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Nelson
TEXTBOOK of
PEDIATRICS
Nelson
TEXTBOOK of
PEDIATRICS
EDITION 20
Robert M. Kliegman, MD
Professor and Chair Emeritus
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
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our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
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Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2007, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987, 1983, 1979, 1975, 1969, 1964, 1959
Printed in Canada
vi
Contributors vii
Marilyn C. Augustyn, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Impact of Violence on Children
viii Contributors
Mark L. Batshaw, MD Susanne M. Benseler, MD, PhD Joshua A. Blatter, MD, MPH
Professor and Chairman Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine Instructor in Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics University of Calgary Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and
Associate Dean, Academic Affairs Pediatric Rheumatologist, Section Chief Pulmonary Medicine
George Washington University Rheumatology Associate Director, Pediatric Lung Transplantation
School of Medicine and Health Sciences Alberta Children’s Hospital Center
Executive Vice-President Calgary, Alberta, Canada Washington University School of Medicine in
Chief Academic Officer and Physician-in-Chief Central Nervous System Vasculitis St. Louis
Children’s National Medical Center St. Louis, Missouri
Washington, DC Daniel Bernstein, MD Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Intellectual Disability Alfred Woodley Salter and Mabel Smith Salter
Endowed Professor in Pediatrics Archie Bleyer, MD, FRCP (Glasg)
Nerissa S. Bauer, MD, MPH Stanford University School of Medicine Clinical Research Professor
Assistant Professor Director, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Knight Cancer Center
Department of General and Community Pediatrics Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Oregon Health & Science University
Section of Children’s Health Services Research Palo Alto, California Chair, Institutional Review Board for St. Charles
Indiana University School of Medicine Cardiac Development Health System
Indianapolis, Indiana The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition Portland, Oregon;
Developmental-Behavioral Screening and History and Physical Examination Professor of Pediatrics
Surveillance Laboratory Evaluation University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Houston, Texas
Michelle L. Bayer, MD Disease Principles of Treatment (Cancer and Benign Tumors)
Resident Physician Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child with The Leukemias
Department of Dermatology Congenital Heart Disease Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Medical College of Wisconsin Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-to-Right
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Shunt Lesions Steven R. Boas, MD, FAAP, FACSM
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Obstructive Director, The Cystic Fibrosis Center of Chicago
Disorders of the Mucous Membranes Lesions President and CEO, The Cystic Fibrosis Institute
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Glenview, Illinois;
Richard E. Behrman, MD Lesions Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Nonprofit Healthcare and Educational Consultants Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of Northwestern University Feinberg School of
to Medical Institutions the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Medicine
Santa Barbara, California Respiratory Distress Chicago, Illinois
Overview of Pediatrics Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions Emphysema and Overinflation
Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
Michael J. Bell, MD Flow Other Distal Airway Diseases
Professor Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurologic Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Surgery, and Pediatrics Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Walter O. Bockting, PhD
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Malformations Professor of Medical Psychology (in Psychiatry and
Director, Pediatric Neurocritical Care Pulmonary Hypertension Nursing)
Director, Pediatric Neurotrauma Center General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Research Scientist, New York State Psychiatric
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Disease Institute
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Infective Endocarditis Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health
Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization Rheumatic Heart Disease Department of Psychiatry
Heart Failure Columbia University College of Physicians and
John W. Belmont, MD, PhD Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation Surgeons
Professor Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and New York, New York
Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Fistulas) Sexual Identity Development
Pediatrics, and Pathology and Immunology
Baylor College of Medicine Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, MBBS, PhD, Neal F. Boerkoel, MD, PhD
Houston, Texas FRCPCH, FAAP National Human Genome Research Institute
Genetics of Common Disorders Professor of Paediatrics, Nutritional Sciences, and National Institutes of Health
Public Health Bethesda, Maryland
Daniel K. Benjamin Jr., MD, PhD, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed
MPH Robert Harding Chair in Global Child Health and Diseases
Professor of Pediatrics Policy
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Co-Director, SickKids Centre for Global Child Natalija Bogdanovic, MD
Faculty Associate Director, Duke Clinical Research Health Department of Psychiatry
Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Boston Medical Center
Duke University Medical Center Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Boston, Massachusetts
Durham, North Carolina Founding Director, Centre of Excellence in Women Mood Disorders
Principles of Antifungal Therapy and Child Health
Candida The Aga Khan University, South Central Asia and Mark Boguniewicz, MD
East Africa Professor of Pediatrics
Michael J. Bennett, PhD, FRCPath, Karachi, Pakistan Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology
FACB Innovations in Addressing Child Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine
Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Survival in Low-Income Settings National Jewish Health
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Salmonella Denver, Colorado
Medicine Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Ocular Allergies
Director, Michael J. Palmieri Metabolic Disease Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Laboratory Samra S. Blanchard, MD
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Associate Professor of Pediatrics Daniel J. Bonthius, MD, PhD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Maryland School of Medicine Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid ß-Oxidation Baltimore, Maryland University of Iowa School of Medicine
Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Iowa City, Iowa
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Contributors ix
Brett J. Bordini Cynthia Etzler Budek, MS, APN/NP, Miguel M. Cabada, MD, MSc
Assistant Professor CPNP-AC/PC Research Associate, Tropical Medicine Institute
Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Lima, Peru;
Pediatric Hospitalist Medicine Adjunct Instructor of Medicine
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Transitional Care/Pulmonary Habilitation Unit Division of Infectious Diseases
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Plastic Bronchitis Chicago Galveston, Texas
Chicago, Illinois Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and
Kenneth M. Boyer, MD Chronic Severe Respiratory Insufficiency Echinococcus multilocularis)
Woman’s Board Professor and Chairman
Rush Medical College of Rush University E. Stephen Buescher, MD Derya Caglar, MD
Chicago, Illinois Professor of Pediatrics Assistant Professor
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Eastern Virginia Medical School Department of Pediatrics
Medical Director, Infection Control University of Washington School of Medicine
Amanda M. Brandow, DO, MS Medical Director, Clinical Microbiology Attending Physician
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Laboratory Division of Emergency Medicine
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters Seattle Children’s Hospital
Medical College of Wisconsin Norfolk, Virginia Seattle, Washington
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Drowning and Submersion Injury
Polycythemia
Non-Clonal Polycythemia Supinda Bunyavanich, MD, MPH Mitchell S. Cairo, MD
Anatomy and Function of the Spleen Assistant Professor Professor
Splenomegaly Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology,
Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy Genomic Sciences Microbiology and Immunology and Cell
Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Biology and Anatomy
†David Branski, MD Mindich Child Heath and Development Institute New York Medical College
Professor Emeritus Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Chief, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology,
The Hebrew University–Hadassah School of New York, New York and Stem Cell Transplantation
Medicine Diagnosis of Allergic Disease Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester
Jerusalem, Israel Principles of Treatment of Allergic Disease Medical Center
Disorders of Malabsorption New York Medical College
Chronic Diarrhea Carey-Ann D. Burnham, PhD Valhalla, New York
Assistant Professor of Pathology and Immunology Lymphoma
David T. Breault, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine in St. Lauren E. Camarda, MD
Harvard Medical School Louis Instructor in Pediatrics
Division of Endocrinology Medical Director, Clinical Microbiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Boston Children’s Hospital Barnes-Jewish Hospital Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts St. Louis, Missouri Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine
Diabetes Insipidus Diagnostic Microbiology Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of
Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Chicago
Metabolism and Action Gale R. Burstein, MD, MPH Chicago, Illinois
Clinical Professor Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis
William J. Britt, MD Department of Pediatrics
Charles A. Alford Professor of Pediatric Infectious State University of New York at Buffalo Bruce M. Camitta, MD
Diseases School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Rebecca Jean Slye Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Commissioner Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Neurobiology Erie County Department of Health Medical College of Wisconsin
University of Alabama Birmingham School of Buffalo, New York Midwest Children’s Cancer Center
Medicine Adolescent Physical and Social Development Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Birmingham, Alabama The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems Polycythemia
Cytomegalovirus Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents Non-Clonal Polycythemia
The Breast Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
Angela R. Bryan, MD Menstrual Problems Splenomegaly
Fellow in Pediatric Rheumatology Contraception Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
Duke University Health System Sexually Transmitted Infections Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
Durham, North Carolina Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Amaya L. Bustinduy, MD, MPH, FAAP, Lymphadenopathy
FRCPCH
Rebecca H. Buckley, MD Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group Angela J.P. Campbell, MD, MPH
J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics (PIDRG) Medical Officer
Professor of Immunology St. George’s University of London Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza
Duke University School of Medicine London, United Kingdom Division
Durham, North Carolina Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma) National Center for Immunization and Respiratory
Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal) Diseases
The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Atlanta, Georgia
Cells Influenza Viruses
Primary Defects of Antibody Production Parainfluenza Viruses
Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
Primary Combined Antibody and Cellular
Immunodeficiencies
†Deceased
x Contributors
David R. DeMaso, MD André A.S. Dick, MD, MPH, FACS Kelly A. Dougherty, PhD
George P. Gardner and Olga E. Monks Professor of Assistant Professor of Surgery Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Child Psychiatry Division of Transplantation University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Professor of Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine Medicine
Harvard Medical School Division of Transplant Surgery Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and
Psychiatrist-in-Chief and Chairman of Psychiatry Seattle Children’s Hospital Nutrition
The Leon Eisenberg Chair in Psychiatry Seattle, Washington Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Boston Children’s Hospital Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Boston, Massachusetts Intestinal Failure Nutritional Requirements
Assessment and Interviewing
Psychological Treatment of Children and Adolescents Brianne Z. Dickey, MD Alexander Doyle, MBBS
Psychopharmacology Resident Physician HHMI Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Psychotherapy Department of Dermatology Institute of Genetic Medicine
Psychiatric Hospitalization Medical College of Wisconsin Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Milwaukee, Wisconsin Baltimore, Maryland
Rumination and Pica Morphology of the Skin Marfan Syndrome
