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 Contents vii

Conclusion 44
Self-Assessment Questions 44
Weblinks 45
Further Reading 45
Film and Video Clips 45

3 Political Thought, Philosophy, and Ideology 47

Learning Objectives 48
Introduction 48
What Is Political Philosophy? 48
The History of Political Thought 51
Ideology 55
The Left–Right Spectrum 57
Liberal Thought 58
Neo-Liberalism 61
Conservatism 63
Socialism 65
Nationalism 68
Other Systems of Thought 70
Feminism 70
Post-Colonialism 72
Environmentalism 73
Fascism 75
Anarchism 76
Political Islam 77
Confucian Political Thought 78
The Relevance of Ideas 79
Conclusion 80
Self-Assessment Questions 80
Weblinks 81
Further Reading 81
Film and Video Clips 81
viii Contents

4 The Role of Government 83

Learning Objectives 84
Introduction 84
What Do Governments Do? 86
What Can Cause a Government to Fail? 89
Some Shared Objectives of Government 90
Some Activities of Government 91
Schools of Thought Regarding the Role of Government 94
Objectives of Political Systems 97
Constitutions: The “Basic Law” 99
Liberal Democracy 102
Authoritarianism 104
Totalitarianism 104
Government and Canada 106
Conclusion 108
Self-Assessment Questions 108
Weblinks 109
Further Reading 109
Film and Video Clips 109

5 Branches of Government 111

Learning Objectives 112
Introduction 112
Institutions of Government 112
The Executive 115
The Legislature 119
Legislative Structures 121
Legislative Functions 122
The Judiciary 124
Constitutionality Ruling 124
Judicial Legal Interpretation 126
Judicial Dispute Adjudication 126
The Bureaucracy 126
 Contents ix

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems 129

Government in Canada 131
Canadian Federalism 132
Canadian Courts and the Constitution 133
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Individual Citizens 133
Canadian Law 135
Conclusion 135
Self-Assessment Questions 136
Weblinks 136
Further Reading 137
Film and Video Clips 137

6 Political Systems 139

Learning Objectives 140
Introduction 140
Distributing Power within the State: To Centralize or Share? 141
Unitary Systems 143
Federal Systems 145
Canadian Federalism: An Evolving History 149
The Division of Powers 152
The Evolution of Canadian Federalism 155
Quebec and Canadian Federalism 160
Conclusion 163
Self-Assessment Questions 164
Weblinks 164
Further Reading 164
Film and Video Clips 165

7 Political Participation: Elections and Parties 167

Learning Objectives 168
Introduction 168
Democracy and Voting 168
Types of Electoral Systems 174
Political Parties 177
x Contents

Canada’s Political Parties 179

Election Campaigns 183
Campaign Financing 185
Direct Democracy and the Referendum 186
Elections and Political Parties in Canada 187
Conclusion 188
Self-Assessment Questions 188
Weblinks 189
Further Reading 189
Film and Video Clips 189

8 Political Socialization and Culture 191

Learning Objectives 192
Introduction 192
Political Culture 192
Categories of Political Culture 195
Political Socialization 197
Public Opinion 199
The Media and Politics 200
Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations 204
The Participation of Private Actors in the
Decision-Making Process 205
Policy Communities 207
Advocacy Groups 207
Lobbying 210
Corporatism 212
Canadian Political Culture and Socialization 213
Conclusion 214
Self-Assessment Questions 214
Weblinks 215
Further Reading 215
Film and Video Clips 215
 Contents xi

9 Politics in Developed States 217

Learning Objectives 218
Introduction 218
Comparative Politics 219
What Are Developed States? 220
Challenges Facing Developed States Today 220
A Brief Post-War History of the Developed World 223
Post-Industrialization and Political Authority 225
Case Studies 226
Canada 227
The United States 231
South Korea 237
The European Union 240
Conclusion 247
Self-Assessment Questions 248
Weblinks 248
Further Reading 248
Film and Video Clips 249

10 Politics in Developing States 251

Learning Objectives 252
Introduction 252
A Note about Terminology 252
Political and Social Development 253
Democracy and Political Development 255
The Role of the Military 258
Health Care 259
Economic Development 261
The Link between Political and Economic Development 263
xii Contents

Population Growth 264

The Role of International Organizations 265
China: The Politics of an Emerging Global Power 265
China’s Political System 265
Chinese History: The Heritage of Imperialism and Revolution 266
The Origins of Modern China 267
Chinese Economic Reform 268
Future Challenges for China 270
Mexico: The Challenges of Democratization 271
History 271
Mexico’s Political System 272
The Mexican Presidency 273
The Mexican Congress 273
A Brief History of Elections in Mexico 274
The Mexican Economy 274
Economic Liberalization and Openness 276
Organized Crime, Drugs, and Public Security 277
The Future of Mexico 277
India: Politics and Development in the World’s Largest
Democracy 278
History 278
India’s Political System 279
Indian Development 280
The Future of India 281
Afghanistan: The Legacies of Conflict in a Developing State 282
The History of Modern Afghanistan 282
The People of Afghanistan 283
The Political System of Afghanistan 284
The Future of Afghanistan 285
Conclusion 286
Self-Assessment Questions 286
Weblinks 286
Further Reading 287
Film and Video Clips 287
 Contents xiii

11 International Politics and Foreign Policy 289

Learning Objectives 290
Introduction 290
International Politics, International Relations, Foreign Policy,
and the State 291
The International System 295
Actors in World Politics 297
Globalization 300
Competing Approaches to International Politics 305
Power Politics: The Realist Approach 305
Process and Co-operation: The Liberal Approach 306
Rejecting Realism: The Marxist Approach 307
Perception and Politics 309
Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 309
Geography 310
Natural Resources 311
Population 312
Technological Development 312
Internal Political Structures and Processes 313
Canada and the World 314
Conclusion 316
Self-Assessment Questions 316
Weblinks 316
Further Reading 317
Film and Video Clips 317

12 International Security 319

Learning Objectives 320
Introduction 320
Security and Insecurity 321
War in International Relations 325
Terrorism 329
Humanitarian Intervention 332
Peacekeeping, Conflict Management, and Resolution 335
xiv Contents

