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Full Download PDF of Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology 9th Edition William G Shafer - Ebook PDF All Chapter
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Shafer’s Textbook of Oral
Pathology
NINTH EDITION
Adaptation Editor
B Sivapathasundharam, MDS
Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, Meenakshi Ammal
Dental College
Pro Vice Chancellor, MEENAKSHI ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCTION
AND RESEARCH, Chennai
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Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Acknowledgements
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1. Introduction
Pathology
Diagnosis
Etiopathogenesis
Oral pathology
Stem cells
Forensic odontology
References
Craniofacial anomalies
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Developmental disturbances of tongue
References
Odontogenic cysts
Nonodontogenic cysts
Miscellaneous cysts
References
4. Odontogenic tumors
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Tumors arising from odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or
without included odontogenic epithelium
Odontogenic carcinomas
Odontogenic sarcomas
References
References
References
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7. Tumors of the salivary glands
Nonepithelial tumors
Tumor-like lesions
References
Tuberculosis
Actinomycosis
Tetanus (lock-jaw)
Syphilis (lues)
Gonorrhea
Diphtheria
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Rhinoscleroma (scleroma)
Pyostomatitis vegetans
References
9. Viral infections
Nonspecific “mumps”
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Chikungunya
Chickenpox (varicella)
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Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease (salivary gland virus disease)
Smallpox (variola)
Molluscum contagiosum
References
Fungal infections
Paracytic infections
References
References
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12. Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues
References
Deposits on teeth
Gingival diseases
Periodontal diseases
Peri-implant diseases
References
Osteomyelitis
Cellulitis (phlegmon)
Ludwig angina
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis or thrombophlebitis
Maxillary sinusitis
Focal infection
References
Definitions
References
References
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membrane, oral epithelial nevus, congenital leukokeratosis,
Cannon disease)
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Pemphigus
Epidermolysis bullosa
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disease)
Psoriasis
Acanthosis nigricans
Graft-versus-host diseases
References
References
Behçet syndrome
Reiter syndrome
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Angioedema (angioneurotic edema, quincke edema, giant
urticaria)
Perioral dermatitis
Latex allergy
Wegener granulomatosis
References
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Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism
Avitaminoses
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
References
Abfraction
Dead tracts
Secondary dentin
Pulp calcification
Resorption of teeth
Cementicles
References
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Injuries of teeth associated with tooth preparation
Radiation injuries
Electrical burns
Cervicofacial emphysema
Anesthetic necrosis
Occlusal trauma
References
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Factors affecting healing of oral wounds
Exfoliative cytology
Implants
References
Personal identification
Identification in disasters
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Identification from dental DNA
Dental profiling
Crime investigation
Acknowledgments
References
Indirect sequelae
References
Index
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Copyright
ISBN: 978-0-7216-8128-3
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Limited
Adaptation ISBN: 978-81-312-5545-2
Adaptation e ISBN: 978-81-312-5546-9
Notice
The adaptation has been undertaken by RELX India Private Limited
at its sole responsibility. Practitioners and researchers must always
rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds or experiments described
herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in
particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages
should be made.
To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by
Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors in relation to the adaptation
or for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained
in the material herein.
This publication is licensed for sale in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka only. Circulation of this
version outside these territories is unauthorized and illegal.
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Content Strategist: Ruchi Mullick
Content Project Manager: Anand K Jha
Production Executive: Dhan Singh Rana
Sr Cover Designer: Milind Majgaonkar
Typeset by GW India
Printed in India by
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Dedication
Dedicated
to
my wife Dr S Rohini
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Contributors
Anita Krishnan Pandarathodiyil
Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology
Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University & Colleges, Malaysia
Ashith B Acharya
Professor and Head, Department of Forensic Odontology, SDM
College of Dental Sciences and Hospital
(A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara
University), Sattur, Dharwad
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Manoj Prabhakar , Assistant Professor, Department of Oral
Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College,
Chennai
Preethi S , Chennai
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Foreword 1
Lakshman Perera Samaranayake, DSc, DDS (Glas), FRCPath,
FHKCPath, FDSRCS (Edin), FRACDS, FDSRCPS
Professor and Vice-Dean, College of Dental Medicine, University of
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Former Professor of Oral Microbiomics and Infection and Head of the
School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Australia
Immediate-past Dean of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong
A few years ago, in 2016, I wrote the foreword for the eighth edition of
Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology . Once again time has come for me to
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pen a few words for the ninth edition of this excellent tome edited by
the renowned don of Indian academia, Professor B.
