted into the under-side of the Body the Nick: It is made of
a piece of Wyer filed flat a little more than half away. This Nick is
bigger or less, as the Body the Mold is made for is bigger or less; but
its length is about two m’s. It is with round Sculptors let exactly into
the under-side of the Body.
In the under half of the Mold, is made at the same distance from the
Throat, on the upper-side of the Body, a round Groove, just fit to
receive the Nick in the upper half.

¶. 9. Of the Bow or Spring.

This is a long piece of hard Iron Wyer, whose Diameter is about a
Brevier thick, and hath one end fastned into the Wood of the under
half of the Mold, as at h; but it is so fastned, that it may turn about in
the Hole of the Wood it is put into: For the end of it being batter’d
flat, a small Hole is drilled through it, into which small Hole the end of
fine Lute-string Wyer, or somewhat bigger is put, and fastned by
twisting about half an Inch of the end of the Lute-string to the rest of
the Lute-string: For then a considerable Bundle of that Wyer, of
about the Size of a Doublet Button, being wound behind the Hole,
about the end of the Spring, will become a Sholder to it, and keep
the end of the Spring from slipping through the Hole in the Wood:
But this Button or Sholder must also be kept on by thrusting another
piece of Wyer stiff into the Hole made on the end of the Spring, and
crooking that Wyer into the Form of an S, that it slip not out of the
Hole.
The manner how the Spring is bowed, you may see in the Figure:
But just without the Wood is twisted upon another Wyer about an
English thick five or six turns of the Wyer of the Spring, to make the
whole Spring bear the stronger at its point: For the Office of the
Spring is with its Point at g, to thrust the Matrice close against the
Carriage and Body.

¶. 10. Of the Hooks, or Haggs.

These are Iron Wyers about a Long-Primmer thick: Their Shape you
may see in the Figure: They are so fastned into the Wood of the
Mold, that they may not hinder the Ladle hitting the Mouth. Their
Office is to pick and draw with their Points the Break and Letter out
of the Mold when they may chance to stick.

¶. 11. Of the Woods of the Mold.

All the Iron Work aforesaid of the Mold is fitted and fastned on two
Woods, viz. each half one, and each Wood about an Inch thick, and
of the shape of each respective Bottom-Plate. The Wood hath all its
Sides except the hind-side, about a Pica longer than the Bottom-
Plate; but the hind-side lies even with the Bottom-Plate. The Bottom-
Plate, as afore was said in ¶. 2. of this §. hath an Iron Pin on its
under-side, about half an Inch long, with a Male-screw on its end,
which Pin being let fit into an Hole in the Wood does by a Nut with a
Female-screw in it draw, all the Iron Work close and fast to the
Wood.
But because the Wood is an Inch thick, and the Pin in the Bottom-
Plate but half an Inch long, therefore the outer or under-side of the
Wood (as posited in the Figure) hath a wide round Hole made in it
flat at the Bottom, to reach within an English, or a Great Primmer of
the upper-side of the Wood. This round Hole is wide enough to
receive the Nut with the Female-screw in it; and the Pin being now
long enough to receive the Female-screw at the wide Hole, the
Female-screw may with round nosed Plyers be turned about the
Male-screw on the Pin aforesaid, till it draw all the Iron Work close to
the Wood.
The Wood behind on the upper half is cut away as the Bottom-Plate
of that half is; and into the thickness of the Wood, close by the right
and left-hand side of this Notch is a small square Wyer-staple driven,
which we may call the Matrice-Check; for its Office is only to keep
the Shanck of the Matrice from flying out of this Notch of the Mold
when the Caster is at Work. And the Nuts and Screws of the
Carriage and Mouth-piece, &c. that lie under the Bottom-Plate, are
with small Chissels let into the upper-side of the Wood, that the
Bottom-plates may lie flat on it.

Sect. XVI. Of justifying the Mold.