Motor Disorders and Habits Evaluation of the Patient
Mood Disorders Eczematous Disorders Daniel A. Doyle, MD
Suicide and Attempted Suicide Photosensitivity Chief, Division of Endocrinology
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Diseases of the Epidermis Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Autism Spectrum Disorder Nemours Children’s Health System
Childhood Psychoses Harry C. Dietz III, MD Wilmington, Delaware
Victor A. McKusick Professor of Medicine and Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis
Mark R. Denison, MD Genetics and Bone Metabolism
Craig-Weaver Professor of Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Hypoparathyroidism
Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease Molecular Biology and Genetics Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Osteodystrophy)
Nashville, Tennessee Director, William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Hyperparathyroidism
Coronaviruses Syndrome Research
Institute of Genetic Medicine Jefferson J. Doyle, MBBChir, MHS,
Arlene E. Dent, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MA
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Baltimore, Maryland Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases Marfan Syndrome Institute of Genetic Medicine
Case Western Reserve University School of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Medicine Lydia J. Donoghue, MD Baltimore, Maryland
Cleveland, Ohio Director, Trauma Center Marfan Syndrome
Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides) Children’s Hospital of Michigan
Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura) Detroit, Michigan Patrick C. Drayna, MD
Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis) Tumors of the Digestive Tract Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis) Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Patricia A. Donohoue, MD Medical College of Wisconsin
and Wuchereria bancrofti) Professor of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Other Tissue Nematodes Chief, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans) Medical College of Wisconsin Evaluation of the Sick Child in the Office and Clinic
Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) Program Director, Endocrine and Diabetes
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Stephen C. Dreskin, MD, PhD
Robert J. Desnick, MD, PhD Milwaukee, Wisconsin Professor of Medicine and Immunology
Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine Development and Function of the Gonads Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Professor and Chair Emeritus, Genetics and Hypofunction of the Testes Department of Medicine
Genomic Sciences Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes University of Colorado School of Medicine
Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Oncological Gynecomastia Aurora, Colorado
Sciences, and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Hypofunction of the Ovaries Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
Reproductive Science Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Lesions of the Ovary
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Disorders of Sex Development Beth A. Drolet, MD
New York, New York Professor of Dermatology
Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders) Mary K. Donovan, RN, CS, PNP Medical College of Wisconsin
Mucolipidoses Pediatric Nurse Practitioner and Care Coordinator Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Shriners Hospital for Children Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Structure Shriners Burns Hospital Principles of Therapy (Skin)
The Porphyrias Boston, Massachusetts Hyperpigmented Lesions
Burn Injuries Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
Gabrielle A. deVeber, MD, MHSc Cold Injuries Disorders of the Mucous Membranes
Professor of Paediatrics Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Director, Children’s Stroke Program John P. Dormans, MD Cutaneous Fungal Infections
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Professor and The Richard M. Armstrong Jr. Cutaneous Viral Infections
Staff Neurologist Endowed Chair Arthropod Bites and Infestations
Senior Scientist, Child Health Evaluative Sciences Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
The Hospital for Sick Children University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medicine
Pediatric Stroke Chief, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Anil Dhawan, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist Growth and Development
Pediatric Liver Centre Evaluation of the Child
King’s College London School of Medicine The Hip
King’s College Hospital NSH Foundation Trust Common Fractures
London, United Kingdom
Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption
Contributors xiii
Yigal Dror, MD, FRCP(C) Elizabeth A. Edgerton, MD, MPH Susan Feigelman, MD
Professor of Paediatrics Assistant Professor Professor, Department of Pediatrics
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive and University of Maryland School of Medicine
Head, Hematology Section Director, Marrow Community Health Baltimore, Maryland
Failure and Myelodysplasia Program George Washington University School of Medicine Overview and Assessment of Variability
The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Emergency Medicine Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Children’s National Medical Center The First Year
The Inherited Pancytopenias Washington, DC The Second Year
Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured The Preschool Years
Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS, FAAP Pediatric Patient Middle Childhood
Professor of Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Child Protection Marie E. Egan, MD Marianne E. Felice, MD
Director, Center for Families Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Respiratory) and Professor
Department of Pediatrics of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and
University of Maryland School of Medicine Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center Gynecology
Baltimore, Maryland Yale School of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School
Abused and Neglected Children New Haven, Connecticut Principle Investigator, National Children’s Study
Cystic Fibrosis UMass Study Center
J. Stephen Dumler, MD Worcester, Massachusetts
Professor of Pathology and Microbiology and Jack S. Elder, MD, FACS Adolescent Pregnancy
Immunology Chief of Pediatric Urology Adolescent Rape
University of Maryland School of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland Boston, Massachusetts Eric I. Felner, MD, MSCR
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) Urinary Tract Infections Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Typhus Group Rickettsioses Vesicoureteral Reflux Director, Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship
Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis Obstruction of the Urinary Tract Program
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Anomalies of the Bladder Director, Pediatric Clerkships
Neuropathic Bladder Emory University School of Medicine
Aubrey N. Duncan, MD Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction Atlanta, Georgia
Resident Physician Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Department of Pediatrics Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents Hypopituitarism
University of Rochester Medical Center Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
Rochester, New York Urinary Lithiasis Edward C. Fels, MD
Deformational Plagiocephaly Pediatric and Adult Rheumatology
Dianne S. Elfenbein, MD Rheumatology Associates, PA
Janet Duncan, MSN, CPNP Professor of Pediatrics Portland, Maine
Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Director, Division of Adolescent Medicine Vasculitis Syndromes
Palliative Care St. Louis University School of Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital St. Louis, Missouri Kora N. Felsch, MD
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Adolescent Pregnancy Hospitalist
Boston, Massachusetts Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center
Pediatric Palliative Care Stephen C. Eppes, MD, FAAP St. Louis, Missouri
Professor of Pediatrics Breast Concerns
Paula M. Duncan, MD Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson
Professor University Thomas W. Ferkol Jr., MD
Department of Pediatrics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Alexis Hartmann Professor of Pediatrics
University of Vermont College of Medicine Director, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Director, Division of Pediatric Allergy,
Burlington, Vermont Christiana Care Health System Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine
Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening, Wilmington, Delaware Washington University School of Medicine in
Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
Jeffrey A. Dvergsten, MD Jessica Ericson, MD Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome)
Duke University School of Medicine Duke University Medical Center
Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Durham, North Carolina Can H. Ficicioglu, MD, PhD
Duke University Health System Candida Associate Professor
Durham, North Carolina Department of Pediatrics
Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases Alessio Fasano, MD University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Visiting Professor of Pediatrics Medicine
Michael G. Earing, MD Harvard Medical School Director, Newborn Metabolic Screening Program
Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Chief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Division of Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Nutrition Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Division of Pediatric Cardiology Associate Chief, Department of Pediatrics, Basic, Phenylalanine
Medical College of Wisconsin Clinical, and Translational Research
Director, Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart Director, Center for Celiac Research Jonathan D. Finder, MD
Disease Program (WAtCH) MassGeneral Hospital for Children Professor of Pediatrics
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Boston, Massachusetts University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy) Attending Pediatric Pulmonologist
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Division of Pediatric Pulmonology
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Matthew D. Eberly, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
Uniformed Services University of the Health Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Sciences
Bethesda, Maryland
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
xiv Contributors
Walter S. Gilliam, MSEd, PhD Leslie B. Gordon, MD, PhD Larry A. Greenbaum, MD, PhD
Associate Professor Associate Professor of Pediatrics Research Marcus Professor of Pediatrics
Department of Psychology Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Director, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Child Study Center Providence, Rhode Island; Emory University School of Medicine
Director, The Edward Zigler Center in Child Department of Anesthesia Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Development and Social Policy Boston Children’s Hospital Atlanta, Georgia
Yale School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D
New Haven, Connecticut Boston, Massachusetts; Vitamin E Deficiency
Childcare: How Pediatricians Can Support Children Medical Director, The Progeria Research Vitamin K Deficiency
and Families Foundation Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Peabody, Massachusetts Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
Salil Ginde, MD, MPH Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Deficit Therapy
Division of Pediatric Cardiology Marc H. Gorelick, MD, MSCE Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
Medical College of Wisconsin Professor of Pediatrics
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Medical College of Wisconsin Anne G. Griffiths, MD
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Instructor in Pediatrics
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Charles M. Ginsburg, MD Evaluation of the Sick Child in the Office and Clinic Medicine
Senior Associate Dean for Academic Hospitalist, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Administration Jane M. Gould, MD, FAAP Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of
Professor of Pediatrics Associate Professor of Pediatrics Chicago
Marilyn R. Corrigan Distinguished Chair in Drexel University College of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Pediatric Research Attending Physician, Infectious Diseases Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children
Houston, Texas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Allison Grimes, MD
Animal and Human Bites Cryptococcus neoformans Fellow in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) University of Texas Health Sciences Center
John A. Girotto, MD, MMA, FAAP, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis San Antonio, Texas
FACS Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) Abnormal Hemoglobins Causing Cyanosis
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Hereditary Methemoglobinemia
and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Olivier Goulet, MD Hereditary Methemoglobinemia with Deficiency of
Director, Cleft and Craniofacial Anomalies Center Professor of Pediatrics NADH Cytochrome B5 Reductase
Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong University of Paris V—René Descartes
University of Rochester Medical Center Head, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology- Natalia M. Grindler, MD
Rochester, New York Hepatology and Nutrition Resident Physician
Deformational Plagiocephaly Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades/AP-HP Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Paris, France Washington University School of Medicine in St.
