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WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES
JUDY TAYLOR
vi Contents
Glossary 349
References 358
Index 386
xiii
FIGURES
3.1 Typology of community structures (power networks) 64
8.1 Levels and types of engagement 166
16.1 The spidergram 328
TABLES
6.1 Typology of conceptual approaches to community work 111
7.1 Practice frameworks for community work 133
15.1 Community plan content 306
16.1 The evaluation steps 343
16.2 Evaluation timeline planner 346
PHOTOS
Use of the term ‘community’ in Fremantle, Western Australia, outside a politician’s
office 13
Women take on rice planting in Nepal while their menfolk are outside the country 29
The heritage narrative on the water tank—Charters Towers has been affectionately
known as ‘The World’, reflecting citizens’ views that the town had everything 65
The park action: ‘We didn’t save the park but we gained a community’ 88
Through the work of the Mt Theo Program, Warlpiri children now grow up in an
environment where petrol sniffing no longer dominates youth culture. They are the
Petrol Free Generation 125
Advocacy to save our reef 181
Here is a community garden, established in a city suburb, that involves
a number of partnerships operating effectively 226
In Nepal, community participation blends with work, family, relationships,
and getting things done 250
The Kora Cycle Challenge, Patan Durbar Square, Kathmandu 262
This building, an old police station, is now known as The Station, a
community mental health centre, the members of which became expert
in participatory action research 336
xiv
PREFACE
Introduction
This book is based on my practice and that of my friends working in communities
in all parts of Australia and in Nepal. The experience I have had in working with
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander friends in Western Australia, Queensland, and
South Australia has been illuminating and the more I learnt the more I knew I didn’t
know. The same goes for my experience as an Australian Volunteer for International
Development in the Ministry of Health and Population in Nepal in 2013 and 2014. As
I write this I am listening to the devastating impact of the earthquake in Nepal. This is
a resilient country and humble in the face of adversity and I am hoping that resilience
will overcome.
Long and vigorous debates with Queensland government colleagues in community
services development in the 1990s helped develop some of the concepts on which
this book is built. We asked questions about why some programs worked in some
communities and not in others and why some communities took action and others
didn’t. I think we are still looking for answers, but some of the ideas about community
structure and functioning are helpful. As an academic, I have had the luxury of trying to
refine concepts about community work, such as community participation, community
sustainability, and community partnerships, through research with communities and
that too has been enlightening.
This book explores the space between practising community work and
conceptualising it—what we do and the theory and concepts that we use in doing
it. This space is a little bit tricky because some of the concepts we use are ephemeral
and our practice is sometimes tenuous and cautious. So uncovering the space
is important as it releases our energy and passion. For example, discovering what
‘purposive developmental relationships’ (Owen & Westoby, 2012, p. 309) might
mean in practice takes us to central Australia. We explore Andrew Stojanovski’s
purposive developmental relationships with Warlpiri elders to establish the Mt Theo
Petrol Sniffing Prevention Program in the remote desert Aboriginal community of
Yuendumu. Learning about why some communities take action leads us to suburban
Adelaide and we examine the community work residents undertook fighting to protect
their neighbourhood. They didn’t win the fight, but as it turned out, other things were
important—like relationships.
In writing this book I have used ‘we’ instead of ‘I’ and in doing this I am hoping
that the reader will be coming along with me. We will be exploring, questioning, and
enjoying reading about working with communities.
xx Preface
still win to some extent, because people have felt the joy, the heartache, the challenge,
the uncertainty, the anger, warmth, and fun of belonging and working together.
Opportunities for community work are found in working with individuals,
talking with people to understand community issues, and getting to know the social
structures and networks operating in the community. This puts the practitioner in
a sound position to promote the community work options when they occur, even
though they are rarely up front. If you are thinking ‘community’ and understand
the way the community concerned functions, there will always be opportunities for
community work.
