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”‘Œ‡ڐ‡–‹ ‹•‹Ȁ āŝœŘņŘŊŐŜŋŕŦřŚŘŋœŜńƷ

Fahri Solak / ĆńŠŚŐĂŘŕńœ
ƒœƒ”ȀëņŜŘŚŜŋœśŜńƷ
Mikhail Bashanov / ýŐŠńŐŕìńśŠńŗŘņ
.‡˜‹”‡˜‡ƒ›Çƒ ƒœÇ”Žƒ›ƒȀĀŋŚŋņŘŊŗńŜŝŚŋŢœŐőŐřŘŊŇŘŜŘņœńœŐŏŊńŗŐŲƷ
ǚŽ›ƒ•‡ƒŽ‘ºŽ—Ȁ ÷ŕŦųśúŋŖńŕŘŇŕŝ
‹–ƒ’ƒ•ƒ”ǏȀćŝŊŘŎŋśŜņŋŗŗŘŋغ،ŖŕŋŗŐŋƷ
ò•‡Žò ‡ŽȀ ęœśŋŕŦęŊŎŋŕ
ƒ•ÇȀ ăŐřŘŇŚńşŐųƷ
Seçil Ofset
100. Yıl Mah. 4. Cad. Massit Matbaacılar Sitesi
No: 77, Bağcılar, İstanbul
ƒ•Ç‡”‹˜‡ǎÇȀýŋśŜŘŐŇŘŊŐŏŊńŗŐųƷ
4ÊÎv¯‹Ï­ǡ2023
ƒ•Ç‹–ƒ”ÇȀ ăŐŚńŎƷ
ͳǤƒ•ÇǣͳǤͲͲͲƒ†‡–Ȁ ĀŋŚņŘŋŐŏŊńŗŐŋƷƢơơơŭœŏƽ