Canada in Afghanistan 337

Conclusion 339
Self-Assessment Questions 340
Weblinks 340
Further Reading 340
Film and Video Clips 341

13 International Political Economy 343

Learning Objectives 344
Introduction 344
What Is IPE? 345
The Perspectives of IPE 346
Economic Interdependence 347
International Economic Co-operation 348
The World Trading System 349
The Growth of Trade since 1846 350
The GATT 351
The WTO 352
Present and Future Challenges for Trade 353
The International System of Money and Finance 354
What Is the International Monetary System? 355
What Is the International Financial System? 355
The Bretton Woods System 356
The Latin American Debt Crisis 358
International Finance and the Late 1990s Crisis 360
The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 360
Economic Regionalism 362
Oil and Oil Prices 363
Multinational Corporations 366
Conclusion 367
Self-Assessment Questions 368
Weblinks 368
Further Reading 368
Film and Video Clips 369
 Contents xv

14 Conclusion 371
Learning Objectives 372
Introduction 372
What Have We Learned? 372
Where Do We Go from Here? 378
Conclusion 380
Self-Assessment Questions 380
Weblinks 380
Further Reading 381
Film and Video Clips 381

Notes 382
Glossary 389
Index 396
Boxes
1.1 Career Paths for Political Studies Graduates 7 5.7 Can Government “Stop”? Lessons from the Clinton Era
1.2 Behaviouralism after World War II 13 and Today 123
1.3 Involvement: Apathy to Action 17 5.8 Does a Cabinet Minister Have to Be Elected? 131
1.4 Citizenship Quiz 20 5.9 The Charter: Individual or Collective Rights? 134
2.1 Institutions and Development 27 6.1 The European Union: A Modern Confederation 142
2.2 The Concept of Nation and Sovereignty 6.2 Scottish Independence 144
in Canada 28 6.3 Switzerland 147
2.3 The Abuse of Power 31 6.4 The United States 147
2.4 The Cult of Personality 32 6.5 The United States of Mexico 148
2.5 Charismatic Leadership 34 6.6 India: Centralized Government in the World’s Largest
2.6 Rising Violent Crime and the Crisis of State Legitimacy Democracy 151
in Central America 38 6.7 Why Ottawa? 153
2.7 Economic Justice and the Welfare State 40 6.8 Fiscal Federalism 157
2.8 Community and the Individual 42 6.9 Natural Resources 159
3.1 Plato (427–347 BCE) 50 7.1 Who Gets to Vote? 170
3.2 Aristotle (384–322 BCE) 51 7.2 Gerrymandering 172
3.3 Deductive and Inductive Methods 52 7.3 Rock the Vote 173
3.4 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) 53 7.4 The Suffragette Movement 173
3.5 Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) 55 7.5 Negative Campaigning 184
3.6 John Locke (1632–1704) 59 7.6 Campaign Finances and the 2016 US Presidential
3.7 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78) 60 Campaign 185
3.8 Adam Smith (1723–90) 62 8.1 The Symbols of Canada as a Form of Political
3.9 John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 63 Socialization 196
3.10 Karl Marx (1818–83) 67 8.2 How to Remember Canada’s First Prime Minister? 198
3.11 Energy Efficiency 73 8.3 Citizen Kane 201
3.12 John Rawls (1921–2002) 76 8.4 Aló, Presidente: Hugo Chavez and the Control of
4.1 The Problem with Sovereignty 91 Venezuelan Television 202
4.2 Equalization in Canada 94 8.5 Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation 203
4.3 The Welfare State 96 8.6 Civil Society and Globalization 205
4.4 Unwritten Constitutions 100 8.7 International Trade and Public Relations: The NAFTA
4.5 The Constitution Act, 1982 101 Lobby 212
4.6 Democracy Topples Authoritarianism? 105 9.1 What Is “Development”? 222
4.7 Are Governors General Just Ceremonial? 107 9.2 Political Economy 223
5.1 Gun Laws and Levels of Government 114 9.3 One World? 224
5.2 VP or Senator? Joe Lieberman and the 2000 US 9.4 Bretton Woods and Political Order 226
Election 116 9.5 Slavery and the American Civil War 232
5.3 Question Period or Shouting Match? 117 9.6 “Third” Parties in US Politics 234
5.4 When Parties Must Co-operate: Coalition 9.7 Will Turkey Join the EU? 242
Governments 118 9.8 Why Brussels? 244
5.5 The Ultimate Power? The Right to Declare War 120 10.1 The Human Development Index 254
5.6 Constitutionality and Same-Sex Marriage 121 10.2 The Beijing Olympics and Internet Censorship 257
 Boxes xvii