The other thing is that communities take action themselves—all the time. Generally
though, community members don’t write of their experiences. The conceptual analysis
comes externally from the community, often from developers who have the ‘head space’
and the motivation to do this. Really, working with communities is about realising the
energy the community has to set its own course (Botes & van Rensburg, 2000).
116 PART 2 Conceptual Approaches and Practice Frameworks
GUIDED TOUR industry which government has a stake in because the members are recipients of
funding. Government determined the key elements of participation in a top-down
approach. Consider the community work value of social inclusion in contrast to the
government approach.
Linking theory and practice to help Case study THE STATE COMMUNITY INCLUSION FORUM
you engage with the real world 6.3
The state government established a community forum to enable statewide networks
of community service agencies—a community of interest—to have input into social
Throughout the text, case studies inclusion policy. Most of the networks were composed of agencies that received
government funding and this was an explicit criteria for participation. The government
demonstrate the relationship between personnel talked about the industry rather than a community. There was considerable
unrest about the criteria as this meant that advocacy organisations that did not receive
theory and practice by illustrating key government funding, who were not part of the government’s definition of the industry,
were excluded. The relevant state government department provided a secretariat and
ideas introduced in each chapter, and a part-time project worker. The worker’s role included identifying who could be
critical reflection questions invite you included and organising the agenda items requested by different state government
agencies. Increasingly, the business of the forum became focused on government
to stretch your understanding and agencies providing information about their new programs. The intention being that
the member networks would publicise these initiatives. There was insufficient time
independent thinking. at meetings to properly discuss the issues brought forward by the community service
networks. It became difficult to maintain a community-initiated agenda. Members
felt they were ‘owned’ by government, and it was the goals of government agencies
that were in focus, with little space to meet the needs of the networks. There was
discussion among many of the network representatives of oppositional strategies to
enable networks to have a voice.
CRITICAL REFLECTION
1 What are the key features of the instrumental approach in this case study?
2 If an instrumental approach is used what are more appropriate ways of working with
the community to achieve government objectives?
3 How might the community work value of commitment to social inclusion sit with the
184 PART 2 Conceptual Approaches and Practice Frameworks
government approach to formulating the policy?
4 What challenges might arise if the agenda is increasingly focused to government
history of advocacy for the interests and rights of the ACCHO. When reading this needs?
example consider what might be the issues, in addition to funding, that NACCHO
is lobbying government to address. For more information about NACCHO go to
http://www.naccho.org.au.
people who were pushing this idea, by using my whitefella skills for organising
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Zo veul um’ maar wil heb. San. Hoe, om aan ’t spit te braên?
Vetlasoepe, hem by de mouw vattende.
Ouï monsieur, allons! San. Neen, neen, dat zel niet gaen.
Vetl. Ze zel je buik nok fol met hoendre stop, en snippen.
San. „Wat raed, och laecie! om dien tovenaer te ontslippen?
„Hy wil me aen ’t spit braên, en myn buik mit hoendervleis
„En snippen stoppen, en dan vreet hy me ook wel reis!
Vetl. Ze zel een kuld verdien, aan ’t spit, mon kammerade:
Ho! daar koom jou mon heer.
DERDE TOONEEL.
VIERDE TOONEEL.
VIJFDE TOONEEL.
Sanche. Dat was een veldslag. Och, wat raed! wat raed! mijn lyf!
Baz. Hoe Sanche, hebje een wond? San. Een wond? ja meer als
vyf,
Ik bin wel ruim half dood! hael al de sarezynen,
Van ’t hiele dorp, ik ly een pyn van alle pynen!
Baz. Waar zyt ge dan gequest! San. Och! och! ik weet het niet,
’k Loof ’an men linkerbil; och! was het nooit ’eschied.
Och! droevig ongeval! Don Qu. Hoe kan dat mooglyk wezen.
Gy zat daar in den boom te trillen, en te vreezen,
Gy waart niet in ’t gevecht. San. Dat weet ik wel, maer ik
Bin tot der dood gequest, alleenig van de schrik.
