Bpi^dÄi c`k{od^\

A_r\m_ L+ Bj_t

? K J P A J E @ K @ A H ? = L ó P Q H K

= J = PK I ó= AR=HQ =?Eò J @A H= BQJ?EòJ D ALñ PE? =

Qid_\_ `nomp^opm\g =i{gdndn _` g\ ]dgdmmp]di\
BEOEK HK C ó= Qmj]dgdiÄb`ij `i jmdi\ t c`^`n
Bpi^dÄi `s^m`ojm\ t n`^m`ojm\ I`_d^dÄi _` gjn {^d_jn ]dgd\m`n `i `g np`mj
=^odqd_\_ kmdi^dk\g _` n}io`ndn Lmp`]\n `iudh {od^\n `i g\ `ia`mh`_\_ c`k{od^\
@`ndiojsd^\^dÄi t h`o\]jgdnhj _` a{mh\^jn Lmp`]\n _` h`_d^dÄi _` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ ndio|od^\
PN=OPK NJ K O @AH D óC=@K _`g c}b\_j
E^o`md^d\ Lmp`]\n _` h`_d^dÄi _`g h`o\]jgdnhj _`g idomÄb`ij
?dmmjndn D`k\ododn
Pphjm`n NAOQI AJ
O}i_mjh` _` N`t` LNACQJ P=O @A NAL=OK
Pm\nojmijn m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji a{mh\^jn t \g^jcjg NABANAJ ?E=O

K > F A P E R K O

=g ^jhkg`o\m `no` ^\k}opgj) `g g\]jm\ojmdno\ ^g}id^j
kj_m{7
Ñ D\^`m `g _d\bm\h\ _` g\ \i\ojh }\ _`g c}b\_j+
Ñ Askgd^\m g\n api^dji`n adndjgÄbd^\n _`g c}b\_j k\m\
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kmp`]\n _` g\]jm\ojmdj lp` kp`_`i m`\gdu\mn` k\m\
_d\bijnod^\mgjn+
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om\nojmij) ^jind_`m\i_j gjn _\ojn ^g}id^jn _`g
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`q\gp\^dÄi _` g\ `ia`mh`_\_ c`k\oj]dgd\m+
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iÄnod^j t om\o\h d`ioj+

P A N I E J K O ? H = R A

>dgdmmp]di\ ?dmmjndn E^o`md^d\ Lm`c`k{od^\

>dgdmmp]di\ ^jiepb\_\ D`k\ododn HÄ]pgj Odipnjd_`n
>dgdn D`k\ojh\ Ljnc`k{od^\ Qmj]dgdiÄb`ij
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142
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Fa_Ye]flg ^Yd[a^gje] pk i ki aj pk dq^k i}o `a _eaj lnqa^]o mqa i a`Ä]j ao]o

P]fY `]hvla[Y aqima]j\Y
`erano]o bq j_ekjao aj ah h]^kn]pknek _hÄj e_k + Pej ai ^]n*
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`ai kopn]`k oan _hÄje_]i aj pa i }o Épehao+ B j aopa _]lÄpqhk
oa ]j]hev]j h]o lnqa^]o `a h] bq j _eÇ j dal}pe_] i}o qo]`]o)
_kj l]npe_qh]n ~jb]oeo aj h] i apk`khkcÄ] ]_pq]h+

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ja_ao]ne] l]n] h] ^qaj] o]hq`+ E ku aj `Ä]) oa na_kj k _a ]h
dÄc]`k _ki k qj Çnc]jk _ki l hafk) naolkjo]^ha `a i q_d]o
bq j_ekjao i ap]^Çhe_]o ei lknp]jpao aj ah _qanlk+ B j _ean*
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mqa) fq j pk o) lao]j `a . 1 - - ] . 3 - - c aj qj ]`qhpk jkn*
i]h+ Bopa Çnc]jk nkfevk*_]op]Åk oa hk_]hev] ^ ] fk ah `e]bn]c*
i]) aj ah _q]`n]jpa oqlanekn `ana_dk `ah ]^`ki aj+ Qeaja
qj oqi ejeopnk `a o]jcna ]^qj`]jpa8 na_e^a ]hna`a`kn `a
.2 ih,iej `ao`a `ko r]oko lnej_el]hao7 ]npane] dal}pe_] u
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h]o ja_aoe`]`ao `a ktÄcajk+ I] raj] lknp]) mqa `naj] ]h
pn]_pk c]opnkejpaopej]h) pn]jolknp] `ah ej paopej k ]h dÄc]`k
_]oe pk`k ah i ]pane]h ]^okn^e`k na_eajpai ajpa+ A ajpnk
`ah pafe` k _kja_perk `ah dÄc]`k) aopko r]oko oa `ere`aj aj
jqi anko]o n]i ]o lamqaÅ]o mqa bkni ]j qj] na` r]o_qh]n
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pqn]h `ah dÄc]`k %bec+ / / */ &+ Bop} _kjbkni ]`k lkn _~hqh]o

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 ?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 144

dal}pe_]o %dal]pk_epko& enn]`e]`ko `ao`a qj] raj] _ajpn]h+
B h hÄi epa `a _]`] hÇ^qhk aop} bkni]`k lkn qj pn]_pk lknp]h
_ki lqaopk `a pafe`k _kja_perk mqa _kjpeaja qj] n]i ] `a
h] ]npane] dal}pe_]) `a h] raj] lknp]h u qj _kj`q_pk ^ehe]n+
Bjpna hko _kn`kjao `a h]o _~hqh]o dal}pe_]o oa aj_qajpn]j
aol]_eko r]o_qh]nao) hh]i ]`ko mchomic^_ o) mqa aop}j ]heja]*
`ko lkn _~hqh]o aj`kpahe]hao u `a Hqlbban+ Bopko aol]_eko
na_e^aj o]jcna `a h]o n]i]o lamqaÅ]o `a h] ]npane] dal}pe_]
u h] raj] lknp]h) mqa aop}j hk_]hev]`]o aj hko pn]_pko lknp]*
hao+ I]o ]yfof[m `a Foj``_l mih i ]_nÇb]cko b]ck_Äpe_ko _]l]*
_ao `a ejcanen ^]_pane]o q kpnk i ]pane]h atpn]Åk `ao`a h]
o]jcna mqa Åqua ] pn]r~o `a hko oejqoke`ao+ I] o]jcna `ao`a
hko oejqoke`ao `naj] `ajpnk `a h]o raj]o _ajpn]hao %r~jqh]
dal}pe_]& u hqack d]_e] h]o raj]o dal}pe_]o u h] raj] _]r]
ejbanekn+ Iko _]j]hehhko ^ehe]nao lnei ]neko okj _]j]hev]_ek*
jao) `a * ] + i i `a ]j_dk) hk_]hev]`ko ajpna hko dal]pk_e*
pko+ Iko _]j]hehhko ^ehe]nao oa ejpan_kja_p]j atpajo]i ajpa
a ej_nai ajp]j oq p]i ]Åk d]op] mqa oa _kj a_p]j _kj hko
_kj` q _pko ^ehe]nao i}o cn]j`ao aj hko pn]_pko lknp]hao '+%,
nkfko ]jpecqko ok j b]ck_ep]`ko lkn ah oeopai ] nape_qhkaj*
`kpahe]h) ok^na pk`k aj ah ^]vk) ah dÄc]`k u h] i ~`qh] Çoa]+
@an_] `a 5-" `a h] ^ehennq^ej] bkni]`] `e]ne]iajpa lnkreaja
`a h] `acn]`]_eÇj `a h] dai kchk^ej]+ B h naopk lnkreaja `a
h] ` aopnq __eÇj `a h]o lnkpaÄj]o mqa _kj peaj aj dai k %i ek*
chk^ej]) _epk_nki ko) _]p]h]o]& u `ah _]p]^kheoi k `ah dai k
%dc+ / / *0 &+
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l]npa `a h] lnkpaÄj] %chk^ej]&+ B h deannk ajpn] ] hko ]hi ]_a*
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DAIK ?D/
_]`] `Ä]) ej_hquaj`k jqi anko]o bq j_ekj ao i ap]^Çhe_]o)
oa_napkn]o u at_napkn]o+ I] l~n`e`] pkp]h `ah dÄc]`k oqaha
k_]oekj]n h] i qanpa lkn delkchq_ai e] aj / 1 d+ >qjmqa
ateopaj i q _d]o bq j_ekjao dal}pe_]o) aj aopa _]lÄpq hk oa
]j]hev]j h]o i}o ei lknp]jpao aj h] l]pkhkcÄ] `ah dÄc]`k+

Bpi^dÄi `s^m`ojm\ t n`^m`ojm\

R j] `a h]o bq j_ekj ao dal}pe_]o i }o ei lknp]jpao) mqa oa ra
]hpan]`] aj q j cn]j jÉi ank `a pn]opknjko dal}pe_ko) ao h]
D?Z>EHERAN@EJ=Z?D
at_na_eÇj `a ^eheo+ I] \cfcm ej_hq ua }_e`ko ^ehe]nao k o]hao %-
hko leci ajpko ^ehe]nao %lnej_el]hi ajpa ~opanao `a ^ ehennq *
^ ej ] &) _khaopankh u kpn]o oqop]j_e]o atpn]Ä`]o `a h] o]jcna+
I] l nk` q __eÇj pkp]h `a ^eheo lnki a`e] ]hna`a`kn `a 0 I ^c/ ?D0 ?D
FF
lkn `Ä]) ]qjmqa oÇhk oa at_nap] . I+ Iko lnej_el]hao }_e`ko ?D/
^ehe]nao) ah }_e`k _Çhe_k u ah mqaj k` aok te_Çhe_k ) oa bkni ]j / J=@LD
aj ah dÄc]`k ] l]npen `ah _khaopankh+ Iko }_e`ko ^ehe]nao <CFCP?L>CH;
L ?> O = N ; M ;
aop}j _kjfqc]` ko _kj hko ]i ejk}_e`ko che_ej] k p]qnej]) / J=@LP
bkni ]j`k o]hao ^ehe]nao+ Bop]o o]hao %}_e`ko ^ehe]nao _kj *
fq c ]` ko& oa at_nap]j `ajpnk `a hko _]j]hehhko ^ehe]nao lkn
i a`ek `a qj oeopai ] `a pn]jolknpa ]_perk i a`e]`k lkn qj
i ajo]fank+ A qn]jpa ah ]uqjk u ajpna h]o _ki e`]o) qj] lkn*
_eÇ j i ]ukn `a ]_q i qh]_eÇj `a }_e`ko ^ehe]nao oa _kj_ajpn]
i }o `a .- ra_ao aj h] raoÄ_qh]+ Iko }_e`ko ^ehe]nao ]h_]jv]j
ah ej paopej k _q]j`k h] raoÄ_qh] oa _kjpn]a `aolq~o `a _]`]
_ki e`]+ Aa 2 - - ] 3 - - i h `a ^ eheo ajpn]j ]h `qk`ajk _]`]
`Ä]+ > mqÄ) h] ^eheo l]npe_el] `a i ]jan] Äjpei ] aj h] `ecao*
peÇj u ]^okn_eÇj `a hÄle`ko+ @q]j`k hko }_e`ko ^ehe]nao
_kjfqc]` ko %o]hao& ajpn]j aj _kj p]_pk _k j ^]_pane]o aj ah
D? >EHENNQ>EJ= ?D
Ähak pani ej]h u ah _khkj) k_qnna h] ` aode`n]p]_eÇj `a }_e`ko
R J J* =
^ehe]nao oa_qj`]neko %` aok te_Çhe_k u hepk _Ç he_ k &8 `aolq~o) ? D * Z g] K D e g ; ? D 0
aopko }_e`ko ^ehe]nao oa_qj`]neko okj ]^okn^e`ko) ajpn]j ]
h] _en_q h]_eÇ j lknp]h u nacnao]j ]h dÄc]`k) `kj`a oa _ k j fq * yD / ã D 0 ' - U ?D
c]j u oa rqahraj ] at_nap]n+ I] _en_q h]_eÇ j ajpankdal}pe_] FF
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`a h] ^ eheo k_q nna `e]nek `a `ko ] _ej _k ] 2 ra_ao '.!0
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145 L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
oa nki la _ki k qj lnk`q_pk `a `aoa_dk u oa at_nap]+ Bop]
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deannk u chk^qhej] bkni ] ^eheran`ej]) mqa oa na`q_a b}_eh*
i ajpa ] ^ehennq^ej]+
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ah napÄ_qhk aj`klh}oi e_k `ah dal]pk_epk+ R j] ajvei ]) h]
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ao okhq^ha aj ]cq]) ao oa_nap]`] ] l]npen `a h] _~hqh] dal}*
pe_] aj hko _]j]hehhko ^ehe]nao u hqack l]o] _kj ah naopk `a
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ejpaopej]h) ok^na pk`k aj ah _khkj ) h]o ajvei ]o lnaoajpao aj
h]o ^]_pane]o ejpaopej]hao ]_pÉ]j ok^na hko leci ajpko ^ehe]*
nao+ B h lnei an lnk`q_pk `a aop] na]__eÇj ao h] i aok^ehennq*
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_q jop]j_e]o jkni ]hao) aj ah oqank oa aj_qajpn] qj] _k j *
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pk`] aj bkni ] jk _kjfqc]`]+ R j lkn_aj p]fa lamqaÅk %- +/
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nÇ pe_] u aj h] leah+ Bop] leci ajp]_eÇj ]i ]nehhajp] aj aop]o
l]npao ao _kjk_e` ] _ki k c]n_lc]c[*5)-,
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pkhÇce_ko+ Mkn afai lhk) lqa`a d]^an q j ej_nai aj pk aj h]
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fq c ] _eÇ j k at_na_eÇj `a h] ^ehennq^ej] `ajpnk `a h] ^eheo+
Mqa`aj oqncen `ebe_qhp]`ao ]`e_ekj]hao `a^e`k ] h] k^ opnq _*
_eÇ j `a hko cn]j`ao _kj` q _pko `a h] ^eheo ]jpao `a mqa h]
^ehennq^ej] ]h_]j_a ah ejpaopejk+ S]ne]o _h]oebe_]_ekjao `a
e_pane_e] oa aj_qajpn]j aj h] hepan]pqn]+ Rj] `a h]o mqa oa
qo]j _kj i}o bna_q aj_e] aop} ^]o]`] aj ah oepek aj mqa p]h
rav oa aj_qajpna h] ]jkni ]he`]` beoekhÇce_] k ]j]pÇi e_]+
Bj aop] _h]oebe_]_eÇj) ateopaj pnao pelko lna`ki ej]jpao `a
e_pane_e]7 lnadal}pe_]) dal}pe_] u lkodal }pe_] '2
I] e_pane_e] j l_b_jxnc][ oa lnk`q_a _q]j`k qj] _]jpe`]`
at_aoer] `a ^ehennq^ej] oa lnaoajp] aj ah dÄc]`k l]n] oq
i ap]^kheoi k) _ki k aj h] ]jai e] dai khÄpe_]+ Bopa pelk `a
e_pane_e] oa _]n]_panev] lkn delan^ehennq^ejai e] jk _kjfq c ]*
`]+ Pej ai ^]nck) hko jerahao `a ^ehennq^ej] o~ne_ko n]n] rav
at_a` aj hko 2 ic,`h) lknmqa ah dÄc]`k jkni ]h ao _]l]v `a
i ]jaf]n _]oe pk`k ah at_aok `a _]nc]+ I] ^ehennq^ej] jk _kj *
fq c]` ] ao ejokhq^ha aj ]cq] u oa hec] ] h] ]h^Éi ej] l]n] mqa
ah neÅ Çj jk h] behpna bqan] `a h] o]jcna+ Mkn hk p]jpk) h] ^ ehe*
nnq^ej] jk ]l]na_an} aj h] knej] aj aopa pelk `a e_pane_e]+
Bh lkn_aj p]fa i}o cn]j`a `a l]_eajpao peaja e_pane*
_e] dal}pe_]+ zop] lqa`a oqncen ] l]npen `a lnk^hai ]o aj
h] _]lp]_eÇj _ahqh]n) _kjfq c ]_eÇj ` aba_pqko] k oa_na_eÇj
]jkni ]h `a h] ^ehennq^ej] lkn l]npa `a h] _~hq h] dal }pe_] '*)
Bh oÄj`nki a `a D eh^anp ao q j pn]opknjk nah]per]i ajpa
_ki É j _]n]_panev]`k lkn h] _]lpqn] _ahq h]n `a ^ehennq^ej]+
Iko ej`ere`qko ]ba_p]`ko jk peaj aj oÄjpki ]o) lank lqa`aj
lnaoajp]n e_pane_e] hara+ B h jerah ahar]`k `a ^ehennq^ej ] ao
i ajko `a 0 ic,.-- i e u jk ao _kjfqc]`]+ B h oÄj`nki a
`a @ nechan*K ]ff]n ao q j pn]opknjk i}o oanek _]qo]`k lkn
h] ` abe_eaj _e] `a h] ajvei ] RA MDQ+ Pa d]j `ao_nepk `ko
pelko+ B h F) aj mqa ateopa qj] _ki lhap] ]qoaj_e] `a h] ajve*
i ]) ao n]nk+ Pa bkni ] ^ehennq^ej] jk _kjfqc]`]) u h] ^eheo
ao ej_khkn]+ B opa pelk ao qj ebkni ai ajpa b]p]h+ B j ah pelk FF)
ah oÄj`nki a `a @nechan*K ]ff]n) d]u qj] `abe_eaj_e] i ajko
cn]ra `a h] ajvei ] u oa bkni ] qj] l]npa `a ^ehennq^ej] _k j *
fq c]` ]+ B h oÄj`nki a `a A q^ej *Gkd jokj u ah `a O kpkn okj
`ko pn]opknjko dana`ep]neko _]n]_panev]`ko lkn delan^ehe*