10.3 Colombia: The War on Drugs and the FARC 258 11.9 The End of the Soviet Union 304
10.4 AIDS, Maternal Health, and the 11.10 Woodrow Wilson and the Failure of the League of
Developing World 260 Nations 308
10.5 Education, Gender, and the Oportunidades 11.11 Diplomacy Goes Awry: April Glaspie and Saddam
Program 261 Hussein 311
10.6 The Brundtland Commission Report and Sustainable 12.1 Human Security 323
Development 262 12.2 “Anarchy in the UK” 324
10.7 The Politics of Population: Nigeria 264 12.3 Just Wars 327
10.8 The Tiananmen Square Massacre 268 12.4 “Video Game” War, 1991 329
10.9 Taiwan 271 12.5 The Debate on Terror in the United States 332
10.10 Mexico’s Student Movement, Media Bias, and the 2012 12.6 Intervention Failure: Rwanda 333
Elections 275 13.1 International Economic Organizations and Their
10.11 Canada in Afghanistan 283 Functions 348
11.1 Domestic and International Politics: Building a Wall 291 13.2 The US–EU Banana Dispute 354
11.2 The Twitter Effect: Elections in Iran 292 13.3 The Great Crash of 1929 356
11.3 Cliché Alert! The “Global Village” 293 13.4 The Euromarkets 358
11.4 Patriotism or Nationalism? 295 13.5 Foreign Aid and Tied Aid 359
11.5 NATO 298 13.6 The G7 and Multilateral Leadership 361
11.6 Human Migration 299 13.7 The New NAFTA 363
11.7 The Occupy Movement 300 13.8 Brazil and Renewable Energy 365
11.8 Cultural Sensitivity: Torres Strait Islanders and 14.1 From “Me to We”: Marc and Craig Kielburger 374
Australia 302 14.2 The Politics of Climate Change 375
Preface
One of the most difficult tasks for a professor in introducing students to the study of pol-
itics is choosing the right textbook. Every instructor has his or her own preferences about
the material, concepts, themes, and pedagogy contained in a first-year political science
text; therefore, no book could possibly meet every requirement and partiality. Putting
together an introductory text, then, is a delicate endeavour. How might one assemble a
coherent volume that both addresses disparate views on what is to be presented and poses
some fresh and innovative ideas?
This book is an attempt to answer that question. Fundamentally, its intent is to pro-
vide undergraduate students with a comprehensive and thoughtful introduction to the
study of politics. This text incorporates some essential questions that define politics, such
as: Who has power in society, and why? How do individuals and groups participate in pol-
itics and governance? How can we distinguish among so many types of political systems?
Why is conflict so prevalent in the world today? How is wealth distributed, and why does
such inequity exist? In our design of this book, we considered a wide variety of theoretical,
analytical, and empirical ways to answer these questions. We decided that the best method
was to lead you through different approaches, topics, and examples. This text presents you
with a challenge: you may or may not already have views on politics, but by the time you
finish this book and course, you will likely have more questions than before. You might
also think differently and more critically about what you assume you already know! If
that’s the case, this book will have done its job.

Organization
This book is organized to introduce you to the study of politics in a comprehensive and
constructive manner. Chapter 1 presents the fundamental nature of politics and the field
of political studies. We explore some major approaches, concepts, and themes in the study
of politics in this chapter, as well as how politics affects so many aspects of our daily lives.
We also discuss the nature of citizenship and what it means in the specific context of being
Canadian. The substance of this chapter lays the foundations for the rest of the text.
Chapters 2 and 3 examine some of the major terms and areas of political thought in
greater detail. Chapter 2 begins with an exploration of some important political concepts,
including power, government, the state, legitimacy, equality and justice, and sovereign-
ty. You will need a solid understanding of these terms and ideas in order to articulate
your own ideas about politics and governance and to understand relationships between
­political actors and institutions. The chapter also addresses identity and how we connect
with and relate to others in society. Chapter 3 follows with an overview of political philoso-
phy and the major schools of thought used in political science, such as liberalism, socialism
and communism, conservatism, environmentalism, feminism, post-colonial thought, na-
tionalism, and fascism. It looks at both traditional and critical political ideologies and the
ideas that have driven the study of politics. The chapter identifies influential thinkers as-
sociated with each of these schools of thought and attempts to plot each perspective on an
ideological spectrum. This chapter refers to ideologies and political philosophy in Canada
and provides an overview of other approaches, such as Confucianism and political Islam.
 Preface xix

Chapters 4, 5, and 6 focus on the importance of government and the roles and re-
sponsibilities that governments have in our lives. These chapters begin to unpack the com-
plexity of government organizations and their internal checks and balances, to give you
a more concrete sense of how government works (or doesn’t). In Chapter 4, we examine
the main forms of government throughout history and into the present day. The chapter
deals with systems of government, the nature of government, objectives and activities of
different governments, and points of view regarding the fundamental role that govern-
ment ought to play. In this chapter, we explain the distinctions among liberal democracies,
authoritarian governments, and totalitarian systems. Government in Canada is given spe-
cial attention here. Chapter 5 covers primary structures and roles of government agencies
and institutions. It delves into the important levels of government activity, including the
executive, legislative, judicial, and bureaucratic divisions. The two main types of govern-
ment systems in the world today, parliamentary and presidential, are also compared and
contrasted. Finally, Chapter 6 considers how different political systems are organized in
terms of their responsibilities and decision-making systems. Unitary, federal, confederal,
and devolved political systems are all examined, with special attention to the history and
development of power-sharing in Canada.
Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with the roles played by individuals and groups in
society. Chapter 7 considers decision-making and electoral systems, campaign contribu-
tions, elections and referendums, and political parties. Chapter 8 picks up the theme and
looks at the social and political process of participation. Education, opinion polls, social-
ization, advocacy groups, media, and culture all have abundant effects on how our polit-
ical systems are run and the role we play in them. Together, these two chapters trace the
formulation of ideas and information that influence citizens and the way in which these
ideas are played out on the political stage.
The next section of the book is dedicated to country case studies. This examination
of politics is undertaken in a comparative context, considering the multitude of paths to
development in today’s world and the struggles that countries confront along the way. We
begin in Chapter 9 with a consideration of politics and economics in what are commonly
defined as “developed” countries, including Canada, the United States, South Korea, and
members of the European Union. These cases offer distinct examples of how political and
economic spheres influence governance. Chapter 10 carries this discussion to what we
often call the “developing world,” contemplating some of the significant approaches and
perspectives regarding development and, in particular, how the development process is as
varied as the countries involved. By way of example, the chapter surveys the development
experiences in China, Mexico, India, and Afghanistan, presenting a diverse stance on the
myriad issues facing countries in the developing world. As part of the analysis in these
chapters, we acknowledge the complexity in defining a country as either “developed” or
“developing” and assert that this dichotomy might not be as useful as we once thought it
was. A country might be considered “developed” according to some criteria, but “devel-
oping” in others, which suggests that a tendency towards blanket categorizations might
obscure the truth on the ground in any given country.
The final chapters take on the study of politics on the world stage, using some of the
primary concepts and themes discussed earlier in the book. Chapter 11 examines the state
and sovereignty in a modern world, as well as the nature of and approaches to the interna-
tional system. This chapter scrutinizes some current themes and issues in global politics,
xx Preface

including globalization, foreign policy-making, geography and population, diplomacy,

nationalism, and different actors (e.g., states, non-state actors, individuals, and multina-
tional corporations). Chapter 12 is dedicated to the complicated issue of global insecurity:
war, terrorism, peacekeeping, intervention, and conflict management. Here we also look
at Canada’s changing role in the world. Chapter 13 turns its attention to the important
dynamic of the international political economy and its impact on domestic politics. This
chapter illustrates the importance of international trade, production, and finance, as well
as current themes such as world debt, leadership, and economic regionalism.
Finally, Chapter 14 provides some concluding thoughts by focusing on an important
question: Where do we go from here? Future studies, careers in political studies, and the
ways we can apply what we have learned are all given some thought in this chapter.