978-605-2334-17-1

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šŋŗŗŘŇŘ ņ ŠŘŊŋ ņŘőŗŨŅŨŕŘ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŘ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŘ ņńŎŗŨŠ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋǍ
śœŐŠ řŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŐő ‡úńŚŜń úŝŅńŗśœŘő Ő úŚŨŖśœŘő śŜŘŚŘŗńŖ–  ƣƢ
«úńŚŜń ŜŋńŜŚń ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐő ŗń ñŗŋřŚŋ ñŗŋśŜŚŋ Ő ñŝŗńŋ ņŇ.»
Řœ ƣƣ‡úńŚŜń řŋŚŋŊņŐŎŋŗŐų ŚŝśśœŐŠ ņŘőśœ ņ Ň. ŗń ñŗŋřŚŋ Ő ņ
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ņŘőśœ ņ úŚŨŖŝ ņ Ň. řŘŊ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕşŋŕŦŊŖńŚţńŕń ýŐǍ
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 Ő ŊŚ. íŘŋŗŗŨő ŐŗŎŋŗŋŚ ñŋŅńśœ 'HERVTXHW Ő řŘŕœŘņŗŐœ úńřŗŐśŜ
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ÿšńœŘņ  ƣƥ.
í řŋŚŐŘŊ ņŘőŗŨ řŘŕŝšŐŕń ŚńŏņŐŜŐŋ œŚŝřŗŘŖńśţŜńŅŗńų ŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗńų
Ő řŘŕŝŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗńų śŧŋŖœń œŘŜŘŚńų ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕńśŦ řŚŐ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŐ
řŕńŗŘņ œŚŋřŘśŜŋő ŝœŚŋřŕŋŗŐő Ő ŘŅŘŚŘŗŐŜŋŕŦŗŨŠ řŘŏŐŢŐő ŜŝŚŋŢœŐŠ ņŘőśœ.
ñŕų śŧŋŖŘœ řŚŐŖŋŗųŕŐśŦ ŚńŏŗŘŘŅŚńŏŗŨŋ ŗńŝšŗŨŋ ŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜŨ Ũ — ŅŝśśŘŕŐ
ńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŋ ńśŜŚŘŕųŅŐŐŏŚŐŜŋŕŦŗŨŋ ŜŚŝŅŨ Ő ŊŚ.
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œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐŋǏšŋŜŨŚŋŠŝŇŕŘņǐÿśŖńŗśœŘő
ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ
ƤƽƢƽìńŕœńŗŨƸúŚŨŖŐúńņœńŏ
í ŭřŘŠŝ řŚńņŕŋŗŐų ŐŖřŋŚńŜŚŐŢŨ òœńŜŋŚŐŗŨ,,ņ ŚŝśśœŘő ńŚŖŐŐ ŅŨŕŐ
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Ŋŕų ŐśŜŘŚŐŐ ŚŝśśœŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ŐŖŋŕŘ śŘŏŊńŗŐŋ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń
 þń ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ņřŋŚņŨŋ ŅŨŕŐ ņŘŏŕŘŎŋŗŨ ŏńŊńǍ
šŐ řŘ ŏńŅŕńŇŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŘő řŘŊŇŘŜŘņœŋ œ ņŘőŗŋ ņ ŝśŕŘņŐųŠ ŖŐŚŗŘŇŘ ņŚŋŖŋŗŐ
řŚŋŎŊŋ ņśŋŇŘ řŘ ņŘŋŗŗŘŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŖŝ ŐŏŝšŋŗŐŲ ņŋŚŘųŜŗŘŇŘ ŜŋńŜŚń
ņŘőŗŨ Ő śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŲ œńŚŜ.
íńŎŗŘŋ ŏŗńšŋŗŐŋ Ŋŕų ŗńšńŕń śŐśŜŋŖńŜŐšŋśœŐŠ śŧŋŖŘœ Ő ŘřŐśńŗŐő ŖŋśŜǍ
ŗŘśŜŐ ņ ŜŘŖ šŐśŕŋ ŗń ńŏŐńŜśœŐŠ ŘœŚńŐŗńŠ āŘśśŐŐ ŐŖŋŕŘ řŘśŜńŗŘņŕŋŗŐŋ
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ŚŋŘŚŇńŗŐŏńŢŐų řŚŋŊŝśŖńŜŚŐņńņţńų ŅóŕŦţŝŲ ŢŋŗŜŚńŕŐŏńŢŐŲ ŝřŚńņŕŋǍ
ŗŐų ņņŋŊŋŗŐŋ ŊŘřŘŕŗŐŜŋŕŦŗŨŠ ţŜńŜŘņ ŚŋŇŕńŖŋŗŜńŢŐŲ ŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŐ.
āŋşŘŚŖń îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń řŘŏņŘŕŐŕń śŘŏŊńŜŦ ņ āŘśśŐŐ śŜŚŝœŜŝŚŝ
œŘŜŘŚńų ŘŜņŋšńŕń ŏń śŅŘŚ Ő ŘŅŚńŅŘŜœŝ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕń. í
ŘŅųŏńŗŗŘśŜŐ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚń œńœ ŇŕńņŗŘŇŘ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœń îŋŗŋǍ
ŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ņŠŘŊŐŕŘ śŗńŅŎŋŗŐŋ íŘŋŗŗŘő œŘŕŕŋŇŐŐ řŕńŗńŖŐ ņśŋŠ ņŘǍ
ŋŗŗŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐő. ĀŘ ŘœŘŗšńŗŐŐ ņŘőŗŨ Řŗ ŅŨŕ ŘŅųŏńŗ řŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŜŦ řŕńǍ
ŗŨ Ő œńŚŜŨ ņśŋŠ ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐőŕńŇŋŚŋőŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņ ŊņŐŎŋŗŐų ņŘőśœ
Ő ŊŚ. íŋśŦ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐő ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕ ŘŜŗŘśųŤŐőśų œ ņŘŋŗŗŘő œńŖřńǍ
ŗŐŐ ņŗŘśŐŕśų ņ śřŋŢŐńŕŦŗŝŲ ŘřŐśŦ Ő ŠŚńŗŐŕśų ņ šŋŚŜŋŎŗŘő řŚŐ íŘŋŗǍ
ŗŘő œŘŕŕŋŇŐŐ řŘŊ ŗńŅŕŲŊŋŗŐŋŖ ŊŋŎŝŚŗŘŇŘ ŘşŐŢŋŚń. ìŕńŇŘŊńŚų ŜńœŘő
řŘśŜńŗŘņœŋ Ŋŋŕń śŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŨŖ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŜŋŕųŖ řŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŋŜśų ŚŋŊœńų
ņŘŏŖŘŎŗŘśŜŦ ŘŏŗńœŘŖŐŜŦśų śŘ ŏŗńšŐŜŋŕŦŗŨŖ šŐśŕŘŖ œńŚŜ Ő řŕńŗŘņśŘǍ
śŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŠ ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ ņŘőŗ Ő ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ œńŖřńŗŐőņ ŜŘŖ šŐśŕŋ Ő ś ÿśŖńŗǍ
śœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŋő.
ñńŕŦŗŋőţŋŋ ŚńŏņŐŜŐŋ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐŋ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ řŘŕŝšŐǍ
ŕŘ ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ āŝśśœŘŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ņŘőŗŨ r  íŘőŗń ŗńšńŕńśŦ ŗń
ŘŇŚŘŖŗŘŖ řŚŘśŜŚńŗśŜņŋ ŗń śŝţŋ Ő ŗń ŖŘŚŋ ŗń ŜŋńŜŚŋ ŅŘŕŦţŋő šńśŜŦŲ
ŗŋŐŏņŋśŜŗŘŖ ŚŝśśœŘŖŝ ņŘŋŗŗŘŖŝ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŲ. ĔŜŘŜ şńœŜŘŚ śŐŕŦŗŘ ņŕŐǍ
ųŕ ŗń ŚŝśśœŘŋ ŅŘŋņŘŋ řŕńŗŐŚŘņńŗŐŋ ņ ŠŘŊŋ ņŘőŗŨ. ĀŘŜŚŋŅŘņńŕŐśŦ œńŚŜŨ
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ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐő — «šŋŜŨŚŋŠ ŝŇŕŘņ ŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐՖ śŕŘņńŖŐ òœńŜŋŚŐŗŨ,, 
— ìńŕœńŗúŚŨŖńúńņœńŏń Ő íŘśŜŘšŗŘŇŘ ĂŚŋŊŐŏŋŖŗŘŖŘŚŦųƣƨ. ÷ŖřŋŚńŜŚŐǍ
Ţń řŚŘśŐŕń ÷ŗŘśŜŚńŗŗŝŲ œŘŕŕŋŇŐŲƣƩ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋ ńŚŖŐŐ Ő şŕŘŜń ŗńőŜŐ
ŋő řŘ ņŘŏŖŘŎŗŘśŜŐ ŜŘšŗŨŋ ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ œńŚŜŨ Ő śŘśŜńņŐŜŦ ŗŘņŨŋ.
ÿŊŗŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŨŋ ŅŘŋņŨŋ ŘřŋŚńŢŐŐ ŗń ŖŘŚśœŘŖ Ő śŝŠŘřŝŜŗŘŖ ŜŋńŜŚńŠ
ņŨŏņńŕŐ ŗŋŘŅŠŘŊŐŖŘśŜŦ ŐŖŋŜŦ řŘ ņŘŏŖŘŎŗŘśŜŐ ŜŘšŗŨŋ Ő řŘŕŗŨŋ śņŋŊŋǍ
ŗŐų Ř ŖŘŚśœŐŠ ńœņńŜŘŚŐųŠ Ő ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐųŠ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ. āŝśśœńų
ńŚŖŐų řŚŐ řŘŊŇŘŜŘņœŋ ņŘőŗŨ ś ăŝŚŢŐŋő ŗŋ ŚńśřŘŕńŇńŕń śŘŅśŜņŋŗŗŨŖŐ
ŖŘŚśœŐŖŐ Ő ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŐ œńŚŜńŖŐ ŅŘŕŦţŋő šńśŜŐ ŜŋńŜŚń ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ
ŊŋőśŜņŐő Ő řŘŕńŇńŕńśŦ ŗń ŐŗŘśŜŚńŗŗŨŋ œńŚŜŨ œŘŜŘŚŨŋ řŘœŝřńŕŐśŦ ŏń
ŚŝŅŋŎŘŖń ŏńŜŋŖ œŘřŐŚŘņńŕŐśŦ ņ āŘśśŐŐ. ĚņŕųųśŦ ŅŘŕŦţŋő šńśŜŦŲ ŖŋŕǍ
œŘŖńśţŜńŅŗŨŖŐ Ő ŗŋ ņřŘŕŗŋ ŜŘšŗŨŖŐ ŭŜŐ œńŚŜŨ ŗŋ ŖŘŇŕŐ ŝŊŘņŕŋŜņŘǍ
ŚŐŜŦ řŘŜŚŋŅŗŘśŜŋő şŕŘŜń Ő ńŚŖŐŐ ņ ŝśŕŘņŐųŠ ŖńŗŋņŚŋŗŗŘő ņŘőŗŨ ŗń
ŝŊńŕŋŗŗŘŖ ŜŋńŜŚŋ. ÿŜśŝŜśŜņŐŋ œńŚŜ śœńŏŨņńŕŘśŦ ŗń ŘŅŤŋŖ řŕńŗŋ ņŘŋŗǍ
ńŚŖŐŐ. ú řŚŐŖŋŚŝ œŘŖńŗŊŝŲŤŐő ŊŋőśŜņŝŲŤŋő ńŚŖŐŐ Ā. ë. āŝŖųŗŢŋņ
r ņ ŠŘŊŋ řŕńŗŐŚŘņńŗŐų ŘřŋŚńŢŐő ņŇ. śŜŘŕœŗŝŕśų ś ŚńśǍ
ŠŘŎŊŋŗŐŋŖ ŚŋńŕŦŗŘő ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐŐ ŖŋśŜŗŘśŜŐ ś ŜŘőšŜŘ ŅŨŕń řŚŋŊśŜńņŕŋǍ
ŖŘő  Ň. āŝŖųŗŢŋņ řŚŋŊŕńŇńŕ řŘņŜŘŚŗŘ řŚŘŐŏņŋśŜŐ śŧŋŖœŝ
ŖŋśŜŗŘśŜŐ Ő ŜŘŕŦœŘ ŏńŜŋŖ ņŘŏŘŅŗŘņŐŜŦ ŅŘŋņŨŋ ŘřŋŚńŢŐŐƣƪ.
í řŋŚŐŘŊ ņŘőŗŨ Ő śŚńŏŝ řŘ ŋŋ ŘœŘŗšńŗŐŐ ņ āŘśśŐŐ řŘųņŐŕŘśŦ ŏŗńšŐǍ
ŜŋŕŦŗŘŋ œŘŕŐšŋśŜņŘ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕń řŘ ăŝŚŢŐŐ ŘśŘŅŋŗŗŘǍ
śŜŦŲ œŘŜŘŚŘŇŘ śŜńŕŘ ţŐŚŘœŘŋ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŗŐŋ ŚŋŏŝŕŦŜńŜŘņ řŘŕŋņŨŠ ŇŋŘŊŋǍ
ŏŐšŋśœŐŠ Ő ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ ŚńŅŘŜ. ĂŚŋŊŐ ŗńŐŅŘŕŋŋ ŏŗńšŐŖŨŠ
œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ řŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŐő śŕŋŊŝŋŜ ņŨŊŋŕŐŜŦ œńŚŜŝ ýŘŕŊńņŐŐ
  śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŝŲ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚŘŖ Ć. í. ìńŝŭŚŘŖƤơ.
ƣƨ þńšŐŗńųņŘőŗŝśÿśŖńŗśœŘőŐŖřŋŚŐŋőƸòœńŜŋŚŐŗń00ŏńŖŋšńŕńņŘŊŗŘŖŐŏřŐśŋŖƷǏĚŜŝŚŋŢœŝŲŐŖřŋŚŐŲ
řŘŊřńŕŐņńŲśšŋŜŨŚŋŠŝŇŕŘņǂŗŋŏŗńŲƸŏńŇŘŚŐŜśųŕŐŐśŇŘŚŐŜŕŐǐƽĂŖƽƷĀŐśŦŖŘòœńŜŋŚŐŗŨ00÷ƽîƽĈŋŚǍ
ŗŨţŋņŝƸŚŝśśœŘŖŝřŘśŕńŗŗŐœŝņüŘŗŊŘŗŋƸƢƨńřŚŋŕųƢƨƧƪŇƽǃǃĂŘŕŘņŦŋņĂƽýƽ÷śŜŘŚŐųāŘśśŐŐśŊŚŋņǍ
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ĀŘŊŇŘŜŘņŐŜŋŕŦŗńų ŚńŅŘŜń ŗńŊ œńŚŜŘő ŗńšńŕńśŦ ņ  Ň. Ő ŘśŝŤŋśŜņŕųǍ
ŕńśŦ ŇŚŝřřŘő ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń řŘŊ ŘŅŤŐŖ ŚŝœŘņŘŊśŜņŘŖ ŇŋǍ
ŗŋŚńŕœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚń ŇŋŗŋŚńŕń ë. ÷. ýŋŊŋŚń "r  íńŎŗŘŋ ŏŗńšŋǍ
ŗŐŋ Ŋŕų ŚńŏņŐŜŐų ŚŝśśœŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ ņ ŭŜŘŜ řŋŚŐŘŊ
ŐŖŋŕŐ «ëŜŕńś œńŚŜ ŜŋńŜŚń ņŘőŗŨ ŖŋŎŊŝ āŘśśŐŋő Ő ăŝŚŢŐŋőr ŇŇ.
ś ŘřŐśńŗŐŋŖ ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐő»ƤƢ Ő ņŘŋŗŗŘŐśŜŘŚŐšŋśœŘŋ ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ «ăŋńŜŚ
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úŚŝřŗŘŖńśţŜńŅŗńų œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐų řŋŚŐŘŊń ņŘőŗŨ ŗńţŕń ŘŜŚńŎŋŗŐŋ ņ
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řŘŕŗŋŗŗŨŠ ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń Ő ņŘŋŗŗŨŖŐ ŐŗŎŋŗŋŚńŖŐ
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ŗńų œńŚŜń ŊŋőśŜņŐő ŚŝśśœŘő ńŚŖŐŐ řŘŊ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕńŗţŋşń
ë. ý. îŘŕŐŢŨŗń řŚŐ œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ćŘŜŐŗ ś 12 ńřŚŋŕų řŘ  ŐŲŗų  Ň–
śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗńų ņ ŖńśţŜńŅŋ 1 ņŋŚśŜńƤƥ ņ ŊŲőŖŋ. í řŋŚŐŘŊ ņŘőŗŨ ŅŨŕŘ śŘǍ
śŜńņŕŋŗŘ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŘ ņńŎŗŨŠ řŕńŗŘņ ŜŝŚŋŢœŐŠ œŚŋřŘśŜŋő‡Āŕńŗ ëŏŘņśœŘő
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ŗŘśŜŋő ś řŘœńŏńŗŐŋŖ ŘśńŊŨ Ő ńŜńœŐ œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ŘœŜ Ňő ńŚŖŐŋő
řŘŊ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕńŗţŋşń Ā. ÷. ĀńŗŐŗń. ĀŘŊřŐśńŕ ŐŗŎŋŗŋŚ
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œńŏńŗŐŋŖ ŚńśřŘŕŘŎŋŗŐų ŚŝśśœŐŠ ņŘőśœ Ő ņŏųŜŐų œŚŋřŘśŜŐŐŲŕų
Ň. þń ŊŘř. řŕńŗŋ řŚŘşŐŕŐ ŝœŚŋřŕŋŗŐő»Ƥƨ‡Āŕńŗ Ň. āŝŤŝœń Ő ŋŇŘ ŘœŚŋśŜǍ
ŗŘśŜŋő ś řŘœńŏńŗŐŋŖ ŚńśřŘŕŘŎŋŗŐų šńśŜŋő œŘŚřŝśń řŘŊ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ
÷. Ā. ĂńŕŜŨœŘņń ś ŐŲŗų řŘŐŲŕų Ň. þń ŊŘř. řŕńŗŋ řŚŘşŐŕŦ
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í Ň. ŚŝśśœŐŋ ņŘőśœń řŘśŕŋ œŚńŜœŘśŚŘšŗŘő ņŘŋŗŗŘő œńŖřńŗŐŐ ŏńǍ
ŠņńŜŐŕŐ úŚŨŖ. ĔŜŘ śŘŅŨŜŐŋ ŗńţŕŘ ŘŜŚńŎŋŗŐŋ ņ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŐŠ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐǍ
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ņŏųŜŘő ţŜŝŚŖŘŖ ŚŝśśœŐŖŐ ņŘőśœńŖŐ r ŐŲŗų  Ň. ś řŘœńŏńŗŐŋŖ
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Ƥƣ ăńŖŎŋƽñƽƣơƢƨƽĈƽƢnjƤƽ
ƤƤ ĂŖƽƷĀŕńŗŨŕńŇŋŚŋőŐŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņƢǍőńŚŖŐŐëƽýƽîŘŕŐŢŨŗńǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƩƥƧƽÿřƽƢƧƽñƽƣơƢƩƽĈƽƢnjƪǂ
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şŘŚŖŐŚŘņńŗŐųŖŐ ŊŘŕŎŋŗ ŅŨŕ ŘŜœŚŨŜŦ ŗŘņŨő şŚŘŗŜ řŚŘŜŐņ ŘśŖńŗśœŘő
ńŚŖŐŐ. ñŋőśŜņŐų ŭŜŘŇŘ ŘŜŚųŊń řŘ řŚŐšŐŗŋ ŖńŕŘšŐśŕŋŗŗŘśŜŐ Ő ņŘŏŗŐœǍ
ţŐŠ ŗŋŊŘŚńŏŝŖŋŗŐő ś ŇŚŝŏŐŗśœŐŖŐ ŢńŚųŖŐ ŏŗńšŐŜŋŕŦŗŘŇŘ ŝśřŋŠń ŗŋ
ŐŖŋŕŐƥƢŗŘ Ŋŕų ŐśŜŘŚŐŐ ŚŝśśœŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ ņńŎǍ
ŗŨ ņ ŜŘŖ ŘŜŗŘţŋŗŐŐ šŜŘ řŘŕŘŎŐŕŐ ŗńšńŕŘ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŖŝ ŘřŐśńǍ
ŗŐŲ ŘśŖńŗśœŐŠ ņŕńŊŋŗŐő ņ öńœńņœńŏŦŋ Ő śŜńŕŐ řŋŚņŘő řŘřŨŜœŘő œńŚŜŘǍ
ŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐų śŋņŋŚŘņŘśŜŘšŗŨŠ ŚńőŘŗŘņ ëŗńŜŘŕŐŐ. ñŘ ŘřŋŚńŢŐő
ŇŋŗŋŚńŕń ăŘŜŕŋŅŋŗń ņ öńœńņœńŏŦŋ ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ śņŋŊŋŗŐų Ő œńŚŜŘŇŚńǍ
şŐų ŭŜŘŇŘ ŚŋŇŐŘŗń ŅŨŕŐ řŚńœŜŐšŋśœŐ ŗŋŐŏņŋśŜŗŨ ņ āŘśśŐŐ. òŤŋ ŊŘ řŘǍ
śŨŕœŐ ăŘŜŕŋŅŋŗń ņ öńœńņœńŏŦŋ ŐŖřŋŚńŜŚŐŢń òœńŜŋŚŐŗń,, ŏńřŚńţŐņńŕń
÷ŗŘśŜŚńŗŗŝŲ œŘŕŕŋŇŐŲ śŘŘŅŤŐŜŦ ŋő ŖŋśŜŘřŘŕŘŎŋŗŐŋ ăŐşŕŐśń řŘǍ
śœŘŕŦœŝ ŇŘŚŘŊ œńœ Řŗń ś ŝŊŐņŕŋŗŐŋŖ ŘŅŗńŚŝŎŐŕń řŘœńŏŨņńŕśų «ŗń ŘŊǍ
ŗŐŠ œńŚŜńŠ ŗń ĈŋŚŗŘŖń ŗń ŊŚŝŇŐŠ ŗń úńśřŐőśœŘŖ ŖŘŚŋ ń ņ ŐŗŨŠ Ő ņ
śŚŋŊŋ ŏŋŖŕŐ»ƥƣ.
í řŋŚŐŘŊ řŚŋŅŨņńŗŐų öńœńņœńŏśœŘŇŘ ŘŜŚųŊń ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ
ţŜńŅń Ő ņŘŋŗŗŨŖŐ ŐŗŎŋŗŋŚńŖŐ ŅŨŕŘ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŘ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŘ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐǍ
šŋśœŐŠ ŚńŅŘŜ ‡úńŚŜń řŘŅŋŚŋŎŦų ĈŋŚŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų ŏńŗųŜŘŇŘ ŚŝśśœŐŖŐ ņŘőǍ
śœńŖŐ řŘŊ œŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ î. î. ăŘŜŕŋŅŋŗńŘŜ ńŅŠńŏśœŘő œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ëŗńœŕŐŐ
ŊŘ ŇŚńŗŐŢŨ ś ŜŝŚŋŢœŘő řŚŘņŐŗŢŐŋő ëŖńśŐŋő. ĂŘśŜ. œńřŐŜńŗ ÷. öŘŚŗńő»
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ņŨ šŋŚŋŏ Ś. āŐŘŗŐ ŗń ŜŚńœŜŋ ņŋŊŝŤŋŖ ņ œŚŋřŘśŜŦ ĀŘŜŐ. ĂŘśŜ. œńřŐŜńŗ ÷.
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ŊŋőśŜņŐő ŅŨŕŐ śŗųŜŨ řŕńŗŨ ŇŘŚŘŊŘņ ĉŠŐŗņńŕŐ Ő úŝŜńŐśŐ œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ĊŘǍ
ŚńřńŗŐ.
ƤƽƣƽĂŚŋŊŐŏŋŖŗŘŖŘŚŦŋ