Sivapathasundharam. He has undertaken the onerous task of editing
successive editions of this book over the last decades and
accomplished this task sincerely, skillfully maintaining the generic
format of the original text as envisioned by its founding father.
The fact that the book is now in its ninth edition is testimony to its
extreme popularity. It is generally accepted in the Indian subcontinent
and elsewhere that Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology is the most
venerated and the time-honored text in the discipline. I still recall my
own student days in Sri Lanka where we had recourse to less than a
handful of, rather pricey, American editions of the book, and that too
only in our dental library. The publishers and the editors are to be
congratulated once again for producing this affordable and easily
accessible treatise that is updated in a timely and periodic manner for
the South Asian region.
The current tome once again highlights the state-of-the-art oral
pathology in all its shades and nuances. The presentation of the text,
liberally interspersed with relevant illustrations and advanced and
contemporary views in colored boxes and providing appropriate
contextuality, is a joy to read. Indeed, the lucid, sequential, and logical
presentation of the subject matter should help the reader to retain and
recall the information well. I am also confident that clinicians will find
the clear narrative, the colorful photomicrographs, and the life-like
clinical pictures extremely valuable not only to refresh their memory
but also to return to it from time to time when they encounter
uncommon lesions that baffle them. The book, then, will be their silent
guru. I wish to conclude by renewing my sincere congratulations to
the editor, the contributors, and the publisher Elsevier India for a job
extremely well done. This edition too as always will not disappoint
the reader and will continue to remain at the helm as the textbook of
Oral Pathology, particularly for the South Asian region. I wish it
continued success!
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Foreword 2
WM Tilakaratne, BDS, MS, FDSRCS, FRCPath, PhD
Chair Professor of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences,
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Past President: International Association of Oral Pathologists,
Professor of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of
Malaya, Malaysia
It is with great pleasure and pride that I write this foreword to one of
the most respected textbooks in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial
Pathology and Medicine. Writing a foreword to such a textbook,
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which has been a staple for dental undergraduates as well as
postgraduates around the world for many decades, is indeed a
privilege. I still remember using Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology for
my own studies at the Dental school at university of Peradeniya many
years ago, during which time it was considered one of the best
textbooks in the field. The book was first published in 1958, and we
now witness the launching of its 9th edition under the able editorship
of Professor B Sivapathasundharam, a scholar who should be
commended for his tremendous contribution to the field of Oral
Pathology, and his vast experience as not only an editor and author,
but also as a versatile teacher over many years. A large number of
eminent teachers and scholars have contributed to the present edition
of the textbook. The book discusses in detail the etiology and
pathogenesis, as well as the clinical, radiological and histopathological
features and relevant investigations of a vast range of oral and
maxillofacial diseases. More importantly, a detailed emphasis has
been placed on clinicopathological correlation when necessary in
order to diagnose and manage these diseases. This edition brings to
light significant updates in all aspects of these diseases compared to
the previous edition, especially using recent advances and
contemporary treatment modalities that exist in modern clinical
practice. Further, the inclusion of colored textboxes in the present
edition makes it easy for the reader to grasp and remember the salient
features of different diseases.
I am convinced that the 9th edition of Shafer’s Textbook of Oral
Pathology will become a reference text in teaching institutions in many
countries around the globe, and strongly recommend the book for
undergraduate and postgraduate students alike.
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Preface to the ninth edition
B Sivapathasundharam
Oral pathology is the branch of dentistry that deals with the study of
diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region. The term
“disease” is rather difficult to define exactly, similar to the definition
of health. Along with the diseases, this book also discusses the “non-
disease” entities of the oral and paraoral region, with the objective to
make the readers understand not only the pathological process from
the basic to the recent concepts, but also the developmental variations.