Lisa Giulino-Roth, MD Other Malabsorptive Syndromes Louis
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics St. Louis, Missouri
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Deanna M. Green, MD, MHS Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Weill Cornell Medical College Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
New York, New York Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Kenneth L. Grizzle, PhD
Lymphoma Medicine Associate Professor
Duke University School of Medicine Child Development Center—Brookfield
Frances Page Glascoe, PhD Durham, North Carolina Medical College of Wisconsin
Professor Cystic Fibrosis Brookfield, Wisconsin
Department of Pediatrics Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder: Dysfluency
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Michael Green, MD, MPH (Stuttering, Stammering)
Nashville, Tennessee Professor of Pediatrics and Surgery
Developmental-Behavioral Screening and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Veronique Groleau, MD
Surveillance Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and
Denise M. Goodman, MD, MS Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Nutrition
Professor Infections in Immunocompromised Persons Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Department of Pediatrics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Thomas P. Green, MD Nutritional Requirements
Medicine Founders’ Board Centennial Professor and Chair Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Department of Pediatrics
Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Andrew B. Grossman, MD
Chicago, Illinois Medicine Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis Physician-in-Chief University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Medicine
Alison Gopnik, PhD Chicago Co-Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory
Professor of Psychology and Affiliate Professor of Chicago, Illinois Bowel Disease
Philosophy Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
University of California at Berkeley Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Berkeley, California Pulmonary Edema Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Cognitive Development: Domains and Theories
xvi Contributors
David C. Grossman, MD, MPH Scott B. Halstead, MD Lindsay A. Hatzenbuehler, MD, MPH
Senior Investigator Group Health Research Professor of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellow
Institute University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine
Professor of Health Services British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital Texas Children’s Hospital
University of Washington School of Public Health Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Houston, Texas
Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics Arboviral Infections in North America Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
University of Washington School of Medicine Arboviral Infections Outside North America
Seattle, Washington Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Fern R. Hauck, MD, MS
Injury Control Yellow Fever Spencer P. Bass MD Twenty-First Century
Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Professor of Family Medicine
Alfredo Guarino, MD Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Departments of Family Medicine and Public
Professor Health Sciences
Department of Pediatrics Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MD Director, International Family Medicine Clinic
University of Naples Federico II Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine
Napoli, Italy Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Charlottesville, Virginia
Chronic Diarrhea SUNY Down State Medical Center Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Brooklyn, New York
Reut Gurion, DO Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae Fiona P. Havers, MD, MHS
Pediatric Rheumatology Fellow Chlamydia trachomatis Epidemic Intelligence Service Office
Division of Rheumatology Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza
University Hospitals Case Medical Center Division
Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital Aaron Hamvas, MD National Center for Immunization and Respiratory
Cleveland, Ohio Raymond and Hazel Speck Barry Professor of Diseases
Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis Neonatology Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Head, Division of Neonatology Atlanta, Georgia
Lisa R. Hackney, MD Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Influenza Viruses
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Chicago
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Jacqueline T. Hecht, PhD
Cleveland Clinic Foundation Medicine Professor and Division Head
Cleveland, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Leah L. Lewis Distinguished Chair
Hereditary Stomatocytosis Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood Pediatric Research Center
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Vice-Chair for Research
Related Deficiencies Abeer J. Hani, MD Department of Pediatrics
Resident Physician UT Health Medical School of Houston
Gabriel G. Haddad, MD Division of Pediatric Neurology Associate Dean for Research
Distinguished Professor and Chair Duke University Medical Center UT Health School of Dentistry
Department of Pediatrics Durham, North Carolina Houston, Texas
University of California, San Diego Seizures in Childhood General Considerations (Bone and Joint Disorders)
Physician-in-Chief Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
Chief Scientific Officer James C. Harris, MD Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
Rady Children’s Hospital Professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Disorders Involving Ion Transporters
San Diego, California Sciences, Mental Health, and History of Disorders Involving Transcription Factors
Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease Medicine Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Disorders for Which Defects Are Poorly Understood
Joseph Haddad Jr., MD Director, Developmental Neuropsychiatry or Unknown
Howard W. Smith Professor and Interim Chair Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Lawrence Savetsky Professor Baltimore, Maryland Sabrina M. Heidemann, MD
Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Professor
Surgery Department of Pediatrics
Columbia University College of Physicians and Mary E. Hartman, MD, MPH Wayne State University School of Medicine
Surgeons Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Director, Intensive Care Unit
Director, Pediatric Otolaryngology—Head and Washington University in St. Louis Co-Director of Transport
Neck Surgery Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Michigan
New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s St. Louis Children’s Hospital Detroit, Michigan
Hospital St. Louis, Missouri Respiratory Pathophysiology and Regulation
New York, New York Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
Congenital Disorders of the Nose J. Owen Hendley, MD
Acquired Disorders of the Nose David B. Haslam, MD Professor
Nasal Polyps Associate Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics
General Considerations and Evaluation (Ear) University of Cincinnati College of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine
Hearing Loss Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Charlottesville, Virginia
Congenital Malformations Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases Sinusitis
External Otitis (Otitis Externa) Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal
The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth Cincinnati, Ohio (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar
Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone Non–Group A or B Streptococci Cellulitis/Abscess
Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone Enterococcus
Frederick M. Henretig, MD
Joseph F. Hagan Jr., MD H. Hesham Abdel-Kader Hassan, MD Division of Emergency Medicine
Clinical Professor Professor of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Department of Pediatrics Chief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics
University of Vermont College of Medicine Nutrition Perelman School of Medicine
Hagan, Rinehart, and Connolly Pediatricians, The University of Arizona College of Medicine University of Pennsylvania
PLLC Tucson, Arizona Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Burlington, Vermont Cholestasis Biologic and Chemical Terrorism
Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening,
Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
Contributors xvii
C. Egla Rabinovich, MD, MPH Harold L. Rekate, MD, FACS, FAAP Elizabeth V. Robilotti, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Professor of Neurosurgery Associate Director, Infection Control
Duke University School of Medicine Hofstra Northshore School of Medicine Memorial Hospital Division of Infectious Diseases
Co-Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Director, The Chiari Institute Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Duke University Health System Harvey Cushing Neurosciences Institute New York, New York
Durham, North Carolina Great Neck, New York Legionella
Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease Spinal Cord Disorders
Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases Angela Byun Robinson, MD, MPH
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Megan E. Reller, MD, PhD, MPH Assistant Professor
Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon Assistant Professor of Pathology, Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics
Sjögren Syndrome International Health Case Western Reserve University School of
Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland Program Director, Pediatric Rheumatology
Leslie J. Raffini, MD Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) Cleveland, Ohio
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Typhus Group Rickettsioses Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Medicine Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis
Division of Hematology Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Genie E. Roosevelt, MD, MPH
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jorges D. Reyes, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Hemostasis Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Emergency Medicine
Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis Division of Transplantation University of Colorado School of Medicine
Thrombotic Disorders in Children University of Washington School of Medicine Denver Health Medical Center
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Chief, Division of Transplant Surgery Denver, Colorado
Seattle Children’s Hospital Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction
Octavio Ramilo, MD Seattle, Washington (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial
Henry G. Cramblett Chair in Medicine Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Tracheitis)
Professor of Pediatrics Intestinal Failure
The Ohio State University College of Medicine Liver Transplantation David R. Rosenberg, MD
Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases and Professor and Chair, Department of Psychiatry
Immunology Geoffrey A. Rezvani, MD Miriam L. Hamburger Endowed Chair of Child
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Assistant Professor Psychiatry
Columbus, Ohio Department of Pediatrics Psychiatrist-in-Chief
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Drexel University College of Medicine Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Center
Denia Ramirez-Montealegre, MD Metabolism Detroit, Michigan
Assistant Professor of Neurology St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children Anxiety Disorders
University of Virginia School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Division of Pediatric Neurology Novo Nordisk, Inc. David S. Rosenblatt, MD
UVA Children’s Hospital Princeton, New Jersey Holder, Dodd Q. Chu and Family Chair in Medical
Charlottesville, Virginia An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism Genetics
Ataxias Professor, Departments of Human Genetics,
Iraj Rezvani, MD Medicine, Pediatrics, and Biology
Asma Rashid, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics (Emeritus) Faculties of Medicine and Science
Department of Psychiatry Temple University School of Medicine McGill University
Boston Medical Center Adjunct Professor Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Pediatrics Methionine
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Drexel University College of Medicine Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Related Organic
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Acidemias
Giuseppe J. Raviola, MD Metabolism
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Global St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children Cindy Ganis Roskind, MD
Health and Social Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Assistant Clinical Professor
Harvard Medical School An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Director, Psychiatry Quality Program Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids Columbia University College of Physicians and
Boston Children’s Hospital Surgeons
Boston, Massachusetts A. Kim Ritchey, MD New York, New York
Autism Spectrum Disorder Professor of Pediatrics Acute Care of the Victim of Multiple Trauma
Childhood Psychoses Vice-Chair for Clinical Affairs
Department of Pediatrics A. Catharine Ross, PhD
Gerald V. Raymond, MD University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Professor and Dorothy Foehr Huck Chair
Professor of Neurology Division of Hematology/Oncology Department of Nutritional Sciences
University of Minnesota School of Medicine Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC The Pennsylvania State University
Chief of Pediatric Neurology Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University Park, Pennsylvania
University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview Principles of Diagnosis (Cancer) Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
Minneapolis, Minnesota Principles of Treatment
Disorders of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids The Leukemias Mary M. Rotar, RN, BSN, CIC
Infection Prevention and Control Coordinator
Ann M. Reed, MD Frederick P. Rivara, MD, MPH Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Professor of Pediatrics Seattle Children’s Guild Endowed Chair in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Chair, Department of Pediatrics Pediatrics Infection Prevention and Control
Physician-in-Chief, Duke Children’s Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Duke University University of Washington School of Medicine
Durham, North Carolina Seattle, Washington
Juvenile Dermatomyositis Injury Control
xxviii Contributors
xxxvi
lxviii Contents
VIDEOS
Video 304-1 Live Echinococcus granulosus protoscole,
Video 598-1 Severely limited level of consciousness and
movement disorder in a patient with anti-
NMDAR encephalitis after herpes simplex
encephalitis
Video 598-2 Improved level of consciousness in patient
shown in Video 598-1 following
immunotherapy
Video 598-3 Intact cognition in patient shown in Videos
598-1 and 598-2 after immunotherapy and
prolonged follow-up
Nelson
TEXTBOOK of
PEDIATRICS
PART
The Field of Pediatrics I
stage of industrialization and urbanization; (7) the gene frequencies
for some disorders; (8) the health and social welfare infrastructure
Chapter 1 available within these countries; and (9) political focus and stability.