í řŋŚŐŘŊ āŝśśœŘŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ņŘőŗŨ
Ũ r ŚŝśśœŐŖ şŕŘŜŘŖ ŅŨŕń
řŚŋŊřŚŐŗųŜń ĀŋŚņńų 댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœńų ýŘŚŋőśœńų ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐų r 
ś ŢŋŕŦŲ ŝŗŐšŜŘŎŋŗŐų ŜŝŚŋŢœŘŇŘ şŕŘŜń ņ íŘśŜŘšŗŘŖ ĂŚŋŊŐŏŋŖŗŘŖŘŚŦŋ Ő
ŘśŝŤŋśŜņŕŋŗŐų ŖŘŚśœŘő ŅŕŘœńŊŨ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų. ñŋőśŜņŐų şŕŘŜń ŚńŏņŘǍ
ŚńšŐņńŕŐśŦ ŗń ŝŊńŕŋŗŗŘŖ Ő ŖńŕŘŐŏņŋśŜŗŘŖ ŖŘŚśœŘŖ ŜŋńŜŚŋ. ñŕų ŗńņŐŇńŢŐŐ
ņ ŗńšńŕŦŗŨő řŋŚŐŘŊ řŘŠŘŊń ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕŐśŦ řŚŋŐŖŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘ ŋņŚŘřŋőśœŐŋ
ŖŘŚśœŐŋ œńŚŜŨ Ő ŕŘŢŐŐ œŘŜŘŚŨŋ ŗŋ ņśŋŇŊń ŘŜŕŐšńŕŐśŦ ŜŘšŗŘśŜŦŲ Ő ŗŋ ŘŜǍ
ņŋšńŕŐ œŘŗœŚŋŜŗŨŖ řŘŜŚŋŅŗŘśŜųŖ ŚŝśśœŘŇŘ şŕŘŜń. í śņųŏŐ ś ŭŜŐŖ ŚŝśśœŐŖ
ŖŘŚśœŐŖ ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖ ŅŨŕń řŘśŜńņŕŋŗń ŏńŊńšń řŚŘņŋśŜŐ ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ ŅŋŚŋŇŘņ
ņŘśŜŘšŗŘő šńśŜŐ ĂŚŋŊŐŏŋŖŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų Ő śŘśŜńņŐŜŦ ŜŘšŗŨŋ ŕŘŢŐŐ ŚńőŘŗń ŅŘǍ
ŋņŨŠ ŘřŋŚńŢŐő.
úńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ Ő ŇŐŊŚŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ ŚńŅŘŜŨ ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ ĀŋŚņŘő 댊ŐřŋǍ
ŕńŇśœŘő ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐ ņŋŕŐśŦ ŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŘ śŐśŜŋŖŗŘ Ő ŘŜŕŐšńŕŐśŦ ŐŗŜŋŗśŐņǍ
ŗŘśŜŦŲ. ÿŗŐ śŜńŕŐ řŋŚņŨŖ śńŖŘśŜŘųŜŋŕŦŗŨŖ ŘřŨŜŘŖ ŚŝśśœŘŇŘ şŕŘŜń řŘ
ŖńśţŜńŅŗŘŖŝ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐŲ ŝŊńŕŋŗŗŨŠ ŖŘŚśœŐŠ ŜŋńŜŚŘņ ś ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘǍ
ņńŗŐŋŖ ŗńŝšŗŨŠ ŖŋŜŘŊŘņ r ńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŠ ŗńŅŕŲŊŋŗŐő ŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠ
ŚńŅŘŜ Ő ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘő śŧŋŖœŐ. ÿ ŜŘŖŗńśœŘŕŦœŘ ŚńŏŗŘŘŅŚńŏŋŗ Ő şŝŗŊńǍ
ŖŋŗŜńŕŋŗ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐő ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕ řŘŕŝšŋŗŗŨő ņŘ ņŚŋŖų ŊŋőśŜņŐő
şŕŘŜńśņŐŊŋŜŋŕŦśŜņŝŲŜ şŘŗŊŨ ŚŘśśŐőśœŐŠ ŇŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŨŠ ńŚŠŐņŘņ Ő ŖŝǍ
ŏŋŋņ. öŗńšŐŜŋŕŦŗńų œŘŕŕŋœŢŐų ŖŘŚśœŐŠ ŚŝœŘřŐśŗŨŠ œńŚŜ řŋŚŐŘŊń ĀŋŚņŘő
댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœŘő ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐ ŐŖŋŋŜśų ņ şŘŗŊńŠ îŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŘŇŘ ŐśŜŘŚŐšŋǍ
śœŘŇŘ Ŗŝŏŋų î÷ý  úŘŕŕŋœŢŐų ņřŋŚņŨŋ ŘřŝŅŕŐœŘņńŗń ņŇśŗńŅŎŋŗń
ŘŜŕŐšŗŘ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŖ ŗńŝšŗŨŖ œńŜńŕŘŇŘŖ Ő ŐŕŕŲśŜŚńŢŐųŖŐ. ÿŅŗńŚŘŊŘņńǍ
ŗŐŋ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ ņŘ ŖŗŘŇŘŖ śřŘśŘŅśŜņŘņńŕŘ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŐųŖ řŘ ŐśŜŘŚŐšŋśœŘő
œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐő ĔŇŋőśœŘŇŘ ńŚŠŐřŋŕńŇń Ő íŘśŜŘšŗŘŇŘ ĂŚŋŊŐŏŋŖŗŘǍ
ŖŘŚŦų46. ĉŋŗŗŨŋ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ ŘŜŗŘśųŤŐŋśų œ řŋŚŐŘŊŝ
ĀŋŚņŘő 댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœŘő ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐŠŚńŗųŜśų ņ āŘśśŐőśœŘŖ ŇŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗǍ
ŗŘŖ ńŚŠŐņŋ íŘŋŗŗŘýŘŚśœŘŇŘ ĆŕŘŜń Ć Ő āŘśśŐőśœŘŖ ŇŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗǍ
ŗŘŖ ņŘŋŗŗŘŐśŜŘŚŐšŋśœŘŖ ńŚŠŐņŋƥƨ.
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46 ĂŖƽƷìŝŕńŜŘņíƽĔƽƸöńőŢŋņëƽúƽŐŊŚƽëŜŕńś댊ŐřŋŕńŇńŐŚŝœŘřŐśŗŨŋœńŚŜŨĀŋŚņŘő댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœŘő
ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐŚŝśśœŘŇŘşŕŘŜńƢƨƧƪnjƢƨƨƥŇŇƽúńŜńŕŘŇņŨśŜńņœŐƽýŘśœņńƷ÷ŗŊŚŐœƸƢƪƪƨƽ
ƥƨ ëŜŕńśœńŚŜŐŊŋőśŜņŐőşŕŘŜńřŘŊœŘŖńŗŊŘņńŗŐŋŖÿŚŕŘņńǍĈŋśŖŋŗśœŘŇŘņƢƨƨơnjƢƨƨƢŇŇƽśŘřŐśńŗŐŋŖǃǃ
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ŅŨŜŦ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŗŨ Ŋŕų ņŋŊŋŗŐų ŅŘŋņŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐő ŗń ŖŘŚŋs ŜŝŚŋŢœŐŋ
ŝœŚŋřŕŋŗŐų Ő ńŚŜŐŕŕŋŚŐőśœŐŋ ŅńŜńŚŋŐ. ĔŜń ŇŚŝřřń ŖŘŚśœŐŠ œńŚŜ ŗŋ ŐŖŋŋŜ
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ŋŜśų řŚńœŜŐšŋśœŘő ŗńřŚńņŕŋŗŗŘśŜŦŲ œńŚŜ Ő śŕŋŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ ŜŚńŊŐŢŐŐ śŚŋŊŐǍ
ŏŋŖŗŘŖŘŚśœŐŠ řŘŚŜŘŕńŗŘņƦƢ.
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÷śŜŘšŗŐœŘņŋŊšŋśœŐő ńŗńŕŐŏ ŭŜŘő ŇŚŝřřŨ œńŚŜ ŊńŋŜ řŚŋŊśŜńņŕŋŗŐŋ Ř śŘǍ
ņŋŚţŋŗśŜņŘņńŗŐŐ ņ ŭŜŘŜ řŋŚŐŘŊ ŚŝśśœŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘő ŏŗńœŘņŘő śŐǍ
śŜŋŖŨ ŚńśţŐŚŋŗŐŐ šŐśŕń œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ řŘœńŏńŜŋŕŋőŚńŏņŐŜŐŐ œŘŖǍ
řŕŋœśń ŝśŕŘņŗŨŠ ŏŗńœŘņ Ő ŊŚ.
ĀŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŋŜ ŐŗŜŋŚŋś Ő ŊŚŝŇńų ŇŚŝřřń ŖŘŚśœŐŠ œńŚŜ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŠ
ŗŋřŘśŚŋŊśŜņŋŗŗŘ řŘśŕŋ ĀŋŚņŘő 댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœŘő ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐ Ő śņųŏńŗŗŨŠ
ś ŐŜŘŇńŖŐ āŝśśœŘŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ņŘőŗŨljƢƨƧƩnjƢƨƨƥNJƽ÷ŜŘŇŐ ņŘőŗŨ ŏńşŐœśŐŚŘǍ
ņńŗŨ úŝšŝœúńőŗńŚŊŎŐŗśœŐŖ ŖŐŚŗŨŖ ŊŘŇŘņŘŚŘŖljƢƨƨƥNJƸśŘŇŕńśŗŘ œŘŜŘǍ
ŚŘŖŝ āŘśśŐų řŘŕŝšńŕń ņŘŏŖŘŎŗŘśŜŦ ŐŖŋŜŦ şŕŘŜ ŗń ĈŋŚŗŘŖ ŖŘŚŋ Ő řŚńņŘ
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ŗń Śńŗŋŋ ŗŋŊŘśŜŝřŗŨŋ ŚńőŘŗŨ — řŚŘŕŐņŨ ìŘśşŘŚñńŚŊńŗŋŕŕŨ Ő ĈŋŚǍ
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Ő ŅŨŕŐ řŚŐŘśŜńŗŘņŕŋŗŨ ņ śņųŏŐ ś ŝŠŝŊţŋŗŐŋŖ ŚŝśśœŘŘśŖńŗśœŐŠ ŘŜŗŘţŋǍ
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ŐśŜŘšŗŐœŘņ śŜńŕń «úńŚŜń ŖŘŚśœńų ŏńœŕŲšńŲŤńų ņ śŋŅŋ řŚŘŕŐņ ŘŜ úŘŗǍ
śŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų ŊŘ ĈŋŚŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų– śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗńų ŖŘŚśœŐŖŐ ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐ í. Ā.
ĆŘŗŊŋŏŐŗŨŖ Ő ÷. ý. ìŋŚśŋŗŋņŨŖ Ǿ 
îŐŊŚŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŐų ŗń ìŘśşŘŚŋ Ő ñńŚŊńŗŋŕŕńŠ řŘŕŘŎŐŕŐ
ŗńšńŕŘ śŐśŜŋŖŗŨŖ ŚńŅŘŜńŖ řŘ śŜŚńŜŋŇŐšŋśœŘŖŝ ŐŏŝšŋŗŐŲ Ő ņŘŋŗŗŘŇŋŘǍ
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şŐŚŘņńŗŐŲ ŭŜŘŇŘ śŜŚńŜŋŇŐšŋśœŐ ņńŎŗŘŇŘ ŚńőŘŗń ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ ŝŊŋǍ
ŕųŕŘśŦ řŘņŨţŋŗŗŘŋ ņŗŐŖńŗŐŋŘ šŋŖ ŅŝŊŋŜ śœńŏńŗŘ ŗŐŎŋ.
ƥƽāŝśśœŐŋŊŐřŕŘŖńŜŐšŋśœŐŋŖŐśśŐŐŐ
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ŘśŝŤŋśŜņŕųŕŘśŦ řŚŋŐŖŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘ ņ ŠŘŊŋ ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ œŘŗşŕŐœŜŘņ Ő ŘŜŗŘǍ
śŐŕŘśŦ œ řŋŚŐşŋŚŐőŗŨŖ ŚńőŘŗńŖ ŘśŖńŗśœŐŠ ņŕńŊŋŗŐő. í ŭŜŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńǍ
şŐšŋśœŘő ŜŚńŊŐŢŐŐ ŐŖŋŕŐśŦ Ő ŐśœŕŲšŋŗŐų. í śŋŗŜųŅŚŋ  Ň. ņ úŘŗǍ
śŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦ ŅŨŕ ŘŜřŚńņŕŋŗ šŚŋŏņŨšńőŗŨŖ Ő řŘŕŗŘŖŘšŗŨŖ řŘśŕŘŖ
œŗųŏŦ þ. í. āŋřŗŐŗ r  ŊŐřŕŘŖńŜ Ő ņŘŋŗńšńŕŦŗŐœ ŘŜŕŐšŐņǍ
ţŐőśų ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ āŝśśœŘŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ņŘőŗŨ r  ÿŊŗŐŖ Őŏ ŚŋŏŝŕŦǍ
ŜńŜŘņ ŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŐ řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń œŗųŏų āŋřŗŐŗń śŜńŕń ŝŗŐœńŕŦŗńų œńŚŜń
šńśŜŐ ŘśŖńŗśœŐŠ ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐő ņ òņŚŘřŋ řŚŋŐŖŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘ ņŘśŜŘšŗŘő
ìŝŕŇńŚŐŐ Ő āŝŖŋŕŐŐ šńśŜŐ ĈŋŚŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų ýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų řŚŘŕŐņŘņ
ìŘśşŘŚ Ő ñńŚŊńŗŋŕŕŨ Ǿ  úńŚŜń ŅŨŕń śŘśŜńņŕŋŗń ņ ŐŲŕŋŇ
řŘśŕŋ ņŘŏņŚńŤŋŗŐų řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń ņ āŘśśŐŲ. ÿŗń ŗŋ ŐŖŋŋŜ œŘŘŚŊŐŗńŜŗŘő
śŋŜœŐ ŕŐţŦ śŘŊŋŚŎŐŜ œŘŖřńśŗŨŋ ŗńřŚńņŕŋŗŐų Ő ŘŚŐŋŗŜŐŚŘņńŗń řŘ ŲŇŝ.
í ŜŐŜŝŕŋ œńŚŜŨ ŝœńŏŨņńŋŜśųšŜŘ Řŗń śŘśŜńņŕŋŗń ŗń ŘśŗŘņŋ śŧŋŖŘœ Ő řŘ
ŚńśśřŚŘśŗŨŖ ŊńŗŗŨŖ. í œńŚŜŝţŋƦƣ řŚŐņŘŊųŜśų Ŋņń ŖńŚţŚŝŜń řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń
— œ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŲ Ő ŘŅŚńŜŗŘŘŅŘŏŗńšŋŗŗŨŋ œŚńśŗŨŖ Ő œŘŚŐšŗŋņŨŖ
ŢņŋŜŘŖ śŘŘŜņŋŜśŜņŋŗŗŘ. āńśśŜŘųŗŐų ŗń œńŚŜŋ řŘœńŏńŗŨ ņ šńśńŠ řŝŜŐ
ŖŋŎŊŝ ŕńŇŋŚŗŨŖŐ śŜŘųŗœńŖŐ.
ÿśŜńŋŜśų ŗŋŐŏņŋśŜŗŨŖ œŜŘ ŗŋřŘśŚŋŊśŜņŋŗŗŘ ņŋŕ ŇŕńŏŘŖŋŚŗŨŋ śŧŋŖǍ
œŐ Ő ŐśšŐśŕŋŗŐŋ ŚńśśŜŘųŗŐő ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ ŊņŐŎŋŗŐų řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń. ýŘŎŗŘ
řŚŋŊřŘŕŘŎŐŜŦ šŜŘ ŭŜń ŚńŅŘŜń ŅŨŕń ŐśřŘŕŗŋŗń ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐ œņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőǍ
śŜŋŚśœŘő śŕŝŎŅŨŗńŠŘŊŐņţŐŖŐśų ņ śŘśŜńņŋ řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń. ÷ŏņŋśŜŗŘšŜŘ
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œŘŖńŗŊŝŲŤŐŖ ŚŝśśœŘő ńŚŖŐŋő ŏń ñŝŗńŋŖ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕşŋŕŦŊŖńŚţńŕŘŖ Ā. ë.
āŝŖųŗŢŋņŨŖƦƤ. þŋœŘŜŘŚŨŋ ŘśŘŅŋŗŗŘśŜŐ œńŚŜŨ — ŘŜŘŅŚńŎŋŗŗŨő ŚńőŘŗ
ŗńŗŋśŋŗŗńų śŋŜŦ ŊŘŚŘŇ ŘŚŐŋŗŜńŢŐų œńŚŜŨ řŘ ŲŇŝ — ŐŖŋŲŜ śŠŘŊśŜņŘ ś
ŚńśśřŚŘśŗŘő «úńŚŜŘő ŊŘŚŘŇ ņ òņŚŘřŋőśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐՖ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŘő ņ
ţŜńŅŋ ŚŝśśœŘőő ńŚŖŐŐ ņ ŊŋœńŅŚŋŇ Ǿ  þŋ ŐśœŕŲšŋŗŘšŜŘ
řŘśŕŋŊŗųų ŅŨŕń ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŗń řŚŐ śŘŏŊńŗŐŐ ŖńŚţŚŝŜŗŘő œńŚŜŨ řŘśŘŕŦǍ
śŜņń œŗųŏų þ. í. āŋřŗŐŗń.
ñŋŜńŕŦ ńŗńŕŘŇŐšŗŘő œńŚŜŨ ŅŨŕń ņŘśřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗń ņ ŝřŘŖųŗŝŜŘŖ ņŨţŋ
œńŜńŕŘŇŋ ņŨśŜńņœŐ «ëŜŕńś ńŚŠŐřŋŕńŇń Ő ŚŝœŘřŐśŗŨŋ œńŚŜŨ ĀŋŚņŘő 댊ŐǍ
řŋŕńŇśœŘő ŭœśřŋŊŐŢŐŐ ŚŝśśœŘŇŘ şŕŘŜń r ŇŇ– úńŜ. Ǿ   Őŏ
şŘŗŊŘņ î÷ý î÷ý  îÿ  úńœ ŘŜŖŋšŋŗŘ ņ œńŜńŕŘŇŋ œńŚŜń
ŅŨŕń «œŘřŐŚŘņńŗń řŘŊ śŖŘŜŚŋŗŐŋŖ şŕŘŜń œńřŐŜńŗń ĀŋŜŚń ĆŘŗŊŋŏŐŗń»Ʀƥ.
ĂņŋŊŋŗŐų Ř œŘřŐŚŘņńŗŐŐ řŘśŜńņŐŕŐ ņŘřŚŘś Ř řŚŘŜŘŇŚńşŋ Ő ŋŇŘ ŖŋśŜŘŗńǍ
ŠŘŎŊŋŗŐŐ. ĂŚńņŗŐņńų ŭœŏŋŖřŕųŚŨ œńŚŜŨ Őŏ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ āîí÷ë řŝŅŕŐœŝǍ
ŋŖŘő ņ ŗńśŜŘųŤŋŖ ŐŏŊńŗŐŐŐ î÷ý ŖŘŎŗŘ ŘŅŗńŚŝŎŐŜŦšŜŘ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕŐŏńǍ
ŢŐų řŋŚņŘő œńŚŜŨ śŘŊŋŚŎŐŜ ŅŘŕŦţŋŋ šŐśŕŘ ŭŕŋŖŋŗŜŘņ — ŗńŏņńŗŐő
ŗńśŋŕŋŗŗŨŠ řŝŗœŜŘņŕŋśŗŨŠ ŖńśśŐņŘņ Ő ŅŘŕŋŋ ŜŤńŜŋŕŦŗŝŲ ŘŜŊŋŕœŝ śńǍ
ŖŘő œńŚŜŨ. úŚŘŖŋ ŜŘŇŘ ņ řŘŕŋ œńŚŜŨ ŘŜśŝŜśŜņŝŲŜ śņŋŊŋŗŐų Ř ŋŋ œŘřŐŚŘǍ
ņńŗŐŐ. þń ŘśŗŘņńŗŐŐ ŭŜŐŠ řŚŐŏŗńœŘņ ŭœŏŋŖřŕųŚ œńŚŜŨ Őŏ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ
āîí÷ë śŕŋŊŝŋŜ ŘŜŗŋśŜŐ œ řŋŚņŘŐśŜŘšŗŐœŝś œŘŜŘŚŘŇŘ řŘŏŎŋŘšŋņŐŊŗŘ
ņ řŋŚŐŘŊ řŘŊŇŘŜŘņœŐ «ýŘŚśœŘő ŇŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘő œńŚŜŨ ņśŋŇŘ ńŚŠŐřŋŕńŇń–
ŅŨŕń śŗųŜń œŘřŐų.
í œŘŖŖŋŗŜńŚŐŐ œ œńŚŜŋ Őŏ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ î÷ý ńņŜŘŚŨ œńŜńŕŘŇń ŘŜŖŋŜŐŕŐ
šŜŘ Řŗń řŘ řŚŐšŐŗŋ ŗńŕŐšŐų ŐśšŐśŕŋŗŐų ŚńśśŜŘųŗŐő ņ šńśńŠ‡ŘœńŏńŕńśŦ
ŗńŐŅŘŕŋŋ ŅŕŐŏœŘő œ ŝśŜńŚŋņţŐŖ ŜŚńŊŐŢŐŘŗŗŨŖ œńŚŜńŖ– ųņŕųŕńśŦ ŚńŏŚńǍ
ŅŘŜœŘő ńŚŖŋőśœŐŠ ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ. ĀŘ œńšŋśŜņŝ œńŚŜń ŝśŜŝřńŕń ŚńŅŘŜńŖ ŖŘŚǍ
śœŐŠ ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ œŘŜŘŚŨŋ ŘŅŕńŊńŕŐ ŅŘŕŋŋ śŘņŋŚţŋŗŗŨŖŐ ŗńŝšŗŨŖŐ řŘŏŗńǍ
ŗŐųŖŐ Ő řŚŐŋŖńŖŐ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐųƦƦ. íŨņŘŊ ŭŜŘŜ śŕŋŊŝŋŜ ŘŜŗŋśŜŐ œ
ŘšŋņŐŊŗŘŖŝ ŏńŅŕŝŎŊŋŗŐŲ ņŘŏŗŐœţŋŖŝ ņ ŚŋŏŝŕŦŜńŜŋ śŖŋţŋŗŐų řŚŐŋŖŘņ
ŖŘŚśœŘő Ő ŗńŏŋŖŗŘő śŧŋŖœŐ Ő ŗŋŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŘŇŘ ŏŗńœŘŖśŜņń ś ŚŝśśœŐŖŐ śŝǍ
ŠŘřŝŜŗŨŖŐ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŐ ŚńŅŘŜńŖŐ ņ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ.
ƦƤ üŘŅœŘĂƽ÷ƽĀŘśŘŕŦśŜņŘœŗųŏųþƽíƽāŋřŗŐŗńņăŝŚŢŐŲljƢƨƨƦnjƢƨƨƧNJǃǃíŋśŜŗŐœýŘśœŘņśœŘŇŘŝŗŐņŋŚśŐŜŋǍ
ŜńƽĂŋŚƽƩƽ÷śŜŘŚŐųƽƣơơƩƽǾƢƽĂƽƧơƽ
Ʀƥ ìŝŕńŜŘņíƽĔƽƸöńőŢŋņëƽúƽŐŊŚƽëŜŕńś댊ŐřŋŕńŇńŐŚŝœŘřŐśŗŨŋœńŚŜŨĀŋŚņŘő댊ŐřŋŕńŇśœŘőŭœśřŋǍ
ŊŐŢŐŐŚŝśśœŘŇŘşŕŘŜńƢƨƧƪnjƢƨƨƥŇŇƽúńŜńŕŘŇņŨśŜńņœŐƽýŘśœņńƷ÷ŗŊŚŐœƸƢƪƪƨƽĂƽƣƨƽ
ƦƦ ăńŖŎŋƽĂƽƢƩƽ
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ŐŏŖŋŚŋŗŐő ŚńśśŜŘųŗŐő ņ šńśńŠ ņŨŇŕųŊŐŜ ņřŘŕŗŋ ŕŘŇŐšŗŨŖ Ő ŗŐœńœ ŗŋ
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ŘřŐśńŗŐő Ő œńŚŜ śŧŋŖœń ŖŋśŜŗŘśŜŐ ŊŘŚŘŇ Ő ŝœŚŋřŕŋŗŐő. í řŋŚŐŘŊ ŗńŠŘŎŊŋǍ
ŗŐų řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń ņ řŚŋŊŋŕńŠ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐ Ć. Ć. üŋŗ řŚŘņŋŕ śŧŋŖœŝ
řŝŜŐ ŘŜ ĂŐŕŐśŜŚŐŐ ŊŘ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų Ő śŘśŜńņŐŕ ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŐŠ
ŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņƧƦ.
íŘ ņŚŋŖų řŚŋŅŨņńŗŐų řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń ņ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋ řŚńřŘŚŤŐœ î. Ă.