nnq ^ejai e] _kjfqc]`] ] l]npen `a qj] at_na_eÇj `aba_pqk*
o] lkn l]npa `a h] _~hqh] dal}pe_]+ @q]hmqean _]qo] `a `]Åk
cn]ra dal]pk_ahqh]n p]i ^e~j ejpanbeana _kj h] _]lp]_eÇj)
_kj fq c ]_eÇj k oa_na_eÇj `a h] ^ehennq^ej]+ B opk _kj` q _e*
n} p]jpk ] h] delan^ehennq ^ejai e] jk _kjfqc]`] _ki k ] h]
_kjfq c]` ] '**!*/
I] e_pane_e] jimb_jxnc][ oa `a^a ] qj] at_na_eÇj `a ^ ehe*
nnq^ej] `aba_pqko] _]qo]`] lkn h] k ^ opnq __eÇj i a_}je_]
`ah bhqfk ^ehe]n `ajpnk `ah ejpaopejk+ Mqa`a `a^anoa ] _}h_qhko
^ehe]nao k ] q j pqikn+ @q]j`k h] ^eheo `af] `a bhqen aj ah
ej paopej k ) d]u qj ej_nai aj pk aj ah jerah o~ne_k `a h] ^ ehe*
nnq^ej] _kjfqc]`]) u h]o d a_ao lean`aj oq bqajpa `a lec*
i aj p]_eÇj jkni ]h u ]`mqeanaj ah _khkn `a h] ]n_ehh]+ I]
^ehennq^ej] _kjfqc]`] ]l]na_a aj h] knej]) u hko jerahao `a
qnk^ehejÇcajk qnej]nek `eoi ejq uaj '*0 I]o `erano]o lnqa*
^]o `a h]^kn]pknek mqa ]uq`]j ] na]hev]n h] ` eopej_eÇj ajpna
h]o `ebanajpao _]qo]o `a h] e_pane_e] oa ]j]hev]j aj l}cej]o
lkopaneknao `a aopa _]lÄpqhk+
=^odqd_\_ kmdi^dk\g _` n}io`ndn
Bjpna h]o i q _d]o u `erano]o bq j_ekjao i ap]^Çhe_]o hhar]`]o
] _]^k lkn ah dÄc]`k aop} h] oÄjpaoeo `a r]neko _ki lqaopko
^ekhÇce_ko ei lknp]jpao) ej_hq e` ko lnkpaÄj]o) _]n^kde`n]pko
u hÄle`ko+ B h dÄc]`k `aoai laÅ] qj l]lah ei lknp]jpa aj h]
l nk` q __eÇj `a lnkpaÄj] lh]oi }pe_]) oej papev]j`k ]h^Éi ej]
u _]oe pk`]o h]o ] * u %e*chk^qhej]o+ Qk`ko hko b]_pknao `a h]
_k]cq h]_eÇj o]jcqÄja] %at_al pk ah S FFF& oa oej papev]j aj
ah dÄc]`k+ >`ai }o) h] ` ao]i ej]_eÇj `ah chqp]i ]pk aj ah
dÄc]`k ao h] bqajpa lnej_el]h `a ]i kje]_k) mqa ajpkj_ao
oa _kjreanpa aj qna]+
I] oÄjpaoeo u ah i ap]^kheoi k `a hko _]n^kde` n]pko p]i *
^ e~j aop} _ajpn]`] aj ah dÄc]`k+ I] chq_ko] oa _kjreanpa
aj chq_Çcajk) `ah mqa oa ]hi ]_aj] qj] l]npa aj ah dÄc]`k
u i}o p]n`a oa na_kjreanpa ] chq_ko]) oe ao ja_ao]nek+ Rj]
bq j _eÇ j dal}pe_] ei lknp]jpa ]` e_ekj]h ao h] chq_kjakc~ja*
oeo `a hko ]i ejk}_e` ko '*1!*2
AO P Q @ EK @ A ? = O K //*.
Pa k^pqreankj hko oecqeajpao naoqhp]`ko `a h] lnqa^] `a
h]^kn]pknek `a qj] l]_eaj pa _kj e_pane_e] cn]ra) `khkn
]^`ki ej]h `ah _q]`n]jpa oqlanekn ` ana_dk) bea^na u
ao_]hkbnÄko %_q]`nk / / *. +. `ah Bopq`ek `a _]ok&+
Lm`bpio\n
.+ é@q}h ao h] _]qo] i }o lnk^]^ha `a e_pane_e] aj aopa
l]_eajpa<
?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 146
I] cn]o] oa bkni ] ] l]npen `a _]n^kde` n]pko aj ah dÄc]`k
_q]j`k h] j q pne_eÇ j ao ]`a_q]`] u h] `ai ]j`] `a chq_ko]
oa o]peob]_a _kj h]o bqajpao `eap~pe_]o+ B h dÄc]`k p]i ^e~j
`aoai laÅ] qj l]lah _h]ra aj ah i ap]^kheoi k `a h]o cn]o]o+
Bo ah lnej_el]h oepek l]n] h] ahei ej ]_eÇj `a hko nai ]jajpao
`ah m q ehki e_nÇj u l]n] h] _kjranoeÇj `a ]_apeh @k> aj }_e*
`ko cn]oko) pneche_~ne`ko u _khaopankh+ B j ah dÄc]`k p]i ^e~j
k_qnna qj i ap]^kheoi k ]` e_ekj]h `ah _khaopankh aj }_e`ko
^ehe]nao+ I]o helklnkpaÄj]o `a i qu ^ ]f] `ajoe`]`) mqa okj
h]o naolkjo]^hao `a pn]jolknp]n pneche_~ne`ko `ajpnk `a hko
pafe`ko) okj oejpapev]`]o lnej_el]hi ajpa aj ah dÄc]`k) aj ah
mqa p]i ^e~j oa lnk`q_aj h]o helklnkpaÄj]o `a ]hp] `ajoe*
`]`) _ki k hko bkobkhÄle` ko '+)
I] bkni ]_eÇj `a _qanlko _apÇj e_ko k_qnna _]oe aj
at_hqoer] aj ah dÄc]`k+ @q]j`k h] `ai ]j`] `a h] chq_k*
jakc~jaoeo ]ckp] ah kt]hk]_ap]pk u h] ]_apeh*@ k> jk lqa*
`a _kjranpenoa hk oqbe_eajpai ajpa n}le`k aj _epn]pk) aop]
Éhpei ] oa ]_qi qh] u qj] `a_e_h]o] aj ah dÄc]`k he^an] hko
_qanlko _apÇj e_ko aj h] o]jcna '+*
B h dÄc]`k ao ah oepek `a ]hi ]_aj]i eajpk `a pk`]o h]o
rep]i ej]o okhq^hao aj cn]o] %>) A) B u H& u `a r]ne]o rep]*
i ej]o okhq^hao aj ]cq]) _ki k h] ? ./+ L pn] bq j _eÇ j nah]*
_ekj]`] _k j rep]i ej]o ao h] _kjranoeÇj `ah _]nkpajk aj
rep]i ej] >+
B h dÄc]`k ao h] bqajpa `a oki ]pki a`ej] %q j b]_pkn l]na*
_e`k ] h] ejoqhej] mqa i a`e] h] ]_pere`]` `a h] dkni kj] `ah
_na_ei eaj pk & u ]jcekpajoejÇcajk) u ao q j oepek ei lknp]jpa
`a hei leav] i ap]^Çhe_] `a i q_d]o kpn]o dkni kj]o+ @ki k
bqajpa `a pn]jobannej]) _anqlh]oi ej]) u i ap]hkpekjaÄj]) ah
dÄc]`k `aoai laÅ] qj l]lah ei lknp]jpa aj ah pn]jolknpa)
]hi ]_aj]i eajpk u i ap]^kheoi k `ah deannk) ah _k^na u kpnko
i ap]hao '++
I]o _~hqh]o dal}pe_]o oejpapev]j i q _d]o ajvei ]o) lank
jk pk`]o naoqhp]j Épehao aj ah `e]cjÇope_k `a hko pn]opkn*
jko dal]pk^ehe]nao+ Bjpna h]o ajvei ]o mqa oa d]j qo]`k
_kj bna_q aj_e] aop}j h] ]ol]np]pk ]i ejkpn]joban]o] %>PQ)
k chqp}i e_k*kt]hk]_~pe_k pn]joban]o] o~ne_] XP D L Q Z& u
?Q=@NK //*.+. @AH AOPQ@EK @A ?=OK+
NAOQHP=@KO @A H=>KN=PKNEK
Bjna\o\n\ \g^\gdi\ n|md^\ 1 q`^`n h{n lp` gj ijmh\g
?jg`no`mjg n|md^j Ei^m`h`io\_j
=OP %OCKP& Jjmh\g j gdb`m\h`io`
di^m`h`io\_j
2$*Jp_`jod_\n\ Ei^m`h`io\_j
>dgdmmp]di\ ojo\g n|md^\ /2 hb,_g
>dgdmmp]di\ ^jiepb\_\ .6 hb,_g
Pd`hkj _` kmjomjh]di\ Lmjgjib\_j k`mj h`ejm\ ^ji
pi\ dit`^^dÄi _` qdo\hdi\ G
15- L=NPA g g ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
h] ]h]jej] ]i ejkpn]joban]o] %>IQ) k chqp}i e_k*lenÉre_k
pn]jo]i ej]o] o~ne_] XP D M Q Z&) mqa ao_]l] `a h]o _~hqh]o
dal}pe_]o `]Å]`]o ]h lh]oi]8 h] bkob]p]o] ]h_]hej] %>IM&
u h] 2$*j q _hak pe` ]o] %2 K Q &) mqa okj ej`q_e`]o k he^an]*
`]o _q]j`k h] i ai ^n]j] _]j e_qh]n aop} `]Å]`] u k_qnna
k ^ opnq __eÇj ^ ehe]n8 u u*chqp]i ehpn]joban]o] %D D Q &) mqa
]qi ajp] aj pn]opknjko dal]pk_ahqh]nao u k ^ opnq _per ko ' +,
@`ndiojsd^\^dÄi t h `o\]jgdnh j _` a{mh \^jn
A a^e`k ] mqa ah dÄc]`k oa ejpanlkja ajpna h] _en_q h]_eÇj
aolh~je_] u h] o]jcna oeop~i e_]) oenra l]n] lnkpacan ]h _qan*
lk `a oqop]j_e]o lkpaj_e]hi ajpa `]Åej]o ]^okn^e`]o `ao`a
ah pn]_pk ejpaopej]h u `aner]`ko pÇ te_k o `ah i ap]^kheoi k+ Bh
i a_]jeoi k i }o ei lknp]jpa aj aop] ]_pere`]` `a ` aoej pkte*
_]_eÇ j ao ah oeopai ] i ap]^khev]`kn `a b}ni ]_ko `ah dÄc]*
`k+ Bopa oeopai ] ao ej`q_e`k lkn i q _dko b}ni ]_ko %_ki k
ah bajk^]n^ep]h& u kpnko _ki lqaopko atpn]Åko) u ao naolkj*
o]^ha `a i q_dko i a_]jeoi ko `a `aoejpkte_]_eÇj) ej_hqe`]o
h] kte`]_eÇj) na`q__eÇj) de`nÇheoeo) de`nkteh]_eÇj) _]n^kteh]*
_eÇj u `aoiapeh]_eÇj+ Bopko i a_]jeoi ko _kjreanpaj i q _dko
_ki lqaopko _ki l]n]per]i ajpa ejokhq ^hao k jk_erko aj
kpn]o bkni]o i ajko pÇte_]o k i}o okhq^hao aj ]cq]) `a i k`k
mqa h]o lqa`a atpn]an ah neÅÇj+ Mkn afai lhk) ah ]i kje]_k)
qj] oqop]j_e] pÇ te_] mqa oa knecej] aj ah ej paopej k i a`e]j*
pa h] ] __eÇj ^]_pane_e`] aj ]i ejk}_e`ko) ao pn]jolknp]`] ]h
dÄc]`k lkn h] raj] lknp]h u hko dal]pk_epko h] _kjreanpaj
aj qna]) qj _ki lqaopk ejk_qk+
I] _kj fq c ]_eÇj _kj bn]ci ajpko `a che_ej ]) }_e`k chq*
_q nÇj e_k) }_e`k oqhbÉ ne_k) chqp]i ej]) ]_ap]pk) _eopanj] u
chqp]pekj]) k_qnna i}o aj ah _epkokh k aj ah napÄ_qhk aj`k*
l h}oi e_k heok+ B opa i a_]jeoi k ao ah i k`k `a h] at_na_eÇj
`a ^ ehennq ^ ej ] u }_e`ko ^ehe]nao+
PN=OPKNJKO @AH DóC=@K
E^o`md^d\
I] c]n_lc]c[ ao h] ` a_khkn]_eÇj ]i ]nehhajp] `a h] leah u h]
a o_hanÇpe_] `a^e`] ] d elan^ehennq^ejai e]+ > qjmqa ah hÄi epa
oqlanekn `ah pkp]h `a h] ^ehennq^ej] o~ne_] ao * ic,`h) h]
e_pane_e] oÇhk ao _hÄje_]i ajpa are`ajpa d]op] mqa ah jerah
`a ^ehennq^ej ] at_a` a hko / k 0 ic,`h+ B j l]_eajpao ]bnkao*
p]`kqje`ajoao u ]oe}pe_ko) hk ]i ]nehhajpk `a h] ao_hanÇpe_]
lqa`a oan h] É j e_] are`aj_e] _hÄje_] `a e_pane_e] 42 ao qjk `a
hko pn]opknjko i ~`e_ko i}o ]jpecqko mqa oa _k j k _a) u oa
d] `ao_nepk aj patpko cneacko) nki ]jko) _d ej ko u da^nako
]jpecqko+ E elÇ_n]pao nah]_ekjÇ h] e_pane_e] _kj ` eobqj_eÇj
dal}pe_]+
B t_al pk aj ejb]jpao) h] delan^ehennq ^ejai e] oqaha pkha*
n]noa ^ eaj u jk lnk`q_a aba_pko ]`ranoko _hÄj e_k o oaneko+
Pej ai ^]nck) aj ejb]jpao h] delan^ehennq ^ejai e] %jera*
hao mqa at_a` aj .2 ] / - ic,`h&) lqa`a nah]_ekj]noa _kj
e_g z]n_lo m( pn]opknjk oanek `ah oeopai ] janrekok _ajpn]h
eji ]`qnk mqa oa `a^a ] jerahao ]qi ajp]`ko `a ^ ehennq ^ e*
j]+ B opk oÇhk k_q nna aj ejb]jpao lknmqa ah oeopai ] janrekok
_aj pn]h eji ]`qnk jk peaja qj] ^]nnan] _ana^n]h o]jcqÄja]
^ eaj `ao]nnkhh]`] '+-!+0
>qjmqa pk`ko hko _]oko `a e_pane_e] oa `a^aj ] h] delan*
^ehennq^ejai e]) jk pk`ko okj _]qo]`ko lkn ` eobqj_eÇj
dal}pe_]+ > qjmqa _]oe pk`ko hko _]oko `a e_pane_e] aop}j
nah]_ekj]`ko _kj pn]opknjko dal}pe_ko) h] d elan^e^nnq^eja*
i e] p]i ^e~j lqa`a pajan oq knecaj aj h] ` aopnq __eÇj `ah
anepnk_epk) k dai kheoeo) aj l]_eajpao _kj bq j_eÇj dal}pe_]
jkni ]h+ I] ` eopej _eÇj ajpna ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] u dai k*
hÄpe_] aj ah l]_eaj pa mqa oa lnaoajp] _kj e_pane_e] ao qj]
p]na] ei lknp]jpa l]n] h] _q]h ah i ~`e_k mqa ]oeopa `alaj*
`an} aj cn]j ia`e`] `a hko naoqhp]`ko `ah h]^kn]pknek+ Bop]
` eopej_eÇj oa ]j]hev] `a i ]jan] `ap]hh]`] i }o ]`ah]jpa aj
aopa _]l Äpq hk '+1+2
I] bcj_l][lin_h_g c[( qj `aokn`aj _]qo]`k lkn h]
ejcaopeÇj at_aoer] `a rep]i ej] >) lqa`a lnk`q_en qj]
` a_khkn]_eÇj aj h] leah ej`eopejcqe^ha `a h] `a^e`] ] h]
delan^ehennq ^ejai e]+ Pej ai ^]nck) aj h] delan_]nkpajai e]
h] ao_hanÇpe_] jk oqaha lnaoajp]n ` a_khkn]_eÇj+
?dmmjndn
I] ]cllimcm oa `aner] `a h] l]h]^n] cneac] mqa oecjebe_]
ì]i ]nehhkî+ Pej ai ^]nck) aj ah qok ]_pq]h) ]cllimcm m_ nabeana
]h lnk_aok `a _e_]pnev]_eÇj ennaranoe^ha i a`e]jpa ah _q]h h]
]nmqepa_pqn] dal}pe_] jkni ]h oa pn]jobkni ] aj qj] ]nmqe*
pa_pq n] jk`qh]n ]jkni ]h+ Rj] i ]jan] l]n] _h]oebe_]n h]
_ennkoeo ao lkn h] ]l]neaj_e] `ah dÄc]`k %ao `a_en) lkn ah
p]i ]Åk `a hko j k` q hko&+ > aop]o _kj` e_ekj ao oa hao ` aj k*
i ej] ]cllimcm g []lihi^of[l u g c]lihi^of[l( ]qjmqa oa lna*
oaj p]j bkni ]o _ki ^ej ]` ]o ',)
L pn] bkni ] `a _h]oebe_]n h] _ennkoeo ao lkn apekhkcÄ]+ Bj
B op]`ko R j e`ko) @]j]`} u Bqnkl] L __e` ajp]h) h] _]qo]
l nej_el]h `a _ennkoeo ao ah ]^qok `ah ]h_kdkh) mqa _kj` q _a
] q j pelk i e_nkjk` qh]n `a _ennk oeo ',*,+ L pn]o _]qo]o okj
dai k_nki ]pkoeo) _ennkoeo lkoja_nÇpe_] %mqa k_q nna _ki k
qj] _kjoa_q aj_e] p]n`Ä] `a h] dal]pepeo& u _ennkoeo ^ehe]n
lnei ]ne] %mqa ao q j `aokn`aj ]q pkeji q j ep]nek&+ B t eo*
paj kpn]o apekhkcÄ]o lk_k _ki qjao `a _ennkoeo+ B j pna .- u
/-" `a hko _]oko jk lqa`aj _h]oebe_]noa lkn apekhkcÄ]+ I]
_ennkoeo ao qj pn]opknjk oanek u qj] `a h]o `eav lnej_el ]*
hao _]qo]o `a i qanpa aj Bop]`ko R je`ko8 lnkrk_] i q_d]o
_ki lhe_]_ekjao+
I] delanpaj oeÇj lknp]h oa lnk`q_a _q]j`k ah dÄc]`k
_ennk pe_k k^opnqua ah bhqfk o]jcqÄjak aj h] raj] lknp]h+
B opk lqa`a k_]oekj]n aolhajki ac]he]) mqa jk oeai lna ao
_hÄje_]i aj pa oecjebe_]per]) u r]ne_ao aokb}ce_]o) mqa lqa`aj
nki lanoa u hhar]n ] qj] dai knn]ce] b]p]h+ I] d]^ehe`]` `a
oÄjpaoeo `ah dÄc]`k oa na`q_a) _]qo]j`k delk]h^qi ejai e]
u ` abe_eaj_e] `a hko b]_pknao `a _k]cq h]_eÇj) mqa lqa`aj
lnk`q_en dai knn]ce]+ B h bhqe`k ]o_Äpe_k lqa`a ]_qi qh]n*
oa aj ah ]^`ki aj+ > qjmqa ]hcqjko l]_eaj pao _kj _ennkoeo
lqa`aj pajan qj] ok^nareraj_e] lnkhkjc]`]) lkn hk caja*
n]h aopa `e]cjÇope_k ao ]i aj]v]jpa ',,%,-
Pphjm`n
B j qj ] ^]oa i qj`e]h) hko pqi knao i ]hecjko lnei ]neko `ah
dÄc]`k) _kj k _e` ko _ki k ][l]chig [ b_j[ni]_fof[l( b_j[ni)
][l]chig [ i b_j[nig [( okj qj] _]qo] ei lknp]jpa `a i kn*
p]he`]` _]j_anÄcaj]+ B j Bop]`ko R je`ko) aopko pqi knao