The state of health of any community is defined by the incidence of
Overview of Pediatrics illness and by data from studies that show the changes that occur with
time and in response to programs of prevention, case finding, therapy,
Bonita F. Stanton and Richard E. Behrman and surveillance. To ensure that the needs of children and adults across
the globe were not obscured by local needs, in 2000 the international
community established 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to
be achieved by 2015 (http://www.countdown2015mnch.org). Although
Pediatrics is the only discipline dedicated to all aspects of the well- all 8 MDGs impact child well-being, MDG 4 (“Reduce by two-thirds,
being of infants, children, and adolescents, including their health; their between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate”) is exclusively
physical, mental, and psychologic growth and development; and their focused on children.
opportunity to achieve full potential as adults. Pediatricians must be Great strides have been made toward achieving the MDGs. Globally,
concerned not only with particular organ systems and biologic pro- there has been a reduction in under-5 mortality since 1990 from 90 to
cesses, but also with environmental, social, and political influences, 48 deaths per 1,000 live births, with a reduction from 15 to 6 deaths in
which have a major impact on the health and well-being of children developed countries and from 99 to 53 deaths in developing countries.
and their families. With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, all global
Children cannot advocate for themselves. As the professionals whose regions reduced their under-5 mortality rate by more than half from
entire purpose is to advance the well-being of children, pediatricians 1990 to 2012. There were nearly 13 million under-5 deaths in 1990;
must be advocates for the individual child and for all children, irrespec- 2006 marked the first year that there were fewer than 10 million deaths
tive of culture, religion, gender, race, or ethnicity or of local, state, or (9.7 million), which further decreased to 9.0 million in 2007, 8.8
national boundaries. The more politically, economically, or socially million in 2008, 7.6 million in 2010, and 6.6 million in 2012. Despite
disenfranchised a population or a nation is, the greater the need for these substantial successes, the annual rate of reduction in the global
advocacy for children. The young are often among the most vulnerable under-5 mortality rate of 3.9% remains below the MDG targeted rate
or disadvantaged in society and thus their needs require special atten- of 4.4%, necessary to achieve the goal of a 2 3 reduction in the 1990 rate
tion. As divides between nations blur through modern transportation, by 2015 (Fig. 1-1).
communication and economics, through global climate change, The infant mortality rate (deaths of children <1 yr) accounts for 83%
through contemporary means of warfare, and through uneven develop- of the under-5 mortality rate in industrialized countries, but only 64%
ment within and across countries, a global, rather than a national, of the rate in the least-developed nations. Neonatal (<1 mo) death
perspective for the field of pediatrics becomes both a reality and a contributes substantially to the under-5 mortality rate, growing in
necessity. The interrelation of health issues across the globe has achieved proportion as the under-5 death rate decreases. The neonatal mortality
widespread recognition in the wake of the SARS (severe acute respira- rate has been slower to decline. Globally, the neonatal mortality rate of
tory syndrome) and AIDS epidemics, expansions in the pandemics of 23 per 1,000 live births represents 57% of the infant mortality rate of
cholera and West Nile virus, war and bioterrorism, the tsunami of 2004, 40 per 1,000 live births and 40% of the under-5 death rate (up from
the global recession beginning in 2008, the “Arab Spring” beginning in 37% in 1990). The neonatal mortality rate is responsible for 50% of the
2010, and the growing severity of hurricanes and cyclones. under-5 mortality rate in industrialized nations, 40% of the rate in
More than a century ago, pediatrics emerged as a medical specialty developing countries, but only 33% in the least-developed countries.
in response to increasing awareness that the health problems of chil- Most of the decline in infant mortality in the United States and
dren differ from those of adults and that a child’s response to illness other industrialized countries since 1970 is attributable to a decrease
and stress varies with age. In 1959, the United Nations issued the in the birthweight-specific infant mortality rate related to neonatal
Declaration of the Rights of the Child, articulating the universal pre- intensive care, not to the prevention of low-birthweight births (see
sumption that children everywhere have fundamental needs and rights. Chapter 93).
Across the globe, there are significant variations in infant mortality
VITAL STATISTICS ABOUT CHILD HEALTH rates by nation, by region, by economic status, and by level of industrial
(See Also Chapter 1.1) development, the categorizations employed by the World Bank and the
From 1990 to 2010, the world population grew at an annual rate United Nations (Table 1-1; see also Figs. 1-8 and 1-9). As of 2012 three
of 1.3% per yr, down from 1.8% annually during the prior 20 yr. nations in the world still have an under-5 mortality rate of ≥150 per
The annual growth rate from 2010 to 2030 is expected to further 1,000 live births (Sierra Leone, 182; Angola, 164, Chad, 150), with
decline to 0.9%. Worldwide, children younger than age 18 yr account an additional 13 nations having ≥100 deaths per 1,000 live births.
for 2.2 billion (30%) of the world’s 7.02 billion persons. In 2010, there Although these 3 nations are among the poorest in the world, many of
were an estimated 135 million births worldwide, 121 million (90%) of their economic matches have enjoyed greater improvements in child
which were in developing countries. India, with 27.2 million births survival in recent years, demonstrating that economics are important
annually, is home to the largest number, followed by China at 16.5 but that other factors, such as political will, are also important. Simi-
million. larly, in 2012, the United States, with one of the 10 highest gross
Despite global interconnectedness, the health problems of children national incomes in the world, had an under-5 mortality rate of 7 per
and youth vary widely between and within populations in the nations 1,000 live births; 39 nations had lower under-5 mortality rates, with 9
of the world depending on a number of often interrelated factors. These countries having a rate of 3 and 2 countries having a rate of 2 per 1,000
factors include (1) economic considerations (economic disparities); (2) live births.
educational, social, and cultural considerations; (3) the prevalence and Causes of under-5 mortality differ markedly between developed and
ecology of infectious agents and their hosts; (4) climate and geography; developing nations. In developing countries, 66% of all deaths resulted
(5) agricultural resources and practices (nutritional resources); (6) from infectious and parasitic diseases. Among the 42 countries having
1
2 Part I ◆ The Field of Pediatrics
Sub-Saharan Africa 90% of childhood deaths, diarrheal disease accounted for 22% of
177 deaths, pneumonia 21%, malaria 9%, AIDS 3%, and measles 1%. Neo-
98 natal causes contributed to 33%. The contribution for AIDS varies
Southern Asia greatly by country, being responsible for a substantial proportion of
126 deaths in some countries and negligible amounts in others. Likewise,
58
there is substantial co-occurrence of infections; a child may die with
Oceania
HIV, malaria, measles, and pneumonia. Infectious diseases are still
74
55 responsible for much of the mortality in developing countries. In the
Caucasus and Central Asia United States, pneumonia (and influenza) accounted for only 2% of
73 under-5 deaths, with only negligible contributions from diarrhea and
36 malaria. Unintentional injury is the most common cause of death
South-Eastern Asia among U.S. children ages 1-4 yr, accounting for approximately 33% of
71 deaths, followed by congenital anomalies (11%), homicides (9%), and
30 malignant neoplasms (8%). Other causes accounted for <5% of total
Western Asia mortality within this age group (Table 1-2). Although unintentional
65 injuries in developing countries are proportionately less important
25 causes of mortality than in developed countries, their absolute rates
Northern Africa and their contributions to morbidity are substantially greater.
73 Just as economic status of a country as a whole is closely correlated
22
with child survival, so too is relative wealth within a country. Poorer
Latin America and the Caribbean
children in nations worldwide have higher death rates than their
54
19 wealthier national counterparts (Fig. 1-2).
Eastern Asia Causes of death vary by developmental status of the nation. In the
53 United States, the 3 leading causes of death among infants were con-
14 genital anomalies, disorders related to gestation and low birthweight,
Developed regions and sudden infant death (see Table 1-2). By contrast, in developing
15 countries, the majority of infant deaths are caused by infectious dis-
6 eases; even in the neonatal period, 24% of deaths are caused by severe
Developing regions infections and 7% by tetanus. Although immunization rates remain
99 higher in industrialized nations compared to developing nations, this
53 gap is closing. In 2010, immunization percentage rates against diph-
0 50 100 150 200 theria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and polio were in the mid-90s; com-
1990 2012 2015 target parable levels in developing countries were in the mid-80s, with rates
Figure 1-1 Despite substantial progress, the world is still falling short in the least-developed countries very close. In developing countries,
of the MDG child mortality target. Under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 29% of neonatal deaths are caused by birth asphyxia and 24% are
live births, 1990 and 2012 (deaths per 1,000 live births). (From Millen- caused by complications of prematurity.
nium Development Goals Report, 2014. New York, 2014, United A consistently robust predictor of infant mortality across the globe
Nations, p. 24.) is a poor level of maternal education (consequently, another of the
MDGs addresses the need for universal access to schooling for girls;
Fig. 1-3). Other maternal risk characteristics, such as unmarried status,
adolescence, and high parity, correlate with increased risk of postneo-
natal mortality and morbidity and low birthweight.
Table 1-2 Leading Causes of Death and Numbers of Deaths, According to Age: United States, 2010
AGE AND PERCENT OF
RANK ORDER CAUSE OF DEATH NUMBER TOTAL DEATHS
Under 1 yr All causes 24,586 100%
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 5,107 21%
Disorders related to short gestation and low birthweight, not elsewhere classified 4,148 17%
Sudden infant death syndrome 2,063 8%
Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy 1,561 6%
Unintentional injuries 1,110 5%
Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord, and membranes 1,030 4%
Bacterial sepsis of newborn 583 2%
Respiratory distress of newborn 514 2%
Diseases of the circulatory system 507 2%
Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy 472 2%
1-4 yr All causes 4,316 100%
Unintentional injuries 1,394 32%
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 507 12%
Homicide 385 9%
Malignant neoplasms 346 8%
Diseases of heart 159 4%
Influenza and pneumonia 91 1%
Septicemia 62 1%
In situ neoplasms, benign neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior 59 1%
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 52 1%
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 51 1%
5-14 yr All causes 5,279 100%
Unintentional injuries 1,643 31%
Malignant neoplasms 916 17%
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 298 6%
Suicide 274 5%
Homicide 261 5%
Diseases of heart 185 4%
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 133 3%
Cerebrovascular diseases 90 2%
In situ neoplasms, benign neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior 82 2%
Influenza and pneumonia 71 1%
15-24 yr All causes 29,551 100%
Unintentional injuries 12,341 30%
Homicide 4,678 16%
Suicide 4,600 16%
Malignant neoplasms 1,604 5%
Diseases of heart 1,028 3%
Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 412 1%
Cerebrovascular diseases 190 <1%
Influenza and pneumonia 181 <1%
Diabetes mellitus 165 <1%
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium 163 <1%
Adapted from National Center for Health Statistics: Health, United States, 2013: with special feature on prescription drugs. Hyattsville, MD, 2014, Department of
Health and Human Services, Table 23, p. 98.