ĂŋŚŇŋŋņ śŘśŜńņŐŕ řŘŊŚŘŅŗŝŲ ŚŝœŘřŐśŗŝŲ œńŚŜŝ ŘśŖńŗśœŘő śŜŘŕŐŢŨŘŚŐŇŐǍ
ŗńŕ œŘŜŘŚŘő ŠŚńŗŐŜśų ņ ŗńśŜŘųŤŋŋ ņŚŋŖų ņ î÷ý Ő řŝŅŕŐœŝŋŜśų ņ ŗńśŜŘųŤŋŖ
ŐŏŊńŗŐŐ Ǿ 66. úńŚŜń ųņŕųŋŜśų ŝŗŐœńŕŦŗŨŖ ŐśŜŘŚŐšŋśœŐŖ ŐśŜŘšŗŐœŘŖ
ƧƢ íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋŘřŐśńŗŐŋŅŋŚŋŇŘņŘőŊŘŚŘŇŐĈŋŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųƸŘŜœŚŋřŘśŜŐăŝŕŦšŐšŚŋŏìńŅńǍ
ŊńŇƸ ýńŗŇńŕŐŲƸ íńŚŗŝƸ ìŝŚŇńś Ő ýŐŊŐŲ ņ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦ ǃ ĂŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŘŋ ņ œńŗŢŋŕųŚŐŐ ŇŋŗŋǍ
ŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚńîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńòŇŘ÷ŖřŋŚńŜŘŚśœŘŇŘíŋŕŐšŋśŜņńŐŏśņŋŊŋŗŐőƸśŘŅŚńŗŗŨŠœņńŚǍ
ŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘőšńśŜŐřŘŕœŘņŗŐœŘŖìŋŚŠŘŖņƢƩƢƪŇŘŊŝƸŐŏńřŐśŘœşŚńŗŢŝŏśœŐŠŐŗŎŋŗŋŚŘņüńşŐŜńņ
ƢƨƩƩŐúńŝşŋŚńņƢƨƪƧŇŘŊńŠƽĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƷăŐřƽîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸƢƩƣƣƽ
Ƨƣ āîí÷ëƽĆƽƥƦơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƢƩƤƽ
ƧƤ ĀŘŊśšŐŜńŗŘřŘƷĂńřŘŎŗŐœŘņ÷ƽ÷ŏŐśŜŘŚŐպ،ŜŐşŐœńŢŐŐŐœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐųìŋśśńŚńŅŐŐŐýŘŕŊŘǍ
ņŨƷŚńŅŘŜŨĆƽúńŝşŋŚńƢƨƪƤnjƢƨƪƨŇŇƽǃǃ[àÉvŸ‘΢vƽ0Êαɢ‘<Ï瑱­±Ÿ¢‘ƽX‘É¢‘=±ÏȟƽƣơƢƧƽƢơƸ=±ƣƽTƽƪƣnjƪƤƽ
64 ýƽ÷ƽúŝŜŝŏŘņƽăƽƢnjƦƽñŘœŝŖŋŗŜŨǃřŘŊŚŋŊƽüƽîƽìŋśœŚŘņŗŘŇŘƽýŘśœņńƷíŘŋŗŗŘŋŐŏŊńŜŋŕŦśŜņŘƸƢƪƦơƽăƽ
ƢƽĂƽƢƪƪƽ
ƧƦ ĂŖƽƷíŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋŘřŐśńŗŐŋŊŘŚŘŇŐŘŜõŝŚŎŐŐāŝŤŝœńšŋŚŋŏĊŝŖŕŝņúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƽ
ĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƷăŐřƽîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸƢƩƣƢǂíŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋŘřŐśńŗŐŋŊŘŚŘŇŐŐŏŇŘŚŘŊń
îńŕńŢńšŋŚŋŏĀŚńņńŊŨņüŲŕŋǍìŝŚŇńśljëŚńŅńǍìŝŚŇńśNJƸŕŋŎńŤŋőřŘŊŘŚŘŇŋŐŏëŊŚŐńŗŘřŘŕųņúŘŗśŜńŗǍ
ŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƽĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƷăŐřƽîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸƢƩƣƣƽ
66 úńŚŜńņřŋŚņŨŋŘřŝŅŕŐœŘņńŗńƷĆŘŖŋŗœŘ÷ƽúƽñŐřŕŘŖńŜŐšŋśœńųŖŐśśŐųýƽ÷ƽúŝŜŝŏŘņńƽúńŚŜńúŘŗśŜńŗǍ
ŜŐŗŘřŘŕųƢƨƪƥŇŘŊńǃîŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŨőŐśŜŘŚŐšŋśœŐőŖŝŏŋőƽýŘśœņńƷ÷śŜƽŖŝŏŋőƸƣơƢƤƽ
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śŘŘŅŤńŕ ņŐŢŋœńŗŢŕŋŚŝ Ć. í. āŘśŜŘřšŐŗŝ śřŐśŘœ œńŚŜœŘŜŘŚŨŋ úńŝşşŋŚ
ŊŘŕŎŋŗ ŅŨŕ řŋŚŋŊńŜŦ ŚŘśśŐőśœŘő śŜŘŚŘŗŋ ŊŘ ņŋśŗŨŇ. í «řŘŚŜşŋǍ
ŕųŠ» úńŝşşŋŚń ŐŖŋŕŘśŦ ņ ŘŅŤŋő śŕŘŎŗŘśŜŐœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ ŖńŜŋŚŐǍ
ńŕń. íśŋ ŘŗŐ ŏń ŐśœŕŲšŋŗŐŋŖ ŘŊŗŘő ŖńŚţŚŝŜŗŘő œńŚŜŨ ĀŋŚśŐŐ ŘŜŗŘśŐǍ
ŕŐśŦ œ ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐųŖ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐƨơ. āŘśśŐőśœŐő řŘśŕńŗŗŐœ ŘŜŖŋšńŕ
šŜŘ řŘŕŝšŐŜŦ ŜńœŘő ņńŎŗŘśŜŐ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŨ ŗŋņŘŏŖŘŎŗŘ
Őŏ ŊŚŝŇŐŠ ŐśŜŘšŗŐœŘņ Ő řŚŋŊŕńŇńŕ ŝśŜńŗŘņŐŜŦ Ŋŕų úńŝşşŋŚń «ŇŘŊŘņŘő
řŋŗśŐŘŗ» ņ ŜŨś. řŐńśŜŚŘņ. ú ŜŘŖŝ ņŚŋŖŋŗŐ şŚńŗŢŝŏ ŝŎŋ ŗŋŇŕńśŗŘ řŘŕŝǍ
šŐŕ ŚŝśśœŐő ŘşŐŢŋŚśœŐő šŐŗŐ řŚŋŊřŘŕńŇńŕŘśŦšŜŘ řŘ ŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŲ úŘŗǍ
śŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų Řŗ řŋŚŋőŊŋŜ ŗń ŚŝśśœŝŲ śŕŝŎŅŝ Ő ŐśřŘŕŦŏŝŋŜ śņŘŐ ŏŗńŗŐų
Ő ŘřŨŜ Ŋŕų ŚńŅŘŜ řŘ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐŲ ÿśŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐƨƢ. íŗŋŏńřŗńų
śŖŋŚŜŦ úńŝşşŋŚń ŘŜ řŗŋņŖŘŗŐŐ řŘśŕŋŊŘņńņţńų ņ şŋņŚńŕŋ  Ň ŗŋ
řŘŏņŘŕŐŕń ŭŜŐŖ řŕńŗńŖ ŘśŝŤŋśŜņŐŜŦśų.
ĂŝŤŋśŜņŝŋŜ ņŋŚśŐų řŘ œŘŜŘŚŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐő ńŚŠŐņ úńŝşşŋŚń ŘœńǍ
ŏńŕśų ņ āŘśśŐŐ ŝŎŋ řŘśŕŋ ŋŇŘ śŖŋŚŜŐ Ő ŅŨŕ řŚŐŘŅŚŋŜŋŗ ŚŝśśœŐŖŐ ņŕńśŜųŖŐ
ŗŋ ŜŘŕŦœŘ ņņŐŊŝ ŋŇŘ ŅŘŕŦţŘő ŗńŝšŗŘő ŢŋŗŗŘśŜŐ ŗŘ Ő Ŋŕų ŜŘŇŘ šŜŘŅŨ
śœŚŨŜŦ ŚńŅŘŜŝ úńŝşşŋŚń ŗń ŚŝśśœŝŲ ŚńŏņŋŊœŝƨƣ. ĔŜń ņŋŚśŐų řŚŐ ŘŜśŝŜśŜņŐŐ
ŊŘœŝŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗŨŠ ŐśŜŘšŗŐœŘņ ŗŋ ŖŘŎŋŜ ŅŨŜŦ řŚŘņŋŚŋŗń. ú ŜŘŖŝ Ŏŋ ŗŋ ņřŘŕǍ
ŗŋ ųśŗŘœńœŐŋ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŨ úńŝşşŋŚ ņ ŜŋšŋŗŐŋ řŚŘŊŘŕŎŐŜŋŕŦŗŘŇŘ ņŚŋŖŋŗŐ
řŚŘŊńņńŕ ŚŝśśœŘŖŝ řŚńņŐŜŋŕŦśŜņŝ — ŘŚŐŇŐŗńŕŨ ŐŕŐ œŘřŐŐ śŘŅśŜņŋŗŗŨŋ
ŚńŅŘŜŨ ŐŕŐ ŚńŅŘŜŨ śņŘŐŠ şŚńŗŢŝŏśœŐŠ œŘŕŕŋŇ. í śřŐśœŋ œŘŜŘŚŨő ŝřŘŖŐŗńǍ
ŋŜ ņŇ. ŚŘśśŐőśœŐő řŘśŕńŗŗŐœ ņ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋ í. Ă. ăńŖńŚńŐŖŋŋŜǍ
śų řŕńŗ ŜŝŚŋŢœŘő œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ĂŘŇŝŊŎńœœŘŜŘŚŨő ŗŋ ŖŘŇ ŅŨŜŦ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗ ŕŐšǍ
ŗŘ úńŝşşŋŚŘŖ ŗŋ řŘśŋŤńņţŐŖ ńŅńŏŐŗśœŐő ŅŋŚŋŇ ĈŋŚŗŘŇŘ ŖŘŚų. Āŕńŗ
œŚŋřŘśŜŐ ŅŨŕ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗ ëŅńŗœŝŚŘŖřŘŏŎŋ Řœńŏńŕśų ŗń ŚŝœńŠ úńŝşşŋŚń Ő
řŚŘŊńŗ ŐŖ ŚŘśśŐőśœŘő śŜŘŚŘŗŋ. þŨŗŋ ŭŜŘŜ řŕńŗ ŠŚńŗŐŜśų ņ şŘŗŊńŠ āîí÷ë
Ő ņŘśřŚŘŐŏņŘŊŐŜśų ņ ŗńśŜŘųŤŋŖ ŐŏŊńŗŐŐ Ǿ 
í œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘő šńśŜŐ œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŐ «ăŝŚŢŐų» āîí÷ë
ë Ć ŐŖŋŋŜśų
ŐŗŜŋŚŋśŗńų ŇŚŝřřń ŚŝœŘřŐśŗŨŠ ŖńŚţŚŝŜŗŨŠ œńŚŜ Ő ŘŜŊŋŕŦŗŨŠ ŕŐśŜŘņ
řŚŋŊřŘŕŘŎŐŜŋŕŦŗŘ œńŚŜŨ ëŏŐńŜśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐřŝŅŕŐœŝŋŖńų ņ ŗńśŜŘųŤŋŖ ŐŏǍ
ŊńŗŐŐ Ǿr  ĔŜŝ ŇŚŝřřŝ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ řŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŐő ŘŅŧŋǍ
ŊŐŗųŲŜ ŘŅŤŐŋ ņŗŋţŗŐŋ řŚŐŏŗńœŐ — ŘŗŐ ŘŜŗŘśųŜśų œ ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐųŖ ëŏŐńŜǍ
śœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŨ ŗń ŕŐśŜńŠ ŅŝŖńŇŐ śŠŘŊŗŘŇŘ ŢņŋŜń Ő şńœŜŝŚŨ
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řŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŐų — œŘŕŕŋœŢŐŲ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ ŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņ Ő ŘŜŊŋŕŦŗŨŋ ŕŐǍ
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şŐšŋśœŘőśŧŋŖœŐƸņŨšŋŚšŐņńŗŐŲřŕńŗŘņŐŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņƽíśŋŇŘŏńřŋŚŐŘŊśŝŤŋǍ
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ŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘő šńśŜŐƩơƽ ĂŚŋŊŐ ņŨřŝśœŗŐœŘņ ŝšŐŕŐŤń śŕŋŊŝŋŜ ņŨŊŋŕŐŜŦ ýƽ Āƽ
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ŜŝŚŨ ņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘ ŝřŚńņŕŋŗŐųƸ ń ŅŨŕ śņŘŋŇŘ ŚŘŊń ǏŭŕŐŜŗŘő œŘŚřŘŚńŢŐŋőǐ ņŗŝŜŚŐ
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śŜņńƸ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœŝœŘŜŘŚŘŇŘ ŅŨŕŘ řŋŚŋŊńŗŘ ņśŋ ņŘŋŗŗŘŋ ŝřŚńņŕŋŗŐŋƸ œŚŘŖŋ
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ŋŖ Ŗŋŗŏŝŕƪơƽ ĂŧŋŖŘšŗŨŋ ŚńŅŘŜŨ ŘŠņńŜŐŕŐ œŚŝřŗŨŋ ŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐŐ œńœ
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ŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋ ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ úńņœńŏśœŘő ŇŝŅŋŚŗŐŐ ś řŚŐŕŘŎŋŗŐŋŖ śŜńŜŐśŜŐœŐ
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ŜŐŐ ńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŠ ŚńŅŘŜƽ í ƢƩơƣ Ňƽ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŘ ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ œņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőǍ
śŜŋŚśœŘőšńśŜŐŅŨŕŐœŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņńŗŨœŊŐŚŋœŜŘŚŝëśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŘőŘŅǍ
śŋŚņńŜŘŚŐŐ ĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇśœŘő ëœńŊŋŖŐŐ ŗńŝœ ńœńŊŋŖŐœŝ Ćƽ ÷ƽ ĊŝŅŋŚŜŝ
ljƢƨƦƩnjƢƩƣƦNJŊŕųŘŅŝšŋŗŐųřŚńœŜŐšŋśœŘőńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐŐƽĆƽ÷ƽĊŝŅŋŚŜŚńŏŚńǍ
ŅŘŜńŕŘŊŗŘŐŏřŋŚņŨŠřŘśŘŅŐőŊŕųņŋŊŋŗŐųŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠŚńŅŘŜƸřŚŋŊŗńǍ
ŏŗńšŋŗŗŘŋ Ŋŕų řŚńœŜŐšŋśœŘő ŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŐ ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƪƢƽ Ă
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řŚŘţŋŕƸņšńśŜŗŘśŜŐƸîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńœńřŐŜńŗýƽĀƽíŚŘŗšŋŗœŘƸřŘŕŝǍ
šŐņţŐőŐŏņŋśŜŗŘśŜŦŅŕńŇŘŊńŚųŚńŅŘŜńŖņÿśŖńŗśœŘőŐŖřŋŚŐŐƽ
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śŚŋŊśŜņŘŖŖŋŜŘŊńŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐőƽĀŋŚņŨŋŘřŨŜŨśŘŏŊńŗŐųŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋǍ
śœŘőśŋŜŐŘŜŗŘśųŜśųœƢƩơƪnjƢƩƢƢŇŇƽƸœŘŇŊńŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘő
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ŘřŨŜ ŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŐŏŖŋŚŋŗŐų řŘ ŅŋŚŋŇŝ ĆŐŗśœŘŇŘ ŏńŕŐņń ŖŋŎŊŝ
ĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇŘŖŐŇŘŚŘŊńŖŐþńŚņŘőƸāŋņŋŕŋŖŐñŋŚřŜŘŖƽăŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŐ
ŗńśŜŚŘŇŘŗńŝšŗŘőŘśŗŘņŋŗńšńŕŐśŦņāŘśśŐ՜؜ŧŋŖŘœíŐŕŋŗśœŘőŇŝŅŋŚŗŐŐ
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ƣƩųŗņńŚųƢƩƣƣŇƽŐŖřŋŚńŜŘŚëŕŋœśńŗŊŚ0ŝŜņŋŚŊŐŕřŘŕŘŎŋŗŐŋŘúŘŚřŝśŋ
ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƽ ÿŗ śŘŏŊńņńŕśų ś ŢŋŕŦŲ ŝśřŋţŗŘŇŘ řŚŘŐŏņŘŊśŜņń ŇŘśŝŊńŚǍ
śŜņŋŗŗŨŠśŧŋŖŘœņŖŐŚŗŘŋņŚŋŖųŐŘřŐśńŗŐųŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐőņŘņŚŋŖųņŘŋŗǍ
ŗŨŠŊŋőśŜņŐőƽíŘŇŕńņŋœŘŚřŝśńŅŨŕřŘśŜńņŕŋŗŊŐŚŋœŜŘŚƸœŘŜŘŚŨőŗŋřŘǍ
śŚŋŊśŜņŋŗŗŘ řŘŊšŐŗųŕśų ŝřŚńņŕųŲŤŋŖŝ œņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘő šńśŜŐƽ
ƪơ ýŋŗŏŝŕńNjřŘŕŋņŘőšŋŚŜŋŎŗŨőśŜŘŕŐœƸśŘśŜŘųŤŐőŐŏřŕńŗţŋŜńƸţŜńŜŐņńŐśœŚŋřŕųŲŤŋőŐŠřŘŊśŜńņǍ
œŐƽ÷śřŘŕŦŏŝŋŜśųřŚŐŜńœŗńŏŨņńŋŖŘőŖŋŗŏŝŕŦŗŘőśŧŋŖœŋƽĚņŕųŋŜśųŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŖŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜŘŖƽ
ƪƢ ĊŝŅŋŚŜĆƽ÷ƽāŝœŘņŘŊśŜņŘŊŕųŐśšŐśŕŋŗŐőŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋśœŘőśŧŋŖœŐŐŚńŅŘŜíŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐǍ
šŋśœŘŇŘ ŊŋřŘƸ ś řŚŐŗńŊŕŋŎńŤŐŖŐ œ ŘŗŨŖ ŜńŅŕŐŢńŖŐƸ śŘšŐŗŋŗŘ Ŋŕų ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ œŘŚřŝśń ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņ
ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŖńőŘŚŘŖĊŝŅŋŚŜŘŖƽĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƷíŘŋŗŗńųŜŐřƽîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸƢƩƣƧƽ
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ŗŨŠœńŚŜƽ
ĀŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŋŜ ŐŗŜŋŚŋś ņŘřŚŘś Ř ŜŘŖƸ ŗń œńœŐŠ ųŏŨœńŠ ŐŏŊńņńŕŐśŦ ŚŝśśœŐŋ
œńŚŜŨņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘņŋŊŘŖśŜņńņŚńśśŖńŜŚŐņńŋŖŨőřŋŚŐŘŊƽíŕŐųŗŐŋŏńřńŊŗŘŋņŚŘǍ
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šŐśŕŘ œŘŜŘŚŨŠ śŕŝŎŐŕŐ ņ œņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘő śŕŝŎŅŋƸ řŚŐņŋŕŘ œ ŜŘŖŝƸ šŜŘ
ŐŗŘśŜŚńŗŗŨő ųŏŨœ ŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŘ ţŐŚŘœŘ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕśų řŚŐ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŐ œńŚŜƸ
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śœńų ŘśŘŅŋŗŗŘśŜŦ ŗńŅŕŲŊńŋŜśų Ő řŚŐŖŋŗŐŜŋŕŦŗŘ œ ŚŝśśœŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ÿśǍ
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ŖŘņŐŖŋŜŘŊŘņƸņšńśŜŗŘśŜŐƸřńŕŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘńŗńŕŐŏńƽ
ñŘ ƢƩƦƨ Ňƽ ņśŋ ŚŝśśœŐŋ řŘŊŚŘŅŗŨŋ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ œńŚŜŨ ŅŨŕŐ ŗŋŊŘǍ
śŜŝřŗŨŊŕųţŐŚŘœŘŇŘřŘŕŦŏŘņńŗŐųŐƸņŘŜŕŐšŐŋŘŜœńŚŜņŘŖŗŘŇŐŠŋņŚŘřŋőǍ
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ŗŨŠřŕńŗńŠƷĂŘśŜƽřŚŐúńŗŢŋŕųŚŐŐŇŋŗƽǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚńîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńòŇŘ÷ŖřŋŚńŜŘŚśœŘŇŘíŋŕŐǍ
šŋśŜņńƽĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƸƢƩƣƣƽ
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šńśŜŦ òņŚŘřŋőśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐƸ íńŕńŠŐŐ Ő ýŘŕŊńņŐŐƽ í ŘśŗŘņńŗŐŋ œńŚŜŨ
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ƢƢƢ āŝœŘřŐśŗŨőŘŚŐŇŐŗńŕœńŚŜŨŠŚńŗŐŜśųƷāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥƦơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƣƦƣƽ
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œńŏńŗŐŋŖŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŘņƸśŕŝŎŐņţŐŠœśŘšŐŗŋŗŐŲŘŗŘőǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƦƽñƽƣƥƽüƽƥƽ
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ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍńŊŧŲŜńŗŜ ŇŚńş ÷ƽ ÷ƽ ñŐŅŐšƷ ǏúńŚŜń śŐų ŘŊŗń ŕŐţŦ ŇŘŊŗń ŖŘŎŋŜ