Like the preceding editions this edition is also revised and updated
thoroughly. This edition is coming after a gap of four years. The basic
process and the clinical presentation of the diseases largely remain
unchanged. But the advancement in the field of diagnostics,
immunologic and molecular aspects greatly changed our perception,
which drives us to rename, recategorize and sub-categorize many
diseases. This helps in handling them in a better way. New topics are
included. The text is complimented with colored boxes containing
advanced information. The numerous color illustrations and
flowcharts added will help the students to understand the diseases
better. The data which is not relevant to the present era have been
removed.
Finally, akin to our 5th, 6th , 7th and 8th editions, the publisher M/s
Elsevier India has cooperated well and the association with them, was
very pleasant. I would like to thank the editorial staff of Elsevier India
for the skilled and prompt assistance in helping us to publish this
textbook.
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I take sole responsibility for the deficiencies and short comings,
which are unavoidable in the effort of this greatest dimension. This
textbook is dedicated to the pioneers of oral pathology and our
contemporaries who have made this effort a more fruitful reality.
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Preface to the first edition
ORAL PATHOLOGY represents the confluence of the basic sciences
and clinical dentistry. Since it has no methods of its own, knowledge
in this field is acquired through the adaptation of methods and
disciplines of those sciences basic to dental practice, such as gross and
microscopic anatomy, chemistry, microbiology and physiology, and
through information obtained by clinical histories and observation of
patients. Through the science of oral pathology, an attempt is made to
correlate human biology with the signs and symptoms of human
disease. The oral pathologist attempts to understand oral disease so
that it can be properly diagnosed and adequately treated.
In this text we have attempted to bring the reader to an
understanding of the patient and his problems through applied basic
science. We have tried to explain clinical signs and symptoms in the
light of known histologic, chemical and physiologic alterations. Where
possible, the prognosis of each disease is considered as a reflection of
the underlying tissue changes and what we know can be done about
them today.
In numerous sections of the text we have attempted to integrate
information from many of the basic sciences for adequate diagnosis of
oral disease. This approach is a departure from that of the usual
textbook of oral pathology, representing an effort to place more
emphasis on the physiologic and chemical aspects of oral disease.
The references at the end of each chapter are extensive enough to be
of value to those interested in additional reading. Only those papers
which constitute good review articles or exceptional discussions or
which are of historical importance are included. Because the field of
oral pathology is large, much of the bibliographic material has had to
be curtailed or omitted. The highlights alone have been stressed. It is
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our hope that this book will prove to be a stimulus to study as well as
a guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students and
practitioners of both dentistry and medicine.
THE AUTHORS
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Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge with extreme gratitude, the textual and
photographic contributors of this book, who are acknowledged in the
relevant chapters and legends.
My sincere thanks to my colleagues and friends viz, Ajay Reginald,
Anisha Cynthia Sathyasekar, Anirudh Acharaya, Dulkanti Santhosh
Reddy, Einstein T Bertin, Helen James, Jaideep Mahendra, Jose Joy
Idiculla, Karthiga Kannan S, Manikandhan R, Capt. Neelakandan RS,
Prathiba Ramani, Pritam Panja, Ragu Ganesh, Ramakrishnan T,
Sriram G, Sujatha G, Saraswathi Gopal, Saraswathi TR, Spencer Lilly
D, Anna P Joseph, C Venugopal, PK Rajeesh Mohammad, Sabupaul,
Saleem Shaikh, Sivakumar G, Sivaramakrishnan M, Sunil Kumar
Kothawar, Twinkle S Prasad, Vidyarani Bhat, Vasanthi Vinod (Former
PG student of Prof. Umadevi K Rao), and Sangeeta Malik, Subharti
Dental College, Meerut for their the unstinted support provided by
way of literature and photograph search, website browsing, proof
correction and data entry.