THE CHANGING PEDIATRIC WORLD Bank as among the poorest nations (per capita income <$750/yr) have
A profound improvement in child health within industrialized nations invested heavily in infectious disease control through the development
occurred in the 20th century with the introduction of antibacterial of internal vaccine production capability. From 2000 to 2010, globally
disinfectants, antibiotic agents, and vaccines. Efforts to control infec- there was a 74% decline (with sub-Saharan Africa witnessing an 85%
tious diseases were complemented by better understanding of nutri- decline) in deaths caused by measles as a result of increased vaccina-
tion. In the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe, new and tion. As diarrheal diseases continued through the mid-1970s to account
continuing discoveries in these areas led to establishment of public for ≈25% of infant and childhood deaths in developing countries
well-child clinics for low-income families. Although the timing of (~4 million deaths per year at that time), attention turned to the
control of infectious disease was uneven around the globe, this focus development and utilization of oral resuscitation fluids to sustain chil-
on control was accompanied by significant decreases in morbidity and dren through potentially life-threatening episodes of acute diarrheal
mortality in all countries. The smallpox eradication program of the diseases. Oral rehydration solutions are largely credited with the
1970s resulted in the global eradication of smallpox in 1977. The intro- current reduction of diarrheal deaths annually to 1.5 million. Substan-
duction in the 1970s of the Expanded Program of Immunizations tial improvements have been witnessed in malaria control (global
(universal vaccination against polio, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, decrease of incidence by 17% and mortality rate by 25% since 2000).
tetanus, and pertussis) by the World Health Organization (WHO) and There have been substantial increases in the percent of households
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has resulted in an esti- having insecticide-treated bed nets and in treatment of children with
mated annual reduction of 1-2 million deaths per year globally. Rec- fever in endemic areas receiving antimalarial drugs.
ognizing the importance of prevention of infectious diseases to the In the later 20th century, with improved control of infectious dis-
health of children, several countries among the 50 ranked by the World eases (including the elimination of polio in the Western hemisphere)
4 Part I ◆ The Field of Pediatrics
Latin America and the Caribbean through both prevention and treatment, pediatric medicine in indus-
2.8 trialized nations increasingly turned its attention to a broad spectrum
Southern Asia of conditions. These included both potentially lethal conditions and
2.7 temporarily or permanently handicapping conditions; among these
disorders were leukemia, cystic fibrosis, diseases of the newborn infant,
Eastern Asia (excluding China) and South-Eastern Asia
congenital heart disease, mental retardation, genetic defects, rheumatic
2.3
diseases, renal diseases, and metabolic and endocrine disorders.
Northern Africa and Western Asia Increasing attention has also been given to behavioral and social
2.1 aspects of child health, ranging from reexamination of child-rearing
Caucasus and Central Asia practices to creation of major programs aimed at prevention and man-
1.7 agement of abuse and neglect of infants and children. Developmental
Sub-Saharan Africa
psychologists, child psychiatrists, neuroscientists, sociologists, anthro-
1.7 pologists, ethnologists, and others have brought us new insights into
human potential, including new views of the importance of the envi-
Developing regions ronmental circumstances during pregnancy, surrounding birth, and in
1.8 the early years of child rearing. The later 20th century witnessed the
0 1 3 beginning of nearly universal acceptance by pediatric professional
societies of attention to normal development, child rearing, and psy-
Higher mortality Equal Higher mortality among chosocial disorders across the continents. In the past decade, irrespec-
among the richest the poorest 20%
20%
tive of level of industrialization, nations have developed programs
addressing not only causes of mortality and physical morbidity (such
Note: Analysis is based on 73 developing countries with data on under- as infectious diseases and protein-calorie malnutrition), but also
five mortality rate by household’s wealth quintile, accounting for 71 factors leading to decreased cognition and thwarted psychosocial
percent of total births in developing countries in 2010.
development, including punitive child-rearing practices (whether at
Figure 1-2 Ratio of under-5 mortality rate for children from the home or in school) and wife abuse, child labor, undernutrition, war,
poorest 20% quintile of households to children from the richest 20% and poor-quality schooling. Obesity is recognized as a major health
of households, 2000/2010. (From Millennium Development Goals risk not only in industrialized nations, but increasingly in transitional
Report, 2012. New York, 2012, United Nations, p. 28.) countries. Progress at the turn of the 21st century in unraveling the
human genome offers for the first time the realization that significant
genetic screening, individualized pharmacotherapy, and genetic
manipulation will be a part of routine pediatric treatment and preven-
Northern Africa and Western Asia tion practices in the future. The prevention implications of the genome
3.3 project give rise to the possibility of reducing costs for the care of illness
1.9 but also increase concerns about privacy issues (see Chapter 3).
Although local famines and disasters, and regional and national
Latin America and the Caribbean
wars have periodically disrupted the general trend for global improve-
3.3
ment in child health indices, it was not until the advent of the AIDS
1.6
epidemic in the later 20th century that the first substantial global
Southern Asia erosion of progress in child health outcomes occurred. This erosion
2.3 resulted in ever-widening gaps between childhood health indices in
1.5 sub-Saharan Africa compared to the rest of the world. From 1990 to
Eastern Asia (excluding China) and South-Eastern Asia 2002, life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa decreased from 50 yr to
2.1 46 yr. However, as of 2008, it had returned to 52 yr and in 2012 was
1.3 56 yr. Wide distribution of effective antiretroviral therapy (Fig. 1-4),
aggressive HIV prevention education, and increased access to antitu-
Sub-Saharan Africa bercular drugs have been important in these successes, but continued
2.0 successes will require sustained international support. Despite this
1.4 positive news, children with HIV remain the least-likely group to
Developing regions receive antiretroviral treatment. Despite these gains, diseases once con-
2.7 fined to limited geographic niches, including West Nile virus, and
1.5 diseases previously uncommon among humans, such as the avian flu
virus, increased awareness of the interconnectedness of health around
0 1 2 3 4 the world and the impact of global warming. Formerly perceived as a
Higher Equal Higher mortality among children of less problem of industrialized nations, motor vehicle crashes are now rec-
mortality among educated mothers ognized as a major cause of mortality in developing countries.
children of
educated mothers MORBIDITIES AMONG CHILDREN
Adequately addressing special healthcare needs is important in all
Children of mothers with no education compared to children of
countries, both to minimize loss of life and to maximize the potential
mothers with secondary or higher education
of each individual.
Children of mothers with no education compared to children of In the United States, ≈70% of all pediatric hospital bed days are for
mothers with primary education
chronic illnesses; 80% of pediatric health expenditures are for 20% of
Note: Analysis is based on 78 developing countries with data on under- children. Approximately 14% of U.S. children have special healthcare
five mortality rates by mother’s education, accounting for 75 needs, ranging from 10% to 19.8% across the 50 states and the District
percent of total births in developing countries in 2010. of Columbia. One in 5 households with children had ≥1 children with
Figure 1-3 Ratio of under-5 mortality rate of children of mothers with special healthcare needs (see Chapter 42). Significantly, more poor
no education compared to the rate of children of mothers with higher children and minority children have special healthcare needs.
education. (From Millennium Development Goals Report, 2012. New Although there are numerous chronic conditions and the prevalence
York, 2012, United Nations, p. 28.) of these disorders vary by population, 2 of these morbidities—asthma
Chapter 1 ◆ Overview of Pediatrics 5
Table 1-4 Infant, Neonatal, and Postnatal Deaths and Mortality Rates by Specified Race or Origin of Mother: United
States, 2009 and 2010
Mortality Rate Per 1,000 Live Births
RACE OF MOTHER YEAR(S) INFANT NEONATAL POSTNATAL
All races 2007 6.4 4.2 2.2
2008 6.1 4.0 2.1
White 2007 5.3 3.5 1.9
2008 5.2 3.5 1.8
Black or African American 2007 12.1 8.0 4.2
2008 11.2 7.3 3.9
American Indian or Alaska Native 2007 8.3 4.3 4.0
Asian or Pacific Islander 2007 4.3 3.0 1.3
Hispanic or Latino 2007 5.3 3.6 1.7
Mexican 2007 5.1 3.5 1.6
Puerto Rican 2007 7.1 4.8 2.3
Cuban 2007 3.8 2.9 2.1*
Central and South American 2007 4.4 3.0 1.4
Other and unknown 2007 6.1 4.0 2.1
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
White 2007 5.2 3.4 1.8
Black or African American 2007 11.5 7.5 4.0
Adapted from National Center for Health Statistics: Health, United States, 2013: with special feature on prescription drugs, Hyattsville, MD, 2014, Department of
Health and Human Services, Tables 11, p. 98, and 17, p. 71.
*2009.
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myself continually for my disobedience. I never disobeyed him
before, and I seem to see his eyes full of reproach fixed upon me,
and to hear his voice—Oh, Arthur! Arthur!”
“Let me see the letter, darling.”
Neva extricated it from the folds of her dress, and gave it to him.
They halted while he read it. A look of surprise, wonder and
incredulity mantled Lord Towyn’s face as he read. It was followed by
a sternness that well became his fair and haughty face.
“I pronounce the letter a forgery!” he declared. “May I keep it, Neva,
for the present? I desire to show it to Mr. Atkins, who shall give us
his opinion on the handwriting.”
“Yes; keep it,” assented Neva.
Lord Towyn carefully put it in his pocket.
“I pronounce the letter a forgery,” he repeated sternly. “How did it
come to you, darling?”
“Lady Wynde gave it to me on my return from France. Papa desired
her to retain it for a year. Who would forge such a letter, Arthur?”
“I don’t know. I am puzzled. One cannot suspect Lady Wynde, and
yet—and yet—I don’t know what to think, Neva. I don’t believe Sir
Harold ever saw Rufus Black.”
“Rufus says he never saw papa, or that he never spoke to him,” said
Neva. “And that remark made me doubt the letter. But Rufus never
forged it, Arthur. Rufus is a kind-hearted, but weak-willed boy—he is
no more. If he had more ‘backbone’ in his character, he would be
even noble. I like him, Arthur, and I know he never wrote that letter.
Lady Wynde did not. She is too good for that. It might have been
written by Craven Black. I do not like him, and think him quite
capable of the forgery, only so many of the words are papa’s own
that it seems wicked to doubt its authenticity.”
“I will prove it a forgery!” cried the young earl. “Sir Harold was
incapable of binding your fate in this manner to a man you never saw
before it was written. There is some foul conspiracy against you,
Neva, but we have outwitted your enemies. I am impatient to have
you under my own guardianship. The possibility that you have
enemies makes me afraid to trust you from me. Give up this visit to
Wynde Heights, darling.”
“It is too late, Arthur. We shall stay there but a fortnight, and I have
promised to go. Papa bade me love his wife and obey her, and
though she no longer bears his name, and I no longer owe her
obedience, yet I have given my word to go up to Yorkshire with her,
and must keep my promise.”
“But when you return, Neva, you will marry me? Do not condemn me
to a long probation. Let us be married quietly some morning at
Wyndham church, after due intimation to our friends. Shall it not be
so?”
Neva yielded a shy assent.