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Ƣƣƪ ÷ŗśŜŚŝœŢŐųîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńţŜńŅśǍœńřŐŜńŗŝÿŚŜŋŗŅŋŚŇŝǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƦƽñƽƧƥƽüƽƪnjƢơƽ
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ƢƤƢ ëśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐőŜŋŘŊŘŕŐŜNjŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜƸřŚŐśřŘśŘŅŕŋŗŗŨőŊŕųńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŠŗńŅŕŲŊŋŗŐőśŢŋǍ
ŕŦŲŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐųţŐŚŘŜŨƸŊŘŕŇŘŜŨŐńŏŐŖŝŜńƽ
ƢƤƣ ćŚŘŗŘŖŋŜŚNjņŨśŘœŘŜŘšŗŨŋřŋŚŋŗŘśŗŨŋšńśŨƸřŚŐŖŋŗųŋŖŨŋŊŕųŠŚńŗŋŗŐųņŚŋŖŋŗŐŗńšńŕŦŗŘŇŘŖŋǍ
ŚŐŊŐńŗńŊŕųŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐųŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘőŊŘŕŇŘŜŨƽ
ƢƤƤ ĂŋœśŜńŗŜNjŘŜŚńŎńŜŋŕŦŗŨőřŚŐŅŘŚƸřŚŋŐŖŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘŗńņŐŇńŢŐŘŗŗŘŇŘŗńŏŗńšŋŗŐųŊŕųŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐų
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ƢƤƥ ÿŜŗŘţŋŗŐŋŐƽŊƽŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚńţŜńŅńƣǍőńŚŖŐŐŗńŐŖųŝřŚńņŕųŲŤŋŇŘîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŨŖţŜńǍ
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Ŝ؜؜ŜńņŕŋŗŐŐ ŐŕŐ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕŐ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŨ íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ
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ŅŋŗŗŘśŜŦŲ ŊņŝŠ řŘśŕŋŊŗŐŠ ŅŨŕń ŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŗńų ńņŜŘŗŘŖŐų ņ ņŘřŚŘśńŠ
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řŘœŘŋŗŗŨő ŜŋŖƸ šŜŘ ţŜńŅŨ ńŚŖŐő Ő œŘŚřŝśŘņ šńśŜŘ ŕŐŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŕŐ Ő
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ŖŐŖŘśņŘŋŇŘŗńšńŕŦśŜņńƽƢƩƤơŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƢƨơƽ
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ŏŋŚŝŖŋƸ ìńőŅŝŚŜŋƸ śŋŕƽ úŘŐŗŕŨƸ ýŋŕŲŊŲŏ Ő ŊŚƽƢƧƢ íŨšŋŚšŐņńŕŐśŦ śŧŋŖœŐ
úńŚśśœŘŇŘ Ő ëŠńŕŢŨŠśœŘŇŘ řńţńŕŨœŘņƸ řŚŘśŜŚńŗśŜņń ŖŋŎŊŝ Śƽ ëŚńœś Ő
ŠŚŋŅŜŘŖëŇŚŨŊńŇƸŘœŚŋśŜŗŘśŜŋőŇƽìńőŅŝŚŜńƽĂŘśŜńņŕŋŗŨŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ
řŕńŗŨ ĔŚŏŋŚŝŖńƸ ìńőŅŝŚŜń Ő îńśśńŗǍœńŕń ś ŘœŚŋśŜŗŘśŜųŖŐ ņ ŖńśţŜńŅŋ ƣ
ņŋŚśŜŨņŊŲőŖŋƢƧƣƽ
ĀŘśŧŋŖœńŖúŘŚřŝśńŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņřŘŚŝšŐœŘņëƽþƽýńŖŘŗŜŘņńƸíƽĂƽÿŅŚŝǍ
šŋţŗŐœŘņń Ő Ăƽ úƽ ăŐŖŘşŋŋņń ņ íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŖ ŊŋřŘ ŅŨŕń śŘǍ
śŜńņŕŋŗńŐŇŚńņŐŚŘņńŗńǏúńŚŜńŜŋńŜŚńņŘőŗŨņëŏŐŐƢƩƣƧƸƢƩƣƨƸƢƩƣƩƸƢƩƣƪŐ
ƢƩƤơŇŘŊŘņǐŗńƥŕŐśŜńŠņŖńśţŜńŅŋƢơņŋŚśŜņŊŲőŖŋljǾƧơNJƽ
íńŎŗŘŋ ŏŗńšŋŗŐŋ Ŋŕų ŚńŏņŐŜŐų œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐ ņŗŝŜŚŋŗŗŐŠ ŚńőŘŗŘņ ÿśǍ
ŖńŗśœŘőŐŖřŋŚŐŐŐŖŋŕńřŘŋŏŊœńņƢƩƣƪŇƽîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńţŜńŅśǍœńřŐǍ
ŜńŗńëƽÿƽñŲŇńŖŋŕųƽířŋŚŐŘŊņŘőŗŨñŲŇńŖŋŕŦśŘśŜŘųŕřŚŐŇŕńņŗŘőœņńŚǍ
ŜŐŚŋ ŊŋőśŜņŝŲŤŋő ńŚŖŐŐƸ řŚŐŗŐŖńŕ ŝšńśŜŐŋ ņ ŅŘŋņŨŠ ŊŋőśŜņŐųŠƸ ŅŨŕ
ŚńŗŋŗŐņŏųŜņŜŝŚŋŢœŐőřŕŋŗljŗńŠŘŊŐŕśųņĊŝŖŕŋśƦŖńųřŘƤơŐŲŕųƢƩƣƪ
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śŜŐŋŖŘŏńœŕŲšŋŗŐŐŖŐŚńœŇŕńņŗŘœŘŖńŗŊŝŲŤŋŖŝÿŜŊŋŕŦŗŨŖúńņœńŏśœŐŖ
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ŚŘņœŐņŗŝŜŚŋŗŗŐŠŚńőŘŗŘņëŗńŜŘŕŐŐƽířŘŋŏŊœŋñŲŇńŖŋŕŦřŘśŋŜŐŕĔŚŏŐŗǍ
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œŐŗńƥƣŕŐśŜńŠřŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŋŜśŘŅŘőŝŗŐœńŕŦŗŨőœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐőŖńŜŋǍ
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şŐšŋśœŘő ŚńŏņŋŊœŘőƸ ŘŚŇńŗŐŏŘņńŗŗŘő îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŨŖ ţŜńŅŘŖ ś ŢŋŕŦŲ
ƢƦƪ íŋŊŘŖŘśŜŦŚńŅŘŜńŖƸřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŖŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŘŜŚųŊŘŖřŚŐÿŜŊŋŕŦŗŘŖúńņœńŏśœŘŖœŘŚřŝśŋ
ŏńşŋņŚńŕŦƢƩƤƢŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƪƦƽüƽƢƤƩƽ
ƢƧơ íŋŊŘŖŘśŜŦŚńŅŘŜńŖƸřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŖŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŘŜŚųŊŘŖřŚŐÿŜŊŋŕŦŗŘŖúńņœńŏśœŘŖœŘŚřŝśŋ
řŘƢşŋņŚńŕųƢƩƤơŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƪƦƽüƽƧŘŅƽ
ƢƧƢ íŋŊŘŖŘśŜŦŚńŅŘŜńŖƸřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŖŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŘŜŚųŊŘŖřŚŐÿŜŊŋŕŦŗŘŖúńņœńŏśœŘŖœŘŚřŝśŋ
ŏńşŋņŚńŕŦƸŖńŚŜŐńřŚŋŕŦƢƩƤơŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƪƦƽüƽƥơƽ
ƢƧƣ íŋŊŘŖŘśŜŦŚńŅŘŜńŖƸřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŖŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŘŜŚųŊŘŖřŚŐÿŜŊŋŕŦŗŘŖúńņœńŏśœŘŖœŘŚřŝśŋ
ŏńşŋņŚńŕŦƢƩƤƢŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƪƦƽüƽƢƤƩƽ
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ŅńƸ ņŘţŋŊţŐő ņ šŐśŕŋ ŊŚŝŇŐŠ ŊŋřńŚŜńŖŋŗŜŘņ ņ śŘśŜńņ íŘŋŗŗŘŇŘ ŖŐŗŐśŜŋŚǍ
śŜņńƽ îŋŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚ îŕńņŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ŘŊŗŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŘ ųņŕųŕśų Ő
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ŏŗńšŋŗŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŕŋőŜŋŗńŗŜëƽ÷ƽþŋőŊŇńŚŊŜƸŏńŗŐŖńņţŐőŊŘŭŜŘŇŘŊŘŕŎŗŘśŜŦ
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šŋśœŐŖŊŋřŘƽĀŘŗŘņŘŖŝţŜńŜŝîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸņŢŋŗŜŚńŕŦŗŨŋŝřŚńņŕŋǍ
ŗŐų ņŠŘŊŐŕŐ Ƨƣ ŘşŐŢŋŚń îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅńƸ ŘśŜńŕŦŗŨŋ řŘŕńŇńŕŐśŦ řŚŐ
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ŕŋŗŐŋ śŧŋŖœńŖŐ Ő ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŐ ŚńŅŘŜńŖŐ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚ
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ŗŐų şńœŜŐšŋśœŐ ŜŚńŗśşŘŚŖŐŚŘņńŕń úŘŚřŝś ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņ ņ ŇŘśŝǍ
ŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŝŲœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŝŲśŕŝŎŅŝāŘśśŐőśœŘőŐŖřŋŚŐŐƽ
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ŋŗŗŘǍŝšŋŅŗŘŋŏńņŋŊŋŗŐŋƸřŚŋŊŗńŏŗńšŋŗŗŘŋŊŕųřŘŊŇŘŜŘņœŐŘşŐŢŋŚŘņîŋŗŋǍ
ŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸNj÷ŖřŋŚńŜŘŚśœńųņŘŋŗŗńųńœńŊŋŖŐųƢƧƩƽĄšŋŅŗńųřŚŘŇŚńŖǍ
ŖńńœńŊŋŖŐŐřŚŋŊŝśŖńŜŚŐņńŕńŝŇŕŝŅŕŋŗŗŘŋŐŏŝšŋŗŐŋņŘŋŗŗŘőŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐŐ
ƢƧƨ îŕŐŗŘŋŢœŐőþƽĀƽ÷śŜŘŚŐųŚŝśśœŘŇŘîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńǃśŘśŜƽîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŖńőŘŚþƽ
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şŐŜǐŐŊņŝŠŖńšŜŘņŝŲųŠŜŝǏýŐśŜŐœńǐƽ
íŐŗśŜŚŝœŢŐŐýƽĀƽýńŗŇńŗńŚŐŝœńŏŨņńŕŘśŦƸšŜŘŢŋŕŦŲŚńŅŘŜųņŕųŋŜśų
ǏśŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŋŜŘšŗŘőŐřŘŊŚŘŅŗŘőŕŘŢŐŐýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųǐƣƢƪƽĔŜńŕŘŢŐų
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ŕńśńƸ ś ņœŕŲšŋŗŐŋŖ ņ ŗŋŇŘ ŇŕńņŗŋőţŐŠ řŘŚŜŘņ Ő ųœŘŚŗŨŠ ŖŋśŜƽ í œŘŗŢŋ
ŗŘųŅŚųƢƩƥƦŇƽŚŝśśœŐŋŘşŐŢŋŚŨśŗŋŘŅŠŘŊŐŖŨŖŐŗńŝšŗŨŖŐŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńǍ
ŖŐ řŚŐŅŨŕŐ ņ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƽ þńšńņţńųśų ŏŐŖń ŗŋ řŘŏņŘŕŐŕń řŚŐśŜŝǍ
řŐŜŦœśŧŋŖœŋŖŘŚųƸŐýńŗŇńŗńŚŐŏńŗųŕśųřŘŊŚŘŅŗŘőśŧŋŖœŘőúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐǍ
ŗŘřŘŕųƽĂŭŜŘőŢŋŕŦŲņŊŘŕŐŗŋúŐŇńŜǍŠńŗŋŅŨŕŏńŕŘŎŋŗŅńŏŐśƸŘŜœŘŜŘŚŘŇŘ
řŚŘņŋŕŐ ŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋśœŝŲ śŋŜŦƽ ÿŊŗŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŘ ņŋŕŐśŦ řŚŘŖŋŚŨ
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ŢŐŘŗŗŘőśŋŜŐƸńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŋŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐųŐřŚŘŖŋŚŨŇŕŝŅŐŗNjŗńšńǍ
ŕŐśŦņŖńŚŜŋƢƩƥƧŇƽíœŘŗŢŋńņŇŝśŜńƢƩƥƩŇƽśŧŋŖŘšŗŨŋŚńŅŘŜŨŅŨŕŐŏńœŘŗǍ
šŋŗŨƸŐŚŝśśœŐŋŘşŐŢŋŚŨŐŗŐŎŗŐŋšŐŗŨŘŜřŕŨŕŐņĂŋņńśŜŘřŘŕŦƽöńřŘšŜŐ
ŜŚŋŠŕŋŜŗŐő řŋŚŐŘŊ řŚŋŅŨņńŗŐų ņ ăŝŚŢŐŐ ýƽ Āƽ ýńŗŇńŗńŚŐ Ő řŚŐŊńŗŗŨŋ
ŋŖŝŘşŐŢŋŚŨřŚŘŊŋŕńŕŐŏŗńšŐŜŋŕŦŗŨőŘŅŧŋŖŗńŝšŗŨŠŚńŅŘŜƽëśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐǍ
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ŕŋŗŐŐ ņ ƥơ ņŋŚśŜƽ ĀŚŘŕŘŎŋŗń ŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐų ƢǍŇŘ ŚńŏŚųŊńƸ řŘœŚŨņţńų ņśŋ
ýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŋ ŖŘŚŋ ŘŜ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų ŊŘ Řƽ ăŋŗŋŊŘśƽ ĂŊŋŕńŗń ŖŘŚśœńų
śŧŋŖœńņśŋŇŘŖŘŚų՜؜ŜńņŕŋŗŨřŘŊŚŘŅŗŨŋŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋřŕńŗŨƸśŗųǍ
ŜŘŘœŘŕŘƦơŖŘŚśœŐŠņŐŊŘņƸŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŨņŨśŘŜŨƣƣŇŘŚŗŨŠņŋŚţŐŗƽíŊŘŕŦ
ƣƢƩ ĂŧŋŖœńýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųƸƢƩƥƦnjƢƩƥƩŇŘŊńǃǃöńřŐśœŐîŐŊŚŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘŊŋřńŚŜńŖŋŗŜńýŘŚśœŘŇŘŖŐǍ
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şŐšŋśœŘŇŘŊŋřńŚŜńŖŋŗŜńýŘŚśœŘŇŘŖŐŗŐśŜŋŚśŜņńƽƢƩƦƢƽĈƽlƽĂƽƤƣơƽ
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ŇŚńŖŖŨ ŐŏŝšŋŗŐų ìŘśşŘŚńƸ œŘŜŘŚńų řŚŋŊŝśŖńŜŚŐņńŕń řŚŘņŋŊŋŗŐŋ ŖŘŚǍ
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ŢŐŘŗŋŚŨƸ ŘŅŋśřŋšŐņńņţŐŋ ŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŦ ŚŝśśœŘŇŘ řŘśŘŕŦśŜņń ņ
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şŐšŋśœŘŇŘŊŋřńŚŜńŖŋŗŜńýŘŚśœŘŇŘŖŐŗŐśŜŋŚśŜņńƽƢƩƦƢƽĈƽlƽĂƽƤƣƥnjƤƣƦƽ
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ƣƣƤ ýńŗŇńŗńŚŐýƽĀƽüŘŢŐųýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųǃśŘśŜƽœńřƽƢǍŇŘŚńŗŇńýƽýńŗŇńŗńŚŐƽþŐœŘŕńŋņƷăŐřƽĈŋŚŗŘǍ
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ņńŎŗŨŖ ŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜŘŖƸ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŝŋŖŨŖ ņ ņŘŋŗŗŘŖ řŕńŗŐŚŘņńŗŐŐƸ śŜŚńŜŋǍ
ŇŐŐŐŖŘŅŐŕŐŏńŢŐŘŗŗŘőŇŘŜŘņŗŘśŜŐńŚŖŐőƽöńśŜŚńŜŋŇŐšŋśœŐŢŋŗŗŨŖŐœńŚǍ
ŜńŖŐŗńšńŕńśŦŗńśŜŘųŤńųŘŠŘŜńƸņœŘŜŘŚŝŲŘœńŏńŕŐśŦņŘņŕŋšŋŗŨŊŐřŕŘŖńǍ
ŜŨƸřŘŕŐŜŐœŐŐņŘŋŗŗŨŋƽíŘŋŗŗŘŋśŘřŋŚŗŐšŋśŜņŘŋņŚŘřŋőśœŐŠŊŋŚŎńņņŘ
ņŜŘŚŘő řŘŕŘņŐŗŋ l0l ņƽ ŘœńŏńŕŘśŦ řŋŚŋŗŋśŋŗŘ Ő ņ ŘŅŕńśŜŦ œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐƸ
ŊńņŗńšńŕŘǏœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘőŇŘŗœŋǐƽ
í ŚŝśśœŐŠ ńŚŠŐņŗŨŠ ŊŘœŝŖŋŗŜńŠ ŖŘŎŗŘ ņśŜŚŋŜŐŜŦ śņŋŊŋŗŐų Ř ŜńőŗŘő
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śœŐőŖŘŚśœŘőŘşŐŢŋŚŊŘŗŘśŐŕśņŘŋŖŝŚŝœŘņŘŊśŜņŝŘŜŘŖƸšŜŘŋŖŝřŚŋŊśŜńǍ
ņŐŕśųśŕŝšńőřŚŐŘŅŚŋśŜŐŏńƩơŜŝŚŋŢœŐŠŕŐŚřŕńŗŨŐšŋŚŜŋŎŐñńŚŊńŗŋŕǍ
ŕŦśœŘŇŘřŚŘŕŐņńƣƥƣƽíƢƩƩƦŇƽŚŘśśŐőśœŐőņŐŢŋǍœŘŗśŝŕņìŐŜŘŕŋþƽëƽĂœŚųŅŐŗ
řŚŐŘŅŚŋŕ ŝ šńśŜŗŘŇŘ ŕŐŢń ŜŝŚŋŢœŝŲ œńŚŜŝ ìńųŏŋŜśœŘŇŘ ņŐŕńőŋŜńƽ úńŚŜń
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řŚŐŗŋśųŇŚŘŖœŐŠŝśřŋŠŘņƸŕŐţŦņŨŏŘņŋŜœŘŗœŝŚŋŗŢŐŲśŊŚŝŇŐŖŐŋņŚŘřŋőǍ
śœŐŖŐ śŜŚńŗńŖŐƽ ñŕų ŚŝœŘņŘŊśŜņń ŘŅŤŋśŜņń ŇŘŚńŏŊŘ řŚŐņŕŋœńŜŋŕŦŗŨŖŐ
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śŘŏŊńŜŦ ŖŘŗŘřŘŕŐŲ ŗń ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŐų Ő řŘŊŗųŜŦ řŚŋśŜŐŎ
ŚŝśśœŘőŗńŝœŐŐŐŖŐŊŎŚŘśśŐőśœŘőŐŖřŋŚńŜŘŚśœŘőņŕńśŜŐNjĂŐŅŐŚŦŐñńŕŦǍ
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šŋśœŐŋ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŐų ņ ăŝŚŢŐŐ ŘœńŏŨņńŕŐśŦ ņ ŅŘŕŦţŘő ŏńņŐśŐŖŘśŜŐ ŘŜ
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ŚŘņńŗŐŲŭŜŘőśŜŚńŗŨƽ
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śœŐŠŘŅśŜŘųŜŋŕŦśŜņœŗŐŖŘŅŚńŜŐŜŦśųƽþŘƸŗńŠŘŊųśŦřŘśŜŘųŗŗŘņśŗŘţŋŗŐŐ
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ŚńǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşńƽĀŘŗŘņŘŖŝřŘŕŘŎŋŗŐŲŘśŗŘņŗńųŚŘŕŦņŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠŐœńŚŜŘǍ
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ŚńŖ úŘŚřŝśń ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƽ ĀŚŋŘŅŚńŏŘņńŗŐų ņ œŘŚřŝśŋ řŚŐŊńŕŐ ŋŖŝ
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ņńŗŐųŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐőāŘśśŐŐŐśŘřŚŋŊŋŕŦŗŨŠśŜŚńŗƸśřŘśŘŅśŜņŘņńŕŐŝŕŝšţŋŗŐŲ
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ŘŊŋŏŐśŜŘņŐŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƽíŗńšńŕŋƢƩƦơǍŠŇŇƽŘŅŗńŚŝŎŐŕŘśŦƸšŜŘņîŋŗŋŚńŕŦǍ
ŗŘŖ ţŜńŅŋ śŘņŋŚţŋŗŗŘ ŘŜśŝŜśŜņŝŲŜ ŖŘŕŘŊŨŋ ŘşŐŢŋŚŨƸ řŘŊŇŘŜŘņŕŋŗŗŨŋ
Ŋŕų ńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŠ Ő ŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠ ŚńŅŘŜƽ þń śŕŝŎŅŋ ŘśŜńņńŕŘśŦ ŕŐţŦ
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ŖŨŋŐņńŎŗŨŋřŚŋŊŖŋŜŨņŨśţŋőŇŋŘŊŋŏŐŐƸœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŐŐńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐŐǐƣƪƧƽ
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ĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƣƽñƽƢơƦƣƽüƽƢƽ