Special thanks to my junior colleagues Protyusha Guha Biswas,
Manoj Prabhakar and Logeswari J, and Kavitha Loganathan, Ragas
Dental College, Chennai for their help in preparing certain part of the
text. Without their active participation and help, this edition would
have been impossible to complete. Thanks to Ms S Nivesha for the
diagrammatic representation of the selected photomicrographs.
In addition, I would like to thank my wife Dr Rohini
Sivapathasundharam, for her continuous help, support and
encouragement, Thiru AN Radhakrishnan, Chancellor, and Mrs
Jayanthi Radhakrishnan, Rector, Meenakshi Academy of Higher
Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai for their
constant encouragement and support. I also wish to thank Dr Kavitha
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Bottu, Dr M Preethi, Dr B Sabari, Dr Padmapriya, Dr Karthik K, Dr
Selvaganesh of my department for their help in updating the text.
Thanks to Elsevier India team, especially Ms Nimisha Goswami, Mr
Anand K Jha for their active contribution in publishing this book.
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Synopsis of oral lesions
B. Sivapathasundharam, Protyusha Guha Biswas, J. Logeswari
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23. Impacted and embedded teeth, 70
24. Ankylosed deciduous teeth, 70
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Cysts of orofacial region
Odntogenic
1. Dentigerous cyst, 76
2. Eruption cyst, 80
3. Odontogenic keratocyst, 72
4. Orthokeratinised odontogenic cyst, 76
5. Gingival cyst of newborn, 85
6. Gingival cyst of adults, 86
7. Lateral periodontal cyst, 80
8. Botryoid odontogenic cyst, 81
9. Calcifying odontogenic cyst, 84
10. Glandular odontogenic cyst, 83
11. Apical periodontal cyst, 88
12. Residual cyst, 91
13. Paradental cyst, 92
14. Buccal bifurcation cyst, 92
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Non odontogenic
1. Nasopalatine duct cyst, 93
2. Palatine papilla cyst, 93
3. Median palatal cyst, 94
4. Globulomaxillary cyst, 94
5. Median mandibular cyst, 95
6. Palatal cysts of neonates, 96
7. Nasolabial cyst, 96
8. Thyroglossal duct cyst, 96
9. Oral lymphoepithelial cyst, 97
10. Epidermoid cyst, 98
11. Dermoid cyst, 99
12. Salivary cyst, 100
13. Traumatic bone cyst, 105
14. Aneurysmal bone cyst, 107
15. Heterotopic oral gastrointestinal cyst, 109
16. Stafne bone cyst, 109
17. Anterior lingual depression, 109
18. Parasitic cyst, 108
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
voor ruim dertig jaaren: te recht noemt de Dichter Willink dit
verdervelijk voordbrengsel van ’t menschlijk vernuft, eene stof
GESCHIEDENISSEN.
Deeze zijn, naar evenredigheid van het bevang der buurt, vrij
aanmerkelijk: door het reeds gemeld springen van de kruidstooven,
welken er weleer gevonden werden, werd de [5]buurt niet weinig
geteisterd; en het verval niet alleen, maar zelfs het verdwijnen van
verscheidene catoendrukkerijen, heeft haar voords mede eene zeer
gevoelige neep toegebragt: in 1732 onderging zij ook eene hevige
schrik door het afbranden van het nabij zijnde pesthuis, het welk
geheel door de vlamme verteerd werd, en welk onheil niet weinig in
akeligheid toenam, door de krankzinnigen, welken er in opgesloten
waren, gelijk het gebouw nog heden mede tot dat einde dient.
