ARECOHNAIsSANCEOF CASTLE OAVE1'F'1!

3$HINQ ~bUNTl')NEVADA

TEcHNIOAL'~OT! ~,.'

,, ,Sal t" r.ke~ttt" ","

National·' Speleol()ld.cal." SOciet7" ,
No~m-;.,~";
 At the' invitation of Mr. Jame,sF. Abel, Vllnnemucca,
Nevada,tthe, Salt take Grotto
undertook a reconnaissance of historic Castle Cavein i:b.eHuJnbo~dtRmlge on October
12, 1957• located at the base of the cliffs comprising Castle Rockin Star Canyon,
it can be reached by hiking from a nearbyndning road. Morepr~c1sely, it is in the
mil of ttle SEt of 516, R34E,T3lN, at 8680'elevationas sho~onthe u.s.a.s.
Imlay, N'evadaQuadrangle,15' series.. '

'!his cave has such an interesting historical backgroundthat the writer feels
a di.:..zressionf:romthe usual technical report is wortbwhile.In 1861, sUver was
discovered in Star Canyonwith the subsequentsettlement.9f Star City, nowa ghost
town. l'l1ether Castle Cavewas first located then is not knownbut' what was undoubt-
ably the first serious exploration isreoounted belo,,~ '1b.ei'lowerystyle of writing,
the patriotic singing, and the general pers0nal1,tyo,fthe part1cipants will both
surprise and amusethe reader. It is un.fortunate that modernwrittws have so
erroneously stereotyped the early, western mantbat ~~' 'ShoUld" be 'sUtprlsed when
cOnfJCltf>d with,an ~count or 'his real teIJlPer~nt.'Jhe:patr1otism. is a resuJ,.t of
the period in Whichthis was written.' -'lbetime W8.Sduri.ng theu~~t ",WarBetweenthe
States_and there was high patrioticfervor"in Nevada.,
•. ,In f~c'~in nearbY,V'1rgin:itt,
City, miners like themselves lleresuppbrt1ng alerge percentage of'the Union's forces.
'lbe star C&'1Yon mining boomdi.dn't last long.llewstrikes to the north and diminish-
ing returns in the local mines reduoed them1ners wgronng vegetables in a few
years time. '!he next year, the &!predat1on~o.rthe,rndianswere so serious that
this part of Nevada.was,almost uninhabitable,;

'!he story: (1)

;- ;,

If Havingexplored a portion, of thisgreatsubten-an~..,nderattbe head of

Star Ca;ronaccording to proJrQ-se.Ise!1dYoua:brief,~ooun~"ol someolthe. wonderful
curiosities met with. ' " "

"By appointm~nt, our party met.at the &l1eba mine on,th.,mo~ot·Sanday, 8th
last, and at 9 0 'clock A•.M. started for the cave,weU provicie4With all the necessary
equipmentsfor the expedi~on.Two hours harel c1im1)1ng,,\1P1:.heve'rTsteep~8t moun-
tain in th~ wholerange, brought us to a bold, ruggeq.1.it,lestone" clitt, or peak-
about a mile"and a half northwest'from the Sheba; onth~~t between star and '
Santa Clara CMOns - which is called in Star, 'Castle Book'. ':thecave is on th~
soutt>.side of this cliff which pref!ents a perpendicular faoe of atleast two hUil-
dred feet in hight. ']he entrance is fifteen feetaboft: the base of the cliff, which
was reached by D.L. Wilber after considerable exerti~n, 8nd rather dangerous cUmbing.
A r~pe was then,madefast and let downwhich ~8bled'thebslan,ee' of the party to gain
en1ranee. After partaking of..a. llJDcbprovided.bytheS:a:eba-boYs,our pe.rtyconsist-
-ing of fifteen, with two candles each, took up itS line ot march;,withW11ber, l)lho
had entered the ~ave before, as guide;, ~pt. Prescott, Chief Fag1neer, and the un-
,d~rsi€,nedreporter-having by request' taken iJIIperfectnotes ,of.the expedition.