Key Features
Pedagogical Features
Political studies, like any other academic discipline, has its own vocabulary and terminol-
ogy. Marginal definitions, provided in each chapter, emphasize key terms and concepts,
and a full glossary is included at the end of the book. Every chapter contains self-assessment
questions, a list of further readings, and suggested websites. Throughout the chapters,
boxes provide specific examples of important themes, events, and actors. Images, tables,
graphs, and figures illustrate important points without interfering with the text itself.
­Finally, an index of all important terms, concepts, themes, events, and individuals is
­included at the end of the book.

Theoretical Framework
Most introductory textbooks begin with a survey of significant concepts (e.g., the state,
power, government, legitimacy, etc.) and a review of the philosophical tradition of politi-
cal analysis (Plato’s Republic, Aristotle’s Politics, Hobbes’s Leviathan, and so on). Taking a
comparative theoretical approach (meaning that no specific theory is used as a core focus),
this text shows how the development of theory in political studies flavours the manner in
which we must consider a contemporary and changing political climate, both domestic and
international. The methodology of this text is not intended to be heavy-handed or overly
theoretical; theory is central to the purpose of the book, but the book’s principal goal is to
demonstrate the sensitive and changing nature of philosophical thought in politics.

Acknowledgements
Like any book project, this text is the product of various contributions from many people.
In the very early stages, Oxford University Press sales and editorial representative Alan
Mulder and acquisitions editor Katherine Skene were largely responsible for urging us to
move ahead with a prospectus for a new introductory textbook in political studies. We are
grateful to them for their vision and support.
A number of developmental editors were involved with the production of this
book and its three editions. Peter Chambers deserves recognition for his good humour,
 Preface xxi

­ rofessionalism, and encouragement, which made work on the second edition a true
p
­pleasure. Leah-Ann Lymer and Richard Tallman demonstrated endless patience and pro-
fessionalism on the third edition, and their comments and insights on all chapters are
most highly valued.
This book has also benefited from the many useful comments made by several col-
leagues who took on the task of reviewing it in its many stages. We are indebted to them
for their time and suggestions, which have contributed to this final work. We join the
publisher in thanking the following reviewers, along with those who wish to remain anon-
ymous, whose thoughtful remarks have helped to shape this text as well: Todd Alway,
McMaster University; Mona Brash, Camosun College; Terry L. Chapman, Medicine Hat
College; Noemi Gal-Or, Kwantlen Polytechnic University; Logan Masilamani, Simon
Fraser University; Marda Schindeler, Lethbridge College; John Soroski, Grant MacEwan
University; Yasmine Shamsie, Wilfrid Laurier University; Manuel Balan, McGill Univer-
sity; Saira Bano, Mount Royal University; Bruce Foster, Mount Royal University; Donal
Gill, Dawson College and Vanier College; Kevin Ginnell, Douglas College and Simon
Fraser University; Jason Morris, University of Northern British Columbia; Ross Michael
Pink, Kwantlen Polytechnic University; David Pond, University of Toronto; Paul Prosperi,
Langara College; Claudia Schaler, St. Francis Xavier University; Bruce Smardon, York
University; Jeffrey Spring, St. Francis Xavier University; and Andrew Wender, University
of Victoria.
We would be remiss in not thanking our students, who have inspired us to always
question what we think we know and to be open to new perspectives. The improvements
in the second and third editions are in many ways due to them and their aspirations for
excellence.
Some of our associates and research assistants were fundamental in the completion
of parts of this book. We would like to thank Rashide Assad at the Instituto Tecnológico
Autónomo de México (ITAM) for her extremely important help on this project. We also
thank the University of New Brunswick, the University of Manitoba, ITAM, and the Aso-
ciacion Mexicana de Cultura for their support during the writing of this book.
We have discovered that writing a book such as this one takes more than simple au-
thoring. It is the result of efforts both small and large by numerous people, some close
friends and associates, and some colleagues we have not met. The final product is our own,
however, and we alone take responsibility for any errors it may contain.

George MacLean, Duncan Wood, and Lori Turnbull

September 2019
From the Publisher
Welcome to the third edition of Politics: An Introduction, a clearly written and up-to-date
introduction to political science that explores politics from a Canadian, comparative, and
international perspective. Written by scholars with extensive academic experience in the
discipline as well as work experience in government and policy, this text covers essential
questions regarding politics, such as ones related to who holds power and why, how to
distinguish among so many types of political systems, how groups might participate in
political activity, and why conflict is so prevalent in the world today.

Features

Thorough Analysis
The text presents a survey of political concepts and ideologies before examining top-
ics such as the importance of government; political systems, participation, and culture;
developed and developing countries; global security; and the international political
economy.

26 Chapter 2 | Finding a Common Vocabulary

Chapter 7 | Political Participation 173

7.3 • Rock the Vote

Founded in 1990, Rock the Vote is an NGO dedicated to con-
vincing young people of voting age to participate in elec-
tions. Started in Los Angeles, it has spread throughout the
Chelsea Purgahn/Tyler Morning Telegraph via AP

world and is active in many elections. The organization’s mis-

sion is to build “the political power of young people” (www
AP Photo/Amr Nabil

.rockthevote.org/). Using music, new technologies, and mass

media, Rock the Vote not only encourages voting among
the young but also voter registration and ongoing participa-
tion in the important political debates of the day. Further, it
has programs that engage high school students in political
King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (right) chairing the Islamic Summit of the Organization of Islamic
issues to prepare them for their impending participation
Cooperation (OIC) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in June 2019. Saudi Arabia has an absolute monarchy, with the
in elections. king serving as the head of government and head of state.