okj lk_k _ki qjao+ @]oe pk`ko hko _]oko `a _]n_ejki ]
d al ]pk_ahq h]n oa nah]_ekj]j _k j ej ba__ek j ao lnare]o _kj
q j renqo `a h] dal]pepeo+ B opko pqi knao okj aol a_e]hi aj*
pa _ki qjao aj l]npao `a ò bne_] u >oe]) u lk_k bna_qajpao
aj Bop]`ko R je` ko u Bqnkl] L __e` ajp]h+ Pej ai ^]nck) ]
i ajq`k ah dÄc]`k oa ra ejr]`e`k `a i ]jan] oa_qj`]ne]
lkn pqi knao mqa oqncaj aj kpnko Çnc]jko+ Pkj _ki qjao
hko pqi knao i ap]op}oe_ko ]h dÄc]`k lnkrajeajpao `a oepeko
lnei ]neko _ki k lqhi Çj) l}j_na]o) pn]_pk c]opnkejpaope*
j]h q kr]neko+ Iko pqi knao ^ajecjko `ah dÄc]`k okj lk_k
_k i q j ao ',,%,/
Pa] lnei ]nek k oa_qj`]nek) _q ]hmqean pqi kn i ]hecjk
aj ah dÄc]`k ao q j d]hh]vck oanek _kj qj lnkjÇope_k i qu
i ]hk+ M kn hk cajan]h) h] Éj e_] aolan]jv] `a _qn] `alaj`a
`a qj] atpenl ]_eÇj mqenÉnce_]) mqa oqaha oan ei lkoe^ha+
Iko l]_eajpao _kj pqi knao i ]hecjko aj ah dÄc]`k oqahaj
pajan qj] oqlanreraj_e] ia`e`] aj i aoao ',0,1
O}i_mjh ` _` N`t`
B h oÄj` nki a `a Oaua ao qj pn]opknjk `a _]qo] ` ao_k j k*
_e`]) mqa ]ba_p] ]h dÄc]`k u oqnca i }o aj j eÅ ko) ]qjmqa
oa d ]j nalknp]`k _]oko aj ]`qhpko+ Pa pn]p] `a qj] bkni ]
`a ` aopnq __eÇj dal}pe_] mqa oqaha k_q nnen `aolq~o `a h]
na_q l an]_eÇj `a qj] ej ba __eÇ j ren]h) _ki k h] r]ne_ah] k
ejbhqajv]+ Pa d] nah]_ekj]`k _k j h] pan]le] `a h] ]olenej]+
Mk_k `aolq~o `a h] ej ba__eÇ j ) ah l ]_eaj pa `ao]nnkhh] ]jkn*
i ]he`]`ao jaqnkhÇce_]o) mqa ej _hq u aj ]p]mqao k _ki ]+
I]o bq j _ek j ao dal}pe_]o okj oeai lna ]jkni ]hao) lank ah
jerah `a ^ ehennq ^ ej ] jk oqaha aop]n ahar]`k+ Pej pn]p]i eaj*
pk) lqa`a lnaoajp]noa ` apaneknk _hÄj e_k n}le`k) mqa _k j *
`q_a ] h] i q anpa ',2!-+
Pm\nojmijn m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji a{mh \^jn
t \g^jcjg
J q_d]o oqop]j_e]o mqÄi e_]o u b}ni ]_ko okj pÇ te_ko l]n]
ah dÄc]`k+ Bop] pkte_e`]` lqa`a pki ]n h] bkni ] `a ja_nkoeo
dal}pe_] ]ck^e]jpa) mqa _kj` q _a ] _ki ] u i qanpa) k lqa*
`a oan oq ^ _hÄj e_] u l]o]n _ki lhap]i ajpa ej]`ranpe`]+ Aa
pk`]o h]o pktej]o dal}pe_]o) p]h rav h] i }o ei lknp]jpa oa]
A O P Q @ EK @ A ? = O K //*/
Iko oecqeajpao naoqhp]`ko `a qj] lnqa^] `a h]^kn]pknek
lnkreajaj `a qj l]_eajpa _k j l~n`e`] hara `a laok u
j}qoa]o u rÇi epk) mqeaj i }o p]n`a `ao]nnkhhÇ e_pane_e] a
dÄc]`k ]cn]j`]`k %_q]`nk / / */ +. `ah Bopq`ek `a _]ok&
Lm`bpio\n
.+ éN q~ l nk_aok l]pkhÇce_k ao i}o lnk^]^ha aj aopa
l]_eajpa<
?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 15.
ah ap]jkh+ B j _]jpe`]`ao lamqaÅ]o) ah ]h_kdkh lqa`a _]qo]n
haoekjao harao) lk_k are`ajpao+ B h _kjoq i k i}o at]can]`k
hhar] ] `]Åk i}o oanek) u ah ]^qok lnkhkjc]`k lqa`a k_]*
oekj]n _ennkoeo+ Pa ` ao_kjk_a h] _]jpe`]` at]_p] `a ]h_kdkh
ja_ao]ne] l]n] _]qo]n _ennkoeo) u oÇhk qj] i ejknÄ] `a hko
]h_kdÇhe_ko `ao]nnkhh] aop] _kj ` e_eÇj+ Pej ai ^]nck) ao qj]
_]qo] ei lknp]jpa `a i kn^e`e`]` u i knp]he`]` ',+
@eanpko b}ni ]_ko lqa`aj _]qo]n haoeÇj dal}pe_]) ej _hq e*
`ko pn]jmqehev]jpao _ki k bajkpe]vej]o) _eanpko ]j pe^eÇpe*
_ko) ]cajpao ]jpejaklh}oe_ko u b}ni ]_ko ]jpeejbh]i ]pkneko+
Mkn hk cajan]h) h] haoeÇj ao hara u oÇhk oa i ]jebeaop] lkn h]
ahar]_eÇj `a h]o lnqa^]o `a h] bq j _eÇ j dal}pe_]) mqa nacna*
o]j ] hk jkni ]h _q]j`k oa ` ao_kjpejÉ] ah ]cajpa `]Åejk+
Pej ai ^]nck) aj k_]oekjao lqa`a lnk`q_en ejoqbe_eaj_e]
dal}pe_] i ]oer] k _ennkoeo '-,!-0
R jk `a hko b}ni ]_ko i}o _ki qjao mqa oa nah]_ekj] _kj
`]Åk dal}pe_k oanek ao ah ]_ap]i ejkbajk+ @q]j`k oa pki]
aj ok^na`koeo i ]oer]) ao _]oe oacqnk mqa lnk`q_en} j a_nk*
oeo dal}pe_] b]p]h) ] i ajko mqa oa na_e^] qj pn]p]i eajpk
n}le` k '-1-2
AR=HQ=?EòJ @A H= BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?=
= i {gdndn _` g\ ]dgdmmp]di\
B O`S]SjX L\O` O N O VK W O^YNYVYQhK MVf]SMK
Aa^e`k ] mqa ah k fk dqi ]jk lqa`a ` apa_p]n oq _khkn
]i ]nehhk) h]o _kj_ajpn]_ekjao `a ^ehennq^ej] o~ne_] oa d]j
aopei ]`k `qn]jpa oechko+ B j . 5 5 0 ) B d nhe_d `ao_ne^eÇ lkn
lnei an] rav qj] na]__eÇj aj i qaopn]o `a knej] `a h] bkn*
i ]_eÇj `a qj leci ajpk nk fk k ]vqh _q]j`k h] ^ehennq^ej]
oa ]_klhÇ _kj qj] okhq _eÇj `a }_e`k oqhb]jÄhe_k `e]vkpe*
v]`k+ B j . 6 . 0 ) S]j `aj ?ancd ]lhe_Ç h] na]__eÇ j `a Bdn*
he_d ] h]o ^ehennq^ej]o o~ne_]o+ Q]i ^e~j qoÇ ]h_kd kh _ki k
]_ahan]`kn l]n] ah ]_klh]i eajpk `a h] ^ehennq^ej] ]h }_e*
`k oqhb]jÄhe_k `e]vkpev]`k+ J ]hhku u Brahuj `ao]nnkhh]nkj
h] lnei an] p~_je_] _q]jpep]per] Épeh l]n] h] ^ ehennq ^ ej] aj
. 6 0 4 ) i a`e]jpa h] ]_ahan]_eÇj `a h] na]__eÇj _kj qj] okhq *
_eÇj ] 2- " `a i ap]jkh) p~_j e_] mqa arepÇ h] lna_elep]_eÇj
`a lnkpaÄj]o mqa an] qj] bqajpa `a annkn aj ah i ~pk`k
`a S]j `aj ?ancd+ B j . 6 0 5 ) Gaj ` n] ooeg u D nkb qo]nkj qj
?Q=@NK //*/+. @AH AOPQ@EK @A ?=OK+
K>LNEM:=HL => E:;HK:MHKBH
>dgdmmp]di\ n|md^\ ojo\g /- hb,_g
>dgdmmp]di\ ^jiepb\_\ .- hb,_g
Bjna\o\n\ \g^\gdi\ Hdb`m\h`io` `g`q\_\
=OP %OCKP& Odbidad^\odq\h`io` `g`q\_\
=HP %OCLP& I j_`m\_\h `io` `g`q\_\
=g]Åhdi\ @dnhdipd_\
t*Cgj]pgdi\ Ei^m`h`io\_\
15/ L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
lnk_a` ei eajpk mqa _kjpajÄ] _]baÄj]*^aj vk]pk*]_ap]pk
_ki k ]_ahan]`kn l]n] h] na]__eÇj ]vk]_klh]`kn]+
I] ^ehennq^ej] p]i ^e~j oa d] _q]jpebe_]`k _kj i ~pk*
`ko `ebanajpao ]h ]_klh]i eajpk ]h }_e`k oqhb]jÄhe_k+ Bjpna
aopko i ~pk`ko oa ej_hq ua qj] i a` e_eÇj `ena_p] `a oq _khkn
j]pqn]h+ Bopa lnej_elek oa qoÇ _k j ~tepk aj ah `ao]nnkhhk
`ah Äj` e_a `a h] e_pane_e]) mqa bqa ejpnk` q _e` k aj . 6 . 6 + I]
lnqa^] ej_hq ua oqank `ehqe`k _kj o]hej] d]op] mqa ecq]*
ha reoq]hi ajpa ah _khkn `a qj] okhq _eÇj `a `e_nki ]pk `a
lkp]oek ] - +- . " + >h jÉi ank `a ra_ao mqa `a^a `ehqenoa ah
oqank oa ha ` ajki ej] zh^c]_ ^_ c]n_lc]c[* Pej ai ^]nck) kpn]o
oqop]j_e]o aj ah oqank) ]`ai}o `a h] ^ehennq^ej]) _ki k ah
_]nkpaj k) h] t]jpkbeh] u h] dai kchk^ej]) p]i ^e~j _kj pne^ q *
uaj ]h Äj` e_a `a e_pane_e]) hei ep]j`k oq qpehe`]` _hÄje_]+ Bj
h] ]_pq]he`]` aop] lnqa^] ao k^okhap]+ B j ]Åko na_eajpao)
h] ^ehennq^ej] oa d] _q]jpeÅ_]`k lkn `ehq_eÇj aj qj] `eok*
hq _eÇ j ]i knpecq]`kn]) oacqe`] lkn h] i a` e_eÇj `ena_p] `a
h] ]^okn_eÇj) qo]j`k q j aola_pnkbkpÇi apnk ^ eaj _]he^n]`k+
B opa i ~pk`k oa qo] aj ah h]^kn]pknek la`e}pne_k aj na_e~j
j]_e`ko aj mqeajao ah oqank jk _kj peaj a pk`]rÄ] helk_nk*
i ]o ]i ]nehhko mqa ejpanbean]j+ I] dai kheoeo) mqa oqaha
oan q j lnk^hai ] aj i qaopn]o la`e}pne_]o) oa ìahei ej]î ]h
i a` en qj] oacqj`] hkjcepq` `a kj`]+ I] ^ehennq^ej ki apnÄ]
jk ejr]oer] ao ]dkn] lk oe^ha '.)%.*
@ kj r]neko i ~pk`ko) oa ` apani ejÇ h] ateopaj _e] `a `ko
pelko `a ^ ehennq ^ ej ] '*0 I] bn]__eÇj mqa lnk`qfk qj _khkn
aj okhq _eÇj ]_qko] aj ah i ~pk`k `a S]j `aj ?ancd bqa
`ao_nep] _ki k \cfcllo\ch[ ^cl_]n[( aj p]jpk mqa h] bn]__eÇj
mqa lnk`qfk qj _khkn oÇhk `aolq~o `a mqa oa ]cnacÇ ah
]h_kd kh bqa `ajki ej]`] \cfcllo\ch[ ch^cl_]n[* A qn]jpa
i q _dko ]Åko) hko naoqhp]`ko `a h]o `apani ej]_ekjao `a h]
^ehennq^ej] oa nalknp]nkj _ki k `ena_p]o a ej`ena_p]o+ Bop]
pani ejkhkcÄ] ao ]dkn] ]jpe_q]`]+ Aao`a . 6 2 3 oa _kj k _a
mqa h] na]__eÇj `ena_p] oa `] lkn ah `echq_qnÇje`k `a ^ ehe*
nnq^ej] k ^ehennq^ej] _kjfqc]`]) mqa ao okhq^ha aj ]cq]+
I] na]__eÇ j ej`ena_p]) lkn hk p]jpk) aop} _kjoe`an]`] lkn h]
^ehennq^ej] jk _kjfqc]`]) mqa ao ejokhq ^ha aj ]cq] lank oa
`eoqahra aj ]h_kdkh l]n] ]_klh]noa _kj ah na]_perk `e]vk+
I]o ^ehennq ^ej]o `ena_p] a ej`ena_p] `a^aj nalknp]noa _ki k
_kjfqc]`] u jk _kjfqc]`]) naola_per]i ajpa+ @ kj i ]ukn
bna_qaj_e]) oa nalknp]j ^ehennq^ej] pkp]h u _kjfq c]` ] ',+I]
^ ehennq ^ ej] jk _kjfqc]`] lqa`a `apani ej]noa ]h naop]n h]
^ehennq^ej] _kjfqc]`] `a h] ^ehennq^ej] pkp]h+
C OVOMMSj X NOV W g^YNY
M kn `aocn]_e]) jejcÉj i ~pk`k É j e_k l]n] h] ` apani ej]_eÇj
`a ^ ehennq ^ ej] naqjen} pk`ko hko namqeoepko `ah h]^kn]pknek
_hÄj e_k + M]n] h] ar]hq]_eÇj `a e_pane_e] aj na_e~j j]_e`ko ah
i ~pk`k `a h] aola_pnkbkpki apnÄ] `ena_p] ao o]peob]_pknek+
I]o bqajpao `a annkn aj aop] p~_je_] okj h] pqn^ea`]`) h]
dai kheoeo u hko leci ajpko helk_nki ko ]i ]nehhko+ I] dai k*
heoeo u h] pqn^ea`]` lqa`aj ahei ej]noa ]h i a`en qj ] oacqj*
`] hkjcepq` `a kj`]) lank hko helk_nki ko ]i ]nehhko jk oa
lqa`aj ahei ej]n+ M kn hk p]jpk) aopa i ~pk`k oÇhk ao r}he`k
l]n] na_e~j j]_e`ko) _quk oqank jk _kj peaj a helk_nki ko+
B j l]_eajpao _k j i }o `a qj i ao) ao ja_ao]nek q j lnk_a`e*
i eaj pk _khknei ~pne_k*`e]vk+ I] i ]uknÄ] `a hko ejraopec]*
`knao mqa d]j _ki l]n]`k hko `ebanajpao i ~pk`ko l]n] h]
i a` e_eÇj `a ^ehennq^ej] aop}j `a ]_qan`k aj mqa _]oe pk`]o
h]o p~_je_]o `eolkje^hao `]n}j naoqhp]`ko at]_pko l]n] h]
^ehennq^ej] pkp]h) oeai lna mqa oa `eolkjc] `a aop}j`]nao
^qajko+ >oÄ) h] aha__eÇ j `ah i ~pk`k `a^a _kjoe` an]n oe oa
lnabeana qj] p~_je_] i ]jq]h ok^na qj] ]qpki ]pev]`]) u oe
oa `apani ej]n} h] ^ehennq^ej] `ena_p]+ I] aha__eÇ j `a qj
i ~pk`k l]n] h] ^ ehennq ^ ej] `ena_p] lh]jpa] hko lnk^hai ]o
i}o cn]j`ao lknmqa jk d]u i ~pk`k `a nabanaj_e] k aop]j*
`]nev]_eÇj ]`a_q]`] `eolkje^ha+
Pe oa `aoa] qj lnk_a`ei eajpk i ]jq]h) ajpkj_ao oa
] _kjoaf] ah i ~pk`k `a Brahuj*J ]hhku k ah `a Gaj ` n]ooeg *
D nkb+ B h oacqj`k ao hecan]i ajpa i }o _ki l hafk lank peaja
rajp]f]o ok^na ah i ~pk`k `a Brahuj*J ]hhku lknmqa7
á Bo ejoajoe^ha ] _]i ^eko `ah lBF aj h] i qaopn]+
á Bo ejoajoe^ha ] qj] r]ne]_eÇj `a 2 - ra_ao h] _kj _aj pn]*
_eÇ j lnkpae_] `a h] i qaopn]+
á Qeaja oajoe^ehe`]` ]`a_q]`]) ]qj aj _kj_ajpn]_ek j ao
^]f]o `a ^ehennq^ej]+
á Qeaja qj] pqn^ea`]` i Äjei ] u qj ^h]j_k `ah oqank nah]*
per]i ajpa _kjop]jpa+
á Kk oa ra ]ba_p]`k lkn h] dai kchk^ej] oqlanekn ] 4 2 -
ic,`h+
Aao`a mqa Gaj ` n]ooeg *D nk b `ao]nnkhh]nkj ah lnk_a` e*
i eajpk knecej]h) oa d]j na]hev]`k r]ne]o i k`ebe_]_ekjao
l]n] ]_ahan]n h] na]__eÇ j ) na`q_en h] ejpanbanaj _e]) ap_+
S]neko lnk_a` ei eajpko `a ^ehennq^ej] _ki an_e]h ]dkn] qo]j
q j i ~pk`k i k`ebe_]`k `a Gaj ` n]ooeg *D nkb+ > _pq]hi ajpa
ao qj] p~_je_] lklqh]n l]n] hko ]j]hev]`knao `a i qaopnak
`eo_napk mqa d]u aj ah i an_]`k+
Iko i ~pk`ko na_ki aj`]`ko l]n] h] ` apani ej ]_eÇj `a
h] ^ ehennq ^ ej] pkp]h mqa qo]j pk`]o h]o i }mqej]o ]qpki ]*
pev]`]o oqahaj `]n naoqhp]`ko amqer]hajpao+ M kn `aocn]_e])
h]o p~_je_]o l]n] h] ^ehennq^ej] `ena_p] j k okj p]j _k j *
be]^hao+ B h i afk n i ~pk`k l]n] h] i a` e_eÇj `a lamqaÅ]o
_]jpe`]`ao `a h] ^ehennq^ej] o~ne_] _kjfqc]` ] ao qjk `a
ejraopec]_eÇj mqa qo] _nki ]pkcn]bÄ] hÄmqe`] `a ]hp] naok*
hq _eÇj ) lank ao `ai ]oe]`k `ebÄ_eh l]n] qok nq pej ]nek aj ah
h]^kn]pknek+ @]oe pk`ko hko h]^kn]pkneko _hÄj e_k o qo]j ah
i ~pk`k `a B rahuj*J ]hhku k ah `a Gaj ` n]ooeg *D nkb+ A a^e`k
] mqa aopa _]lÄpq hk jk lani epa qj ] ` ao_nel _eÇj `ap]hh]`]
`a pk`]o h]o i apk`khkcÄ]o `a h]o lnqa^]o `a ^ehennq^ej]
i aj_ekj]` ]o ]jpao) oa `aop]_]j oÇhk hko l nej_el eko i}o
]i lhe]i ajpa qo]`ko l]n] h] i a` e_eÇj `a h] ^ ehennq ^ ej] aj
]`qhpko u l a` e}pne_] '.+&..
> g^YNY N O ;OX N \K ] ]SU #8 \Y P Z K \K VK
N O^O\W SX KMSj X N O VK LSVS\\_ LSXK MYXT_QKNK 23)24
Ijaf[ahag( Pa ]cnac] oqank k lh]oi ] ] qj] ok hq _eÇ j `a ]_a*
p]pk `a ok`ek u ^ajvk]pk `a ok` ek*_]baÄj]) ] h] mqa hq a*
ck oa ha ]cnac] }_e`k oqhb]jÄhe_k `e]vkpev]`k l]n] bkni ]n
]vk^ehennq^ej] lÉnlqn]+ B h ]_ap]pk `a ok`ek ]i knpecq] ah
lE `a h] na]__eÇ j `a `e]vkpev]_eÇj) i eajpn]o ah ^ajvk]pk
`a ok` ek*_]baÄj] ]_ahan] ah ]_klh]i eajpk `a h] ^ehennq^ej]
_kj ah }_e`k oqhb]jÄhe_k `e]vkpev]`k+ Bop] na]__eÇ j ao pan*
i ej]`] _kj h] ]` e_eÇj `a }_e`k ]o_Çn^e_k) mqa `aopnqua ah
at_aok `ah na]_perk `e]vk+ Pa ]cnac] qj] okhq _eÇj papn]pk
bqanpai ajpa ]h_]hej] l]n] _kjranpen h] ]vk^ehennq^ej] lÉn*
lqn] aj ]vk^ehennq^ej] ]vqh) u h] ejpajoe`]` `ah _khkn oa haa
] 3 - - ji+