"Theentranc.e is six feet high, ~aboutthe samewidth, and arched;overhead; form.-

ing a perfect. natural tunnel for 8: distance of>about 50 feet. At this point, Pres-
cott consulted his compassand reported the cOurse 'North 45° East ' • Thepassage
nowbecamemore1rregulaI' and difficult of access, assumingthe shape and appearance
of a great fissure or c:revice. ~ clam.bereduprugged steps and elevations,and, over
great masses of detached:limestone, whena jumpdownof.ten.feet, lighting on,a
soft, dry substance, brought us into a chambertwenty-tive feet long. Passing through
this, we entered a corridor of great length and marVelousbeauty: varying from £ive
to fifty feet, in hight, and from two and a p.alf to eight feet in width. ThewaUs
were completely lined wi.th incrustations ,of limestOne) forming ~e most beautJ.tul
crystaJ.s of spar, hanging in clusters of various shapes and dim.eIiSiOJU$
,of bH.l1iant
whit~ and yellowish colors; and h~re and there were great stalactites pendant .from
(1)
 curves i~ the hanging ~, whic.hfreguentlyreachedthe fiooJ..-forming pihar~-a
most beautiful and fanciful timbering for this,. Natures great tunnel.

'. "As we passed through the cor~do:r, si.nglefil~, each w.Lth a l~ghtedcan<ue';
the reflection upon the sparry crystals called forth exclama,t:t<ms. of:wQnder.and
admiration of the bew;tldering, spene .',,, Perhaps the glittering passage woUldlead' to
the Subterranean palace of tanana, the spirit of SUTet"r AnC:i who else. b~t the, ,
beautiful goddf,'s,scould be the presiding spirit ~su.ch crystalline splendor, Which
no work of Art' co~d assirililate? AndWouldshe be at homein her gorgeous palace'
to favor us with an interview? W')shall see.
j', 'I ,I.. , _ ';.,. . ..•

"The fissure. noW'became more rugged and abrupt, .~suminggreatervAr1eties of

shape, and-with considerap:l.e of.~ inclinationq,oWIl-.rd as .we,followecl~t to the
north. OUr descent was necesaarlly-slow,as,,",hadtofeelour :waycautiously over
the. uneven t:loor through the winding labyrinth, until we came t.O the e~dof the
passage; probably five hu:ndredfeetbom the entrance. A rope was here attached to
the rocks~and through a hole in ·the floor 9f. -the cavern-too ·small. to be convenient-
we lowered ourselves a distance of twenty five teet, into. a large chamber twel~ ,
feet wide, from ten to fifty-fe.at high, and fifty feet long-which l>rena:medfWllber's
Chamberf -he being the first to .descend ·into it. .

, "All h~ving "descended'to this 'level, .~.pursued our. ~loration southWard through:
a passage connecting with the chamber which was paranel to anddireetJ.;r 'Under the
,upper one, weohacltraversed. ,'lhis passage has .an inclination downwardto .the south,
of nearly 45. ~ 1'olloWEild
it a distance of about one hllndre(i fe.et, being too low
most' of ,the way to' allow of one ~king upright; 1:4lenwe came to the'end~.A small
opening, however, through which, by our lights, we could see a l,arge cant.,- a l1ttJ.e
further on. With the aid of the pick we had'brought along,. it wa~.800n made.large
;enough to admit a medium'$i~ed :maJl.-but'Hhi~h~;~atb.eratight squeeze 1'orsomeof
the party. Sometime was consumedill- c:raw~ through this '~P.il"aJ..hoJ,.e,
,1fbichexerted
every muscle, and.had a. v~ry damagjJlgeffect on clothe·e. ·.•. ~ow. stood in, a very
e:x,:tensi
va apd mos~ magmf1cent oval shaped. ~hamber~Was .t,his. Itbe. palace of Lanona?
Alasl the poetry was squeezed out of me ,in mydeSc~T,l.tthroughtbehole,and I was
forced to abandon'the idea of this being .'the abode,of ·.the .goddess, ,unless.,pel"chance,
. she :wasof yery dimtttive statue, 'and didn tt.wem-h~ops.elsehow,could she get through
the passage? And I had conceived here to" be of very clever proportions •. , ~. lights
1'ailed to peneprate the darkness to the topo1' .the chamber whit(h must have been at,
least one hundred feet high in the center, twenty.~byforty' feet at the bottom, and.
gradually narrowing 'j;,owards'thetop. ,Sta.l$,ctites andcI'7'Stalsof sp$.Tdazzled from
its sides; many of which were .then in the process. of' f~rmati~.by <leposistions from
the water dripping from the crevices in ,th~lim.esto~e, W:ul rock,., I shall make no.
atteJ!1Pt to describe this most wonderful part of the. great cav~rn, or feelings ;~~t
inspired and held us spell bound, so to Ispeak,aeJ we gazed on its gloomy,magn:tfiQent
gra.ndeurJ But judge for your sel1', Mr•. Editor, of the. emotions and great cl1ange .
entirely foreign to ones nature the scene will. awaken in the human ,mind" when I state
that the irrepressible Prescott, uncovered. his head, (being slightly' bald. a4ded to
the ef1'ect) was moved to prqer-wh1.ch, however, wuo1'fered more in a 'spirit of ad- .
miration than humility, to the Great Miner, at libose shrine we bowed, whohad planned
and executed this 'mighty enterprise,. and who he' ac~owledged was mightier than him-
self, and the secrets ,of whose grand and c03JU)lex _system he was .most desirous o1',
deviningl After <this I though I ol1t to ,feel SUblime-tfied, and succeeded to a pitch
never' before attained. It was now proposed this temple whould be dedica~ed by a
Union Son~, whenMr. 'W>lcott sung with charming efrect~all joiniilg in the. choms:

fflil are all come,here to the tentedtield,

To fight for the Stars and the Union to shend,
IDok away - look away--
In Dixie's Land·
 AndMr. Qrgansung: 'Success.to AmericaJ' The effect .of the singing. PerkiIU;lsummed
up to a very concise conclusion, and graphicall,. described as' 'perfectly gorgeous'.
The melodeouscadences reverberating through the gloomycavern filled our souls with
1TlU.Sic,
and certainly justified Perkins in ~sjudgment.

"Apassage was nowexp&ed a distance of about one hundred feet northwest;

another was discovered leading west, and downward by a na,rro'W
entrance, too· Small
for egress; but the rumbling noise of"<stonesthrowndownwasheard for along time;
also Mr. Boyle found and explored pass'ages running south.. .W!calledt.tP.s grea,t room,
'the· chapel' ; but I suggest,' it shall bear the nameof"the ladY $0, shall first honor
it wi.th llJ.errpresenc.e. 1bree hearty cheers were given,whenwe again subm:1 tted our-
selves to the squeez'tngprocess and retraced our steps, to "Wllber's Chamber".

"Fromthis pointour"explorationsc~ntinuecl.north.-rd, ~ong the. main p~sage,

a distance s's,timated at .Jiftee~hundred feet; and through.a great numberof. side
passages and 'cross courses', '.manyof which werenottoUowed, ,to the .eJ;lds.A great
J!ianycuriosit~es, galleries, halls, and cavities, Of, ,fantastic sh~ee, sparkling
with crystals aJ;ldstalactites, were metwit.h.. About.one,.hun<\redfeet north of'!WU-.
ber's Chamber', p~ssing through severallevels.andabrupt'ascents and descents, We
entered a large roomwh:ichwas named'PrescottHall'.1he passages .'leading into it
and the hall itself were overhungvery threate1'lingly'.by largemassesof'limestone,
full of cracks and se~ams,looking as if. th.ey:wo1il.d
fall:. at the least touch, and
suggestive of. rather unpleasant sensations aSWBipa8sed.under them~togethera
very wild and trightful PaI'"tof thecavern.
o .•.. '_ - ," ,.' I, ,-:: ,,'~' '. ,"-, ,", '. .'7:' :' ::' , , ,I

"Northwel:lterlyfrom the main passage, Mr'. Searl ,and others .explored a gal.l~r7
adistance.Qf onehun~ed and fifty-feetthat lead, in'toa bea11tif'ularched room
which was named 1Bat Chamber, f from the tact ot alax-ge .nock of thosebir4s ~eing
fo'Aldin it. Wehad nowexplored the maincaveril'twothQ'U,S~1'eet northerly-from
WUber's Chamb,er,the course of wich Prescottsi;ate<i~sabOlltmagnet1c north. and
south; and becomingtired, began to retr~ce our~teps ;in the.qour~ !,f lfhicbour
route was lost by taking the wng passage;andourcan.dles_renearly exhausted.
Supposewe should be left in the darkS AndI·open~ad:l.scuasionwith Per~,
speculating on 'the probable chances i'or and against our .'e~sever .again beholding
daylight_ ' In fact I might say:tb.at, like" Mrs•..M:i.c~r. I was'.overcome.bymyfeel-
lings '-possesed of a lively solici tude to' again seethe surface.of mother earth,
. and the light of day-not rear" certainly-not; who,"that wo~d,explore two thousand
. feet downthese llJ;Y'stericus If\byrl.nths,.coUld be fr1gh.tenedl~erta:inlynot I. I "
J had nowchoseDa spot where, with arms f'oldedac.1"'ossmy' b~ast, I wouldresign llJ;Y'self
.~
calmly to the petrifying inf'luences of. the cavern; to ·beexhumed,.perhaps, a century
lience, in a beautifUl state of preserva.tiori,andg6do'Wl'lto pC>8terltyw:L thgreat
11lUJIIlTIY notoriety_. BtH:' then I thought of the bats •. Wmld1:ihet not disfigure. the,.
, handSomeface of Prescott? AndI turned to ask Perldnswhetberthey would eat h1lJlW1
f'leSh. I shall !lever forget thewoeM e:xpressionof' biscountena.nceJand being
reminded of what a ri liculous look!ngburlesque of a.,!\lUltIJiy he-uld ~e, .clod i~
a suit donnedfor the occasion-an' old red, shirt and great rents in his. pantal.()OlUf,
changedthe tenor of mythoughts, and I scoute.~the ltlU!IllIlY'. 1de~ as too ri<ij.culousJ
and resolved to rely wholly on the engineering talent ot, ~escott, for a safe deliv-
erence; which, I have no d,ubt, our friend nIl be pleased-to learn, was safely
effected •