Although the Mold be now made; nay, very well and Workman-like
made, yet is it not imagin’d to be fit to go to work withal; as well
because it will doubtless Rag (as Founders call it; for which
Explanation see the Table) as because the Body, Thickness,
Straightness, and length of the Shanck must be finisht with such
great Nicety, that without several Proofs and Tryings, it cannot be
expected to be perfectly true.
Therefore before the sinking and justifying the Matrices, the Mold
must first be Justified: And first, he justifies the Body, which to do, he
casts about twenty Proofs or Letters, as they are called, though it
matters not whether the Shancks have yet Letters on them or no.
These Proofs he sets up in a Composing-stick, as is described in §.
17. ¶. 2. Plate 19. at G, with all their Nicks towards the right Hand,
and then sets up so many Letters of the same Body, (which for
Distinction sake we will call Patterns) that he will justifie his Body too,
upon the Proofs, with all their Nicks also to the right Hand, to try if
they agree in length with the same Number of Letters that he uses
for his Pattern; which if they do not, for very seldom they do, but by
the Workman’s fore-cast are generally somewhat too big in the Body,
that there may be Substance left to Justifie the Mold, and clear it
from Ragging. Therefore the Proofs may drive-out somewhat, either
half a Line (which in Founders and Printers Language is half a Body)
or a whole Line. (more or less.)
He also tries if the two sides of the Body are parallel, viz. That the
Body be no bigger at the Head than at the Foot; and that he tries by
taking half the number of his Proofs, and turning the Heads of them
lays them upon the other half of his Proofs, so that if then the Heads
and Feet be exactly even upon each other, and that the Heads and
Feet neither drive out, nor get in, (Founders and Printers Language,
for which see the Table) the two sides of the Body are parallel; but if
either the Head or Foot drives out, the two sides of the Body are not
parallel, and must therefore be mended.
And as he has examin’d the Sides of the Body so also he examines
the thickness of the Letter, and tries if the two Sides of the thickness
be also parallel, which to do, he sets up his Prooves in the
Composing-stick with their Nicks upwards. Then taking half of the
Prooves, he turns the Heads and lay the Heads upon the Feet of the
other half of his Prooves, and if the Heads and Feet lies exactly upon
each other and neither drive out or get in the two Sides of the
thicknesses are parallel. But if either the Head or Foot drive-out the
two Sides of the thicknesses are not parallel; and must therefore be
mended.
Next, he considers whether the sides of the Body be straight, first by
laying two Letters with their Nicks upwards upon one another, and
holding them up in his Fingers, between his Eye and the Light, tries if
he can see Light between them: For if the least Light appear
between them, the Carriage is not straight. Then he lays the Nicks
against one another, and holds them also against the Light, as
before: Then he lays both the Nicks outward, and examines them
that way, that he may find whether either or both of the Carriages are
out of straight.
But we will suppose now the Body somewhat too big, and that it
drives out at the Head or Foot; and that the thickness drives out at
the Head or Foot and that the Sides of the Body are not straight.
These are Faults enough to take the Mold asunder: but yet if there
were but one of these Faults it must be taken asunder for that; by
unscrewing the Male-Gage, to take the Body off the Carriage, and
the Carriage off the Bottom-Plate.
Having found where the Fault of one or both sides of the Body is, he
lays the Body down upon the Using File; and if the Fault be
extuberant, he rubs the Extuberancy down, by pressing his Finger or
Fingers hard upon the opposite side of the Body, just over the
extuberant part; and so rubbing the Body hard forwards on the
Using-File, and drawing it lightly backwards, he rubs till he has
wrought down the extuberancy, which he examins by applying the
Lyner to that side of the Body, and holding it so up between his Eye
and the Light, tries whether or not the Lyner ride upon the part that
was extuberant; which if it do, the extuberancy is not sufficiently
rub’d off, and the former Process must again begin and be continued
till the extuberancy be rub’d off. And if the Body were too big, he by
this Operation works it down: Because the extuberancy of the Body
rid upon the Carriage, and bore it up.
And if the fault be a Dawk, or Hollow in the Body, then he Works the
rest of that side of the Body down to the bottom of the Dawk, which
by applying the Lyner (as afore) he tryes, and this also lessens the
Body.
If the Body drive-out at Head or Foot, he lays the weight of his
Fingers heavy at that side or end of the Body which is too thick, and
so rubs that down harder.
If the thickness of the Letter, drive-out at Head, or Foot, he Screws
the Body into the Vice, and with a flat sharp File, files the Side down
at the Head, or Foot. At the same time, if the Shanck of the Letter be
not Square, he mends that also, and smooth-files it very well.
Then he puts the Mold together again: And melting, (or laying aside)
his first Proofs, lest they should make him mistake, he again Casts
about twenty New Proofs, and examins by them as before, how well
he has mended the Body, and how near he has brought the Body to
the size of the Pattern: For he does not expect to do it the First,
Second, or Seventh time; but mends on, on, on, by a little at a time,
till at last it is so finisht.
If the Body prove too small, it is underlaid with a thick or a thin
Asidue; or sometimes a thin Plate of Brass.
Then he examins the Mouth-piece, and sees that the Jaws slide
exactly true, upon every part of the Pallat without riding.
If the Throat of the Mouth-piece lie too low, as most commonly it is
designed so to do; Then a Plate of Brass of a proper thickness is laid
under it to raise it higher.
He also Justifies the Registers, making their Cheeks truly Square.
And Screwing them about an n from the Corner of the Body.
He tryes that the Male and Female-Gages fit each other exactly, and
lie directly straight along, and parallel to both the Sides of the
Carriage.
All this thus performed he needs not (perhaps) take the Mold
assunder again. But not having yet consider’d, or examin’d the
length of the Shanck of the Letter, he now does; and if it be
somewhat too long (as we will suppose by forecast it is) then the
Body and Carriage being Screwed together, and both the Halves
fitted in their Gages, the Edges of the Carriage and Body are thus
together rub’d upon the Using-File, till the Carriage be brought to an
exact length.
Having thus (as he hopes) finisht the justifying of the Mold; and put it
together, and Screwed it fast up, he puts the two Halves together,
and then Rubs or Slides them hard against one another, to try if he
can perceive any little part of the Body Ride upon the Carriage, or
Carriage ride upon the Body: To know which of them it is that Rides,
or is extuberant, he uses the Liner; applying it to both the Places, as
well of the Body as the Carriage: where he sees they have Rub’d or
bore upon one another: And which of them that is extuberant, the
Edge of the Liner will shew, by Riding upon it: And that part he Files
upon with a small flat and very fine File, by little and little, taking off
the extuberancy, till the Bodies and Carriages lie exactly flat upon,
and close to one another: Which if they do not, the Mold will be sure
to Rag.

§. XVII. ¶. 1. Of Sinking the Punches into the

Matrices.
That the Matrice, and all its parts may be the better understood, as I
shall have Occasion to Name them, I have given you a Draft of the
Matrice in Plate, 18 at E. and shall here explain its parts.

E The Matrice, wherein is Punched E, the Face of the

Letter.
a The Bottom of the Matrice.
b The Top of the Matrice.
c The Right-side of the Matrice.
d The Left Side of the Matrice.
f g The Face of the Matrice.
h i The Leather Grove of the Matrice.

In the Back or Side behind the Matrice, just behind E is filed in

athwart the Back, from the right to the left Side a Notch, to settle and