A representative of Rock the Vote distributes stickers to students

at a voter registration event at the University of Texas in 2018. Of course, in the modern world most monarchs have found their powers limited by other
political institutions—Canada is a clear example of this—although “absolute monarchs”
continue to exercise power in some parts of the world. Lastly, tyranny refers to a political
system in which an individual or group of individuals seizes power and exploit it for their
the integrity of democratic elections; how can or should we regulate and verify the flow of
own benefit with little regard for the welfare of the population.
information to voters, particularly on digital platforms?
In the language of political science, a system is closely linked to the idea of a political
What is for certain is that voter turnout13 across Western democracies has steadily
order and refers to a connected and organized body that represents a coherent whole.
dropped since the middle of the twentieth century. One possible remedy to this problem is
A political system, for example, is a conglomerate of numerous political structures that work
compulsory voting.14 Citizens of voting age in Australia, Brazil, Peru, and Turkey have a compulsory voting
international system together to drive the political aspects of social interaction. Since the parts of the coherent
legal obligation to vote in elections and may be fined or even imprisoned if they don’t. Vot- system in which citizens have
system of two or more
a legal obligation to vote in
whole are so interrelated, change in one part usually means a change in all, such as the way
ers do not necessarily have to express a preference for one candidate or political party; they
elections
actors that interact regularly in which changes in party leadership affect the politics of a state’s entire political system.
may spoil their ballot (by taking the ballot but declining to mark support for a particular in the global arena, using
Equally, an alteration in the rules concerning voting will have a far-reaching impact, not just
candidate or party) or indicate that they don’t have a preference. It is argued that this system established processes in
on political parties and elections but also on the balance of political power in the country.
not only encourages greater citizen participation and awareness of political issues but also given issue areas
At the global level, the international political system embodies the individual units—the
organizations states—as well as the functional non-state actors (such as non-governmental organizations
structured relations existing and multinational corporations) that comprise and affect the world arena. When there is
within a political community a change in the distribution of power in the international system (such as the rapid and
that are established dramatic rise of China and India in recent years), it has an impact on all the actors involved.
to distribute both the
Within any particular system, the term organizations refers to structured relations
7.4 • The Suffragette Movement responsibilities and the
existing within a political community that are established to distribute both the responsibil-
privileges that arise from
Until the twentieth century, women in most parts of the (Britain), Emily Howard Stowe (Canada), and Susanformal association with
B. Anthony ities and the privileges that arise from formal association with others.7 Organizations may
world were prevented from voting. Even in the world’s pre- (United States), the movement used a programothersof civil dis- range from political parties and interest groups to private groups that allocate resources on
eminent democracies, such as Canada and the UK, women obedience, violent resistance, and hunger strikes to influence
were treated as second-class political citizens. However, as public and elite opinion. Though initially dismissed as dan-
noted in Chapter 3, the rise of feminist thought in the nine- gerous revolutionaries, these pioneers were responsible for
teenth century and increasing demands for equal treatment bringing full political participation to women in their coun-
led to the suffragette movement in Britain, Canada, and the tries and for leading the movement for equal political rights
United States. Led by such visionaries as Emmeline Pankhurst across the world.
mac27521_ch02_022-045.indd 26 01/25/20 07:58 PM

mac27521_ch07_166-189.indd 173 01/25/20 08:13 PM

 From the Publisher xxiii

Chapter 10 | Politics in Developing States 285

National and International Coverage

While emphasizing Canadian politics, the text
maintains an international perspective. Boxes
and case studies continue to provide detailed
examples of significant events, major issues, and
influential figures—both past and present—from

AP Photo/Massoud Hossaini
Canada and around the world. Chapters 9 and 10
now include new case studies of South Korea and
Afghanistan. Afghan President Hamid Karzai shows indelible ink on his finger before he casts his vote in Kabul during the
2014 election. He was not eligible to run for re-election that year because he had just completed his second-
term in office.

intimidation, low voter turnout, and violence. Parliamentary and presidential elections in
the fall of 2019 were complicated by security concerns and allegations of fraud, but Presi-
dent Ghani appeared to have won by a slim majority of votes.

The Future of Afghanistan

198 Chapter 8 | Political Socialization and Culture
8.2 • How to Remember Canada’s First Prime Minister?
Historical figures are often controversial. Sir John A. Macdonald
was Canada’s first prime minister and is credited for bringing
the former colonies together into Confederation and for intro-
ducing the national railway, a project that was accomplished by
effectively clearing the prairies of Indigenous people through a
policy of starvation that, besides untold numbers of deaths, led
to their acceptance of government power and small reserve
lands. And he eagerly saw to the execution of Métis leader
Louis Riel in 1885 following the Northwest Resistance, and
insisted that the Cree be made to attend the public hanging
of eight Cree rebels after the Resistance was quashed so they
other symbolic references to him should be removed, in light
of his responsibility for residential schools and the lasting
impact on Indigenous peoples. Others claim that no historical
figure is flawless, and that any attempt to erase an important
figure from our history is misguided.
AP Photo/The Canadian Press/Lars Hagberg
Afghanistan’s future will no doubt be shaped heavily by the involvement of international
partners, particularly the United States and Pakistan, both of which have been at the fore-
front of negotiations aimed at establishing peace in the country. Eighteen years after they
defeated the Taliban in 2001, the US government is now at the table with them. The Taliban
has gained strength in recent years and controls as much as a third of the country. Mean-
while, President Trump has committed to a sustained and even increased military presence
in Afghanistan to prevent the occurrence of a “vacuum for terrorists.” Taliban attacks are on
the rise as they demand the final withdrawal of US and NATO troops, while the US deploys
drones and air strikes in attempts to destabilize the Taliban and bleed its resources. For its
part, the Afghan government is somewhat sidelined in the talks between the US and the
Taliban, due to the Taliban’s refusal to engage in “intra-Afghan dialogue” on the future of
the country’s politics and governance.40
The future of the country depends largely on the results of the peace talks, and whether
the Taliban would protect the country from invasion by international terrorist groups
should the US withdraw entirely. Electoral politics in both Afghanistan and the United
States could play a role in these negotiations, as the elections in both countries put pressure
on the respective governments to demonstrate progress in a timely manner.

would never consider further rebellion.5 He is also responsible

for advancing the residential school system as a purposeful
policy of assimilation, which ultimately tore 150,000 Indige-
nous children from their families and forced them into state-
run schools. Abuse was the norm in these schools and some
children died. They were prohibited from speaking their lan-
mac27521_ch10_250-287.indd 285 01/25/20 08:18 PM
guages and embracing their cultures. Justice Murray Sinclair,
the chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, has
described the residential school system as cultural genocide.
As a result of Macdonald’s mixed legacy, there is debate City staff remove graffiti from a statue of John A. Macdonald in
as to how to remember him. Some argue that statues and Kingston, Ontario, in 2013.