K][gd][[azf \] dY em]kljY u YdeY[]fYea]flg( Bo
lnabane^ha qj] i qaopn] o~ne_] aj ]uqj]o) mqa jk oa] `a
j]pqn]hav] dai khev]`] j e hel~i e_]+ > jpao `a h] lnqa^]) ah
oqank `a^a cq]n`]noa aj h] ko_qne`]` u i a`enoa aj _q]jpk
oa] lkoe^ha %]jpao `a / k 0 d & `aolq~o `a h] na_kha__eÇj +
B h oqank lqa`a ]hi ]_aj]noa aj h] ko_qne`]` aj q j nabne*
can]`kn lkn i }o `a qj] oai ]j]) u aj ah _kjcah]`kn lkn
q j i ao oej qj ]lna_e]^ha _]i ^ek aj h] _kj _aj pn]_eÇ j `a
^ehennq^ej]+
<ge]flYjagk u ^m]fl]k \] ]jjgj( I] o]jcna jkni ]h
_kj peaj a ^ehennq^ej ] jk _kjfqc]`]+ >hcqj] ^ehennq^ej]
_kjfqc]`] oa nalknp] _ki k jkni ]h lknmqa h] i apk` khk*
cÄ] `eolkje^ha ]_pq]h na_qlan] l]npa `a h] ^ehennq^ej] pkp]h
_ki k qj b]hok lkoeperk+ Pej ai ^]nck) hko i afknao i ~pk*
`ko `a nqpej] i ]jpeajaj aopa annkn p~_je_k ] qj i Äjei k u
nalknp]j hÄi epao oqlaneknao `a hk jkni ]h `a i ajko `a )'+
ic,`h l]n] h] ^ehennq^ej] o~ne_] _kjfqc]`]+ B j aopa i ~pk`k
oa _ki lajo]j hko leci ajpko helk_nki ko) mqa aop}j lna*
oajpao aj ah oqank `a ]`qhpko u j eÅ ko `a r]neko i aoao k
i ]uknao+ Pej ai ^]nck) qj] i qaopn] dai khev]`] _]qo]n}
qj] ` eoi ejq _eÇj aj h] ^ ehennq ^ ej] o~ne_] aj aopa i ~pk`k+
>`ai}o) `a^e`k ] mqa h] helai e] _]qo] ejpanbanaj _e]) okj
lnabane^hao h]o lnqa^]o o]jcqÄja]o aj ]uqj]o+ L _qnna qj]
l~n`e`] oane] `a ^ehennq^ej] `aolq~o `a h] atl k oe_eÇj ] h]
hqv bhqknao_ajpa u ] h] `ah okh ej`ena_p] u `ena_p]+ M kn p]jpk)
ao ei lan]perk mqa oa i ]jpajc] ]h i Äjei k h] atl k oe_eÇj `a
i qaopn]o u aop}j`]nao ] h] hqv) u mqa h]o lnqa^]o u aop}j*
`]nao oa nabnecanaj aj h] ko_qne`]` d]op] mqa oa na]he_aj
h]o lnqa^]o+
KYf_g \] j]^]j]f[aY( Iko n]jcko `a nabanaj_e] l]n]
ejb]jpao i ]uknao `a qj i ao u ]`qhpko oa i qaopn]j aj ah
_q]`nk ++* * +
> g^YNY O]ZOM^\YPY^YW g^\SMY NS\OM^Y Z K \K VK
N O^O\W SX KMSj X N O VK LSVS\\_ LSXK ^Y^KV OX ]_ O\Y $*'*,
Ijaf[ahag( I] ]^okn^]j_e] `a h] ^ehennq^ej ] aj oqank ] .//
ji ao lnklkn_ekj]h ] oq _kj _aj pn]_eÇ j + B h oqank `a hko
na_e~j j]_e`ko jk _kjpeaja helk_nki ko) _ki k _]nkpajko)
mqa lqa`aj ej_nai aj p]n h] ]^okn^]j_e] ] .// ji + I]
]^okn^]j _e] `a h] dai kchk^ej] ] .// ji oa _knneca oqo*
pn]uaj`k h] ]^okn^]j_e] ] /1/ ji +
Fm]kljY( B h oqank oa na_kha_p] u ]hi ]_aj] _kj h] i eoi ]
l na_]q _eÇj _kj mqa oa i aj _ekj Ç ]jpanekni ajpa l]n] h]o
i qaopn]o `a ]`qhpko+
<ge]flYjagk u ^m]fl]k \] ]jjgj( Pa ejpnk` q _en} q j annkn
oe h] ` eokhq _eÇj ]i knpecq]`kn] ao pqn^e]+ A a^e`k ] mqa ah
i ~pk`k `alaj`a `ah _kabe_eajpa `a a t pej _eÇ j `a h] ^ehennq *
^ej]) pk`ko hko rkhÉi ajao `a^aj oan at]_pko u h]o _qnrap]o
`a^aj pajan oqlanbe_ea lh]j] _kj qj] hkjcepq` at]_p] `a *
?Q=@NK //*.+ N=J CK O @ A N ABAN AJ ? E= L=N=
>EHENNQ>EJ =
?jiepb\_\ -*-+/ hb,_g %-*0 khjg,H&
Jj ^jiepb\_\ -+/*-+5 hb,_g %0*.1 çshjg,H&
Pjo\g -+/*.+- hb,_g %0*.4 k)hjg,H&
?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 150
_i + A a^a qo]noa q j _kjpnkh _kj qj jerah _an_]jk ] hko /-
ic,`h) mqa ao qj lq jpk `a ` a_eoeÇj _nÄpe_k l]n] ah _hÄje_k
lknmqa oan} ja_ao]nek ah ejpan_]i ^ek `a pn]jobqoeÇj oe aopa
jerah oa at_a`a+
Q]i ^e~j `a^aj pki ]noa lna_]q _ekj ao _ki k h]o i aj*
_ekj]`]o aj ah i ~pk`k ]jpanekn l]n] h] na_k ha__eÇ j u ah
]hi ]_aj]i eajpk `a h]o i qaopn]o+ Bopa i ~pk`k ao nah]per]*
i ajpa ejoajoe^ha ] h] dai kheoeo) mqa oqaha lnaoajp]noa aj
h]o i qaopn]o k^paje`]o `a ejb]jpao) `a^e`k ] h] `ebe_qhp]`
aj h] p~_je_] `a lanbkn]_eÇj `a h] leah+ Pej ai ^]nck) oa ra
`a bkni ] oecjebe_]per] ]ba_p]`] lkn h] lnaoaj_e] `a helnk*
_nki ko u) lkn hk p]jpk) oÇhk lqa`a oan qo]`] aj ejb]jpao `a
qj ko _q ]jpko i aoao `a a`]` ',+
KYf_g \] j]^]j]f[aY( S ~]oa ah _q]`nk ,,',(
Qmj]dgdiÄb`ij `i jmdi\ t c`^`n
B h oli\cfch|a_hi ao q j lnk`q_pk bej]h ej _khknk `ah i ap]*
^kheoi k `a h] ^ehennq^ej]8 h]o ^]_pane]o ejpaopej]hao hk k t e*
`]j l]n] _kjranpenhk aj qnk^ehej]) qj leci ajpk _]b~+ B j ah
ej`ere`qk jkni ]h) l]npa `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk ao at_nap]`k aj
h]o d a_ao) u ah naopk ao ]^okn^e`k aj h] o]jcna lknp]h u nacna*
o]`k ]h dÄc]`k+ B h neÅ Ç j at_nap] qj ] lamqaÅ] l]npa mqa jk
ao _]lp]`] lkn hko dal]pk_epko) _ki k qnk^ehejÇcajk+ B j h]
l]pkhkcÄ] d ai khepe_] u aj h] bq j_eÇj _ahq h]n `aba_pqko] `ah
dÄc]`k) _ki k h] reop] aj h] dal]pepeo) oa aj_qajpn]j jerahao
ej_nai ajp]`ko `a qnk^ehejÇcajk qnej]nek+ I] ]qoaj_e] `a
qnk^ehejÇcajk aj h] knej] u aj h]o d a_ao oqaha ranoa i}o ]
i ajq`k _kj k^ opnq __eÇj ^ ehe]n _ki lhap]+ B h qnk^ehejÇca*
jk ba_]h p]i ^e~j `eoi ejqua aj h] k ^ opnq __eÇj ^ehe]n) _ki k
aj h] ajbani a`]` dal]pk_ahqh]n '/
@]oe pk`ko hko i ~pk`ko _q]jpep]perko l]n] ah q nk^ ehej Ç*
cajk oa ^]o]j aj h] na]__eÇj `a aop] oqop]j_e] _kj l*`ei a*
peh*]i ejk^ajv]h`adÄ`k l]n] bkni ]n qj _khkn nkfk+ B d nhe_d
` ao_ne^eÇ aop] na]__eÇ j lkn lnei an] rav aj . 6 - . + > pn]r~o
`a hko ]Åko) oa d]j da_dk i q _d]o i k`ebe_]_ekjao ] aopa
lnk_a` ei eajpk l]n] i afkn]n h] aola_ebe_e`]`+ Qansaj na]he*
vÇ h]o lnej_el]hao i afkn]o aj +3,/5 qoÇ de`nÇte` k bannkok
]h_]hejk l]n] na`q_en h] qnk^ehej] ] qnk^ehejÇcajk u ]cnacÇ
]_ap]pk `a ok`ek l]n] ahei ej]n h] ejpanbanaj_e] lnkrajeajpa
`a _ki lqaopko _ki k ah ej`kh+ T ]pokj) aj . 6 0 3 ) ejpnk` q fk
ah qok `a ~pan `a lapnÇhak aj hqc]n `a ~pan `a ` eapehk l]n] h]
atpn]__eÇ j `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk l]n] ]uq`]n ] h] ahei ej]_eÇj
`a kpn]o oqop]j_e]o mqa ejpanbanÄ]j+ Pej ai ^]nck) `a^e`k
] hko aopq`eko mqa ej`e_]j mqa hko i ~pk`ko _q]jpep]perko
`ao_nepko j k na_ql an]j lkn _ki lhapk ah qnk^ehejÇcajk ]
l]npen `a h] knej]) _]oe pk`k hko h]^kn]pkneko qo]j ah i ~pk*
`k oai e_q ]jpep]perk) i ajko h]^knekok u i }o n}le`k) mqa oa
` ao_ne^a ] _k j pej q ] _eÇ j ' .1&/+
?Q=@NK //*/+ N=J CK O @ A N ABAN AJ ? E= L=N=
H= >EHENNQ >EJ = PKP=H AJ EJB=JPAO
PyNIEJK
EJB=JPAO LNAI=PQNK) PKP=H ?KILHAPK) PKP=H
/1 c j m \ n . \ 3 h b ,_ g / ] 3 h b ,_ g
15 c j m \ n 3 \ 5 h b ,_ g 3 ] 4 h b ,_ g
0 \ 2 _}\n .- \ ./ hb,_g 1 ] 3 hb,_g
151 L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
5 O^O\W SX K MSj X NOV _\YLSVSXjQOXY _\SX K\SY
]OW SM_KX^S^K^S`Y!
Ijaf[ahag( B h qnk^ehejÇcajk na]__ekj] _kj l*`ei apeh*]i e*
jk^ajv]h`adÄ`k %na]_perk `a B dnhe_d& l]n] bkni ]n q j _khkn
nk fk) mqa oa i e`a ajpkj_ao aola_pnkbkpki ~pne_]i ajpa+ Pa
]cnac] }_e`k ]o_Çn^e_k _ki k ]cajpa na`q_pkn l]n] i ]jpajan
]h qnk^ehejÇcajk aj ah aop]`k na`q_e`k+ B h qok `a ]_ap]pk `a
ok`ek o]pqn]`k `apeaja h] na]__eÇj u i ejei ev] h] _ki ^ej]*
_eÇj `a kpnko _nki Çcajko _kj ah na]_perk `a Bdnhe_d+
J q aopn]+ Pa na_kha_p] knej] `l_ m] [ `a / d+ Bop] i qaopn]
`a^a i ]jpajanoa bnÄ] u lnkpace`] `a h] hqv+
<ge]flYjagk u ^m]fl]k \] ]jjgj(
.+ Iko naoqhp]`ko `a aop] lnqa^] oa nalknp]j aj qje`]`ao
B d nhe_d aj hqc]n `a i ehecn]i ko `a qnk^ehejÇcajk) lkn*
mqa ]hcqj]o oqop]j_e]o) ]`ai }o `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk) okj
naolkjo]^hao `a l]npa `ah `ao]nnkhhk `ah _khkn bej]h+
/+ B j pna kpnko _ki lqaopko) ]`ai }o `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk)
mqa lqa`aj lnaoajp]noa aj h] knej] u na]__ekj]n _kj ah
na]_perk `a B d nhe_d ) oa ej_hq u aj lknbk^ehejÇcajk) oqh*
bkj]i e`]o) lnk_]Äj] u }_e`k 2*d e` nkteej ` kh]_~pe_k+ I]
^ ehennq ^ ej] bkni ]n} qj _khkn ran`a u) lkn hk p]jpk) `a^a
ahei ej]noa) _ki k oa d] `ao_nepk lnare]i ajpa+
0+ Pa j a_aoep] knej] na_eajpa) u h] lnqa^] `a^a na]hev]noa
oej napn]ok l]n] arep]n h] kte` ]_eÇj `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk ]
q nk^ehej]+ Aa i ]jan] oei eh]n) `a^aj d]_anoa h]o ha_pq n]o
aol a_pnkbkpki ~pne_]o `ajpnk `a hko 2 i ej lkopaneknao ]
h] l nk` q __eÇj `ah _khkn) lknmqa `eoi ejqua h] ej paj oe*
`]` `ah _khkn `a qnk^ehejÇcajk*]h`adÄ`k+
KYf_g \] j]^]j]f[aY( R nk^ehejÇcajk qnej]nek) -+. ] .+-
qje`]`ao Bdnhe_d,/ d k - +2 1 qje`]`ao Bdnhe_d,`Ä] %- +5 3
iikh,`Ä]&8 . qje`]` B d nhe_d ao q j amqer]hajpa ]lnktei ]*
`k ] * i c `a qnk^ehejÇcajk+
E \YLSVSXjQOXY PO M K V
I] ej ol a__eÇ j reoq]h `ah at_nai ajpk oqaha ^]op]n l]n] `ao*
_q ^nen qnk^ehejÇcajk `eoi ejqe`k+ Pej ai ^]nck) ao lkoe^ha
h] ` apani ej ]_eÇj _q]jpep]per] `ah qnk^ehejÇcajk ba_]h a
ejrkhq_n] ah i eoi k lnej_elek ]jpao ` ao_nepk l]n] h] kne*
j ] '** Pa hhar] ] _]^k aj qj atpn]_pk ]_qkok `a at_nai ajpk
na_eajpa) u _q ]hmqean qnk^ehej] lnaoajpa oa na`q_a ] qnk^e*
hejÇcajk lkn pn]p]i eajpk _kj de`nÇte` k bannkok ]h_]hejk
]jpao `a mqa oa ]cnacqa ah na]_perk `a B d nhe_d + R j n]jck
`a 4 2 ] / 4 2 qje`]`ao Bdnhe_d,.-- c `a d a_ao na_eajpao k `a
42 ] 1 - - qje`]`ao B d nhe_d l]n] qj] i qaopn] ] h]o / 1 d oa
_kjoe` an] _ki k q j n]jck `a nabanaj_e] j kni ]h '/+
I `_d^dÄi _` gjn {^d_jn ]dgd\m`n `i `g np`mj
Mkn `aocn]_e]) oa namqeanaj i ~pk`ko _ki lhafko l]n] ah
]j}heoeo `a }_e`ko ^ehe]nao aj ah oqank+ Bopk ej_hqua atpn]_*
_eÇ j _kj okhrajpao knc}je_ko) _nki ]pkcn]bÄ] `a l]npe_eÇj)
_nki ]pkcn]bÄ] `a c]oao*aola_pnko_kle] `a i]o]) aola_pnk*
bkpki apnÄ]) ]^okn_eÇj `a hqv qhpn]rekhap]) bhqknao_aj_e])
n]`ekeji qjkajo]uk u i ~pk`ko `a eji qjkajo]uko ajvei }*
pe_k o '/,!/. >qjmqa hko jerahao `ah }_e`k ^ehe]n oa]j ahar]`ko
aj h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_]) h] _kj _aj pn]_eÇ j pkp]h ao `ai ]*
oe]`k r]ne]^ha u jk `] qj r]hkn `a `e]cjÇope_k l]n] kpn]o
lnqa^]o `a h] bq j_eÇj dal}pe_]+ I] r]ne]^ehe`]` `a hko pelko
`a }_e`ko ^ehe]nao lnaoajpao aj oqank) fq j pk _kj oq ateopaj *
_e] aj `ebanajpao bkni ]o _kjfqc]`]o) oqceana mqa ao lkoe^ha
k^pajan i }o ejbkni ]_eÇj nahar]jpa `a h] `eobq j_eÇj dal}*
pe_] at]i ej]j`k i k`ahko `a }_e`ko ^ehe]nao ej`ere`q]hao u
oq aop]`k `a _kjfqc]_eÇj + Mkn afai lhk) oa d] oqcane`k mqa
h] lnklkn_eÇj `a hko }_e`ko ^ehe]nao pnede`nkte ] `ede`nkte aj
oqank `ebanaj_e]n} ] hko l]_eajpao _kj e_pane_e] k^opnq_per]
`a hko mqa l]`a_aj haoeÇj dal]pk_ahqh]n) u mqa ah `e]cjÇope*
_k `a _ennkoeo ^ehe]n lnei ]ne] u _khaop]oeo atpn]dal}pe_] lqa*
`a d]_anoa ok^na h] ^]oa `a h] lnklkn_eÇj ajpna hko }_e`ko
_Çhe_ko ] hko mqajk`aokte_Çhe_ko+ Pej ai ^]nck) ah ]hpk _kopk
`a aop]o lnqa^]o) ah peai lk namqane`k l]n] na]hev]nh]o u h]
_kjpnkranoe] ]_pq]h ok^na oq qpehe`]` _hÄje_] hk _kjreanpa aj
qj i ~pk`k lk_k o]peob]_pknek l]n] ah qok nqpej]nek+
Lmp`]\n `iudh{od^\n `i g\ `ia`mh`_\_ c`k{od^\
@q]hmqean haoeÇj `ah dÄc]`k mqa lnk`qv_] deopÇheoeo u
ja_nkoeo _]qo] h] he^ an]_eÇj `a r]ne]o ajvei ]o+ I] i a`e*
_eÇ j `a aop]o ajvei ]o dal}pe_]o aj ah oqank oa qo] l]n]
ar]hq]n h] atpaj oeÇj `ah `]Åk dal}pe_k u l]n] `ebanaj_e]n
h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal]pk_ahqh]n %bq j _ekj ]h& `a h] k^opnq_per]
%i a_}j e_]&+ Iko i ~pk`ko qo]`ko l]n] i a`en aop]o ajve*
i ]o) hko n]jcko `a nabanaj_e] jkni ]hao u kpnko ]ola_pko
cajan]hao `a ajvei khkcÄ] oa _kjoe` an]nkj aj ah _]lÄpqhk
.-) @htcg[m* B j aopa _]lÄpqhk) ah ]j}heoeo oa _kj _aj pn] aj
hko _]i ^eko _]n]_panÄope_ko aj hko jerahao ajvei }pe_ko `ah
oqank reopko aj r]neko pn]opknjko dal}pe_ko+
Bjpna h]o ajvei ]o i}o _ki qjao ajo]u]`]o aj h] ajban*
i a`]` dal]pk^ehe]n aop}j h] >IM u h] ]i ejkpn]joban]o]+
I]o i ajko qo]`]o okj u*chqp]i ehpn]joban]o]) h]_p]pk `aode*
`nkcaj]o] %IA & u oqo eokajvei ]o) 2$*j q _hakpe` ]o]) knj epe*
j] _]n^]i kehpn]joban]o] u haq_ej] ]i ejklalpe`]o] '//!0)
7Y]PK^K]K KVMKVSXK
I] >IM oa aj_qajpn] aj `eranoko pafe` ko) lank oa qo] _kj
i }o bna_q aj_e] aj ah `e]cjÇope_k _hÄj e_k `a h]o ajbani a`]*
`ao Çoa]o u dal}pe_]o+ Fj_nai ajpko `a harao ] i k`an]`ko
aj h] ]_pere`]` `a h] >IM k_qnnaj aj i q _dko l]_eajpao _kj
pn]opknjko dal]pk_ahqh]nao) _ki k h] dal]pepeo u _ennkoeo) u
]qi ajpko l]o]fanko hhac]j ] k_q nnen aj pk`ko hko pelko `a
l]pkhkcÄ] dal}pe_]+ I]o ahar]_ekjao i }o jkp]^hao k_qnnaj
aj h] k ^ opnq __eÇj ^ ehe]n atpn]dal}pe_]) _ki k _}h_qhko aj
ah _kj` q _pk ^ ehe]n _ki Éj k aj h] _khaop]oeo ejpn]dal}pe_])
_ki k _khaop]oeo `a b}ni ]_ko k _ennkoeo ^ ehe]n lnei ]ne]+ Bop]
ajvei ] _]oe oeai lna oa ej_nai ajp] aj h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal}*
pe_] i ap]op}oe_] u lqa`a oan h] Éj e_] ]jkni ]he`]` aj h]o
lnqa^]o nqpej]ne]o `a h] bq j_eÇj dal}pe_]+ A a^e`k ] mqa ah
dq aok ao qj] bqajpa `a ajvei ]o) h] ajbani a`]` `a M]cap) h]
i ap}op]oeo Çoa] u kpn]o ajbani a`]`ao nah]_ekj]`]o _k j ah
ej _nai aj pk `a h] ]_pere`]` kopak^h}ope_] lqa`aj lnk`q_en
jerahao ]hpko `a >IM aj ]qoaj_e] `a h] ajbani a`]` dal}*
pe_]+ I] ajvei ] oa aj_qajpn] aj h] lh]_ajp]) u h]o i qfanao
ai ^]n]v]`}o p]i ^e~j peajaj jerahao ahar]`ko '0*!0-
2 W SX Y^\K X]PO\K ]K ] ^\KX]KW SXK]K]!
I] > PQ %P D L Q & u h] >IQ %PD M Q & okj h]o ajvei ]o i}o qo]*
`]o l]n] ar]hq]n ah `]Åk dal]pk_ahqh]n+ I] >PQ %P D L Q & oa
aj_qajpn] aj pk`ko hko pafe`ko) ok^na pk`k aj ah _]n`Ä]_k)
dal}pe_k u i qo_qhkaomq ah~pe_k+ I] >IQ %P D M Q & oa lnaoaj*
p] lkn hk cajan]h aj ah dÄc]`k u) aj i ajkn cn]`k) aj ah