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śŜņŋŗŗŐœŘņƸ ŗŋ ŘŜŕŐšńŕŐśŦ řŘŕŗŘŜŘő Ő ŜŘšŗŘśŜŦŲ śņŋŊŋŗŐőƽ
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ŕŘŎŐŕœŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņńŜŦņăŝŚŢŐŲŘřŨŜŗŨŠņŘŋŗŗŨŠŇŋŘŊŋŏŐśŜŘņƽíŖńŚŜŋƢƩƧƨ
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ŠŘŊŐŖŨŠ ŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠ ŚńŅŘŜƽ ñŕų ŝšńśŜŐų ņ ŗŐŠ ņ òņŚŘřŋőśœŝŲ ăŝŚŢŐŲ
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ŜńŢŢŐ Ő ţŜńŅśǍŚŘŜŖŐśŜŚ ŕƽǍŇņƽ ĄŕńŗśœŘŇŘ řŘŕœń îƽ ÷ƽ ìŘŅŚŐœŘņƽ í ŘœŜųŅŚŋ
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śŜŚŝŐřŘŕŝšŋŗŐŐŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐŗńŊŕŋŎńŤŐŠşŐŚŖńŗŘņƤƣƣƽíúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋ
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ŗŐŲŜŝŚŋŢœŘŇŘřŚńņŐŜŋŕŦśŜņńŅŨŕŐņŨŊŋŕŋŗŨŜŝŚŋŢœŐŋŘşŐŢŋŚŨƽ
ĀŚŐŋŏŊŚŝśśœŐŠŘşŐŢŋŚŘņņŨŏņńŕŐŗŜŚŐŇ՜؜ŜŘŚŘŗŨřŘśŕŘņŋņŚŘřŋőǍ
śœŐŠŊŋŚŎńņņúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋƽĆŚńŗŢŝŏśœŐőřŘśŘŕìŝŚŋlj=¢Œ±­vÊTɱÊƑÉ
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śŜŚńŗŗŨŠŊŋŕýŋŠŖŋŊĆŝńŊǍřńţŝljƢƩƢƥnjƢƩƧƪNJƸšŜŘŚŝśśœŐŋŘşŐŢŋŚŨǏųņŕųǍ
ŲŜśų řŋŚŋŊŘņŨŖŐ ŚńŏŧŋŏŊńŖŐ ŚŝśśœŘŇŘ ņŜŘŚŎŋŗŐųƸ ŇŕńţńŜńųŖŐ śŕńņųŗǍ
śœŘőŗŋŏńņŐśŐŖŘśŜŐǐŐšŜŘŘŗŐǏŗŋŅŝŊŝŜŘŅŚńŤńŜŦŅŘŕŦţŘŇŘņŗŐŖńŗŐųŗń
ŏņŋŏŊŨ Ő ņŋŚţŐŗŨ ŇŘŚƸ ń ŏńőŖŝŜśų śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŋŖ œńŚŜ Ő ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŐŋŖ
řŝŜŋőƸřŚŋŐŖŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘšŋŚŋŏŇŘŚŗŨŋřŚŘŠŘŊŨǐƤƣƤƽíŘŜņŋŜĆŝńŊǍřńţńŏńǍ
ŖŋŜŐŕƷǏĀŚŐŏŗńŲśŦƸųŗŋņŐŎŝņŭŜŘŖŗŐšŋŇŘŝŎńśŗŘŇŘǂŐŠŚńŅŘŜńŗŋŖŘŎŋŜ
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řŘņŋŚŠŗŘśŜŐśŢŋŕŦŲŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐųşŐŇŝŚŨöŋŖŕŐƽîŚńŊŝśŗŨŋŐŏŖŋŚŋŗŐųřŚŘŐŏņŘŊŐŕŐśŦŖŋŜŘŊŘŖŜŚŐǍ
ńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŘŗŗŨŠřŘśŜŚŘŋŗŐőƸŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕŐśŦŊŕųśŘŏŊńŗŐųŇŋŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŘőśŋŜŐƽ
ƤƣƢ āŝśśœŘǍĂœńŗŊŐŗńņśœńųŊŝŇńNjŇŚńŊŝśŗŘŋŐŏŖŋŚŋŗŐŋöŋŖŕŐƸŘśŝŤŋśŜņŕŋŗŗŘŋņƢƩƢƧnjƢƩƦƦŇŇƽĀŚŋŊśŜńņǍ
ŕųŋŜśŘŅŘőŢŋřŦŐŏƣƧƦŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŘŗŗŨŠřŝŗœŜŘņƸřŚŘŜųŗŝņţŝŲśųŅŘŕŋŋšŋŖŗńƣƩƣơœŖŘŜŇƽćńŖǍ
ŖŋŚşŋśŜƸþŘŚņŋŇŐųƸŊŘřŘŅŋŚŋŎŦųĈŋŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųƽ
Ƥƣƣ ĀŐśŦŖŘŚŘśśŐőśœŘŇŘřŘśŕńņúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋŗńšńŕŦŗŐœŝîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƸƤŘœŜųŅŚųƢƩƧƨŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽ
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ƤƣƤ úŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņœńņòņŚŘřŋőśœŝŲăŝŚŢŐŲîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńœńřŐŜńŗńìŘŅŚŐœŘņńǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥƦơƽÿřƽ
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řŘ řŚŘņŋŊŋŗŐŲ ŕŐŗŐő ŎŋŕŋŏŗŨŠ ŊŘŚŘŇ ņ òņŚŘřŋőśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐƽ ìŘŅŚŐœŘņ
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ŗŘǍŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ Ő śŜńŜŐśŜŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕńƽ íŋŗŲœŘņ ŚńśśšŐŜŨņńŕ
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ŕŘśŦņņŐŊŝņśřŨŠŗŝņţŋőŗńŲŇŘǍņŘśŜŘœŋëŗńŜŘŕŐŐŭřŐŊŋŖŐŐƽíŠŘŊŋřŘǍ
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ŗŲœŘņŨŖřŘŐŜŘŇńŖŚŋœŘŇŗŘśŢŐŚŘņœŐƸśņŘŊŐŕśųœŜŘŖŝƸšŜŘŊŕųāŘśśŐŐņ
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üŦņŘņŨŖƸýƽĀƽíŚŘŗšŋŗœŘŐòƽ÷ƽĈŐŚŐœŘņŨŖƤƧƥƽĀŝŅŕŐœńŢŐųœńŚŜŨŘŎŐŊńǍ
ŕńśŦņŖńŋƢƩƦƥŇƽƸśņŋŊŋŗŐőŘŋŋşńœŜŐšŋśœŘŖŐŏŊńŗŐŐŘŅŗńŚŝŎŐŜŦŗŋŝŊńǍ
ŕŘśŦƽ
ƤƧƢ āńřŘŚŜ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœń îŕńņŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ņŘőśœ ŗń úńņœńŏŋ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚŝ îŕńņŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅńƸ ƣƥ
ŊŋœńŅŚųƢƩƦƤŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽñƽƧƤƩƽüƽƤơŘŅƽ
ƤƧƣ ăńŖŎŋƽüƽƤơŘŅƽNjƤƢƽ
ƤƧƤ öńřŐśœń؜؜ŜńņŕŋŗŐŐƥŕŐśŜŘņƢơǍņŋŚśŜŗŘőœńŚŜŨúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘœŚńųƸŏńœŕŲšńŲŤŐŠņśŋŅŋŜŋńŜŚņŘǍ
ŋŗŗŨŠŊŋőśŜņŐőņëŏŐńŜśœŘőăŝŚŢŐŐǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƦñƽƧƤƩƽüƽƤƪNjƤƪŘŅƽ
ƤƧƥ ÿŜŗŘţŋŗŐŋŝřŚńņŕųŲŤŋŇŘñŋřńŚŜńŖŋŗŜŘŖîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńœŗńšńŕŦŗŐœŝúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘíŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘǍ
řŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘŘŜŊŋŕńƸƢƤŖńŚŜńƢƩƦƥŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƦƽñƽƧƤƩƽüƽƦƨŘŅƽ
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ņńŕśų řŘŚŝšŐœ ĂœńŕŘŗƷ ǏîŘŚńŏŊŘ ŕŝšţŐŖ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŘŖ LJřŚŐ ŚŋœŘŇŗŘśŢŐǍ
ŚŘņœŋ ëŏŐńŜśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐLj řŘśŕŝŎŐŕń Ŋŕų Ŗŋŗų œńŚŜńƸ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗńų ŗŋǍ
ŊńņŗŘŗńúńņœńŏŋŐŏņśŋŠŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņŜŋńŜŚńņŘőŗŨƢƩƣƩnjƣƪŇŘŊŘņƷœńŚŜń
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ŜŘņņřŘŕŋǐƤƧƦƽ
Ă ŗńšńŕŘŖ ŅŘŋņŨŠ ŘřŋŚńŢŐő ņ ŊŋőśŜņŝŲŤŋŖ úńņœńŏśœŘŖ œŘŚřŝśŋ ŅŨŕ
śşŘŚŖŐŚŘņńŗ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐő ŘŜŚųŊ řŘŊ ŚŝœŘņŘŊśŜņŘŖ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŖńőŘŚń
ćŘŊŏŦœŘƽíśŘśŜńņŘŜŚųŊńņŘţŕŐŘşŐŢŋŚŨŊŕųřŚŘŐŏņŘŊśŜņńńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋǍ
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ŚųŊńśŘśŜńņŕųŕńƤƦšŋŕŘņŋœƤƧƧƽÿŜŚųŊŘŖŅŨŕřŚŘŊŋŕńŗŅŘŕŦţŘőŘŅŧŋŖŇŋǍ
ŘŊŋŏŐšŋśœŐŠŐŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠŚńŅŘŜƽĀŘřŚŋŊŕŘŎŋŗŐŲŇŋŗŋŚńŕńćŘŊŏŦœŘƸ
Ŋŕų śņųŏŐ ŘŜŊŋŕŦŗŨŠ ŚńŅŘŜƸ řŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŠ ņŘŋŗŗŨŖŐ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşńŖŐƸ śŘǍ
śŜŘųņţŐŖŐřŚŐŚńŏŕŐšŗŨŠŘŜŚųŊńŠŊŋőśŜņŝŲŤŋőńŚŖŐŐƸŅŨŕńřŚŘņŋŊŋŗń
ŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐųŘŜëŕŋœśńŗŊŚŘřŘŕųšŋŚŋŏúńŚśŊŘĔŚŏŋŚŝŖńƤƧƨƽăŚŐńŗŇŝŕųǍ
ŢŐŘŗŗńųśŋŜŦřŘŏņŘŕŐŕńśŝŤŋśŜņŋŗŗŘřŘņŨśŐŜŦŚńśřŚŘśŜŚńŗŋŗŐŋŇŋŘŊŋŏŐǍ
šŋśœŘőśŋŜŐŐŜŘšŗŘśŜŦŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠśŧŋŖŘœƽířŋŚŐŘŊŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŐ
ŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŘ ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋ řŘŕŘŎŋŗŐŋ ƥƣ ŜŘšŋœ ņ řŚŋŊŋŕńŠ ëŏŐńŜśœŘő
ăŝŚŢŐŐƽ ăŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐų ņ ëŏŐńŜśœŘő ăŝŚŢŐŐ ŅŨŕń śņųŏńŗń ś öńœńņœńŏśœŘő
ŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŋőƽ
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śœŐőŘŜŚųŊřŚŘņŋŕśŋŚŐŲŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠśŧŋŖŘœƸřŘřŘŕŗŐņţŐŠřŚŘśŜŚńŗǍ
śŜņńƸœŘŜŘŚŨŋŗŋŖŘŇŕŐŅŨŜŦśŗųŜŨņŊŘņŘŋŗŗŘŋņŚŋŖųƽíƢƩƦƧŇƽƸśŖŘŖŋŗŜń
ŘœŘŗšńŗŐųņŘŋŗŗŨŠŊŋőśŜņŐőŐŊŘņŨņŘŊńŚŝśśœŐŠņŘőśœśŏńŠņńšŋŗŗŨŠŜŝǍ
ŚŋŢœŐŠŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐőƸśŗųŜŘŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗŘƪƧƧƪœņƽņŋŚśŜƸřŘŕŝŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗǍ
ŜńŕŦŗŘŐŇŕńŏŘŖŋŚŗŘNjƧƢơƣœņƽņŋŚśŜƤƧƩƸśŘśŜńņŕŋŗƣƢŕŐśŜŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘő
ƤƧƦ öńřŐśœńņřŘųśŗŋŗŐŋŖńŚţŚŝŜńŐœńŚŜŨƸřŚŋŊśŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŠŕǍŇņƽřŘŚŝšŐœŘŖĂœńŕŘŗŘŖŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍńŊŧŲǍ
ŜńŗŜŝ÷ŇŗńŜŦŋņŝƸŇƽúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƸƢƨŘœŜųŅŚųƢƩƧƨŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƥƽÿřƽƧƽñƽƢƤƽüƽƣƨŘŅƽ
ƤƧƧ ÿŅŝŜņŋŚŎŊŋŗŐŐţŜńŜńŝřŚńņŕŋŗŐőŗńúńņœńŏŋƸƢƩƦƥŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƤƩƽÿřƽƣƽñƽƢơơƤƽ
ƤƧƨ ÿřŐśńŗŐŋŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋśœŐŠŚńŅŘŜņëŏŐńŜśœŘőăŝŚŢŐŐņŘņŚŋŖųřŘśŕŋŊŗŋőņŘőŗŨƢƩƦƥƸƢƩƦƦŐƢƩƦƧ
ŇŘŊŘņǃǃöíăñƽĈƽllƽĂńŗœŜǍĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇƷíŘŋŗŗńųŜŐřƽƸƢƩƦƩƽĂƽƣƥƪnjƣƦƢƽ
ƤƧƩ ñŋǍüŐņŚŘŗíƽĆƽ÷śŜŘŚŐšŋśœŐőŘšŋŚœŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŐúŘŚřŝśńņŘŋŗŗŨŠŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƽƢƩƦƦnjƢƩƩơŇŇƽǃŒŘśŜƽ
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í řŋŚŐŘŊ úŚŨŖśœŘő ņŘőŗŨ ŗńŅŕŲŊńŕńśŦ ŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŘ ņŨśŘœńų ńœŜŐņǍ
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Ŋń ŊŘ ĔŚŏŋŚŝŖńǐƤƨƥƽ öŋŕŋŗŘŖŝ ŝŊńŕŘśŦ řŘŕŝšŐŜŦ œŘřŐŲ œńŚŜŨ ŚńőŘŗń œ
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ŗŐųƽ ýńŜŋŚŐńŕŨ ŚŋœŘŇŗŘśŢŐŚŘņœŐ ŅŨŕŐ ŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŗŨ Ŋŕų ņŗŘņŦ
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ƤƨƤ ĀŘśŕŝŎŗŘő śřŐśŘœ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŕŋőŜŋŗńŗŜń ëƽ Ăƽ öŋŕŋŗŘŇŘ ŗń ƣơ ŗŘųŅŚų ƢƪơƩ Ňƽ ǃǃ
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Ƥƨƥ öńřŐśœńņřŘųśŗŋŗŐŋŖńŚţŚŝŜńŐœńŚŜŨƸřŚŋŊśŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŠŕǍŇņƽřŘŚŝšŐœŘŖĂœńŕŘŗŘŖŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍńŊŧŲǍ
ŜńŗŜŝ÷ŇŗńŜŦŋņŝƸŇƽúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƸƢƨŘœŜųŅŚųƢƩƧƨŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƥƽÿřƽƧƽñƽƢƤƽüƽƤơƽ
ƤƨƦ ÿšŋņŐŊŗŘƸŐŖŋŋŜśųņņŐŊŝœńŚŜńƸŐŏŊńŗŗńųúŘŚŘŕŋņśœŐŖŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŖŘŅŤŋśŜņŘŖņƢƩƧƦŇƽĂŖƽƷ<vÆ
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śŕŝŎŅŨ ŗń śŕŝŎŅŝ ņ ýŐŗŐśŜŋŚśŜņŘ ŐŗŘśŜŚńŗŗŨŠ Ŋŋŕƽ ñŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŦ ŚŝśǍ
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ĂœŘŗŢńƢƩƧơǍŠŇŇƽņúńņœńŏśœŘŖíăÿŚńŏņŋŚŗŝŕŐśŦŚńŅŘŜŨřŘśŘŏŊńŗŐŲ
ŗŘņŨŠœńŚŜëŏŐńŜśœŘőăŝŚŢŐŐņŖńśţŜńŅŋƦƸƢơƸƣơŐƦơņŋŚśŜņŊŲőŖŋƽĀŘǍ
śŜŘųŗŗŘŘŅŗŘņŕųųśŦƸŭŜŐœńŚŜŨśŘśŜńņŐŕŐŘśŗŘņŗŘőœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐőŐŗǍ
śŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńŚŐőţŜńŅńúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘŘœŚŝŇńƸœŘŜŘŚŨőŐśřŘŕŦŏŘņńŕǍ
śųřŚŐņŘŋŗŗŘŖřŕńŗŐŚŘņńŗŐŐŐņŅŘŋņŘŖŝřŚńņŕŋŗŐŐņŘőśœńŖŐƽÿśŗŘņŨ
ŭŜŘő ŇŚńŗŊŐŘŏŗŘő œńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘő śŋŚŐŐ ŅŨŕŐ ŏńŕŘŎŋŗŨ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœŘŖ
úńņœńŏśœŘŇŘíăÿŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŖńőŘŚŘŖ÷ƽ÷ƽĂŜŋŅŗŐŢœŐŖƸœŘŜŘŚŘŇŘŅŋŏřŚŋŝǍ
ņŋŕŐšŋŗŐųŖŘŎŗŘŗńŏņńŜŦǏŘŜŢŘŖǐŚŝśśœŘŇŘœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗŐųëŏŐńŜśœŘő
āńŅŘŜŨřŘśŘŏŊńŗŐŲŗŘņŘőƦǍņŋŚśŜŗŘőǏúńŚŜŨúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘœŚńųśřŚŐǍ
ŕŋŇńŲŤŐŖŐ šńśŜųŖŐ ăŝŚŢŐŐ Ő ĀŋŚśŐŐǐ ŗńšńŕŐśŦ ņ ƢƩƧƨ Ňƽ í śŕŋŊŝŲŤŋŖ
ŇŘŊŝŅŨŕŘŏńœŘŗšŋŗ؜؜ŜńņŕŋŗŐŋŕŐśŜŘņœńŚŜŨƸŘŜŗŘśųŤŐŠśųŗŋřŘśŚŋŊǍ
śŜņŋŗŗŘœúńņœńŏŝƽăŘŇŊńŎŋŗńšńŕŘśŦśŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŋŲŎŗŘŇŘŚųŊńŭŜŘőœńŚǍ
ŜŨŊŕųřŘŇŚńŗŐšŗŨŠšńśŜŋőăŝŚŢŐŐƷŗńŏńřńŊŋNjŗŋśœŘŕŦœŘŊńŕŋŋăŚńřŋǍ
ŏŘŗŊńƸ ŗń ŲŇŋ Nj ŊŘ íńŗńƽ ýńŜŋŚŐńŕńŖŐ œ ŭŜŐŖ ŕŐśŜńŖ řŘśŕŝŎŐŕŐ
ńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŋŘřŚŋŊŋŕŋŗŐųƸńŜńœŎŋŐŗśŜŚŝŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗŨŋƸřŘŕŝŐŗśŜŚŝǍ
ŖŋŗŜńŕŦŗŨŋŐŇŕńŏŘŖŋŚŗŨŋśŧŋŖœŐƸřŚŘŐŏņŋŊŋŗŗŨŋņřŋŚŐŘŊŚŝśśœŘǍŜŝǍ
ŗŐųƢƩƥƣnjƢƩƦƤŇŇƽúńŚŜńŕŐŜŘŇŚńşŐŚŘņńŗńņúńņœńŏśœŘŖíăÿņƢƩƧƪŇƽljƦƨ
ŕŐśŜŘņNJƸřŋŚŋŐŏŊńŗńņƢƩƨƢŐƢƩƪƣŇŇƽljƦƩŕŐśŜŘņNJƽĂŅŘŚŗŨőŕŐśŜœńŚŜŨņ
ŖńśţŜńŅŋƧơņŋŚśŜņŊŲőŖŋƽĀŚŐřŋŚņŘŖŐŏŊńŗŐŐœńŚŜńņœŕŲšńŕńƢƣŕŐǍ
śŜŘņƸŘŜŗŘśųŤŐŠśųœŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐŐăŝŚŢŐŐƽþŝŖŋŚńŢŐųŕŐśŜŘņŭŜŘőŇŚŝřřŨ
śŘņřńŊńŋŜ ś ŘŅŤŋő ŗŝŖŋŚńŢŐŋő ŕŐśŜŘņ œńŚŜŨƽ í ŊńŕŦŗŋőţŋŖ œńŚŜń ŊŘǍ
řŘŕŗųŕńśŦ ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕńŖŐ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ śŧŋŖŘœ śŘřŚŋŊŋŕŦŗŨŠ ŜŋŚŚŐǍ
ŜŘŚŐőƽíƢƪơƣnjƢƪƢƥŇŇƽœńŚŜńŅŨŕńřŘŕŗŘśŜŦŲŐśřŚńņŕŋŗńśŝņŋŕŐšŋŗŐŋŖ
ƤƩƧ āńřŘŚŜ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœń ńŚŠŐņń íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŊŋřŘ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœŝ íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘ
ŊŋřŘƸƢƩŖńųƢƩƧƨŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƥƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƢƤƣƽüƽƣƦƽ
ƤƩƨ öńřŐśœńņřŘųśŗŋŗŐŋŖńŚţŚŝŜńŐœńŚŜŨƸřŚŋŊśŜńņŕŋŗŗŨŠŕǍŇņƽřŘŚŝšŐœŘŖĂœńŕŘŗŘŖŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍńŊŧŲǍ
ŜńŗŜŝ÷ŇŗńŜŦŋņŝƸŇƽúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦƸƢƨŘœŜųŅŚųƢƩƧƨŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƥƽÿřƽƧƽñƽƢƤƽüƽƣƨŘŅƽ
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ŜŨřŚŘŊŘŕŎńŕŘśŦŐŊŘŕŎŗŘŅŨŕŘŅŨŜŦŘœŘŗšŋŗŗŨŖņŗńšńŕŋƢƩƨơŇƽĂŜŋŅǍ