The importance of socio-economic status must also be taken into account. A person’s
belief system and values will be fundamentally influenced by the economic and social
opportunities available to him or her. To give a simplistic example, someone in a high tax
bracket is less likely to be in favour of a progressive taxation system that requires the rich to
pay more income tax than people who make less money.
It is also common for people to adopt political views similar to those of their peers, a
process that is easy to understand when we consider how much time we spend with people
of comparable income levels and backgrounds. Think about your own political views and
how they have been shaped by, or been reactions to, the views of your friends.
A further influence on political socialization comes from one’s geographical region. The
predominant political views of the local society will play an important role in determining
what an individual comes to believe. The importance of community versus the individual,
traditional versus modern values, and identity will all be significant factors. In Canada, the
regional component of political socialization is obvious. A less interventionist political cul-
ture exists in provinces such as Alberta than it does in provinces such as Saskatchewan. We
cannot understand political socialization in Quebec without the elements of language and
identity. In the north of Canada and particularly in the territories, Indigenous cultures and
values play a role in the process.

mac27521_ch08_190-215.indd 198 01/25/20 08:15 PM

xxiv From the Publisher
Currency
The text’s focus on the latest political develop-
ments illustrates the dynamic nature of the politi-
cal landscape. This updated edition includes new
coverage of populism, the rebirth of protectionist
nationalism, and the politics of climate change.
14.2 • The Politics of Climate Change
The effects of climate change are visible around the world. Cli-
mate change can be defined simply as a sustained change in
the distribution of weather patterns. Though climate change
can have natural causes, like volcanic eruptions or plate tec-
tonics, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) posits that the primary cause of global warming is
human behaviour—specifically, the expansion of the “green-
house effect,” largely through the burning of fossil fuels.
Climate change is threatening the world’s ecosystems
and the animals that populate them. For example, giant
pandas are in danger of extinction because of the effects of
climate change on China’s bamboo rainforests. Giant pandas
need bamboo for food and shelter, but increasing tempera-
tures are creating a shortage in supply. In Florida, mana-
tees are dying in recent winters because weather changes
are creating extreme low temperatures, which they cannot
survive.1
World leaders are under significant pressure from con-
cerned citizens and environmental advocacy groups every-
where to accept the validity of climate science and to take
action to protect the environment. However, the realities
of international and domestic politics can undermine these
efforts. At the United Nations Climate Change Conference
COP24 in Poland in 2018, the terms of the Paris Agreement
were left intact, but there is less than universal agreement on
its requirements. US President Donald Trump has promised to
withdraw the United States from the agreement when eligible
to do so in 2020. The country is the second-largest emitter of
greenhouse gases in the world, so its withdrawal would dis-
rupt the impact of the Paris Agreement even if other nations
remain committed. At the Poland conference, a representative
goods but never enough is done to rectify the situation. It leaves one wondering whether
we, as a collective, are truly interested in making the necessary changes to provide for global
equality.
Cast your memory back to the earliest parts of your course, when we explained several
concepts (some new, some familiar). At this point, it should be obvious that we need to
understand the terminology before we can really get into any topic. It is a bit like getting
to know the characters before settling into a book or a movie. Concepts are not exactly the
characters of this book, but we can agree that, like any character, there are multiple angles
we can use to describe or use them. For example, it is unlikely that the person who sits next
to you in class has exactly the same view of, say, power that you do. You may agree on certain
mac27521_ch14_370-381.indd 375
Chapter 14 | Conclusion
The Florida manatee is in danger of extinction due to climate
change, among other factors.
for the Trump administration gave a presentation advocating
the use fossil fuels, particularly coal—which is a significant
contributor to greenhouse gases.2
Notes
1. Meghan Cook, “10 Rainforest Animals That May Go Extinct because of
Climate Change,” The Business Insider, 13 Dec. 2018. Manatees cannot
survive in waters below 20 degrees Celsius, and their access to some
warm springs in rivers along the Florida coast has been compromised
by real estate development, which has also impacted the sea grasses
they feed on. In addition, in the recent past they have congregated
in colder weather at the warm-water outlets of electricity generation
plants on the coast and as some of these plants are decommissioned
these areas of protection are gone.
2. Justin Worland, “The Paris Agreement Lives on at the UN Climate
Change Conference. But Political Disruption Still Remains a Threat,”
Time, 15 Dec. 2018.
01/25/20 08:28 PM
Chapter 11 | International Politics and Foreign Policy 291
11.1 • Domestic and International Politics: Building a Wall
During the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump prom- wall. That said, the effectiveness of the proposed wall at curb-
ised Americans that, if elected, he would build a wall along the ing illegal border crossings remains in question.1
2,000 mile US–Mexico border—and have Mexico pay for it. The
border is patrolled and already had over 600 miles of fencing;
This case represents a good example of domestic and
international politics intersecting. President Trump’s insis-
the wall would expand on the existing structure. President tence on a border wall and the Democrats’ refusal to acquiesce
Trump’s rationale for the border wall, with a conservative cost
estimate of $25 billion and as much as a $70 billion price tag
caused significant consequences for government employees,
the national economy, and those living in the country. At the
according to some calculations, is to mitigate illegal migration same time, the debate about immigration and border crossings
and drug trafficking. A Pew Research Center poll conducted in
January 2018 showed that 60 per cent of Americans opposed
and the inhumane treatment at the border of asylum seekers,
immigrant families, and children by Trump administration offi-
Trump’s proposal. cials affected America’s global reputation and its relationships
In December of 2018, a partial government shutdown with other countries, particularly Mexico. (See also Box 11.6.)
came into effect when the Senate refused to pass legislation
that included $5 billion for the wall. The shutdown left over
800,000 employees without pay, jammed up government ser-
vices, and dampened the economy. However, President Trump
insisted that he would allow the shutdown to continue until
funding for the wall flowed. Meanwhile, House Speaker Nancy
GUILLERMO ARIAS/AFP/Getty Images
Pelosi and the Democrats held firm that they would not sup-
port the wall. The 35-day shutdown was the longest in Amer-
ican history.
President Trump’s approach to immigration policy has had
the effect of making both legal and illegal immigration more
difficult. He has emphasized the dangers of illegal immigration
in his communications with voters and has been accused by
the media and others of overstating the extent of illegal bor-
der crossings. Leaked transcripts from a conversation between This fence runs along the US–Mexican border in the area of
President Trump and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California. Sample pieces of the
revealed the former’s belief in the symbolic importance of the proposed new wall can be seen through the fence.
375
here is to familiarize you with some of the main concepts, structures, and issues facing those
who study international politics today.
International Politics, International Relations,
Foreign Policy, and the State
Just as politics affects our everyday lives, sometimes in ways that we do not necessarily
notice, international politics influences many of our daily activities. Topics trending on
Twitter, blogs, news feeds, and newscasts let us see, often in immediate and vivid detail,
the surprising closeness of our global community. Election and war coverage, sporting
events, entertainment, and even local weather broadcasts are available to us on demand.
33karen33/istockphoto
mac27521_ch11_288-317.indd 291 01/25/20 08:20 PM
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Ah, Tuskan neito tumma, se maahan juurru ei, ja Unen
valta kumma mult' auringon jo vei. Mut voimansa ken
hukkaan vain tuhlaa Hyvyyteen, sen kaiho puhkee kukkaan,
ah, iki-kauniiseen.
SYYSLAULU