neÅ Çj u aj ah pafe` k i q o_qhkaomq ah~pe_k) d]_e~j`kh] i}o
ìaola_Äbe_] l]n] ah dÄc]`kî+
Bj ]qoaj_e] `a ja_nkoeo ]cq`] k eomqaie] `a kpnko Çnc]*
jko) hko jerahao ahar]`ko `a ]i ejkpn]joban]o] oqceanaj `]Åk
dal]pk_ahqh]n+ B j dal]pepeo ren]h cn]ra) mqa _]qo] ja_nkoeo
]cq`] atpajo]) oa lqa`aj aj_kjpn]n jerahao `a ]i ejkpn]jo*
ban]o] `ah oqank oecjebe_]per]i ajpa ahar]`ko) i eajpn]o mqa
oÇhk oa aj_qajpn]j ej_nai ajpko i k`an]`ko aj _]oko i ajko
cn]rao+ Bo lkoe^ha mqa ajbania`]`ao dal}pe_]o harai ajpa
_nÇje_]o k bk_]hao) _ki k dal]pepeo ren]h oq^_hÄje_] k ]je_p~ne*
_]) _ennkoeo ]h_kdÇhe_]) ejbehpn]_eÇj cn]jqhki ]pko] a ejr]oeÇj
pqikn]h) aop~j nah]_ekj]`]o _kj ]jkni]he`]`ao oÇhk harao+
Bhar]_ekjao i Äjei ]o k_qnnaj aj h] k^opnq__eÇj ^ehe]n+
Mkn hk cajan]h) ao Épeh na]hev]n ` apani ej]_ekjao aj
oanea `a ]i ejkpn]joban]o] _q]j`k oa oecqa ah _qnok `a qj
l]_eaj pa _kj dal]pepeo ]cq`] k _nÇje_]+ Pej ai ^]nck) `a^a
pki ]noa l na_]q _eÇj ]h ejpanlnap]n aopko jerahao ]jkni ]*
hao) lknmqa h]o pn]jo]i ej]o]o o~ne_]o lqa`aj `eoi ejqen aj
]hcqjko l]_eajpao _kj dal]pepeo cn]ra ] ]cq`]) `a^e`k ] h]
he^ an]_eÇj atd]qoper] `a ajvei ]o dal]pk_ahqh]nao '0,!01
/!'Gm[d]gla\YkY( I] 2$*j q _hak pe` ]o] ao kpn] bkob]p]o]8
oa knecej] aj ah dÄc]`k u oa qo] aj _hÄj e_] l]n] `apani e*
j]n oe qj] ahar]_eÇj `a >IM ao _]qo]`] lkn ajbani a`]`
dal}pe_] q Çoa]+ Iko jerahao `a h] 2$*j q _hak pe` ]o] u h] >IM
okj ahar]`ko aj h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal}pe_]) i eajpn]o mqa aj h]
ajbani a`]` Çoa] lnei ]ne]) ah jerah `a h] >IM ao ahar]`k)
lank ah `a h] 2$*jq _hakpe` ]o] oqaha oan jkni ]h k oÇhk aop]n
`a i ]jan] hecan]+ Bop] ajvei ] ao i q _dk i}o oaj oe^ha ]
h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] i ap]op}oe_] mqa h] >IM lknmqa) ]
`ebanaj_e] `a ~op]) oq jerah jk ao oecjebe_]per]i ajpa aha*
r]`k aj kpn]o _kj` e_ekjao) _ki k ai ^]n]vk k ejb]j_e]+
>`ai}o) lqa`a jkp]noa ]hcÉj ej_nai ajpk aj h] ]_pere`]`
ajvei }pe_] `aolq~o `a h] _enqcÄ] ]^`ki ej ]h '02!1*
q'@dmlYeadljYfk^]jYkY( I] u*chqp]i ehpn]joban]o] %D D Q &
oa aj_qajpn] aj ]hp]o _kj_ajpn]_ekjao aj ah neÅÇj u ah dÄc]*
`k) u aop} ahar]`] aj ah oqank `a h] i]uknÄ] `a hko l]_eajpao
_kj pn]opknjko dal]pk^ehe]nao+ Kk ao aola_Äbe_] `a ]hcÉj pelk
`a ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] lank oqaha oan h] lnei an] lnqa^] `a
bq j_eÇj dal}pe_] ]jkni ]h i kopn]`] aj ah oqank `a lanok*
j]o mqa _kjoqi aj cn]j`ao _]jpe`]`ao `a ]h_kdkh+ Kerahao
i }o ]hpko oa d]j reopk aj h] k^opnq __eÇj ^ehe]n+ Mkn hk p]jpk)
ao qj] lnqa^] oajoe^ha `a ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] ]h_kdÇhe_]+
I] i a`e_eÇj `a aop] ajvei ] p]i ^e~j ao Épeh oe d]u ]qoaj_e]
`a e_pane_e] l]n] h] _kjbeni ]_eÇj `a jaklh]oi ]o dal}pe_ko)
u ao qj] lnqa^] Épeh l]n] _kjbeni ]n h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal}pe_] aj
l]_eajpao _kj bkob]pko ]h_]hejko ahar]`ko '1+!1/
E]m[afY Yeafgh]hla\YkY( I] haq _ej ] ]i ejklalpe`]*
o]) `eopne^qe`] ]i lhe]i ajpa aj hko pafe` ko dq i ]jko) oa
aj_qajpn] aj ah l}j_na]o) h] i q_ko] c}opne_]) ah dÄc]`k) ah
^]vk) ah _ana^nk) hko ejpaopejko cnqaok u `ahc]`k u ah neÅÇj+
I] i ]uknÄ] `a hko ejraopec]`knao _naaj mqa jk ao lkoe^ha
qpehev]n h] ]_pere`]` o~ne_] `a h] haq _ej] ]i ejklalpe`]o]
l]n] `ebanaj_e]n h] e_pane_e] dal]pk_ahqh]n `a h] k^opnq _pe*
r]+ J }o ]Éj) h] i a` e_eÇj `a aop] ajvei ] jk lnklkn_ekj]
ejbkni ]_eÇj Épeh mqa jk lqa`] k^pajanoa _kj kpn]o lnqa*
^]o) _ki k h] ` apani ej]_eÇj `a h] 2$*j q _hak pe` ]o] k u*chq*
p]i ehpn]joban]o] '10
EY[lYlg \]k`a\jg_]fYkY( Mkn hk cajan]h) h] i a`e_eÇj `a h]
IA o~ne_] pkp]h jk ao Épeh l]n] ah `e]cjÇope_k) lknmqa h] IA
aop} lnaoajpa aj pk`ko hko Çnc]jko u oa he^an] aj ah oqank
?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 152
`a^e`k ] r]ne]o haoekjao peoqh]nao+ Pej ai ^]nck) h] `ereoeÇj
`a h] IA aj oqo _ej_k eokajvei ]o aola_Äbe_]o `a pafe`k lnk*
lkn_ekj] ejbkni ]_eÇj Épeh ]_an_] `ah oepek `a knecaj `a h]
ahar]_eÇj `a h] IA+ I] IA *2 oa lnaoajp] i}o aj ah dÄc]`k
u ah pafe` k i q o_qhkaomqah~pe_k+ Rj] ejpanlnap]_eÇj `a hko
l]pnkjao `a h] eokajvei ] lqa`a oan oei lha8 qj] IA *2 ahar]*
`] oa aj_qajpn] aj qj l]_eajpa _kj e_pane_e]+ Pej ai ^]nck)
h] oei ehepq` `a hko l]pnkjao `a h] eokajvei ] ajpna `ebanajpao
aop]`ko `a `]Åk peoqh]n lqa`a ja_aoep]n ah qok `a lnqa^]o
`a h]^kn]pknek ]`e_ekj]hao l]n] h] ejpanlnap]_eÇj+
I]o ahar]_ekjao i k`an]`]o `a hko jerahao `a IA o~ne*
_ko pkp]hao okj _ki qjao aj h] dal]pepeo ren]h ]cq`] u aj h]
_ennkoeo) i eajpn]o h] l]pkhkcÄ] `ah pn]_pk ^ehe]n lqa`a lnk*
`q_en oÇhk ahar]_ekjao harao+ K erahao o~ne_ko ahar]`ko lqa*
`aj aj_kjpn]noa aj ah _]n_ejki ] i ap]op}oe_k `ah dÄc]` k '11
Lmp`]\n _` h`_d^dÄi _` g\
^\k\^d_\_ ndio|od^\ _`g c}b\_j
I] i a` e_eÇj `a hko lnk`q_pko bej]hao `a h] ]_pere`]` oej p~*
pe_] dal}pe_] lqa`a qo]noa l]n] ar]hq]n h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal}*
pe_]+ > qjmqa aop]o lnqa^]o jk okj oajoe^hao ] qj `]Åk
dal}pe_k i Äjei k) naoqhp]j Épehao l]n] _q ]jpebe_]n h] cn]ra*
`]` `a h] ` eobq j_eÇj dal}pe_]+
@]oe pk`]o h]o lnkpaÄj]o o~ne_]o oa lnk`q _aj aj ah dÄc]*
`k+ R j] `eoi ejq _eÇj aj h] ]h^Éi ej] o~ne_] lqa`a oan
naoqhp]`k `a h] `eoi ejq _eÇj `a h] oÄj paoeo lnkpae_] dal}pe*
_]+ B h jerah `a ]h^Éi ej] oa nah]_ekj] ^ eaj _kj h] cn]ra`]`
`ah `apaneknk bq j_ekj]h u oa aj_qajpn] _k j i}o bna_qaj_e]
aj h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] _nÇje_] mqa aj h] ]cq`]+ I]o
] *c hk ^ q hej ] o o~ne_]o p]i ^e~j peaj`aj ] `eoi ejqen _kj h]
ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] _nÇje_]+ Pej ai ^]nck) qj] ] *c hk ^ q he*
j] ^ ]f] k ]qoajpa oqceana mqa h] ` abe_eaj_e] aj ]*] j pepnel *
oej] ao h] _]qo] `a h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] _nÇje_]+ Iko
jerahao `a u*chk^qhej] o~ne_] ]qi ajp]j `a bkni ] pai lkn]h
aj h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] ]cq`] u lani ]j a_aj ahar]`ko
aj h] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] _nÇj e_]+ Iko i ]uknao ej _na*
i ajpko oa aj_qaj pn]j aj h] dal]pepeo ]_per] _nÇ j e_] u aj
h] _ennkoeo lkoja_nÇpe_]+ B j l]npe_qh]n) hko jerahao `a FcD a
FcJ aop}j ahar]`ko i}o _kjoeopajpai ajpa aj h] dal]pepeo
]_per] _nÇj e_]) `a FcJ aj h] _ennkoeo ^ ehe]n lnei ]ne] u `a
Fc> aj h] _ennkoeo ]h_kdÇhe_]+
B h peai lk `a lnkpnki ^ej] oqaha ej_nai ajp]noa aj h]
ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] lknmqa ah dÄc]`k jk lqa`a lnk`q_en
_]jpe`]`ao ]`a_q]`]o `ah b]_pkn `a _k]cqh]_eÇj k lknmqa
h] ejpannql _eÇj `ah bhqfk ^ehe]n k_]oekj] qj] ej]`a_q]`]
]^okn_eÇj `a h] rep]i ej] H `ah ejpaopejk+ I] naolqaop] `ah
peai lk `a lnkpnki ^ej] ] h] ]`i ejeopn]_eÇj `a rep]i ej] H
peaja) lkn hk p]jpk) ]hcÉj r]hkn aj `ebanaj_e]n ] h] ajbani a*
`]` ejpn]dal}pe_] _kj ` eoi ejq_eÇj aj h] _]l]_e`]` `a oÄj *
paoeo `a h] k^ opnq __eÇj atpn]dal}pe_] _kj `eoi ejq _eÇj aj h]
]^okn_eÇj `a h]o rep]i ej]o okhq^hao aj cn]o]+ Rj] i]n_]`]
lnkhkjc]_eÇj `ah peai lk `a lnkpnki ^ej] ej`e_] qj] ajban*
ia`]` dal}pe_] `ebqo] cn]ra u q j `e]cjÇope_k i ]hk '12
Lmp`]\n _` h`_d^dÄi _`g
h `o\]jgdnh j _`g idomÄb`ij
Bh dÄc]`k `aoai laÅ] qj l]lah ei lknp]jpa aj h] ahe*
i ej ]_eÇj `ah ]i kje]_k `ah pknnajpa o]jcqÄjak u aj h]
153 L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K