“We will be married a month hence, Neva?” whispered the ardent
young lover.
“Two months,” said Neva, smiling. “I must not be too lightly won,
Lord Towyn. And, besides, I must have the orthodox trousseau. I will
tell Mrs. Black of our engagement when I am with her at Wynde
Heights. Rufus is not going with us, nor is Artress.”
They had threaded the wood and come out upon the highway long
since while they were talking, and were now within sight of
Hawkhurst. Rufus Black was riding out of the great gates, on his way
to meet Neva. The tete-a-tete of the young pair was over for the
morning, and recognizing the fact, and not wishing to proclaim his
happy secret to his defeated rival, Lord Towyn made his adieus to
Neva, begging her to write him daily from Yorkshire, which she
promised to do, and, then raising his hat to Rufus Black, the young
earl spurred his horse and rode swiftly on toward Wyndham.
Neva returned home with Rufus.
On Monday morning, Mr. and Mrs. Craven Black, accompanied by
Miss Wynde, departed for Wynde Heights.
On Wednesday, Lord Towyn looked for a letter from his young
betrothed. None came. Thursday, Friday and Saturday went by, and
still there came no letter from Neva, announcing her safe arrival in
Yorkshire.
The young earl wrote every day, his uneasiness increasing as the
time passed. He communicated his alarm to Sir John Freise and Mr.
Atkins, and they telegraphed to the clergyman of the little town in
whose vicinity Wynde Heights was situated, begging him to call and
see if Miss Wynde was in good health.
The answer to this dispatch came promptly, and also by telegraph. It
was to this effect:
“Sir John Freise and Mr. Atkins: Wynde Heights is
untenanted, save by the housekeeper. Miss Wynde has
not been here, nor have Mr. and Mrs. Black.”
On receipt of this astounding message, the young earl posted up to
town, as did Sir John Freise and Mr. Atkins. They searched for the
missing heiress and her guardians, but their search was futile. Not a
trace of her could be found. She had come up to London with her
enemies, but no further clue to her could be found. She had
completely disappeared, and her fate was shrouded in dark and
horrible mystery!
CHAPTER II.
THE PUZZLE OF NEVA’S WHEREABOUTS.
On going up to town with Sir John Freise and Mr. Atkins to engage in
the search for Neva Wynde, who had so strangely and mysteriously
disappeared, Lord Towyn had left orders with the steward of his
marine villa to forward to him in London without delay any and all
letters that might arrive to the address of the young earl. And so,
while he prosecuted his researches with desperate energy, Lord
Towyn half expected by every post some news from his young
betrothed.
The three guardians of Neva’s estate were sadly puzzled and
thoroughly alarmed, but for Neva’s own sake they kept the mystery
to themselves. Mr. Atkins urged that no detectives be taken into their
confidence, and that no newspapers be permitted to publish the
strange story.
“We shall do as well as any detectives,” said the attorney, “and if
there is any game afoot, we will not set the villains who are at work
in it upon their guard.”
“Villains?” echoed Sir John Freise disapprovingly. “The thing is
mysterious, Mr. Atkins, but it is susceptible of explanation. Had it not
been for Miss Wynde’s promise to write daily to Lord Towyn, and her
failure to comply with that promise, we should have suspected no
harm. ‘Villains’ is a strong word to apply to Miss Wynde’s
companions. Miss Wynde may have fallen ill on the way to Wynde
Heights, or the plan of the tour may have been changed. In fact, one
of these alternatives doubtless contains the truth. But ‘villains,’ Mr.
Atkins—the word troubles me. To whom do you apply it? Certainly
not to the beautiful lady who was the wife of our friend Sir Harold
Wynde, and who was so loved and trusted by him that he constituted
her the sole personal guardian of his beloved daughter?”
“And who so appreciated her husband’s love and noble qualities,”
said Mr. Atkins dryly, “that in one year from his tragic death she was
receiving the loving attentions of a Craven Black, and in fifteen
months after Sir Harold’s death became the wife of a Craven Black!
Bah! I was never deceived in Lady Wynde, not even when Sir Harold
brought her home to Hawkhurst. She is a bold, designing,
unscrupulous creature, and it is as well that Sir Harold died before
she broke his heart.”
“Mr. Atkins, your harsh judgment amazes me—”
“I imagine, Sir John Freise,” said the attorney, “that in your secret
soul your opinion of Mrs. Craven Black is much higher than mine.
Have you been blind to the insatiable vanity, and the vulgarity and ill-
taste of the widow of Sir Harold Wynde, who, fifteen months after
losing the noblest husband the sun ever shone on, converts that
husband’s house into a ball-room, and sets his church bells ringing
and his tenantry dancing at her marriage with a gambler and
adventurer, unworthy even to breathe the same air with Sir Harold’s
pure young daughter? You look shocked, Sir John. If it were
necessary, I could give you my further opinion concerning Mrs.
Craven Black, but you are sufficiently shocked already.”
“You said, Mr. Atkins,” said Lord Towyn, “that you thought Mrs. Black
unscrupulous. I cannot believe her as base as you think, but I have a
question to submit to you and Sir John. When I asked Miss Wynde to
become my wife, she told me that it had been her father’s last wish
that she should marry Rufus Black—”
“Impossible!” cried Sir John and Mr. Atkins, in a breath.
“Miss Wynde showed me a letter purporting to have been written by
Sir Harold the night before his sudden death,” said Lord Towyn. “I
have the letter with me, and a study of it may throw light upon a
matter that certainly looks dark to me. I could almost make oath that
the deceased baronet never wrote this letter. It deceived Neva
completely, if it prove, as I have declared it, a forgery.”
He produced the letter, and gave it into the hands of Mr. Atkins. The
attorney read it aloud, weighing each phrase and turn of sentence.
“Sir Harold wrote it,” declared Sir John Freise, without hesitation. “I
have heard him express himself in those quaint, oddly turned
sentences a hundred times. Those pet names for his daughter, so
tender and poetical, were surely written by him. Miss Wynde
accepted the letter as genuine, and I do the same without question.”
“And you, my lord?” inquired Atkins.
“It seems to me a forgery,” said Lord Towyn. “Rufus Black confessed
to Neva that he had had no personal acquaintance with Sir Harold
Wynde.”
“That is odd,” declared Sir John, puzzled. “Perhaps Sir Harold was
not quite in his right mind when he wrote the letter. His presentiment
of approaching death may have unsettled his judgment; but that is
preposterous. I can’t explain the incongruities, but I persist in my
opinion that Sir Harold Wynde wrote the letter.”
“What is your opinion, Mr. Atkins?” demanded Lord Towyn.
“Where is Rufus Black?” asked the lawyer abruptly.
“Down at Hawkhurst. He remains there during the absence of the
bridal party,” answered the young earl in surprise.
“And Rufus Black has confessed to Miss Wynde that he was not
personally acquainted with Sir Harold Wynde?” mused the attorney.
“My opinion about young Black is, that he is a well-meaning but
weak-souled lad, just the person to be made a dupe or instrument in
the hands of more unscrupulous and daring souls. I don’t dislike the
boy. If he were his own master, or had a different father, he’d be a
decent fellow.”
“What do you think of his father, Atkins?” inquired Sir John.
“I think he’s a villain.”
“And what do you think of this letter, Atkins?” asked Lord Towyn.
“I think,” said Atkins quietly, “that it is a forgery. More, I know that it is
a forgery. Sir Harold Wynde was too tender a father to attempt to
control his daughter’s choice of a husband in a manner so singular.
The truth is, Craven Black has begun some sort of game against the
Wyndes, and if it don’t date further back than Sir Harold’s death, I
am mistaken. I see you look distressed, Sir John, so I will keep my
ideas to myself until I can prove their value. Lord Towyn, will you
allow me to retain this letter for the present, to study at my leisure?”
The young earl assented, and Atkins secured the letter on his
person.
“And now what are we to do?” asked Sir John.
“I shall take a turn up into Yorkshire, and have a look at Wynde
Heights for myself,” said Atkins. “You had better remain here, Sir
John, and not expose yourself to useless fatigue.”
“I shall go with you, Atkins,” declared the young earl.
Sir John Freise was anxious to accompany them, but he was
scarcely able to bear the fatigue of so hurried a journey, and
permitted himself to be overruled. He agreed to remain at their hotel,
the Langham, until the return of his friends from the north, and that
very evening Lord Towyn and Mr. Atkins departed for Yorkshire.
They arrived in due time at Wynde Heights, a lofty hill, crowned with
a beautiful, wide spreading villa, built after the Italian style, and
having long colonades. There were ample grounds attached to the
villa, a hundred acres or more in extent. Lord Towyn and Mr. Atkins
drove out to the place in a cab, and alighting at the carriage porch
rang loudly for admittance.
An old housekeeper, a Yorkshire woman, with a broad face and quiet
manners, and with but little of the usual Yorkshire burr in her speech,
opened the door cautiously after a long delay, and peeped out at
them with apparent timidity.
“How do you do, ma’am?” said the lawyer, raising his hat to her
respectfully. “We have called to see Miss Wynde and Mrs. Craven
Black.”
“The leddies are not here, sir,” answered the housekeeper.
“Not here!” exclaimed Atkins. “But Mrs. Black said they were coming
here.”
“Her leddyship wrote to me to have the house ready for her, after her
new marriage,” said the housekeeper, “and to engage servants,
which I did. And about two weeks ago I got a letter from her
leddyship, telling me to dismiss the servants and shut up the house,
as her leddyship had decided not to come to the Heights, and I
obeyed orders.”
“Will you show us that letter?” demanded the lawyer. “We are the
guardians of Miss Wynde’s estate, and find it necessary to see the
young lady at the earliest possible moment. We expected to find her
here, but the letter may afford us some clue to her whereabouts.
This gentleman is Lord Towyn, and I am William Atkins, the attorney
of the Wynde family.”
The housekeeper threw wide open the door of the house. Both
names were familiar to her, and she welcomed the visitors as those
having a right to the hospitalities of the place.
“Come in, my lord; come in, sir,” she exclaimed. “I will get the letter
for you.”
The visitors followed her into a cool, unused parlor, and seated
themselves, while the woman hurried away in quest of the letter of
which she had spoken.
“I had an idea that the Blacks might be stopping here secretly,” said
Atkins, in a low voice; “but I’ve changed my mind, my lord. They
have not been here. The housekeeper’s face is honesty itself. We’ll
have to look elsewhere. I’m sorry we’ve wasted time on the wrong
tack.”