On aamun auer ja loiste lauha yli pellon paljaana vartovan

kuin kirkas, kiihkoton sielunrauha, elouhri tuskan suurimman!
Maan kasvot autuutta äidin kantaa, jok' on saanut elämän
lahjan antaa polttavan ihanan.

Mut arkana auringonvalossa putoo sade syksyn multahan

routaiseen, se itkusta kostean harson kutoo yli tunteeni
kaipuusta uupuneen. Saa kuolla sen juuri ja kuihtua lehti,
kevät siunattu ennenkuin saapua ehti terveine tuulineen.

Ah, turhaan sun tuntehes päivään halaa kun suvi on suurin

ja polttavin, pian laskeva aurinko lännessä palaa ja sammuu
iltojen usvihin —! Taas syksyn tummalla purppuralla ja kullalla
käärityn nurmen alla maata tahtoisin.
KAIPAUS.

(Runebergin mukaan.)

En oksaa, missä lehti ois, ma metsäss' enää nää, on suvi

aikaa mennyt pois ja tullut talvisää.

On ympärilläin talvi vain

ja povessani mun,
ja talvi ois mun tullessain
maailman loppuhun.

Jos seestyis ilmat, seutukin

ja lehto vihertäis,
poveeni kylmyys kuitenkin
yht' autiona jäis.

Oi riemu, kevät katsehein,

en sua nähdä saa,
oi aurinko mun sydämein,
et voi sa sarastaa.
 Sun elos oli elämäin,
mun tunteheni sun,
vain kaipaamahan yksin jäin,
kun läksit luota mun.

Mun paras on, kun muistellen ma istun lieden luo, eik'

avuks illan askarten valoa hiillos suo.
LUMI VIILEÄ VERHOO MAATA…

Lumi viileä verhoo maata, kukat nukkui kuolemaan. Et,

armahin, tietää saata, miten ikävä polttaakaan!

Miten tunne tunnetta halaa,

sydän sydäntä unelmoi,
miten unet se kullalla valaa,
jok' ei sanoja saada voi!

Kesät kaikki aarteina vaipuu mun unteni kammioon. Ah,

ainut, polttava kaipuu, ma sairas sinusta oon.

AURINGON PURJEET
HELIANTHUS

Oi Helianthus, taivaan kukka jumalainen, taas avaat

terälehtes yli maailman! On kevään kevät. Hanki kylmää
huokuvainen juo huulin ahnain mesijuomas hehkuvan. Oi
Helianthus, taivaan kukka jumalainen!

Sun kukkasyömes hehkuu niinkuin sula kulta,

sen teräsuonet elon ydinmahlaa joi,
sun veres punainen lyö säkenöiden tulta,
ja hanget laulaa, pienet kidekellot soi.
Sun kukkasyömes hehkuu niinkuin sula kulta.

Oi kevään suuri tuliruusu ihanainen,

kuink' olet ensi rakkauden kaltainen!
Sun valos vuotaa niinkuin vaahto polttavainen,
kun riemun viini kuohuu yli reunojen.
Oi kevään suuri tuliruusu ihanainen!

Sun ensi paistehes on päihdyttävän kuumaa,

kuin onni, joka saapui uneksijan luo,
sun tuoksus hunajainen heleästi huumaa,
se kesän villein kenttäin tervehdyksen tuo.
Sun ensi paistehes on päihdyttävän kuumaa.

Sun henkäykses avaa sini-ilmain rannat, maa täysin

keuhkoin kirkkauttas hengittää. Pois purjein punaisin sa
talven usvat kannat päin taivaan rantaa auteressa kylpevää.
Sun henkäykses avaa sini-ilmain rannat.
ILTASIUNAUS

Yö verhoo sinisin harsoin kevättalven taivaan ja lumisen

maan. Yks ainoa suuri tähti luo kultaloistettaan.

Jo rukoukseen suljin
ma rakastettuni kaukaisen
niin sanomattoman hiljaa
ja hellästi hyväillen.

Kuin lapsi äitinsä helmaan nuku, syömeni, uutena

Jumalaas! Ken saattoi itsensä antaa, se Hänet löysi taas.
KEVÄTTALVI

Mua kimaltavan vuoren kukkulalle tie halki maaliskuisen

metsän toi, miss' aamu hankeen oksaholvin alle niin syvän
siintäväisen varjon loi. Kuin merivesi vehryt, suolainen maan
sammalpälvet siellä täällä loisti, ja kirkas linnunlaulu
helmeillen se läheltä ja kaukaa metsän riemun toisti.