Don Qu. Swyg Sanche; ’k heb de walg van al uw zottigheden.
Baz. Hoe droevig ik ook ben ’k vermaak me in zyne reden.
Don Qu. Een weinig zotteklap vermaakt zomtyds den geest;
Maar veel is walglyk. San. ’k Heb hier lang ’enoeg ’eweest,
In dit betoverd bosch. Baz. Kom, laat ons dan vertrekken,
Wy zullen ’t huis terstond de tafel laaten dekken.
San. Wel keuning harsepan, dat ’s een gezegend woord.
De schafklok luidt al in myn darmen, gaen we voort.
Baz. Heer ridder Donquichot, ’k denk dat gy ligt zult merken,
Hoe dat de tovenaars nu zoeken uit te werken,
Met all’ hun konsten, dat ik nooit myn tweede ziel,
Myn lief Quiteria verkryg: zo ’t u beviel,
Zoude ik verzoeken, dat uw’ dappere arm mogt styven
Een zek’re minnelist, die ik hier zal bedryven.
Don Qu. Zyn Majesteit gebiede, ik volg uw hoog bevel,
Al moest ik stormen op het voorburg van de hel.
San. Wel holla! hé, men heer, dat zou gevaerlyk wezen;
Kreeg jy een koegel in je poort, wie zou ’t geneezen?
Daer had Dulcinea dan eerst wat kostlyks aen.
Don Qu. Swyg Sanche. Baz. Ridder, gy behoeft niet ver te gaan.
Ik heb uw dapperheid op deze plaats van noode.
Don Qu. ô Sire, hadden flus die tov’naers, door een snoode
En schelmsche tovery, myn zwaerd niet vast gemaakt,
Zo had ’er zekerlyk niet een van weggeraakt.
Ik had hem met myn zwaerd...
Baz. Vernieuw niet ’t geen we weeten.
San. Je blyft hier praeten, denk je lui wel iens om eeten?
ZESDE TOONEEL.
Bazilius. Daar ginder komt een man, die vol gedachten is,
Het is de bruidegom Kamacho, naar ik gis.
San. Daer komt de tovenaer, ja zeker, zonder liegen,
Die kerel heit verstand om deur de lucht te vliegen.
Don Qu. Dat kan door zulk een volk in korten tyd geschiên.
San. Nu zendt Dulcinea een minnebrief misschien.
Ik ken het zien, myn heer, de kaerel heit ’evlogen
Want hy lykt moe te zyn, hy heitje niet bedrogen.
Kam. Daer is de ridder mit Bazilius... Don Qu. Staa vast.
Kam. Och! och! Baz. Hou ridder! wagt tot ik het u belast,
Dit is geen vyand, maar een van myn beste vrinden.
Kam. „Die ridder ziet, of hy me leevend wou verslinden.
Don Quichot, tegen Kamacho.
Zyt gy de tov’naar die voor my vliegen zou’
Naar myn Dulcinea? ja, zekerlyk, ’k vertrouw
Dat gy... Baz. Hy is het niet, myn heer, gy zyt bedrogen.
Kam. Och! neen, ik ben het niet. San. Dan heb ik drek in de oogen.
Hy is ’et ummers zelfs. Baz. Heer ridder, ik beken
Dat ik verwonderd van die toveryên ben.
’k Zou haast gelooven, dat die guits om ons te plaagen
Zich zo verand’ren, om de bruiloft te vertraagen,
En dat ’er iemand van hun volk ook op de bruid
Verliefd is. San. Dat’s vast, dat’s deuze, of ’k bin een guit.
Baz. Neen dit ’s Kamacho, ’t is een huysman van de vroomen,
Zo ver men tellen kan, met eeren voortgekomen.
Kam. Wel jae, men vaertjes peets, peets, koes broers zusters zeun
Was burgemiester van ongs dorp, toen vegters Teun,
En Lou, voor ruiter, met Dikdalf naer Neêrland gingen.