_kjr anoeÇj `a ~opa ] qna] l]n] mqa hk lqa`]j ahei ej ]n hko
neÅkjao+ B j h] ejoq be_eaj_e] dal}pe_]) ]qi ajp] h] _]jpe`]`
`a ]i kje]_k u kpn]o pktej ]o aj ah pknnajpa o]jcqÄjak) hk
mqa lqa`a hhar]n ] _ki ] dal}pe_k+ B j aop] _kj ` e_eÇ j ) ah
l ]_eaj pa oa ` aokneajp] _]`] rav i }o u cn]`q]hi ajpa _]a
aj ej _k j o_eaj _e]+ I] _]qo] `ah _ki ] dal}pe_k jk aop} lkn
_ki l hapk `abeje`]) ]qjmqa oa oqlkja mqa ah ]i kje]_k
`aoai laÅ] q j l]lah ei lknp]jpa+ Pej ai ^]nck) h] nah]_eÇj
ajpna hko jerahao `a ]i kje]_k o]jcqÄjak u h] cn]ra`]`
`ah _ki ] d al }pe_k ao i ]h]+ M kn hk p]jpk) ah jerah `a ]i k*
j e]_k ao i }o É peh _q]j`k hko l]_eaj pao oenraj _ki k oq
lnklek _kj pnkh) u oa pki ]j i a` e_ekjao i É hpelhao _k j ah
peai l k '12!2*
I] l nk` q __eÇj `a chqp]i ej] aj qj] na]__eÇ j ejpn]_ahq *
h]n ajvei }pe_] ajpna ah ]i kje]_k u ah }_e`k chqp}i e_k lnk*
lkn_ekj] q j i a_]jeoi k l]n] ahei ej]n ah ]i kje]_k `ao`a
ah oeopai ] janrekok _ajpn]h+ I] ahar]_eÇj `a h] @ PC chq*
p]i ej] d] oe`k `ao_nep] aj h] aj_ab]hkl]pÄ] dal}pe_] u aj
]hcqjko _]oko `ah oÄj`nki a `a Oaua+ Iko jerahao `a chqp]*
i ej] oa i e`aj lkn r]neko i ~pk`ko) ej_hqe` ]o h] de`nÇheoeo
}_e`] u h] bhqknao_aj_e] ej`q_e`] lkn h}oan ' 2+
D`k\ododn
C_j[ncncm oecjebe_] ìejbh]i ]_eÇj `ah dÄc]`kî8 lqa`a oan
_]qo]`] lkn renqo) ^]_pane]o) l]n}oepko) n]`e]_eÇj) b}ni ]*
_ko) mqÄi e_ko) ajbani a`]` ]qpkeji qjep]ne] k pktej]o+
B jpna hko renqo _]qo]jpao `a dal]pepeo aop}j hko pelko >) ?)
@) A %k `ahp]& u B 8 hko _epki ac]hkrenqo8 hko renqo `a Blo*
paej*?]nn8 u p]h rav kpnko i}o %_q]`nk / / *0 &+
9 OZK^S^S] 2
I] dal]pepeo >) p]i ^e~j _kjk_e`] _ki k b_j[ncncm ch`_]]cim[
s b_j[ncncm ^_ ch]o\[]c|h ]iln[ ) oa pn]joi epa lkn hk _ki Éj
lkn ]hei ajpko k ]cq] _kjp]i ej]`ko+ Iko `]pko ale`ai ek*
hÇce_ko d]j oqcane`k mqa qj aop]`k lknp]`kn `a dal]pepeo >
ao ei lnk^]^ha k ao `a _knp] `qn]_eÇj+ I] dal]pepeo `ah renqo
> %E>S& oa d] e`ajpebe_]`k _kj i e_nko_kl ek aha_pnÇ j e_k
_ki k qj] l]npÄ_qh] aob~ne_] %/ 4 ji `a ]j _dk& mqa _k j pea*
ja OK>+ Pa d] _qhper]`k na_eajpai ajpa ch pcnli* Pej ai ^]n*
ck) aopa oeopai ] pafe` k*_q hperk ao i }o qj] dann]i eajp] `a
ejraopec]_eÇj mqa qj] ]uq`] aj ah `e]cjÇope_k+ I] l~n`e`]
ba_]h `ah ]jpÄcajk `a h] dal]pepeo > ao l]o]fan]) u ah ]jpÄca*
j k `ao]l]na_a `ah at_nai ajpk `aolq~o `a h]o ahar]_ekjao
]h lq jpk i }tei k `a h]o ajvei ]o dal}pe_]o+ B h `e]cjÇope_k
`a h] dal]pepeo > oa na]hev] lkn h] ` apa__eÇj oankhÇce_] `a
oqo ]jpe_qanlko+ I] lnk`q __eÇj `a hko ]jpe_qanlko `a h]
dal]pepeo > %]jpe*E>S& nalnaoajp] qj] naolqaop] aola_Äbe_]
`ah dq~ola` ] h] E>Y% u oa _naa mqa _kjbeana eji qje`]`
_kjpn] h] naej ba__eÇj + B h qok `ah i e_nko_klek aha_pnÇ je_k
eji qjep]nek aj ah at_nai ajpk u hko n]`ekeji qjkajo]uko
l]n] h] ` apa__eÇj `a aopa ]jpe_qanlk oqceanaj mqa `eba*
najpao pelko `a ]jpe_qanlk %p]jpk FcJ _ki k FcD & lqa`aj
]l]na_an aj `eranoko i ki ajpko `a h] ajbani a`]`+ Iko
]jpe_qanlko aol a_Äbe_ko `ah FcJ hhac]j ]h lq jpk i }tei k aj
qj] oai ]j] u `ao]l]na_aj ]jpao `a h]o k_d k ) i eajpn]o hko
]jpe_qanlko `a FcD hhac]j ]h lq jpk i }tei k aj q j lanÄk`k
`a qj k ] `ko i aoao u lanoeopaj lkn ]Åko+
I] `k_q i aj p]_eÇj `a h] lkoepere`]` `ah ]jpe*E>S ej`e*
_] atl k oe_eÇj ] E>S) ]qoaj_e] `a _]l]_e`]` `a ej ba__eÇ j
u lnaoaj_e] `a eji qje`]` ] qj] ej ba__eÇ j na_qnnajpa+ I]
lkoepere`]` `ah ]jpe*E>S jk ei lhe_] dal]pepeo lnare] aj
_hÄj e_] are`ajpa je aop]^ha_a qj] nah]_eÇj apekhÇce_] ajpna
E>S u qj] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] ]cq`] _nÇj e_]+ I] `ai ko*
pn]_eÇj `a h] oank_kjranoeÇj k l~n`e`] ba_]h `ah ]jpÄcajk
`qn]jpa h] b]oa ]cq`] `a h] ajbani a`]` ao ah Éj e_k i ~pk`k
_kjbe]^ha l]n] ah aop]^ha_ei eaj pk `a qj] apekhkcÄ] `a E>S
J q_d] cajpa peaja ]jpe_qanlko ]jpe*E>S oej d]^an paje`k
qj] ej ba__eÇ j _hÄje_]i ajpa are`ajpa '2,!21
9 OZK^S^S] 3
< h] dal]pepeo ? p]i ^e~j oa ha _kj k _a _ki k b_j[ncncm mylc)
][ k b_j[ncncm ^_ ch]o\[]c|h f[la[* E]u pnao nqp]o lnej_el]*
hao `a pn]joi eoeÇj7 l]najp]h) lanej]p]h u oatq]h+ Q]i ^e~j
ateopa qj] nqp] `a pn]joi eoeÇj ba_]h*kn]h atpn]) ]qjmqa
j k ao ei lknp]jpa aj _q]jpk ] oq ^]oa ale`ai ekhÇce_]+
Iko l]_eaj pao ejba_p]`ko i ]jebeaop]j h] dal]pepeo ? aj _]oe
pk`ko hko bhqe`ko _knlkn]hao) ej_hq e` ko o]jcna) da_ao) kne*
j]) o]her]) oai aj) h}cnei ]o u ha_d a i ]panj]+
B h renqo `a h] dal]pepeo ? %E ?S& ao qj] l]npÄ_qh] aob~*
ne_] `a 1 / ji ) `a `k^ha _kj _d]) _kj qj j É _hak _ajpn]h `a
}_e`k ` aoktenne^kjq _hae_k %AK>& nk`a]`k lkn qj] _]l]
lnkpae_]+ L necej]hi ajpa) ] aop] l]npÄ_qh]) lnaoajpa aj ^]f]
_kj _aj pn]_eÇ j aj ah oqank `a hko l]_eajpao _kj dal]pepeo
ren]h ]_per]) oa ha hh]i Ç j[lnz]of[ ^_ ?[{_* A aolq~o `a h]
ej ba__eÇ j _kj E?S) ah jÉ _hak `ah ]jpÄcajk oa oejpapev] aj
ah jÉ _hak `a hko dal]pk_epko u hqack l]o] ]h _epklh]oi ] `a
h] _~hqh] dal}pe_]) `kj`a ao nk`a]`k lkn h] _]l] lnkpae*
_]+ B j aopq`eko oankhÇce_ko oa d] e`ajpebe_]`k q j ]jpÄcajk
lnaoajpa aj ah _ajpnk `ah renqo %E?_>c& u qjk oqlanbe_e]h