..'. '.'en regaining Prescott's Hall, the·cho:M16of Sheba boyesung 'Boid Rob1nHood',
'Whichwas very soothing to us, and three rousing cheers were given-whenwecontinued.
our journey. '!he ascent by rope, hand over hand to the upper gallery, Wasfound .
muchmore difficult than the descent. Again wepassed through the beautifUl corridor
admiring the sparkling crystals; and whennear the entrance, I discovered astray,..'
faint ray of daylight, and eommunicatedthe fact to Per1c1ns,instantly ·hisface
assumed a pleasing expression-Perkins was happyI , '*
reached the entrance after
 having been four and a half' hour.sin the cavern, ,but 1d.thout.. as webelieved, ex-
~loring, Onetenth part ot i t.Intact it isthebeliet thati t communicates' with
he 0Ppositeside ot the mountain, and iti:!! sa1dthatan Indian wen,tinhere some
time since and cameout the other' cava betweenP.rince Royal and Hum.boldt-t.he one
'WhichfrlendJBD o~ upon a time investedldtha romantic and beautiful Indian
tradi tion. ' ' ,
, . .

"I should.have said in, connection withthEr Chapel" that fossUbones were found
there, and that our party was divided in opinion as to they' were humanor .animal.
If animal remains, howc8M.e they here?
. .

. "In conclufJion, Mr•. Editor.. I would·say that ''Put ~, 11ttle ,:is.knownof this
great workof Nature.. 'Ibis, is the second party-that has vis! ted.i t-the .first went
in but a ;mort distance. It lsthe lIlOS,t W'()n.~rtul, cur19S!tyinthis.region of the
country; and this hastily prepared sketehe$,t1'copveybUt a poor idea lot its magri:i tude..
It is worthy of the investigation of science" andalll1ghtier'pen th~this to do it
justice. It is yet,without a name; several have beellproposed,but are too far
fetched to be appropriate. v.o willsugg.est one?" .

Santa Clara Nov•. 10.•

"ltlT notnmn~ it, .as. wehave at the headot O1ircorres,pondent's.article, "Castle
Cave"? '!he rock through whichit opens is liJel1 knoWll&8'Castle Rock'.••·avery
appropriate name.• too. Someof, our cOhtemporarleswill doubtless want to call it
"TahoeHole" - but we object .." " ,

, ~ther the Register's, correspondent wasenc1o'wedw11;han.v1ditl1agination or the

