Part 1.

1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input
impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 Ω).
Converters
Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output
Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback from output back to

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
the input. In the open-loop configuration the gain can exceed 10,000.

OP-AMP Applications Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the gain of an
op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a negative feedback. A negative
Converters
feedback reduces the gain and improves many characteristics of the
Project op-amp.
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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier

Field-effect Transistors

𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
Differential Amplifiers
𝑽𝑶 = − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝑶 = (𝟏 + )𝑽𝟏
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics Unity follower (buffer)

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝟏

OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics Summing Amplifier

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑶 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Converters

Project Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Revision
Analog
Electronics Summing Amplifier

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑶 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Converters

Project Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Integrator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = −𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐 = −𝑐
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 −1
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 × 𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = න 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
Converters 𝑅𝑖𝑛 × 𝑐

Project Ideal integrator…… ideal op amp

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Integrator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Integrator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Integrator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Differentiator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers
−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐 =𝑐
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
−𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶
Converters 𝑑𝑡

Project Ideal Differentiator…… ideal op amp

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Differentiator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers The Practical Differentiator The ideal differentiator uses a capacitor in series with the inverting
input. Because a capacitor has very low impedance at high frequencies, the combination of Rf and C
form a very high gain amplifier at high frequencies. This means that a differentiator circuit tends to
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications be noisy because electrical noise mainly consists of high frequencies. The solution to this problem is
simply to add a resistor, Rin, in series with the capacitor to act as a low-pass filter and reduce the
gain at high frequencies. The resistor should be small compared to the feedback resistor in order to
Converters have a negligible effect on the desired signal.

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Differentiator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Differentiator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Comparator
Analog A comparator is a specialized op-amp circuit that compares two input voltages and produces an
Electronics output that is always at either one of two states, indicating the greater or less than relationship
between the inputs.

Field-effect Transistors
comparators cannot be used as op-amps, but op-amps can be used as comparators in noncritical
applications. Because an op-amp without negative feedback is essentially a comparator.
Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project Zero-Level Detection

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Comparator
Analog
Electronics
Nonzero-Level Detection
Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

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 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Comparator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 65

 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Comparator
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 66

 Part 1.1 Hardware Design

Thanks
Analog
Electronics

Field-effect Transistors

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications

Converters

Project

4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 67