The housekeeper reappeared with the letter. Lord Towyn and Mr.
Atkins read it. It had been written by Mrs. Craven Black, and was to
the effect that she had changed her mind, and that the bridal party
would not come north that season, and ordering the newly engaged
servants to be dismissed, and the house to be again closed.
Atkins sighed, as he restored the letter to the housekeeper.
“We are much obliged to you ma’am,” he said, “and now we must
hasten back to London. If you hear from your mistress, be kind
enough to drop me a line at my address. There’s my card. But it’s not
likely you will hear from Mrs. Black before we do.”
The visitors bade the housekeeper good morning, and hurried back
to the railway station in their cab, catching the down train, and
speeding on their way to London.
“I don’t believe our party is in England,” said Atkins musingly, as they
steamed swiftly down the line to the southward. “It would be like the
Blacks, if they had any game afoot, to make for the Continent. Our
next point is to make inquiries at the docks, or at the railway
stations.”
They arrived in London in the morning, and hastened to the
Langham hotel, where they had an interview with Sir John Freise,
who was looking worn and ill under all this suspense and anxiety.
The three gentlemen devoted the day to visiting the various railway
stations and offices of the Continental boats. They visited also the
foreign packet-boats lying in dock, and toward evening learned from
the steward of an Ostend boat, that a party such as was described,
consisting of two ladies and one gentleman, had crossed the
Channel to Ostend at about the time indicated by Atkins.
“Thank Heaven! We are on the track!” breathed Sir John.
“Atkins and I will start for Ostend by way of Dover this very night,”
said Lord Towyn, all ardor and impatience.
Atkins drew out a golden sovereign, which he held tantalizingly
before the eyes of the steward.
“Answer a few more questions,” said the attorney, “and this is yours,
my good fellow. Describe the gentleman who accompanied the two
ladies.”
The steward hesitated, eyeing the coin with greedy eyes.
“He was tall and fair, with mustaches,” he said slowly, as if fearing
the description would not suit his interlocutor, “and he was dressed in
black.”
“That would describe Craven Black well enough,” murmured Sir
John.
“And the ladies?” questioned Atkins. “How did they look?”
“One was some years older than the other, and was dark, with black
eyes. The young lady had lighter hair. They were going on to
Brussels, and I took it that the elder lady and gentleman were newly
married,” said the steward, “they were that sickish, begging your
pardon.”
“There’s no doubt we are on the right track,” cried Sir John, in a tone
of relief.
Atkins paid the steward the promised sovereign, and led the way
ashore and to the waiting cab.
“To the hotel,” he ordered.
The gentlemen entered the vehicle and hastened back to the
Langham. Atkins was very thoughtful and silent during the journey,
but as they drove up to the hotel he said:
“We are tired Lord Towyn, and must have rest. I propose that we
sleep here to-night, and go on to Dover and Ostend in the morning. I
know how anxious and impatient you are, but we must not overtask
our strength. You look quite worn out.”
“It is with anxiety then,” said the young earl. “I am eager to go on, Mr.
Atkins, but will wait till morning as you counsel.”
The three gentlemen ascended to their private parlor which they
shared in common. As they entered the room, a man who was
standing at one of the windows, looking out, turned and came
forward to meet them.
He was the steward of Lord Towyn’s marine place.
“You here, Sewel?” exclaimed the young earl. “Is anything the
matter?”
The steward, an elderly man, with a rugged countenance, as gnarled
as an old oak, yet full of kindly warmth, shook his head as he
answered:
“There’s nothing wrong, my lord; but you ordered any letters to be
sent to you, and knowing how anxious you were, I feared the letter
might miscarry, and here it is. I brought it myself.”
“A letter!” cried the three gentlemen in chorus, having no thought of
any letter save the one they so much desired.
“It’s in a lady’s hand, and that’s why I brought it,” said the steward.
He took out his pocket-book and drew from it a small square
envelope, daintily addressed and sealed.
Lord Towyn uttered a cry of joy, recognizing the handwriting at once.
“It is from Neva!” he ejaculated.
He hurried with it to a window, turning his back on his friends, and
tore open the envelope, disclosing a four-page letter, signed with the
name of Neva Wynde.
“Ah!” he cried aloud. “It is dated Brussels.”
“We were on the right track then,” said Atkins exultantly.
The young earl perused his letter with a glad heart.
It was very tender and very sweet, full of delicate allusions to their
betrothal, and was indeed such a letter as only a woman could write,
yet the young lover was not satisfied. The letter lacked the
straightforward simplicity that distinguished Neva, and it seemed to
Lord Towyn to lack also sincerity. It had been written from the head
rather than from the heart, and his first great joy and gladness gave
way to a sudden and terrible sense of disappointment.
The steward, seeing that he was not wanted, went quietly from the
room, intent upon securing his dinner.
Mr. Atkins and Sir John Freise approached our hero, and the baronet
laid a kindly hand upon the young earl’s shoulder.
“Forgive us for interrupting your happy reverie, Lord Towyn,” he said,
“but we are very anxious. Miss Wynde writes from Brussels, and in
good spirits? We have been troubling ourselves for nothing?”
The young earl did not look around, nor did he speak. He only
clutched the letter tighter in his fingers.
“We have got into a panic for nothing,” said Atkins, smiling. “We will
keep the joke to ourselves. I would not have Mr. Black curling his
cynical lips over our folly, not for worlds. No doubt Miss Wynde
satisfactorily explains her previous silence, my lord, and we are free
to return home again, wiser if not better men?”
The young earl turned to his companions now, and they started
when they saw how deadly pale he was, and what a look of terror
and anguish gleamed from his warm blue eyes.
“Miss Wynde is not ill?” cried Sir John.
Lord Towyn raised his arm, waving the letter in the air.
“This letter is in Neva’s handwriting, and signed with her name,” he
said, in a strained voice. “It purports to come from her, but, before
God, I believe it to be a forgery! My instinct tells me that Neva never
wrote it. We are upon the wrong track. Neva is not at Brussels.
Perhaps she is not out of England. She is in the hands of her
enemies, who have formed some foul conspiracy against her, and
we, O God! are powerless to save her!”
CHAPTER III.
AN ADVERTISEMENT QUICKLY ANSWERED.
As the hour drew near for the arrival of the expected guest at Sandy
Lands, a suppressed excitement pervaded the pert little villa from
basement to attic. The servants had all received orders to wait upon
Mrs. Wroat with the utmost alacrity, and some notion of her wealth
and eccentricity had been conveyed to them, together with the idea
that Mr. and Mrs. Blight entertained “expectations” of inheriting the
old lady’s fortune at her death.
Mr. Blight had remained at home upon this day, in order that his
aunt-in-law might not conceive herself neglected by him. He was
dressed in his Sunday garments, and was practising a smile of
welcome, which had somewhat a sickly look, contrasted as it was
with his anxious eyes, and uneasy, apprehensive manner.
“Everything hangs upon this visit,” he muttered to himself, as he
stood at the parlor window, watching the road. “The old creature is a
bundle of whims and caprices, and if she should leave her money to
a charity we are undone. Our expenses are so heavy that I can no
longer meet them. The old woman must make her will in my favor!”
Mrs. Blight had attired herself in a tightly fitting gown of red silk,
through which her rotund figure threatened to burst at any moment,
and she wore a massive gold chain, a necklace, bracelets and
brooch, so that she might have personated at a fancy ball the
character of an animated jeweller’s shop.
“What have you got on all that jewelry for?” demanded Mr. Blight,
glancing at his wife, as she complacently surveyed the reflection of
her stout person and flushed face in the long mirror.
“Why?” said Mrs. Blight, with a degree of worldly wisdom for which
her husband, it is to be feared, had never given her credit, “there’s
nothing like making the old woman think we are prosperous. Money
brings money. If Aunt Wroat sees us haggling about the butcher’s
bills and the school bills, she may think her money is going into a
bottomless bucket. But if she sees us apparently rich, and without
money cares, she will be more anxious to leave her money to us.”
“That’s so,” said Mr. Blight. “I wish she’d come. Upon my soul, I do.
Why didn’t my uncle leave me his money, and give his wife an
annuity? In that case, I shouldn’t have cared what became of her,
and I certainly would not have been dancing attendance upon her.
All our care,” he added sourly, “and all our flattery will go for nothing
if the children are not kept out of the way. And there the young
savages come pellmell down the stairs.”
“The ‘young savages!’” moaned Mrs. Blight, in terrible reproach.
“Have you the soul of a father? Can you call your own offspring
savages, as if they were the children of a red Indian, or of cannibals?
I’ll send the poor dears back to the school-room. Between you and
your horrible old aunt, the poor darlings are in terror of their lives.”
Mrs. Blight hastened out into the hall, but it was now empty. The
young governess and the nurse had captured all of the refractory
brood save Leopold, and had conveyed them back to the school-
room. Leopold had made good his escape into the garden, and was
now careering about like a young colt, shouting at the top of his
voice.
Mrs. Blight, hearing the noise made by her offspring, was full of
terror lest her guest should arrive, and encounter the terrible infant at
the gate of Sandy Lands. She rang the bell violently, and ordered
Miss Bird to take charge of her pupil immediately. Lally descended to
the garden to obey this command, and at the very moment when he
chose to yield to her persuasions and be led away captive, a heavily
laden cab drove up to the garden door, and the garden bell was rung
violently.
The smart housemaid hastened to give admittance to the visitor, and
the youthful Leopold, greatly excited at the prospect of seeing Mrs.
Wroat, whom he detested, but cordially loved to annoy, struggled in
Lally’s grasp. The young girl drew her charge into the shadow of a
clump of trees, and stood there, panting and flushed, just as the
visitor’s luggage was brought in in advance of the visitor herself.
First came three large trunks, a bandbox in a green cotton bag, a
parrot in a cage, who croaked and chattered and muttered hoarse
threats, and a blue silk family umbrella.
And then followed the queerest old lady Lally had ever seen. She
leaned upon the arm of a tall, angular, hatchet-faced woman, her
maid and constant attendant, who spoke to her mistress with a
loving gentleness a mother might exhibit toward her child, but which
sounded strangely from her thin, compressed lips, and who guided
the faltering steps of her mistress with the tenderest care.