• modern.explorer1 s ,senses have,been dulled totbi8ca"'.b~.-.ut1es 'by such spectacular
displays as LehmanCavesNationalM()nument.·Site8<~s'cr1be4ae".t01'Dl1ng the .st '
b,eauUf'ul crystals.of spar.•hangingiI?-clU8tersofv..n~ahapel!Jan4 di1r,lensions,
ofbril11ant white and yellowish colors; etc •." presented.tb~el,"s. only,U'des1cated .•
dUst encruste4 stalactites.. Areas qf realb~&lJ,tyare'presentbuttheY'~e small
and few in number,besides being difficult orcla,p,g~s 'to~each.ihiswr1ter can
viS\lalize, however, that tllese cave explorersotabygone.ra, 'J'erbapsabit super-
ati tious, treading on virgin: and unknQwnground,and·vfe1dJJgtbe walls through the
ghostly light of candles, wouldbe impressedwitb whatthe;y saw. Newpaperpublishers
of this period were not ahoveprinting outrightho&xit8e1'tihe~,andpOrtions of this
story and e:S'gecially'those of the legends printed later MUstbe taken with a grain
of salt. '
'!he description of the plan of the caVeis remarka'bij-accurate. In fact .• the
party was able to identify every area~s ,1twasent$~d,w:t.th the exception of the
vaguely located "Bat Room". The d1stancesare'lIlYot:f iDsome instances, but they
are off in proportion to the difficulty of exploratit>n,a common and natural error.
Entrance to the cave has been mademucheasier by guanodiggers,tunrielingthrough
a lower shelter cave into the upper passage but the resto! the cave is just
as ,difficult as it was in 1863. Beyondtheir furthest point of penett"ation, loose
rock of the type encountered in Prescot~'s Chamberbecomes,very dangerous, even to
the'-experiene~ explorer, and extreme Gare must'be exercised., The overhungdrop 'into
'Wilber's Chembershould be rigged with a rope laddel"although someparties have
unwisely climbed it hand over hand on a r~.
-' The only life observed in the:cave were bats and the ever;.,.pr~sentrodents.
'l'i.me did not allow a search .for other fauna.Three'bats (species unknowp)were
uriW;ttUnglydisturbed near the rear of the cave, nearly' 1000' in. Thebones in
tI'theChapel"were not seen during the brief'visi t.
 Despite the mineralization 'and early mining, it Dsnat until 1939 that the
area recieved the attent~on of a geologist.. His description of the geologic
history is worth quoting: (2)

tI(p.57l) ••• 'lhe oldest rocks in, the areaareinterQecided keratophyric

tuffs and.nows of at least 1500 feet thick, overlainwitlla,pparent comformttyby
interbedded rbyolitetufts and flows about 9QOtolBoofeetthick. 'lhe age of the
volcanics is ~ertainbut •••~ be late ,PaleoZcoic.: .. 'lheentire serie,sie, overlain,
generally with apparent comfortni ty by Middle and Upper'l'riassi,.c limestones and
associated clastic strata. ,
, . 'lheee··,rockshave bee,nfolded and.faulted alotlg axes ,trending north-north-
east, slightly oblique to the trend of the present range, and uy have beeninv&ded
by intrust ves ranging from 011V1nediab~e to .gtanj,.te porphory.,Deposistion of
ore of silver, gold, and ant1,mony- .~. l>eElneff,e~dbys~lut1ons genetically related
to the intrusives. '!his orog~nyancli tsattendent ,intrusion and'mineralization in
, the star Peak)ienge are generally referedtolate Juras$tcor early CTetaceoul!Ltime.
Peneplanation followed'but .this eros:i,0n&+ cyclewu,interupted, probably in Pliocene
time, by uplift of the present ,Star Peak.Rangeas .along' narrow,eastward~tUted
~loc~, cheiay. along normal faul tsmark:l.~the western margin of the range. Uplift
took place in two Principle stages, separated by an interval dUringwbichthe range
was maturely disecte<h~ .' '., .
\

Castle Caveis located in theStarP.ak'UmestoneofJurasl!I:!.c age and is thus

. one of ,the few caves in a Mesozoic:tormationin?the1oJeirt.',lb1s ;Limestonehas .
been dividedinto 4 units but. tliese .units are .not shown.
.s~.tely ..Qt1 the geologic
map., ('lhe up lists Castle Rock,as sentaC1arape~ •.l Prolllthe li.thologic des-
cription, the cave is either in .unit ~ or 4 w.t.tbthe former ~.tered. It is
described as: (2) .
:.'(p.$81.) ••• Ov8l"l.yi~limestone.,NO.:liS1ooO),·eet·olJ.igllt1ray·, finely ,.
c'ryst8J.ine,massive+Ybeddedli~est6ne'1'hicl1formsthe~e.'t li_"to~e cliffs of
the area. 'lhe'strata are inmost plilces'.seve~lytracture<l,.d.the: beddiJ]g,1n
in~stinct. Ramity1ngveinlets of coarse"white,caJ.cite ,~e· abundant~~•• It>caJ.ly
caverns have developed in these beds."· ,.