San. Bin jy zo’n hans? wel man, ’t zyn wongerlyke dingen.
Dan weetje ’t wel, dat jy die tovenaer niet bent.
Je hebt hem wel gezien, zou ’k denken, hier omtrent?
Don Qu. Myn vriend, het is my leet. Dan zyt gy de verkeerde?
Kam. Ja jonkers. Wou je ’t doen dat jy je zo verneêrde,
En quam te brulleft. Bloed ’k heb zukke lekk’re wyn,
Ze zellen daetlyk met den hiele brui hier zyn.
Baz. Wy zullen in het kort uw’ wyn eens komen proeven.
Kam. Ik geef vry lapis. San. Langst, hoe wil ik kommen snoeven
An jou boeteljes, ’an jou vaetjes, ’an ’t gebraed,
’k Mag wel een koes buik vol, al bin ik juist gien vraet.
Kamacho, tegen Don Quichot en Sanche.
Dan zyn we vrinden? Don Qu. ’k Zal my tegens u niet kanten:
Gy zyt des konings vrind.
Sanche, met Kamacho gaan willende.
Ja, broêrs als olifanten.
’k Gae mit je opdrossen. Don Qu. Hou, hou, Sanche, wat is dit?
Kamacho tegen Sanche.
Ik blyf hier man. San. ’k Wou zien waer ’t patersvaetje zit.
Of alias den wyn. Had Sanche die gedachten,
Van daeg te brulleft! Kam. ’k Zal u t’zaemen hier verwachten.
ZEVENDE TOONEEL.
NEGENDE TOONEEL.
Sanche alleen.
TIENDE TOONEEL.
ELFDE TOONEEL.
TWAALFDE TOONEEL.
Kamacho. Zaeg op, en dangs eraais ter eere van men bruid.
Hier moet gedanst worden.
Leontius, tegen Kamacho.
Wat dunkt u? Kam. Wonger wel, die dangsers haelen uit,
’k Ken ook een beetje, datje ’t zag je zou et pryzen.
Leont. Gy bruîgom! Kam. Zaeg eens op; een van de nieuwste
wyzen.
Hy danst.
Wat zegje bruidje lief, ée? ’t meisje is wat beschaamd.
Nou dans iens mitme. Quit. Neen.
Kam. Waerom niet? Quit. Het betaamt
My niet. Kam. Als wy ’etrouwd zyn, dan zelje ummers willen?
Dat zin nog bientjes, heé! kyk, kyk iens hoe ze drillen,
Daer zittenze nog in; wat bliefje... Treza jans,
Zing nou iens op: hiel mooij, gien ydeljaens of frans.
De boerin zingt.
Kam. Wat zegje bruidje lief, wat dunkje van het zingen?
Kom gimme nou een zoen; ik kan me niet bedwingen...
Wat zo myn slokkertje! Kom droogers, in ’et rongd
De maeisjes iens ’ezoend. Wat zo dat is ’ezongd.
Leont. Waar blyft de heer Pastoor? Kam. Dat ken ik niet bedenken.
Leont. Daar is hy. Kam. Ha, dat’s goed! ik moet hem eens
beschenken.
DERTIENDE TOONEEL.
Boerin.
Boer.
Ha monsieur poere,
Dat hebje wel begyn
’Um zelze loeren.
Daar ’s elk un roemre wyn.
Keef nou de meid ’un zoen.
Ze zel ’t um laaten doen;
Ze kan zo snoeprik kyken:
De meid is vry meer groen,
Als ’um wel lyken.
Boer.
Boerin.
Boer.
VEERTIENDE TOONEEL.
Bazilius, in ’t zwart, met een pook onder zijn’ mantel, Valasko, Don
Quichot, Meester Jochem, gevolg van Edellieden, Kamacho, en de
rest van ’t voorgaande Tooneel.
VYFTIENDE TOONEEL.
Pastoor, Bazilius.
ZESTIENDE TOONEEL.