It was the old lady, however, upon whom Lally’s gaze was fixed with
strange intensity. She was thin and withered and bent, a mere wreck
of a woman who had been in her day handsome, graceful and
spirited. She was nearly eighty years of age, and her hands, incased
in black knitted mittens, through whose open meshes her bony
fingers showed, clasped a gold-headed staff, which partially
supported her, the maid giving her an arm.
The old lady wore an old-fashioned brocade gown, a big traveling
cloak, a white frilled cap, and a huge scuttle-shaped bonnet, such as
had been worn in her early prime. But her eyes were black and keen
and penetrating, full of sparkle and brightness; her hooked nose was
prominent like an eagle’s beak; and her mouth was curled habitually
in a strangely cynical smile or sneer.
The old lady gave a quizzical glance up at the doorway, in which
stood Mr. and Mrs. Blight with outstretched arms, and then looked
toward Lally. The young girl shrank back, and hurried in at the rear
porch and up stairs with her young charge, just as Mrs. Wroat came
in at the front door and was received by her connections with loud
exclamations of welcome.
The visitor was installed in her own apartments, and she did not
emerge from them for the remainder of the day. Mr. Blight went to his
office. A supernatural stillness reigned throughout the villa. Mrs.
Wroat chose to appear at dinner, which was served at Sandy Lands
at seven o’clock; and Mr. Blight was then at home to give her his arm
into the dining-room, and to pay her all necessary attentions.
She looked, as Mrs. Blight privately remarked to her husband, “like a
witch of Endor,” in her dinner costume of black velvet, with a scarlet
velvet circular cloak thrown about her thin bent figure, and with her
keen black eyes peering sharply out of her sallow face. She only
needed a scarlet hood over her gray, wild looking hair, to complete
her resemblance to one of the witches who are fabled to meet in
lonely wood at midnight, to stir devilish messes in boiling caldrons.
But then she wore a set of very fine diamonds, and even a “witch of
Endor,” with diamonds, would have been handsomely treated by
Mrs. Blight.
The old lady was not as courteous as a female Chesterfield. In fact
she snapped out spiteful remarks with the utmost unconsciousness
of the rising anger of host or hostess, taking a malicious pleasure in
stirring up their evil passions, knowing that they dared not give vent
to them. It may be that she comprehended their time-serving,
speculating natures, and realized that they paid court to her only for
her money.
“Miserable wine!” she commented, with a wry face, as she set down
her glass. “Gladstone, isn’t it, Charles? It comes at four and six the
dozen bottles, I believe. I never buy it myself. I prefer to take
wormwood and vitriol undiluted.”
The lawyer flushed. He prided himself on being a connoisseur of
wines, and having the choicest cellar in Canterbury.
“That’s real port, Aunt Wroat,” he exclaimed—“of the vintage of ’42.”
“Oh, they told you that, did they?” asked the old lady. “These cheap
wine dealers are up to all sorts of tricks. I am surprised that you
should have been taken in so, nephew Charles. At your time of life a
man should have some judgment of his own.”
Mr. Blight bit his lips furiously, and his wife fancied she heard the old
lady chuckle softly to herself, but a glance at her did not confirm the
impression.
Presently the old lady opened an attack upon the lawyer’s wife. She
looked at her though a quizzing-glass, and exclaimed suddenly, with
apparent astonishment:
“Laura, do you think it good taste to wear all that Brummagem? If I
could not get real gold, I wouldn’t put on servant’s ornaments; I
wouldn’t indeed.”
“But these are real gold, Aunt Wroat,” said Mrs. Blight, her voice
trembling with annoyance.
“Tut, tut,” said the old lady severely. “Don’t contradict me. I have
been used to good jewelry all my life, and ought to know it when I
see it. Good gold! Ha, ha! If you don’t know good gold, ask your
cook.”
Mrs. Blight nearly choked with rage, and sulked during the remainder
of the dinner, or until her husband threw her a warning glance that
reminded her that she could not afford to quarrel with their eccentric
relative.
Several times during the repast the host and hostess were stirred to
anger they dared not exhibit, and several times Mrs. Blight fancied
she heard the old lady chuckle to herself, but of this she could not be
quite sure. The Blights fawned upon their wealthy guest, swallowed
her insults, and smiled distractedly at her deadliest thrusts. But both
drew a sigh of relief when the old lady had been carried back into the
drawing-room.
“May be she’ll go to her room now?” whispered Mrs. Blight to her
husband, as the old lady fanned herself vigorously, and appeared
oblivious of their existence.
“No such good luck,” returned the lawyer ill-naturedly. “She ought to
be shut up in a lunatic asylum, the old nuisance. If it wasn’t for her
money, she might die in an alms-house before I’d give her shelter.”
The whisper was not low, but then Mrs. Wroat was supposed to be
“as deaf as a post,” and of course she could not hear a sound so
faint and indistinct. Mr. and Mrs. Blight had frequently vented their
opinions much more loudly before her. But there was an odd snap in
her eyes on this occasion, as they thus whispered to each other, and
again Mrs. Blight fancied she heard a malicious chuckle, but the old
lady fell to coughing in a frightful manner, and the lawyer’s wife had
no time for fancies, believing the old lady likely to die on the spot.
When the paroxysm was over, and Mrs. Wroat began to breathe
freely, Mrs. Blight said, not without nervousness:
“You have a terrible cold, Aunt Wroat. Don’t you do anything for it?”
“It’s a cold that’ll last me my days,” said Mrs. Wroat. “It’s
consumption.”
“Do you employ a doctor for it?” asked the lawyer.
“Death is the best doctor,” answered the old lady, with grim
facetiousness. “He’ll cure it for nothing. This is my last visit to you,
Charles. I sha’n’t last much longer.”
“Oh, I hope you will live twenty years yet, and visit us every year!”
cried Mrs. Blight. “Dear Aunt Wroat, we love to have you with us.”
“Yes, I know it,” said Mrs. Wroat, with another odd snap in her witch-
like eyes. “I know it, my dear. It’s time to settle my affairs. I am
thinking of making my will soon.”
The Blights tried to look unconcerned, but failed. Their curiosity and
anxiety displayed themselves in their features.
“Shall you leave your money to a charity, dear Aunt Wroat?” inquired
Mrs. Blight caressingly.
“No, no! I shall leave it to—But don’t ask me. You’ll know in good
time.”
The lawyer looked significantly at his wife.
“She means to leave it to us!” he whispered. “The old nuisance will
pay us for our trouble at last.”
It was singular that just then another fit of coughing attacked the old
lady. When it was over, she said sharply:
“I’ll go to my room. I want to be composed, or I sha’n’t sleep a wink
to-night. We’ll visit to-morrow, but I am tired after my journey. I
should like some one to play a little music for me in my room, but I
don’t want any sentimental songs from your girls, Laura.”
“The governess will sing and play for you, dear Aunt Wroat,” said
Mrs. Blight. “She has orders to obey you during your visit, and you
can command her at any or all hours.”
“Then send her to me in half an hour. Charles, you can carry me up
stairs.”
The lawyer obeyed the intimation, carrying the old lady up to her own
room and depositing her in her armchair. The maid was in
attendance, and the lawyer and his wife bade their guest an affecting
good-night, and retreated to the drawing-room to speculate upon
their prospects and the state of Mrs. Wroat’s health.
“Shut the door, Peters,” said the old lady. “And you might open the
windows and air the room after those people’s presence.”
Peters obeyed. She was wont to humor all the whims of her
mistress.
“Did you find them the same as usual, ma’am?” she asked.
“Just the same, Peters,” and the old lady sighed. “They call me ‘an
old cat’ and ‘a nuisance’ in whispers, and ‘dear Aunt Wroat’ out
aloud. Miserable hypocrites! I wanted to give them a last chance, but
they have ruined their prospects with me. Bah! A pair of fawning,
treacherous cats! They will never get a penny of my money beyond a
guinea to buy a mourning ring.”
“What shall you do, ma’am? Leave your money to a charity?”
“No, I won’t do that. I won’t have it scattered and doled out in
sixpennies and shillings, when the whole sum might go to enrich
some deserving person. I’ll leave you an annuity, Peters. You’re the
only true friend I have on earth.”
The woman caressed the withered hand of her old mistress with
genuine affection.
“Have you given up all hope of finding your own relatives, ma’am?”
she asked. “You tracked your niece until after her marriage with a
corn-chandler, and have discovered that she died, leaving one child,
a daughter, and that her husband died also. The girl may live,
ma’am. She’s the last of your blood, and surely it’s better to give to
your own kin than to undeserving connections or to strangers.”
“But I can’t find the girl,” sighed the old lady. “I’d adopt her and leave
her my money, if she was deserving of it; but I’ve set detectives to
look for her, and they have failed to discover anything except that her
moonstruck parents named her the ‘The Vailed Prophet,’ or ‘Lalla
Rookh,’ or some such nonsense. They did find out that she had been
educated like a lady—her mother was a lady—and that she had
taught music, or drawing, or something. But she may be dead by this
time.”
“We might advertise for her,” cried the maid all enthusiasm. “We
could say, if Miss So and So would call at such a place, she would
hear of something to her advantage. I do wish you would leave your
money to some nice young lady, instead of these people below. I’ll
write the advertisement immediately. What is the name of your great-
niece, Mrs. Wroat?”
“It’s Kubla Khan, or Lalla Rookh Bird,” answered the old lady. “There
was a crack in my niece’s brain, as was shown by her marriage with
a corn-chandler, and by the naming of her child. I wonder what kind
of a bird the corn-chandler was,” and Mrs. Wroat laughed queerly.
“He left his daughter not one penny to bless herself with. Write the
advertisement, Peters, at once. What geese we were not to have
thought of an advertisement before. If I can find and cage my Bird,
Peters, and it turns out a good and worthy Bird, I’ll leave her the
whole of my fifty thousand pounds, and you shall have an annuity,
Peters, and live with her and take care of her. She’s only a child—not
over seventeen.”
Peters brought out her mistress’ portable writing-desk, and sat down
before it to pen the required advertisement. Being unused to
composition, she spoiled a dozen sheets of paper before she
produced the following, which she read aloud to her mistress:
“If Miss Lalla Bird will apply to the undersigned she will
hear of something to her advantage. M. W., Mount street,
London, W.”
“That will do,” cried Mrs. Wroat delighted. “M. W.—Maria Wroat. Very
good. We’ll have it in all the London papers. Make a dozen copies of
it, and address them to a dozen different papers. You shall get the