Omtrent den jaare 1750 had deeze buurt in haar bevang een
Fransche schouwburg, (die echter uit de stad zijn bestaan moest
trekken,) zij werd aangelegd ter plaatse alwaar men thans het
bekende Fort de Eendragt ziet; doch na verloop van weinige jaaren
werd zij door het vuur verteerd: op den grond werd het
tegenwoordige zwaare gebouw gesticht; en diende als toen voor
eene Porseleinbakkerij; doch deeze heeft mede niet veele jaaren
stand gehouden; de aanleggers verstonden de kunst van
Porceleinen te maaken niet genoeg om aan den kieschen smaak der
Hollanderen, die gewoon zijn aan het allerfraaiste geen gebrek te
hebben, al moest het ook van het andere einde der wereld hun
toegebragt worden, te voldoen: sedert heeft het gebouw tot een
ander einde gediend; voor weinige jaaren was er een groote
behangsel fabriek, enz. in geplaatst, doch dezelve heeft op dien
ongelukkigen grond almede geenen stand gegrepen; laatstlijk
hebben eenige Amsteldamsche boekverkopers het in huur gehad,
tot een magazijn, om er hunne bekende buitenverkoopingen van
copijen in te houden; doch ook dat gebruik heeft niet aan de
verwachting beantwoord, thans is het gekocht door den beroemden
Menschenvriend Jan van Mekeren, die het ter zijner eeuwige eer
tot een hofjen laat toebereiden.
LOGEMENTEN,
Uit het voorgaande blijkt, dat er voords veele herbergen van minder
aanzien gevonden worden. [8]
REISGELEGENHEDEN.
Aan den Overtoom voornoemd, vertrekt alle dagen een kaag op
Leiden: Maandag, Woensdag en Vrijdag vertrekt van daar ook een
schip naar Aalsmeer; alle dagen vaart een vragtschuit vise versa op
Amsteldam, en des Zomers Zondags en Maandags, een volkschuit,
heen en weêr, zo dikwijls er volks genoeg is, naar den stads
buitencingel.
Aan het meergemelde begin der buurte, is eene vry goede herberg;
voords vindt men in dezelve nog eenige weinige anderen, van
minderen rang.
DE BUITENVELDERSCHE POLDER,
OOK DE BUITENVELDERT
GENOEMD.
OVER-OUDERKERK
WAARDHUIZEN EN DE NES.
ZWALUWE-BUURT,
DE BOVENKERKER POLDER.
Zo genoemd, om dat er een paal staat, met een hand er aan, die
den weg naar de stad Leiden aanwijst; de bewooners van dit
buurtjen hebben in 1787, door de Pruissen, almede veel moeten
lijden.
Aan de
NOORDDAMMER BRUG,
Grooter is de
LEGMEER
Die zig uitstrekt van de Noorddammer brug, tot een quartier uur
gaans van Cudelstraat, zijnde eene langte van anderhalf uur gaans;
de bewooners bestaan meestal van de turfmaakerij. [1]
1 Deeze paal was in den jaare 1793 een zeer oud en onaanzienlijk stuk houts,
ten gezegden jaare is er een fraaje ronde steenen paal in de plaats gezet,
bovenaan rondsom denzelven leest men 100 Gaarden, zijnde de uitgestrektheid
van het gebied van Amsteldam, boven op den paal staat een fraaje bewerkte
kroon, ook pronkt hij met de wapens van Amsteldam en Amstelland, en laager
staat het voorgemelde jaartal der vernieuwinge MDCCXCIII. ↑
[Inhoud]
Gezigt van den zwaaren Brand te Amstelveen zo als het zig
vertoonde in den Nagt tussen den 25 en 26 Jny 1792.
Weinig dachten wij vóór een kort verloop van dagen, toen wij onze
beschrijving van Amstelveen, voor onze Nederlandsche stad- en
dorp-beschrijver, zamenstelden, dat wij door een der
beschreienswaardigste rampen, die, vooral opgezetenen, kunnen
treffen, gedrongen zouden worden, andermaal over dat plaatsjen te
moeten spreeken—weinig dachten wij dat het grijze dorpjen, ’t welk
wij toen van harten beklaagden wegens de doorgestaanen overlast
van den triumpheerenden soldaat, nu onze traanen ten ooge zouden
uitperssen, daar het, ten prooje gestaan hebbende aan den
jammerlijksten vuurnood, een tooneel oplevert dat niet dan met de
leevendigste ontferming beschouwd kan worden—een tweede reden,
waarom men dat dorpjen voortaan met recht het rampspoedig
Amstelveen mag noemen.