?Q=@NK //*0+ H K O R EN Q O @ A H = D A L = P EP EO
LANEK@K @A IK@K LNEI=NEK EJBA??EòJ @E=CJòOPE?K
JQ?HAòPE@K EJ?Q>=?EòJ @A PN=JOIEOEòJ R=?QJ= ?NòJE?= OANKHòCE?K @EOLKJE>HA

D`k\ododn = NJ= / \ 3 n`h\i\n B`^\g*jm\g O} Jj O}

D`k\ododn > @J= 5 \ /3 n`h\i\n L\m`io\g) n`sp\g O} O} O}
D`k\ododn ? NJ= / \ .2 n`h\i\n L\m`io\g) ån`sp\g< Jj O} O}
D`k\ododn @ NJ= ê L\m`io\g) n`sp\g O} O} O}
D`k\ododn A NJ= 0 \ 3 n`h\i\n B`^\g*jm\g Jj < O}
 ?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 154

lnaoajpa aj h] lnkpaÄj] `a h] oqlanbe_ea %E ^o>c&) ]`ai }o
`a kpnk `ajki ej]`k [hnza_hi _ $C\_<a%*.5
B h _q nok _hÄj e_k `a h] dal]pepeo ? ao `ai ]oe]`k r]ne]^ha+
@]oe `ko pan_an]o l]npao `a hko _]oko lqa`aj oan ]oejpki }*
pe_ko k lnk`q_en oÇhk qj] hecan] ajbani a`]`) _ki k cnela+
B j h] pan_an] l]npa naop]jpa) qj l]_eaj pa lqa`a `ao]nnkhh]n
q j oÄj`nki a _ki k dal]pepeo _kj i ]haop]n) bea^nao ennacqh]*
nao) oajoe^ehe`]` aj ah _q]`n]jpa oqlanekn `ana_dk) e_pane*
_e] u knej] ko_q n] '21!*)*
B j _]oe ." `a hko l]_eajpao ejba_p]` ko) lqa`a `ao]nnk*
hh]noa ah oÄj`nki a `a h] dal]pepeo bqhi ej]jpa+ Pa pn]p] `a
qj] ajbani a`]` _hÄje_] cn]ra _k j ]hp] i knp]he`]`+
> hna`a`kn `a 6-" `a hko l]_eajpao ejba_p]`ko _kj E?S
oa na_qlan] aj qj lanÄk`k `a / i aoao+ Bop] na_ql an]_eÇj oa
i ]jebeaop] lkn ah `ao]nnkhhk `a ]jpe_qanlko l]n] ah ]jpÄca*
jk oqlanbe_e]h `a h] dal]pepeo ?+ @]oe .-" `a hko l]_eajpao
ejba_p]`ko `ao]nnkhh]n]j dal]pepeo _nÇje_]) mqa oa ]j]hev]
i }o ]`ah]jpa aj h] oa__eÇj C_j[ncncm = ]l|hc][*
B j pk`k ah i qj`k) h] ej ba__eÇ j _kj E?S ao i qu _ki Éj
u oqaha `]noa ]h i ki ajpk `a j]_an+ Bj ]hcqj]o }na]o) _ki k
l]npao `a ò bne_]) >oe] u h]o eoh]o `ah M]_Äbe_k) i}o `a 5-"
`a h] lk^h]_eÇj aj cajan]h i qaopn] are`aj_e] oankhÇce_] `a
qj] ej ba__eÇ j `a dal]pepeo l]o]`]+ I] lnklkn_eÇj `a lkn*
p]`kn _nÇ j e_k ao ]hp]+ Q]hao lanokj]o aop}j aj ]hpk neaock
`a `ao]nnkhh]n _ennkoeo k _]n_ejki ] dal]pk_ahqh]n %dal]*
pki ] #'*)+
B j Bop]`ko R je`ko) i ajko `a .-" `a h] lk^h]_eÇj
i qaopn] are`aj_e] oankhÇce_] `a qj] ej ba__eÇ j l]o]`] _kj
E?S+ I] lnklkn_eÇj `ah lknp]`kn _nÇ j e_k ao i ajko `a ."
`a h] lk^h]_eÇj cajan]h+ Bjpna h]o lanokj]o _kj ]hpk neao*
ck `a ej ba__eÇ j aj aoa l]Äo oa ej_hqua ] dki koatq]hao)
lanokj]o mqa ]^qo]j `a `nkc]o ejpn]rajko]o) na_e~j j ]_e*
`ko `a i ]`nao mqa okj lkoeper]o ]h ]jpÄcajk oqlanbe_e]h
]h i ki ajpk `ah l]npk) eji ecn]jpao `a }na]o aj`~i e_]o) u
l]naf]o oatq]hao u _kjp]_pko b]i ehe]nao `a l]_eajpao mqa
peaj aj dal]pepeo ?+ >qjmqa pk`]rÄ] k_q nna h] pn]j oi eoeÇj
`a ~op] lkn lnk`q_pko o]jcqÄjako) h]o lnqa^]o `a i k j epk*
nak aba_per]o d]_aj mqa ]dkn] naoqhpa n]nk+ Iko pn]^]f]`knao
`ah _qe`]`k `a h] o]hq`) ej_hqe`k lanokj]h `a h]^kn]pknek)
lqa`aj aop]n aj i ]ukn neaock `a `ao]nnkhh]n dal]pepeo ?)
`alaj`eaj`k `a oq cn]`k `a atl k oe_eÇj ] o]jcna u bhqe`ko
_knl kn]hao '*))
E]u qj] r]_qj] aba_per] l]n] h] dal]pepeo ? u p]i *
^ e~j q j pn]p]i eajpk _k j eji qjkchk^qhej]+ I] r]_qj] ao
i qu aba_per] l]n] aopei qh]n h] l nk` q __eÇj `ah ]jpe_qanlk
oqlanbe_e]h `a h] dal]pepeo ? u) lkn p]jpk) `af] ]h `aopej]p]*
nek eji qja+ A aolq~o `a qj] atl k oe_eÇj ]cq`]) _ki k qj]
haoeÇj _k j ]ni ] lqjvk_knp]jpa) ah l]_eajpa `a^a na_e^en
h] r]_qj] `a h] dal]pepeo u h] eji qjkchk^qhej]+ R j pn]*
p]i eajpk oei eh]n ao iqu aba_perk l]n] h] lnaraj_eÇj `ah
`ao]nnkhhk `a h] dal]pepeo aj ejb]jpao _kj i]`nao ej ba_p]*
`]o+
B j aola_e]h) naoqhp] ei lknp]jpa mqa pk`ko hko pn]^]f]*
`knao `ah _qe`]`k `a h] o]hq` mqa aop}j atlqaopko ] o]jcna
u bhqe`ko _knlkn]hao oa ]lhemqaj h] r]_qj] `a h] dal]pepeo+
@]`] ]Åk) i ehao `a _]oko `a dal]pepeo ? k_q nnaj ajpna hko
pn]^]f]`knao ]h _qe`]`k `a h] o]hq`) u r]neko _eajpko i qa*
naj `a^e`k ] oqo _ki lhe_]_ekjao+ Pa pn]p] `a qj i ]h mqa
oa lqa`a lnarajen+ Qk`ko hko mqa pn]^]f]j aj ah h]^kn]pknek
_hÄj e_k `a^aj ]lhe_]noa h] r]_qj] `a h] dal]pepeo+
9 OZK^S^S] 3]2 Q
I] dal]pepeo ?o>c %E?o>c&) ]jpao _kjk_e` ] _ki k [hnza_hi
< omnl[fc[ u [hnza_hi [mi]c[^i [ b_j[ncncm $C<<%( _m ah ]jpÄ*
cajk l]n] ah mqa oa na]hev] h] lnqa^] `a nqpej] aj pk`]o
h]o qje`]`ao `a o]jcna `kj]`]o+ B h E?o>c ao ah lnei an
i ]n_]`kn oankhÇce_k mqa ]l]na_a `qn]jpa ah `ao]nnkhhk `a
h] dal]pepeo ? ]cq`]) a e`ajpebe_] ] hko l]_eajpao ejba_p]`ko

AO P Q @ EK @ A ? = O K //*0

Iko oecqeajpao naoqhp]`ko `a h]^kn]pknek oa k^pqreankj ?Q=@NK //*0+. @AH AOPQ@EK @A ?=OK+
`a qj] aopq`e]jpa qjeranoep]ne] `a .6 ]Åko mqa _kjoq hpÇ NAOQHP=@KO @AH H=>KN=PKNEK
ah oanre_ek `a o]hq` `a h] ao_qah] `a^e`k ] b]pec] u b]hp]
> IF Y^rfn .! Ag`q\_j
`a ]lapepk+ Bhh] ]cnac] mqa jkpÇ na_eajpai ajpa mqa oq
ao_hanÇpe_] l]na_a ]hck ]i ]nehhajp] u mqa oq knej ] oa d] =OP %OCKP& Ag`q\_j
lqaopk ko_qn] %_q]`nk / / *0 +. `ah aopq`ek `ah _]ok&+ Bjna\o\n\ \g^\gdi\ I}idh\h`io` `g`q\_\
H@ Ag`q\_j
Lm`bpio\n
>dgdmmp]di\ n|md^\ 2 hb,_g
.+ é@q}h ao ah `e]cjÇope_k i }o lnk^]^ha< >dgdmmp]di\ pmdi\md\ Ei^m`h`io\_\
/+ éN q~ b]_pknao ]`e_ekj]hao `a^aj ^qo_]noa aj ah d eo* =iod^p`mkj _` g\ J`b\odqj
pkne]h `ah l]_eajpa< c`k\ododn = %EbC&
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ Ljndodqj
0+ é@q}h ao ah `e]cjÇope_k<
c`k\ododn = %EbI&
=iodb`ij npk`mad^d\g J`b\odqj
_` g\ c`k\ododn >
=iod^p`mkj npk`mad^d\g J`b\odqj
_` g\ c`k\ododn >
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn ? J`b\odqj
155 L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
]jpao `ah _ki eajvk `a h] ajbani a`]` _hÄj e_] i }o _kjbe]*
^hai ajpa mqa _q]hmqean kpnk+ > qjmqa oa d] `ai kopn]`k
mqa h] _]l] lnkpae_] ren]h ]eoh]`] jk ao ejba__eko]) `a^a
_kjoe`an]noa mqa h]o lanokj]o mqa hhar]j _nÇje_]i aj pa
ah ?o>c aj ah oqank peajaj h] _]l]_e`]` `a ejba_p]n lkn*
mqa jk lqa`a at_hqenoa h] lnaoaj_e] `ah renqo ej p]_pk+ Iko
l]_eajpao mqa oa na_qlan]j `a h] dal]pepeo ? `ao]nnkhh]j
ah ]jpe*E ?o mqa oecqa ] h] `ao]l]ne_eÇj `ah E?o>c aj qj
peai lk _an_]jk ]h `a h] na_ql an]_eÇj _hÄj e_] %bec+ / / *2 &+
Bopa ]jpe_qanlk ao _ki Éj aj h] lk^h]_eÇj aj cajan]h u oa
_naa mqa _kjbeana eji qje`]` l]n] qj] bqpqn] naej ba__eÇj
_kj E ? S *))
9 OZK^S^S] 3 M2 Q
B h ]jpÄcajk _ajpn]h) E?_>c) jk oa d] i ]jebaop]`k aj ah
lh]oi ] `a h]o rÄ_pei ]o `a h] dal]pepeo k `kj]`knao `a
o]jcna+ B opa ]jpÄcajk oÇhk oa d] reopk aj ah jÉ _hak `a hko
dal]pk_epko `qn]jpa qj] ej ba__eÇ j ]cq`] _k j dal]pepeo ?+
B h ]jpe_qanlk `ah ]jpÄcajk _ajpn]h) ]jpe*E ?_) oqaha `ao]*
nnkhh]noa ]jpao mqa ah ]jpe_qanlk `ah ]jpÄcajk oqlanbe_e]h
%bec+ / / *2 &+ R j ajo]uk na_eajpa `ah i ]n_]`kn oankhÇce_k
`ao]nnkhh]`k l]n] ah qok cajan]h ao qj] lnqa^] `ah ]j pe*
_qanlk FcJ l]n] ah ]jpÄcajk _ajpn]h `a h] dal]pepeo ?+ B j h]
oepq]_eÇj _hÄj e_] ]lnkle]`]) aopa ajo]uk FcJ d] `ai kopn]*
`k oan aola_Äbe_k l]n] h] dal]pepeo ? ]cq`]+ B opna_d]i ajpa
nah]_ekj]`] _kj ah ]jpÄcajk _ajpn]h oa aj_qajpn] qj] lkhe*
i an]o] AK> ren]h `alaj`eajpa `a AK+ Bop] ajvei ] ren]h ao
ja_ao]ne] l]n] h] nalhe_]_eÇj ren]h u oa `apa_p] aj ah oqank
aj hko ej e_eko `a h] dal]pepeo ren]h) `qn]jpa h] b]oa `a h]
nal he_]_eÇj ren]h ]_per] '21
9 OZK^S^S] 3 O2 Q
L pnk i ]n_]`kn `a h] ej ba__eÇ j _kj E?S ao ah ]jpÄcajk a+
>h l]na_an) ~opa oa nah]_ekj] `a bkni ] i }o aopna_d] _kj
ah _ajpnk mqa _kj h] oqlanbe_ea `a h] l]npÄ_qh] ren]h+ I]
lnaoaj_e] `ah ]jpÄcajk a l]na_a nah]_ekj]noa ^ eaj _kj ah
jqi ank `a l]npÄ_qh]o ren]hao ejba__eko]o u _kj ah cn]`k `a
_]l]_e`]` `a ej ba__eÇ j `a hko oqanko lkoeperko ] E?o>c+ I]
M][m]f[aY \] dgk eYj[Y\gj]k B<P
BECQN= //*2+ O`mjgjb}\ _` g\ dia`^^dÄi _` g\ c`k\ododn > ^ji m`^pk`m\^dÄi+
lnaoaj_e] `ah E^a>c aj hko lknp]`knao E?o>c ao qj oecjk
`a lnkj Çope_k `aob]rkn]^ha u lna`e_a qj `ao]nnkhhk cn]ra
u qj] ajbani a`]` dal}pe_] _nÇje_]+ Aa i ]jan] na_Älnk_])
h] lnaoaj_e] `a ]jpe_qanlko ]jpe*E ?a aj lknp]`knao ej`e_]
qj] ^]f] _]l]_e`]` `a ej ba__eÇ j `ah oqank %bec+ / / *3 &+ Bh
]jpÄcajk a oÇhk oa `apa_p] aj oqank _q]j`k aop} lnaoajpa ah
]jpÄcajk oqlanbe_e]h %bec+ / / *4 &+
6X]KcY NOV 5 ? 2 N O VK ROZK^S^S] 3 `S\KV
Bo lkoe^ha `apa_p]n ah AK> `a h] E?S na]h aj h] o]jcna qo]j*
`k de^ne` ]_eÇj }_e`] jq_hae_] k na]__ekjao aj _]`aj] `a h]
lkhei an]o]+ zop]o lnklkn_ekj]j qj] i a`e_eÇj i}o oajoe^ha
mqa h] oankhkcÄ] `a h] _]l]_e`]` `a ej ba__eÇ j u ah lnkcnaok
`a h] ajbania`]`+ zop]o lqa`aj qo]noa l]n] receh]n h] aba_*
pere`]` `a h] pan]le] ]jperen]h aj l]_eajpao _kj ejba__eÇj
`a E?S _nÇje_]) lank _ki lhai ajp] hko ]_pq]hao ajo]uko
oankhÇce_ko `a E ?V aj hqc]n `a naai lh]v]nhko '*),&*).
9 OZK^S^S] 4
E ]op] d]_a i qu l k _k) _]oko `a dal]pepeo ren]h mqa jk
lk`Ä]j e`ajpebe_]noa _ki k i ]n_]`knao oankhÇce_ko pelk >
k ? oa naceopn]^]j aj h] _]packnÄ] cajan]h `a dal]pepeo jk >
k j k ?+ O a_eajpai ajpa) oa e`ajpebe_Ç mqa ah ]cajpa naolkj*
o]^ha `a _]oe 5- " `a aopko _]oko ao ah }_e`k ne^k jq _hae_k
%OK>& mqa _kj peaja ah pclom ^_ f[ b_j[ncncm > $C>Q%*
>dkn] oa `eolkja `a lnqa^]o l]n] `apa_p]n ] mqeajao
peaj aj neaock `a pn]joi epen h] E @S A e_d]o lnqa^]o ` apa_*
p]j ]jpe_qanlko l]n] h] E@S a e`ajpebe_]j ] h] i ]uknÄ] `a
hko lknp]`knao ej ba__ek ok o '*)/ > qjmqa ]Éj mqa`] i q_dk
lkn ]lnaj`an ok^na h] dal]pepeo @) ]l]najpai ajpa oa pn]jo*
i epa `a i ]jan] l]najp]h _kj i ]ukn bna_qaj_e]+ Q]i ^e~j
ateopaj h]o nqp]o oatq]h u ba_]h*kn]h) u lqa`a oan pn]joi epe*
`] lkn pn]jobqoeÇj o]jcqÄja] '*)0&*)2
@]oe 0" `a hko `kj]`knao aj Bop]`ko R je`ko okj lkoe*
perko l]n] E @ S Pa _naa mqa h] i ]uknÄ] `a aopko l]_eaj *
pao okj _kjp]cekoko+ I] lnqa^] `ah ]jpe_qanlk `a h] E@S
`apa_p]n} ] _]oe pk`ko hko l]_eajpao ej ba__ekoko) ]qjmqa
k_qnnaj naoqhp]`ko mqa okj b]hoko l koeperko '*)1
 ?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 156