Mun kasvojani raikas tuuli kohtaa! Ja tuolta, missä puoleks

peittyen taa tuoreen havumetsän talo hohtaa, nyt kiirii
kukonlaulu myöhäinen. Ja kaupungissa, jota aaltoillen kuin
huntu verhoo kellahtava sauhu, jo kasvaa häly, kohu
kuumeinen, ja tasangolla paisuu aamun raikas pauhu.

Ah tuolla, missä usvan siniharmaan taa häipyy metsänharja

kaukaisin, myös katsoo silmät samettiset armaan nyt aamun
kimaltaviin ilmoihin! Ah sinfonia suuri, sininen! Pois yli
vuorten, taakse taivaanrantain sa hänen korvahansa
humisten soi sydämeni onnen, kaipuun äänet kantain!
HELLUNTAILAULU

Nuku armahin, aamussa helluntain, jo vaahterapuistossa

peipot laulaa. Kun heräät, poiss' olen, matkallain, vedet
kaukana vihreitä vaaroja kaulaa. Nuku, armahin, aamussa
helluntain elon huumaava autuus unessa nähden! Olen
kulkeva siunaus huulillain sun suuren ja ihanan hellyytes
tähden.

Sinä teit minut köyhän armaakses, minut saatoit

nuoruudenuntesi linnaan missä ensimmäiset haavehes
hämyn verhossa tuoksuvat tuorehinnaan. Suru tumman,
tiheän köynnöksen yli kaipuun punaisten ruusujen kutoo,
kukat hiljaiset sydämes hellyyden yli linnan muurien valkeina
putoo.

Päin kirkasta päivää ma onnemme vien, yön himmeä huuru

jo haihtuu ja raukee, maa kasteessa kiiltää ja vartehen tien
lumivalkeat mättäät vuokkoja aukee! Kevätraikkahan kimpun
kuin mieleni mun viel' lähteä tahtoisin luoksesi tuomaan, ah,
vuokoilla peittäisin vuoteesi sun sinut siunaten lempeän
Jumalan huomaan.
TANSSIAISUNELMA

Taas viulut kutsuen karkelohon yötummaa tahtia toistaa.

Sävel valssin niin outo ja hehkuva on kuin etelän henkäys
tuntematon, ja lamput riutuen loistaa.

Minut voimaton huumaus valloittaa,

en kättä voi tanssihin antaa —!
Yön mustille siiville sieluni saa.
Pois kauas vuorten ja metsien taa
mua keinuvat aallot kantaa.

Jo äänet ja askelet ympäri mun unen laulavan helmahan

hukkuu! Yli karkelon kuuntelen ääntäsi sun. Yli yön, yli
maailman unhotetun minun sieluni luoksesi nukkuu.
JUHANNUSLAULU

Ma halki armaani kaupungin kuljen,

ja onnesta paisuen rintani lyö
Sun eilisen kuvas ma poveeni suljen —
sen salaa on sieluuni polttanut yö.
Sadepurjeet kosteat taivaalla liitää,
ja puistojen nurmet kastetta juo,
tuoll' alla siltakaarien kiitää
vaahdonkeltainen kosken vuo.

Tänä aamuna äänes niin kaukana helää,

ja kaipaus kantaa kuin vuosien taa,
mun sieluni ensi aamua elää
ja etsii sun sieluas kuuntelevaa!
Olo täällä on, armas, niin lämmin ja hyvä,
älä anna mun lähteä luotasi pois —
povi riemua kuohuu, kuin korkea, syvä
suihkulähde mun sieluni ois!

Jo tuuli pilviä pakoon ajaa,

maa välkkyy loisteessa auringon,
ja ympäri pienoista puistomajaa
läpikuultavan vihreä siimes on.
Utuhattara pehmeä tuollako hohtaa —?
se taivaalta valahtanut lie!
Hatun, hameen valkean katseeni kohtaa.
Kultaisna hehkuu puiston tie.
SÉRÉNADE EXOTIOUE

Kuin alta aaltojen, korallikalliosta meriheinä kuultaa kostea,

pehmoinen, niin välkkyvät hiuksesi hartioitasi vasten. Imi
kultahohdetta himmeää auringosta väri helteenhehkuva,
kiiltävä, tumma sen ja suolaista tuoksua hyökyjen
voimakasten.

Sun silmäs on suljettu järvi korallisaaren, jota valtameren

pauhina rannaton ylt'ympäri painaa kuoleman syleilyllä. Mut
keskellä hauraan, valkean kalliokaaren vesi vihreä päilyy ja
kuvaimessa on hymy polttava taivaan, pilvet palmujen yllä.

Sun poskipääs niin lämpimän ruskeina hohtaa, kuin kaksi

hietakinosta pehmeää meren mittaamattoman rannalla
aukealla. Jalan jälkeä ainuttakaan siellä ei kohtaa, vain
ulapan tuuli ylläsi hengittää ja koskettaa sua lauhalla
suudelmalla.
PURJEHTIJAT

Auringon himmeä kehrä aaltoihin heijastui — halkoen

keltaista usvaa purjeeni ääneti ui. Harmaanvihreinä,
vaahdoten lyö hyrskyt kalliorantaa, keinuen, verkkaan ne
purteni mun valkamas äärehen kantaa.

Korkeat marmoriportaat ylhäältä linnasta tuo

murattipengertä pitkin laakean laiturin luo. Valkoisen hunnun
jo hulmuvan nään, tukkasi kultaisna hohtaa, helmas on
tummia ruusuja täys, jalka kuin tanssihin johtaa.

Orvokintuoksuiset kasvos hienot, kalpeat on — ulappa

purttamme vartoo paahteinen, tuntematon. Käännänkö keulan
ma aavoja päin, tuulta jo purjeemme halaa! Katso, kuin
liekkejä lainehet juo, punainen aurinko palaa!
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AURINGON
PURJEET ***

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