'!his, hig~ytraet~ed.rockhas·¢aused'8Uchhea'VJ'break.do_ in the .Q~ve'that

there are few'solutional speleogens··to .beobserved •. ,It ~!lon1y in the' ~ar upper
levels, where there is a relil8rkablepIOrpho1og1eaJ. changef~mthe passage shapes
previously-encountered, that the cavlJ shonthe ,unmoditiedfeatures or' phe,~atic
solution. '!be ••••• 11 '. 'l!!U, sud,de,nc~n.tr1ctions, .. lm1I. poc1<:ets,minor spongework,
8J'ldthree. dimensionAlpatte~s,&;e a11accept~criteria:ot ot1-gin.and, development
beneath the ~ter table. An intrusion qt~as~1c~"'fII~diabaeemetagabbrometuye-
,.,.; +.11)11 (2) occurs less than 300! vert:tcaJ.teetbelow,.c.tl~. Rock, but there 1s no
e'ri.denceot DO.neralizationor thermal alteration .1Dthe caVe. '
, '. pallsage' determining , " , .,' , .
MPB.~ 'It .:th
..•.
elJofnts· are.eL..". ther.'m&
.. ,~1<:ed"b.
'1...the ..break.··d.
~wn. .•. 'p±m
.or too ..·· in the ceiling
to. be' observed but it is believed th!lt'\t1ey p:e pr1ncipaJ.lyparallelto the strike
of approxdJnatel.y: North~South. ,T.tlf~ strata, generally dip :30•. 35.0 but this cannot be
relied upon. '!he,cave was undoubtabl7tormed during one o~ the erosion cycles
previously mentioned. Nohint ot a clay fill was seen. . '

The speieothemic)ayeris t-i 'Ve~ysp~se consisting nudn17ot now tone

colnpazi.
and draperies on the walls.. SomeincrustationS· ofa type ot ."cav'e.coral". occur on
thep~sage< leading to the "Chapel~. In the ·r,ear~r le"el, 1'hereisa clqey
dirt ,noor with s6mesWlll streem W'om pebbles. Dog~~oth sparand!ncient,
'crumbl7, crystaline nOl15tonecomprise the most beautifol area.
 ·•R\tiiors 6r anoth~r cave nearby are due, at-l ••• t in' part, to the two entrances
to Castle cave. There is no reason tosu8pect, however, that other caves could
not· enst. . The possible cave between Prince' Roral and Hlmtbo1dtC&JVOns to the
north, as mentioned in the quoted sto1")",bas not been investigated.
castle Cave has Ii tUe to reco1lll11end
i tu a pubUc at-traction.. It is large
enough and dangerous enough to constitute a detin1.te hazard. to the inexperienced
explorer.

REFERENCES
CITED
1. Anonymous,HumboldtRee8~' ttiQlWille, Nev.; NovembeJ'21~~
1863.

2. cameron, E.N.Geo1ogy and Minerllizat10n ot the Northeastern HumboldtRange.

Geological. Soc. A1llericaBall. VSO, pS63-634.

OTHER REP'EREllCFB
1. Aa,~011s., 'lbe SilTe1" State (to. ~o.) ·~.17, 26,1887;. 'lbe st0X'7
on the 26thu a romanttc tal. of .t2ldSAa,.~ ••• ~ to the cave
for failure to win a b1"1de. Suppo-nt,.r ••• J""bo.taotoepossibly a
complete fabrication by an 1aagiJu:ti'"~1I1":l".-·"-I'tllaruele
eoncems .~Yandept' ih6·.tinpa"slatreaRrlf\;.Ur"'~~~"t"t~ y~
later to find it all gOl1e• ..~'. interes~ 'but ~ •• -t4 ••. '-sto •••
• 0I'l tile with the ..~stem Speleological SUrveyor tlaUoDal8pft1eo1ogicalSocie1;y.
, ,

2. Anonymous, '!he Silver State (town unknown)Dec'emberlO,18, 22, 23, 26, 1874.
Contents ~ to thlem.ter. .

3. Ja.o1Vm0U8, The-HumboldtRe"i;8ter,UnionY11le, December25,1874, January 1,

1875. Conten,ts unknownto ~hle wr1tet'. .
 CASTLE CAVE
PERSHING ootnfi'Y J ~NEVADA

Happed b7tne ,Salt Iake Orotto,]ISS.'

October 12, 1957 "
A', Br\111tcm Compass,.Survey
(Uncorrected)
Scale: 1" =50 '

, I
14'
C 10'
F.t._t

Tn. ,ChA.pe\
II ,l'