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ĀŚŐ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŐŐ œńŚŜŨƸ œŚŘŖŋ ŐŖŋņţŐŠśų ņ ńŚŠŐņŋ úńņœńŏśœŘŇŘ íăÿ
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ņńŗŨ Őŏ śŜńŜŋőƸ řŘŖŋŤŋŗŗŨŠ ņ ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠ ŗńŝšŗŨŠ ŐŏŊńŗŐųŠ Nj
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í ŊńŕŦŗŋőţŋŖ œńŚŜń ŚŋŊńœŜŐŚŘņńŕńśŦ ŘŊŗŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŘ ņ íăÿ îŕńņŗŘŇŘ
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ŏŐ ś řŘŊŇŘŜŘņœŘő ņŘőŗŨ ś ăŝŚŢŐŋő ŚńŅŘŜŨ ŗńŊ œńŚŜŘő ŅŨŕŐ ŝśœŘŚŋŗŨƽ í
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ŜńņŨţŕńņŗŘņŘőŚŋŊńœŢŐŐljǾƨƢNJƸŗŘřŘřŚŐšŐŗŋŋŋŖŋŕœŘŇŘŖńśţŜńŅńŗŋ
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í ƢƩƤƦnjƢƩƥơ ŇŇƽ śŘņŋŚţŐŕ ŚųŊ řŝŜŋţŋśŜņŐő řŘ ìŕŐŎŗŋŖŝ íŘśŜŘœŝ Ő ýńŕŘő ëŏŐŐƸ ńņŜŘŚ ŗŋśœŘŕŦœŐŠ
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ŜŚŐŇŘŗŘŖŋŜŚŐšŋśœŐŠŐńśŜŚŘŗŘŖŐšŋśœŐŠřŝŗœŜŘņņśŋŇŘřŚŘśŜŚńŗśŜņńŘŜñŝǍ
ŗńųŊŘýŚńŖŘŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųƽñŕųŊŋŕŐŖŐŜńŢŐŘŗŗŘőœŘŖŐśśŐŐņìŘŕŇńŚŐŐśŗųǍ
ŜŨřŘŇŚńŗŐšŗŨŋřŘŕŘśŨţŐŚŐŗŘőŘŜƧŊŘƢơņŋŚśŜņŊŘŕŦŇŚńŗŐŢĈŋŚŗŘŇŘŚŐŐƸ
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ŚńŅŘŜœŐŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŘņřŚŘŐśŠŘŊŐŕ؜؜ŜńņŕŋŗŐŋŕŐśŜŘņŗŘņŘőœńŚŜŨòņŚŘǍ
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śœŐő ŐŗŜŋŚŋś œ ŜŋŖŋ řŚŘŕŐņŘņ Ő úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕų ņŗŘņŦ řŚŘųņŕųŋŜśų ņ
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ŅŨŜŦņŘśŜŚŋŅŘņńŗńǏŏńŗŋŐŖŋŗŐŋŖņśńŖŘőăŝŚŢŐŐŗŐŘŊŗŘőœńŚŜŨŘœŚŋśŜǍ
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ŜŝìŘśşŘŚńƽ
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ŗŋŚńŕ ŘŜ ŐŗşńŗŜŋŚŐŐ ćƽ ćƽ āŘŘř ņŨśœńŏńŕśų Ř ŗŋŘŅŠŘŊŐŖŘśŜŐ
ƥƣƨ ÿŜŗŘţŋŗŐŋřŘŖŘŤŗŐœńŗńšńŕŦŗŐœńţŜńŅńÿŊŋśśœŘŇŘņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘŘœŚŝŇńœŝřŚńņŕųŲŤŋŖŝŊŋŕńŖŐíĄú
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ŕŘŎŋŗŐŋ āŘŘřń ņśŜŚŋŜŐŕŘ ŘŊŘŅŚŋŗŐŋ ŗńšńŕŦŗŐœń îŕńņŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ŇŋŗŋǍ
ŚńŕǍńŊŧŲŜńŗŜńþƽþƽÿŅŚŝšŋņńƸœŘŜŘŚŨőřŘśŜńņŐŕŝśŕŘņŐŋƸšŜŘŅŨŜńœŘő
ŘŅŏŘŚŅŨŕŘŜřŋšńŜńŗņŜŐřŘŇŚńşŐŐîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńǏśśŘŅŕŲŊŋŗŐŋŖŗńŊǍ
ŕŋŎńŤŐŠřŚŋŊŘśŜŘŚŘŎŗŘśŜŋőǐƥƤƣƽĀŚŘŇŚńŖŖńāŘŘřńřŚŋŊŝśŖńŜŚŐņńŕńŚŋǍ
ŇŝŕųŚŗŝŲ řŘśŨŕœŝ ŗń ìŘśşŘŚ ŘşŐŢŋŚŘņ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅńƸ ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ
ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņƸŘşŐŢŋŚŘņşŕŘŜńŐŇŐŊŚŘŇŚńşŘņƽñŕųŘřŐśńŗŐųìŘśşŘŚńŅŨŕŐ
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ŲŤŋŇŘœìŘśşŘŚŝƥƤƤƽ
íŘŋŗŗŘǍŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋ ŐŏŝšŋŗŐŋ řŚŘŕŐņń ìŘśşŘŚ řŚŘŊŘŕŎńŕŘśŦ
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ŅŨŜŦřŚŐŏŗńŗńņŋŚŗŘőƸŐšŜŘņśŋœńŚŜŨŚńśŠŘŊųŜśųŖŋŎŊŝśŘŅŘőŐśŖŋśŜǍ
ÿśŘŅŘŋņŗŐŖńŗŐŋĆŐŕŐřřŘņŝŊŋŕŐŕśŋņŋŚŗŘőšńśŜŐìŘśşŘŚśœŘŇŘřŚŘǍ
ŕŐņń ljņ ŚŝśśœŘő ŜŋŚŖŐŗŘŕŘŇŐŐ Nj íŋŚŠŗŋŖŝ ìŘśşŘŚŝNJƽ ĔŜŘ ŘŅŧųśŗųŕŘśŦ
śŜŚńŜŋŇŐšŋśœŘőŏŗńšŐŖŘśŜŦŲŭŜŘőšńśŜŐřŚŘŕŐņńƸŘŅŚńŤŋŗŗŘőœĈŋŚŗŘŖŝ
ŖŘŚŲƸœńœŇŕńņŗŘŇŘŘřŋŚńŢŐŘŗŗŘŇŘŚńőŘŗńìŘśşŘŚśœŘőŊŋśńŗŜŗŘőŘřŋŚńǍ
ŢŐŐƽĆŐŕŐřřŘņśŘņŖŋśŜŗŘśœńřŐŜńŗŘŖöńņŚŐŋņŨŖřŚŘņŘŊŐŕŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋǍ
śœŐŋśŧŋŖœŐŗńŅŋŚŋŇńŠìŘśşŘŚńƽíşŘŗŊńŠāîí÷ëśŘŠŚńŗŐŕŐśŦŚŋŊœŐŋŖńǍ
ŜŋŚŐńŕŨ ŭŜŐŠ śŧŋŖŘœ ljǾ ƢƣƨƸ ƢƣƩNJƽ í ŚńőŘŗńŠƸ ŇŊŋ ŗńŠŘŊŐŕŐśŦ ŜŝŚŋŢœŐŋ
ŅŋŚŋŇŘņŨŋ ŝœŚŋřŕŋŗŐųƸ šŜŘŅŨ ŗŋ ņŘŏŅŝŎŊńŜŦ řŘŊŘŏŚŋŗŐő ŜŝŚŋŢœŐŠ ņŕńǍ
śŜŋőƸœśŧŋŖœńŖŅŨŕŐřŚŐņŕŋšŋŗŨšńśŜŗŨŋŋņŚŘřŋőśœŐŋŐŗŎŋŗŋŚŨƸřŚŘŎŐǍ
ņńņţŐŋ ņ úŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŋƽ ăńœŐŋ śŧŋŖœŐ ņŋŕŐśŦ řŘŊ ŗńŅŕŲŊŋŗŐŋŖ ĆŐǍ
ŕŐřřŘņńŐöńņŚŐŋņńƸŐŠŚŋŏŝŕŦŜńŜŨřŋŚŋřŚŘņŋŚųŕŐśŦŐņśŜńņŕųŕŐśŦņŖńœŋŜ
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ńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŘŗŗŝŲśŋŜŦŘŜúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕųŗńśŋņŋŚŊŘĈŋŚŗŘŇŘŖŘŚųƽíŚńőǍ
ŘŗŋìŋŕŇŚńŊśœŘŇŘŕŋśńŭŜńśŋŜŦņƢƩƩƦŇƽŅŨŕńśŘśŜŨœŘņńŗńśŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐǍ
ŘŗŗŘő śŋŜŦŲƸ řŚŘŕŘŎŋŗŗŘő şŚńŗŢŝŏśœŘő ņŘŊŘřŚŘņŘŊŗŘő œŘŖřńŗŐŋőƸ
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ńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŘŗŗŨŠśŋŜŋőĆŐŕŐřřŘņŗńŗųŕŜŘřŘŇŚńşńƸœŘŜŘŚŨőśŊŋŕńŕŜŘšŗŝŲ
ŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŲŖŋŎŊŝŚŋœńŖŐĊńőŜńŗǍŊŋŚŋŐúųŜǍŠńŗŋƽýńŜŋŚŐńŕŨşŚńŗǍ
ŢŝŏśœŘő ŜŚŐńŗŇŝŕųŢŐŐ ŗń ƥ ŕŐśŜńŠ Ő Ƣƪ ŗŋŇńŜŐņńŠ řŘŊŕŐŗŗŨŠ řŘŕŋņŨŠ
řŕńŗţŋŜŘņ ĆŐŕŐřřŘņ ŘŜřŚńņŐŕ ņ îŕńņŗŨő ţŜńŅƥƥơƽ ĀŘœŝřœń ŖńŜŋŚŐńŕŘņ
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śŜŚńŗŗŨŠŐŗŎŋŗŋŚŘņŐśŧŋŖŤŐœŘņƽíŊŋœńŅŚŋƢƩƩƦŇƽĆŐŕŐřřŘņŝŝŊńŕŘśŦ
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ŗŨŖŗńţŐŖŎŋŕńŗŐųŖƽúŜŘŖŝŎŋŝšŚŋŎŊŋŗŐŋřŘŊŘŅŗŘŇŘŘŜŊŋŕńņŗŋņŘŋŗǍ
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řŘŚųŎŋŗŐųƽ ÿŅŚŝšŋņ ŜńœŎŋ řŘśřŋţŐŕ ŝņŋŚŐŜŦ řŘśŕń ņ ŜŘŖƸ šŜŘ îŕńņŗŨő
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ŜŋŕŦŗŘŋ ŅŲŚŘƸ œŘŜŘŚŘŋ ŅŨŕŘ ŅŨ ŗŋřŘŊŘŜšŋŜŗŘ ņŘŋŗŗŘŖŝ ńŇŋŗŜŝƥƦƥƽ
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ŚŐųŘşŐŢŋŚŘņŅŨŕńŐŊŋńŕŦŗŘřŘŊŇŘŜŘņŕŋŗńœśŅŘŚŝŚńŏņŋŊŨņńŜŋŕŦŗŘőŐŗǍ
şŘŚŖńŢŐŐŐřŚŘņŋŊŋŗŐŲņŘŋŗŗŘǍŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠŚńŅŘŜƽÿśŗŘņŨŇŋŘŊŋŏŐŐ
ŐņśŋņŐŊŨŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘőśŧŋŖœŐřŚŋřŘŊńņńŕŐśŦŘşŐŢŋŚńŖņþŐœŘŕńŋņǍ
śœŘőńœńŊŋŖŐŐîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńƽ
íŜŋšŋŗŐŋŊŕŐŜŋŕŦŗŘŇŘřŚŋŅŨņńŗŐųņŚŝśśœŐŠœŘŗśŝŕŦśŜņńŠņāŐŏŋƸăŚńǍ
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šŋśœŘőŐŗşŘŚŖńŢŐŐņřŚŋŊŋŕńŠŚńőŘŗŘņŘŜņŋŜśŜņŋŗŗŘśŜŐƽþŋŇŕńśŗŨŋņŘǍ
ŋŗŗŨŋńŇŋŗŜŨŚŋŇŝŕųŚŗŘśŘņŋŚţńŕŐŚŋœŘŇŗŘśŢŐŚŘņœŐņŚńőŘŗŨƸŘœŘŜŘŚŨŠ
ņţŜńŅŋúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘŘœŚŝŇńŐŖŋŕŘśŦŗŋŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŘśņŋŊŋŗŐőƽ
íƢƩƨƪŇƽţŜńŅúńņœńŏśœŘŇŘņŘŋŗŗŘŇŘŘœŚŝŇńŚńŏŚńŅŘŜńŕśřŋŢŐńŕŦŗŨőŊŘœŝǍ
ŖŋŗŜƸ ŚŋŇŕńŖŋŗŜŐŚŝŲŤŐő ŊŋųŜŋŕŦŗŘśŜŦ ŗŋŇŕńśŗŨŠ ņŘŋŗŗŨŠ ńŇŋŗŜŘņƸ řŘŕŝǍ
šŐņţŐőŗńŏņńŗŐŋǏÿŅŤńųŐŗśŜŚŝœŢŐųśŋœŚŋŜŗŨŖņŘŋŗŗŨŖńŇŋŗŜńŖƸŗńŏŗńšńŋǍ
ŖŨŖ ś úńņœńŏń ņ ëŏŐńŜśœŝŲ ăŝŚŢŐŲǐƽ ĂŘŇŕńśŗŘ ŐŗśŜŚŝœŢŐŐƸ śŋœŚŋŜŗŨŋ
ŗŐųŖŐņŘņŗŝŜŚŋŗŗŋŖŅŨŜŋŐśŜŚŘŋśŜŚńŗŨƸŜńœŐŏńņŘŋŗŗŨŖŝśŜŚŘőśŜņŘŖŋŋ
ņŘņśŋőřŘŊŚŘŅŗŘśŜŐƽíśŋśņŋŊŋŗŐųƸŐŖŋŲŤŐŋœńœŘŋǍŕŐŅŘŏŗńšŋŗŐŋŗńśŕŝšńő
ņŘőŗŨ ś ăŝŚŢŐŋőƸ ŊŘŕŎŗŨ ŅŨŜŦ ŗŋŘŜŕŘŎŗŘ Ő śņŘŋņŚŋŖŋŗŗŘ řŚŋŊśŜńņŕųŋŖŨ
ƥƦƪ ÿœŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņńŗŐŐřŘŊřŘŕœŘņŗŐœńîŕńŖńŏŊŐŗńņĀŋŜŋŚŅŝŚŇŊŕųśŗųŜŐųşŘŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠœŘřŐőśŚŋǍ
ŕŦŋşŗŘőœńŚŜŨìŘśşŘŚńƸƤƢŊŋœńŅŚųƢƩƪƥŇƽǃǃāîí÷ëƽĆƽƥơƥƽÿřƽƢƽñƽƢƢƪƩƽüƽƩƥƽ
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ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍŕŋőŜŋŗńŗŜń ëƽ Ăƽ öŋŕŋŗŘŇŘƸ ŚŋŊńœŢŐŘŗŗńų šńśŜŦ řŘŚŝšńŕńśŦ îŋǍ
ŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń řŘŕœŘņŗŐœŝ ëƽ ýƽ úŘŕŲŅńœŐŗŝ ljŅŨņţŋŖŝ ŗŋŇŕńśŗŘŖŝ
ņŘŋŗŗŘŖŝńŇŋŗŜŝņíńŗŋƸƢƩƩƥnjƢƩƩƪNJƽ÷ŏŊńņńŋŖŨŋņţŜńŅŋŘœŚŝŇńŚńŅŘŜŨ
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ņŨŠŐŘŅŗŘņŕŋŗŐųŚńŗŋŋŐŏŊńŗŗŨŠœńŚŜƽñŕųœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠŚńŅŘŜŘŜǍ
Ŋŋŕ ŘŅŕńŊńŕ ŊŘśŜńŜŘšŗŨŖŐ ŜŋŠŗŐšŋśœŐŖŐ śŚŋŊśŜņń Ő ŘřŨŜŗŨŖ
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ŢŐŚŘņŘœ ŅŨŕń řŚŋŊřŚŐŗųŜń řŘřŨŜœń śŘŏŊńŜŦ ƣǍņŋŚśŜŗŝŲ œńŚŜŝ řŚŐŇŚńǍ
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Ƣƪơƪ Ňƽ ŘŜśŝŜśŜņŝŲŜ śņŋŊŋŗŐų Ř ŚńŅŘŜńŠ ŗńŊ ŭŜŘő œńŚŜŘőƽ ĀŚŋŊřŘŕŘŎŐǍ
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ŗńőŊŋŗņœŘŕŕŋœŢŐųŠāŘśśŐőśœŘŇŘŇŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŘŇŘńŚŠŐņńíŘŋŗŗŘǍýŘŚǍ
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ŠŐņŗŘŇŘ Ő ŖŝŏŋőŗŘŇŘ śŘŘŅŤŋśŜņńƸ řŘŕŘŎŐŕ ŗńšńŕŘ śŐśŜŋŖńŜŐšŋśœŘő řŝǍ
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ŖńŗśœŘő ŐŖřŋŚŐŐƽ
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śœŘŇŘŖńŜŋŚŐńŕńƽĀŚŐŘŜŅŘŚŋœńŚŜŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŇŘŖńŜŋŚŐńŕńŊŕųŗńśŜŘųŤŋő
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śŜŝřŐŕŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘŖƤǍŇŘœŕńśśńņŚŘŜŝņŘŋŗŗŨŠŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņǾƧljƢƩƥƧNJƸŜŘǍ
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ŖŐƸ ņŋŕ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŋ ŚńŅŘŜŨ ŗń ìŘśşŘŚŋƽ Ěņŕųŕśų ŊŋŕŋŇńŜŘŖ ŜŝŚŋŢǍ
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śŜŐƽ öńņŋŊŘņńŕ ŘşŐŢŋŚńŖŐ ĂņŐŜŨ òŇŘ ÷ŖřŋŚńŜŘŚśœŘŇŘ íŋŕŐšŋśŜņń řŘ
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ÿŅŚńŏŘņńŗŐŋ řŘŕŝšŐŕ ņ ñŋŚřŜśœŘŖ ŝŗŐņŋŚśŐŜŋŜŋ Ő ýŘśœŘņśœŘŖ ŝšŋŅŗŘŖ
ŏńņŋŊŋŗŐŐ Ŋŕų œŘŕŘŗŗŘņŘŎńŜŨŠ ljƢƩƣƤNJƽ ĂŘśŜŘųŕ ņ ĂņŐŜŋ òŇŘ ÷ŖřŋŚńŜŘŚǍ
śœŘŇŘ íŋŕŐšŋśŜņń řŘ œņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚśœŘő šńśŜŐƸ řŚŐ íŘŋŗŗŘǍŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐǍ
šŋśœŘŖŊŋřŘîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅńljƢƩƣƤNJƸřŋŚŋņŋŊŋŗņîņńŚŊŋőśœŐőîŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŨő
ţŜńŅ ljƢƩƣƦNJƸ řŋŚŋņŋŊŋŗ ņ ţŜńŅ îņńŚŊŋőśœŘŇŘ œŘŚřŝśń ljƢƩƤƥNJƸ ŘŅŋŚǍœņńŚǍ
ŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚ ţŜńŅń îņńŚŊŋőśœŘŇŘ œŘŚřŝśń ljƢƩƥƢNJƸ śŘśŜŘųŕ ņ ĂņŐŜŋ òŇŘ ÷ŖǍ
řŋŚńŜŘŚśœŘŇŘíŋŕŐšŋśŜņńljƢƩƥƣNJƸŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚîŕńņŗŘŇŘţŜńŅń
ŐŗńšńŕŦŗŐœúŘŚřŝśńŜŘřŘŇŚńşŘņljƢƩƦƦNJƸŕŐşŕųŗŊśœŐőƸœŝŚŕųŗŊśœŐőƸŭśŜǍ
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ŘœŚŝŇń ljƢƩƧƢnjƢƩƧƥNJƸ šŕŋŗ îŘśŝŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŘŇŘ śŘņŋŜń ljƢƩƧƤnjƢƩƩơNJƽ úŘŖńŗŊŐǍ
ŚŘņńŗśŘśŘŅŨŖřŘŚŝšŋŗŐŋŖņúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕŦņŚńśřŘŚųŎŋŗŐŋŚŘśśŐőǍ
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Ő ŗń ìŘśşŘŚŋ ljƢƩƣƧnjƢƩƣƨNJƽ ĄšńśŜŗŐœ āŝśśœŘǍŜŝŚŋŢœŘő ņŘőŗŨ ljƢƩƣƩnjƢƩƣƪNJƽ
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ÿŚŕŘņŝƸŚŘśśŐőśœŘŖŝšŚŋŏņŨšńőŗŘŖŝŐřŘŕŗŘŖŘšŗŘŖŝřŘśŕŝřŚŐśŝŕŜńŗŋ
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ņŨņŘŊŘŖŋŇŐřŋŜśœŐŠņŘőśœśŜŝŚŋŢœŐŠŜŋŚŚŐŜŘŚŐőśŘŇŕńśŗŘúŲŜńŠŐőśœŘŖŝ
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Őŏ÷śńœŕŨšŋŚŋŏĔśœŐţŋŠŐŚņĂŘŇŝŜƸśŘśŜńņŐŕŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋŘřŐśńŗŐŋ
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ņńŗŐŋ řŘŕŝšŐŕ ņ ýŘśœŘņśœŘŖ ŝšŋŅŗŘŖ ŏńņŋŊŋŗŐŐ Ŋŕų œŘŕŘŗŗŘņŘŎńŜŨŠ
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śŜŋŚśœŘő šńśŜŐƸ řŋŚŋņŋŊŋŗ ņ îņńŚŊŋőśœŐő îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŨő ţŜńŅƸ ńŊŧŲŜńŗŜ
ŇŕńņŗŘœŘŖńŗŊŝŲŤŋŇŘ ƣǍő ńŚŖŐŐ ljƢƩƣƪNJƸ ńŊŧŲŜńŗŜ ŇŋŗŋŚńŕǍşŋŕŦŊŖńŚţńŕń
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ŗŋŚńŕǍœņńŚŜŐŚŖŋőśŜŋŚń îŕńņŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ljƢƩƤƤNJƸ ŇŚńŎŊńŗśœŐő ŇŝŅŋŚŗńŜŘŚ
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úŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņńŗŐŏúŘŗśŜńŗŜŐŗŘřŘŕųšŋŚŋŏëŗœńŚŝŐĂŐņńśņĔŚŏŋŚŝŖŊŕų
śŅŘŚńņŘŋŗŗŨŠŐŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠśņŋŊŋŗŐőljƢƩƤơNJƽöńŝśřŋţŗŘņŨřŘŕŗŋŗǍ
ŗŝŲ ŚŋœŘŇŗŘśŢŐŚŘņœŝ ņŨśŘšńőţŋ ŗńŇŚńŎŊŋŗ ŅŚŐŕŕŐńŗŜŘņŨŖ řŋŚśŜŗŋŖƽ
úŘŖńŗŊŐŚŘņńŗņëŏŐńŜśœŝŲăŝŚŢŐŲƸĂŐŚŐŲŐòŇŐřŋŜŊŕųśŅŘŚńņŘŋŗŗŨŠŐ
ŇŋŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŐŠśņŋŊŋŗŐőljƢƩƤƤnjƢƩƤƦNJƽĂŘśŜńņŐŕǏúńŚŜŝíŘśŜŘšŗŘőëŗńŜŘǍ
ŕŐŐǐljƢƩƤƥNJƽöńŘŜŕŐšŗŘŐśřŘŕŗŋŗŗŘŋŏńŊńŗŐŋņŨśŘšńőţŋŗńŏŗńšŋŗńřŘŎŐŏǍ
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ŜŨņëŏŐńŜśœŘőăŝŚŢŐŐŐĀŋŚśŐŐƽĚņŕųŕśųšŕŋŗŘŖœŘŖŐśśŐŐŊŕųřŚŘņŋŚœŐ
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ŖŋŕŦ ŖŋŎŊŝ ĈŋŚŗŨŖ Ő úńśřŐőśœŐŖ ŖŘŚųŖŐǐ ljƢƩƢƩNJƸ ǏúńŚŜŨ ņŘśŜŘšŗŘő
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ŚŋŢœŘŋřŕńŜŦŋƸņŜŋšŋŗŐŋŗŋśœŘŕŦœŐŠŏŐŖŗŐŠŖŋśųŢŋņřŚŘņŋŕśŋœŚŋŜŗŝŲ
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ŕŐśŦřŚŋņŘśŠŘŊŗńųŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœńųœńŚŜńŐŘŅśŜŘųŜŋŕŦŗŘŋņŘŋŗŗŘǍŇŋǍ
ŘŇŚńşŐšŋśœŘŋ ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ ŐśśŕŋŊŘņńŗŗŘő śŜŚńŗŨƽ ĂŘśŜńņŐŕ ŜŘřŘŇŚńşŐǍ
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ìńųŏŋŜśœŐőŘœŚŝŇnjƢƥƤ ìŝŚŇńśnjƣƥƸƢƢƥƸƣƢƥ íŘśŜŘšŗńųāŝŖŋŕŐųnjƥƧƸ
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 ìńųŏŋŜśœŐőřńţńŕŨœnj ìŝŠńŚńnjƢƪƩ
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(JH'HQL]L ìŝŲœǍĈŋœŖŋŊŎŋnjƥơ
& ŖŘŚŦŋnjƢƥƸƢƨ
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221 ìŋŕŇŚńŊśœŐőŕŋśnjƢƦƣ í îńŅŚŘņŘnjƥơƸƢƢƥ
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ƣơƨƸƣơƪƸƣƢƦƸƣƢƨ îŋŚŖńŗŐųnjƤƸƪƦ
 
íńŗƸŇŘŚŘŊnjƪƤƸƢƢƪƸƢƤƤƸ îŋŚŢŋŇŘņŐŗńnjƢơƩƸƢƥƥ
 
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 ƣƢƤ
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' 
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)LQODQGL\D ëVWDQEXO ñŎŐŅŐŊŎńƸřŋŚŋņńŕnjƢƧƣ ƢƧƨƸƢƧƪƸƢƪƧ
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* ñŘŗnjƨƦ
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, öŕńŜŐŢńnjƢƢƥƸƢƢƦ
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*HE]H ÷ úńŖšńŜœńnjƦ
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ëGD ƢƨƢ ƣƢƥ
*LUHVXQ  ÷ŊŋnjƢƧƨ
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 ƣƤƸƣƦƸƤƪnjƥƤƸƥƦƸ úńŚśnjƦƣnjƦƥƸƧƢƸƢƣƨƸƢƣƪƸ
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 ƥƧƸƥƩnjƦƢƸƦƧƸƧƣƸ ƢƤơƸƢƥƤƸƢƧƦƸƢƪƪƸ
  ÷ŏŗŐœnjƧƣƸƨƥ
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*×P×èKDQH  ƢơƢƸƢơƣƸƢơƥƸƢơƨƸ ÷ŗŊŐųnjƪƣ
ëUDQ úńŚśśœńųŘŅŕńśŜŦnj
 ƢơƪnjƢƢƤƸƢƢƦnjƢƣƢƸ
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 ƢƤƧƸƢƤƩƸƢƥơnjƢƥƣƸ
  ÷ŘŗŐšŋśœŐŋŘśŜŚŘņńnjƨƪ
 ƢƪƦnjƢƪƨƸƣơƢƸƣơƣƸ úńŚśśœŐőřńţńŕŨœnj

 ƣơƦƸƣơƨƸƣơƩƸƣƢƣnj ÷śńœŕŨnjƧƣƸƨƥƸƣơƨ ƦƤnjƦƦƸƣơơ

”—’‚“—‚¯ȣ’•‰–¯ȣ“‚ȣ–™——œȣ—˜”–‰—œȣ‚–˜‚œȣȅǍǓnjnjȋǍǕǍǓȆ 231
 ëVWDQEXO%RêD]Ý  .LHY úńŚŠŨŗnjƢƣƨ úŝŏŨŕŦŇńŗnjƪƧ ýńŚŖńŚŐśnjƧƣ
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.ÝUJÝ].D\VDN%R]NÝUÝ úŝŚńnjƦƣ ýŋŕŲŊŲŏnjƦƦ

.DêÝ]PDQ  úńśŜńŖŝŗŐnjƢơơ úŝŚŕųŗŊśœńųŇŝŅŋŚŗŐųnj ýŋśŘřŘŜńŖŐųnjƢƤƨƸƢƧƣ

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 .DPÂDWND  úŋŕŋŗŊŋŚŐnjƨƢ úŝŜńŐśŐnjƢƨ ýŐŗŇŚŋŕŐųnjƢƧ
 
.DUDGDê úŋŚŅŋŕńnjƩƩ úŝŜŝŚnjƪƥ ýŐŗśœńųŇŝŅŋŚŗŐųnjƣƢƢƸ
 
 úŋŚšŦnjƣƢƦ úŝşńnjƩƩ ƣƢƩ
 

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.DUDGHQL] .Ý\ÝNÑ\
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ë]PLW njƤƦ
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ƦƦƸƦƧƸƧƢnjƧƥƸƨƢƸ ý
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  ƢƤƣƸƢƧƢƸƣƢƥ
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.XWDLVL ƣơƨ
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 212 ýńŗŇńŕŐųnjƣƥ
 .HOHQGHUL úŚŘŗţŜńŊŜnjƨƧ þŐŇŊŋnjƨƤ
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1. Imperii Orientalis et Circumja-
centium Regionum, sub Cons-
tantino Porphyrogenito et ejus
praedecessoribus descriptio.
Auctore Guillelmo Del’Isle e
Regia Scientiarum Academi-
a, ad novam editionem Libri
Constantini Porphyrogeniti
de Administrando Imperio
quae prodit studio Anselmi
Bandurii, Monachi Benedictini
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Imperii Orientalis et Circumja-

centium Regionum, sub Con-
stantino Porphyrogenito et ejus
praedecessoribus descriptio.
Auctore Guillelmo Del’Isle e
Regia Scientiarum Academ-
ia, ad novam editionem Libri
Constantini Porphyrogeniti de
Administrando Imperio quae
prodit studio Anselmi Bandurii,
Monachi Benedictini Ragusini
Melitensis cum ejus dem note
et animadversionibus. Paris:
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ńŚŠŐņ

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Proprias, Tributarias, Clientelares, ficut et omnes ejusdem
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Pont Evxin, tirée de Voyages et des Observations
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ŖŘŚųƸ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗńų ŗń ŘśŗŘņŋ řŝŜŋţŋśŜņŐő
Ő ŗńŅŕŲŊŋŗŐő ŊŚŋņŗŐŠ Ő śŘņŚŋŖŋŗŗŨŠƽ ĂŘśŜƽ
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où se trouvent les côtes de la Turquie, de l’Anatolie,
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śœŐőńŚŠŐņ

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ŕŋŗŗńų Őŏ ŖńŚţŚŝŜŘņƸ śŗųŜŨŠ šŐŗńŖŐ śņŐŜŨ òŇŘ
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ǃ ĂŘśŜƽ îŋŗŋŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń řŘŊřŘŕœŘņŗŐœ ëƽ
÷ƽ ýŋŗŊƽ ĂŗŐŖńŕ ŐŗŎŋŗŋŚǍœńřŐŜńŗ ăŐřŘŕŦŜƽ
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ŗŘ ǃ ĂŗŐŖńŕ Ő šŋŚŜŐŕ
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ŊńŚśŜņŋŗŗŨő ņŘŋŗŗŘǍŐ-
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Āŕńŗ Ňƽ ëŖńśŦųƸ śŗųŜŨő řŘśŚŋŊśŜņŘŖ śŋŜœŐƸ

śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŘő ŅŝśśŘŕŦŲƸ Ő ŘśŗŘņńŗŐųƸ ņŨŖŋ-
ŚŋŗŗŘŇŘ řŘņŜŘŚŋŗŗŨŖŐ ţńŇńŖŐ ǃ ĂŗŐŖńŕŐ
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ƥơơƽ āŋŕŦŋş ņ ţŜŚŐŠńŠƽ í ŕŋŇŋŗŊŋ ŭœśřŕŐœń-
ŢŐų ŝśŕŘņŗŨŠ ŏŗńœŘņƸ œŚńŜœŘŋ ŐŏņŕŋšŋŗŐŋ Őŏ
ņŘŋŗŗŘǍśŜńŜŐśŜŐšŋśœŘŇŘ ŘřŐśńŗŐų Ő ŘřŐśńŗŐŋ
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śŜņŘŖ śŋŜœŐƸ śŘśŜńņŕŋŗŗŘő ŅŝśśŘŕŦŲƸ Ő ŘśŗŘ-
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ĀŚŘśœŝŚųœŘņ Ő ŜŘřŘŇŚńş ÷ƽ ëƽ ÿŇŚńŗŘņŐšƽ ĀŘŊ
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ŚńŕŦŗŘŇŘ ţŜńŅń ţŜńŅśǍœńřŐŜńŗŘŖ Ăƽ ÷ƽ úŐţ-
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Ő šŋŚŜŐŕŐ ś ƣƩ ųŗņńŚų řŘ
Ƣƪ ŖńŚŜń ƢƩƨƩ Ňƽ úŘŚřŝśń
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ŗŨő ŜŘřŘŇŚńş ëƽ Ăƽ ăųřŐŗƽ
ĀŘŊřŐśńŕŐƽŊƽŗńšńŕŦŗŐœń
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řŘœńŏńŗŐŋŖ řŚŋŊřŘŕńŇńŋŖŨŠ ŘŅŘŚŘŗŐŜŋŕŦŗŨŠ
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ŜŋŕŦŗŨŠ řŘŏŐŢŐő œŚŋřŘśŜŐ Ő řŚŐŕŋŇńŲŤŐŠ œ
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