M][m]f[aY \] dgk eYj[Y\gj]k kmh]j^a[aYd]k \] B<P B]hYlalak [jzfa[Y

BECQN= //*3+ JdibÄi \iod^p`mkj n` ajmh\ ^jiom\ `g D>n=b+ H\ k`mndno`i^d\ _`g D]`=b dhkgd^\ pi\ \go\ ^\k\^d_\_ _`
dia`^^d~i t) kjm gj b`i`m\g) pi _d\bi~nod^j _`n\ajmopi\_j+ P\g q`u `no` k\^d`io` _`n\mmjgg` ^dmmjndn) \ h`ijn lp` j^pmm\ g\
n`mj^jiq`mnd~i j lp` n` g` \_hdidnom` pi om\o\hd`ioj+

Aao`a ah ]ola_pk _hÄje_k) h] dal]pepeo @ ]cq`] oqaha oan 9OZK^S^S] NOV^K

hara u lqa`a l]o]n lkn _ki lhapk `ao]lan_e^e`]+ Pej ai ^]n*
ck) h] ej ba__eÇ j peaja qj] p]o] ]hp] `a lnkcnaoeÇj ] dal]*
pepeo _nÇje_]) _ennkoeo u _]n_ejki ]+ Mkn p]jpk) h] dal]pepeo
@ l]na_a oan qj] _]qo] i ]ukn `a h] dal]pepeo _nÇ j e_] aj
Bop]`ko R j e` ko '*)2**)
Mkn hk cajan]h) hko ]jpe_qanlko `a h] dal]pepeo @ jk okj
`apa_p]`ko aj hko lnei anko i aoao `aolq~o `a h] ej ba__eÇj)
lank _]oe oeai lna aop}j lnaoajpao aj b]oao i}o p]n`Ä]o+
B opk jk lnkpaca u ] ra_ao `ao]l]na_aj r]neko ]Åko `aolq~o
`a h] naokhq_eÇj `a h] ejba__eÇj+
B h ajo]uk oankhÇce_k l]n] hko ]jpe_qanlko `a h] E @ S ao
qj] lnqa^] `a ar]hq]_eÇj) u lqa`aj k_q nnen b]hoko lkoe*
perko+ Mkn hk p]jpk) ao ja_ao]nek _kjbeni ]n hko naoqhp]`ko
lkoeperko _kj qj i ~pk`k i }o aola_ebe_k) _ki k ah ajo]uk
eji qj k^h]opk na_ki ^ej]jpa `a h] E @ S ***
I] dal]pepeo `ahp]) k dal]pepeo A %E A S &) _kjopepq ua qj
afai lhk Éj e_k `a h] ej ba__eÇ j lkn renqo o]p~hepa aj h]
ajbani a`]` dqi ]j]+ I] EAS oÇhk _]qo] ajbani a`]` aj
l]_eajpao ejba_p]`ko _kj E?S+ Bo ej_]l]v `a _]qo]n _q]h*
mqean ajbani a`]` aj l]_eajpao mqa jk peajaj dal]pepeo ?+
I] EAS ao qj renqo `a OK> _kj ]hpk cn]`k `a d ki k*
hkcÄ] ^]oa*l]n _kj E?S @q]j`k h] ej ba__eÇ j _kj renqo
`ahp] k_qnna aj q j l]_eajpa mqa ]Éj peaj a ej ba__eÇ j lkn
E?S) ah renqo `ahp] qo] ~opa l]n] h] nalhe_]_eÇj+ B j pkj _ao)
oa lnk`q_aj p]jpk E?S _ki k EAS > `ebanaj_e] `a h] E?S)
h] EAS l]na_a `ena_p]i ajpa pÇ te_] l]n] hko dal]pk_epko
dqi ]jko+
B teopaj `ko pelko ^}oe_ko `a ej ba__eÇ j lkn EAS) lank
hko `ko peajaj ah aba_pk `a ]cn]r]n ah lnkjÇope_k `a h] E?S
B j _kejba__eÇj) ah l]_eajpa ]`mqeana E?S u EAS `a i]jan]

M][m]f[aY \] dgk eYj[Y\gj]k kmh]j^a[aYd]k

\] B<P B]hYlalak [jzfa[Y

BECQN= //*4+ O`mjgjba\ _` g\ c`k\ododn ^m~id^\ ^ji ajmh\^d~i _` \iod^p`mkjn k\m\ D]`=b+ O` om\o\ _` pi ndbij
a\qjm\]g` t npbd`m` lp` g\ c`k\ododn ^m~id^\ kp`_\ m`njgq`mn`+ H\ m`^pk`m\^d~i ^jhkg`o\ n`md\ h\m^\_\ kjm g\ _`n\k\Ö
md^d~i _`g D>n=b t g\ ajmh\^d~i _` npn ^jmm`nkji_d`io`n \iod^p`mkjn+
16- L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K
AO P Q @ EK @ A ? = O K //*1
Iko oecqeajpao naoqhp]`ko oa k^pqreankj `ah l]_eaj pa
`ah aopq`ek `a _]ok ++&+ %_q]`nk / / *1 '* `ah aopq`ek `a
_]ok&+
Lm`bpio\n
* + é@q}h ao ah `e]cjÇope_k i}o lnk^]^ha<
/+ é@q}h ao ah lna`e]cjÇope_k<
0+ éN q~ _ki lhe_]_ekjao lqa`aj `ao]nnkhh]noa<
oei qhp}ja]+ Bo lnk^]^ha mqa qj l]_eaj pa _kj aop] _k ej *
ba__eÇj `ao]nnkhha _ki lhe_]_ekjao oane]o u pajc] qj] p]o]
i }o ]hp] `a lnkcnaoeÇj ] dal]pepeo _nÇje_]+ Pej ai ^]nck) h]
i ]uknÄ] `a hko l]_eajpao pk`]rÄ] oa na_qlan]j+
I] kpn] lkoe^ehe`]` ao h] oqlanejba__eÇj) aj mqa qj
l]_eaj pa mqa ao lknp]`kn `a E?S _nÇje_k ao oqlanejba_p]*
`k _k j h] EAS Mqa`a `ao]nnkhh]noa dal]pepeo bqhi ej]jpa k
lqa`a ]_ahan]noa h] lnkcnaoeÇj d]_e] _ennkoeo+
Mkn ale`aiekhkcÄ]) h] ejba__eÇj EAS l]na_a _kj_ajpn]n*
oa aj hko l]Äoao mqa oa aj_qajpn]j ]hna`a`kn `a hko i]nao
J a`epann}jak) Kacnk) u Okfk+ B j Bop]`ko Rje`ko) ajpna .- u
/-" mqa okj lknp]`knao E?S _nÇje_ko oan}j oankhÇce_]i aj*
pa lkoeperko ] EAS Iko b]_pknao `a neaock l]n] h] ejba__eÇj
EAS oqahaj oan hko i eoi ko mqa l]n] h] ejba__eÇj E ?S ***!**/
9 OZK^S^S] @
B h renqo `a h] dal]pepeo B mqa _kjpeaj a OK> oa pn]joi epa
l kn hk _ki Éj lkn h] nqp] ba_]h*kn]h+ Bop] ajbani a`]` oa
aj_qajpn] ok^na pk`k aj l]Äoao oq^`ao]nnkhh]`ko) ]qjmqa
oa d]j nalknp]`k _]oko aolkn}`e_ko aj Bop]`ko R je`ko u
Bqnkl] L __e` ajp]h) aj aola_e]h ajpna re]fanko+ B h lanÄk`k
AO P Q @ EK @ A ? = O K //*2
R j dki ^na `a 0 3 ]Åko _kjoqhpÇ ] oq i ~`e_k b]iehe]n `a^e*
`k ] ]jkni]he`]`ao aj h] bqj_eÇj dal}pe_]) mqa eje_e]h*
i ajpa bqankj jkp]`]o `qn]jpa qj at]i aj bÄoe_k lnarek ]
h] _kjpn]p]_eÇj `a qj oacqnk d]_a / iaoao+ Pa k^pqreankj
hko oecqeajpao naoqhp]`ko `a h]^kn]pknek) mqa okj e`~jpe_ko
] hko k^paje`ko / iaoao ]jpao %_q]`nk //*2+. `ah aopq`ek
`a _]ok&+
Lm`bpio\n
.+ é@q}h ao ah `e]cjÇope_k i }o lnk^]^ha<
/+ é@q}h ao ah lna`e]cjÇope_k<
0+ éN q~ _ki lhe_]_ekjao lqa`aj `ao]nnkhh]noa<
1+ éN q~ lnqa^]o ]`e_ekj]hao `a^aj na]hev]noa<
?Q=@NK //*1+. @AH AOPQ@EK @A ?=OK+
NAOQHP=@KO @A H=>KN=PKNEK[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn = %EbC& Ljndodqj
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn = %EbI& J`b\odqj
=iodb`ij npk`mad^d\g _` g\ c`k\ododn > Ljndodqj
=iod^p`mkj npk`mad^d\g _` g\ c`k\ododn > J`b\odqj
=iod^p`mkj ^`iom\g _` g\ Ljndodqj
c`k\ododn %EbI&
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn ? J`b\odqj
`a ej _q ^ ]_eÇ j ao _knpk) lkn hk cajan]h ajpna /. u 1 / `Ä]o+
B h renqo lqa`a oan `apa_p]`k aj h]o da_ao u h] ^eheo ]hna`a*
`kn `a oeapa `Ä]o `aolq~o `a h] ejba__eÇj+
I] ej ba__eÇ j _kj dal]pepeo B oqaha oan hara) at_alpk aj
i q fanao ai ^]n]v]`]o) aj mqeajao hhac] ] oan qj] ajbani a*
`]` `ar]op]`kn]+ I]o lnqa^]o oankhÇce_]o aop}j `eolkje*
^hao l]n] ah ` e]cj Çope_k '**,%**0!*+-
B j ah i qj`k) h] dal]pepeo B ao qj renqo pelk OK> nah]*
_ekj]`k _kj dal]pepeo _nÇje_] u ]cq`]+
9 OZK^S^S] M\j X SMK &%'p&%) &'* &'.
@q]j`k d]u are`aj_e] `a dal]pepeo) _ki k jerahao `a pn]jo]*
i ej] o~ne_] ahar]`ko) `qn]jpa i}o `a oaeo i aoao) oa `e_a mqa
ateopa b_j[ncncm ]l|hc][* S]neko ]cajpao `ebanajpao) ej_hqe`ko
renqo) `nkc]o u ]h_kdkh) lqa`aj _]qo]n dal]pepeo _nÇje_]+ Pej
ai^]nck) aop] `eo_qoeÇj oa _ajpn] ok^na h]o _]qo]o ren]hao+
>hna`a`kn `a .-" `a hko _]oko `a E?S lnkcnao]j ] dal]*
pepeo _nÇje_]+ I] cn]ra`]` `a h] ajbani a`]` eje_e]h jk peaja
j]`] mqa ran _kj ah neaock `ah `ao]nnkhhk `a _nkje_e`]`+ Mkn
hk p]jpk) i q _dko l]_eajpao lqa`aj `ao]nnkhh]n dal]pepeo _nÇ *
je_] oej d]^an aop]`k _kjo_eajpao `a mqa pajÄ]j qj] ejba_*
?Q=@NK @AH AOPQ@EK @A ?=OK //*2+.+
NAOQHP=@KO @A H=>KN=PKNEK
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn = %EbC& Ljndodqj
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn = %EbI& J`b\odqj
Ljndodqj
=iodb`ij npk`mad^d\g _` g\
c`k\ododn >
=iod^p`mkj npk`mad^d\g _` g\ J`b\odqj
c`k\ododn >
=iod^p`mkj ^`iom\g _` g\ Ljndodqj
c`k\ododn > %EbI&
=iod^p`mkj _` g\ c`k\ododn ? J`b\odqj

_eÇj lkn dal]pepeo ?+ Iko d]hh]vcko oankhÇce_ko aj l]_eajpao
_kj dal]pepeo ? _nÇje_] oa i qaopn]j aj h] becqn] / / *4 + Bo
lnk^]^ha mqa aopko l]_eajpao aop~j _hÄje_]i ajpa ajbani ko
k mqa l]nav_]j lkn _ki lhapk o]hq`]^hao+ Pej ai^]nck)
oeai lna u _q]j`k h] E?o>c aop~ lnaoajpa) okj _kjp]cekoko
u lnaoajp]j neaocko `a `ao]nnkhh]n _ki lhe_]_ekjao ]h ahq`en
h] _ennkoeo u ah _]n_ejki ] dal]pk_ahqh]n+ Iko l]_eajpao mqa
i ]jebeaop]j ah ]jpÄcajk a okj ]hp]i ajpa ejba__ekoko u oa
`e_a mqa peajaj ah lakn lnkjÇope_k+ Bh ]ola_pk `ah ]jpe_qan*
lk l]n] ah ]jpÄcajk a lqa`a ]jqj_e]n h] na_qlan]_eÇj+ I]
na_qlan]_eÇj _ki lhap] k_qnna _q]j`k `ao]l]na_a ah ]jpÄ*
cajk oqlanbe_e]h `a h] dal]pepeo ? u oa `apa_p] ah ]jpe_qanlk
_knnaolkj`eajpa+ Bopko l]_eajpao okj eji qjao ] lkopanek*
nao ejba__ekjao+ >qjmqa i q_dko l]_eajpao _kj dal]pepeo
_nÇje_] oa na_qlan]j `a i ]jan] aolkjp}ja]) kpnko hhac]j ]
ja_aoep]n q j pn]p]i eajpk ]cnaoerk+
B j ah i qj`k) h] ej ba__eÇ j lkn dal]pepeo ? _kjopepqua
qj] _]qo] ei lknp]jpa `a i kn^ehe`]` u i knp]he`]`+ Bj
l]Äoao oq^`ao]nnkhh]`ko) h] ej ba__eÇ j ] i ajq`k k_qnna ]h
j]_an) u aopko j eÅko peajaj q j ]hpk neaock `a `ao]nnkhh]n
_ennkoeo k _]n_ejki ] dal]pk_ahqh]n+
I] dal]pepeo @ p]i ^e~j peaja q j ]hpk cn]`k `a _nk j e*
_e`]`+ > qjmqa hko l]_eajpao _k j ej ba__eÇ j lkn dal]pepeo
_nÇ j e_] l]na_aj _knnan q j ]hpk neaock `a ]`mqenen _ennkoeo)
ah l]lah `a h] dal]pepeo @ aj ah `ao]nnkhhk `ah _]n_ejki ]
dal]pk_ahqh]n ao i q_dk i ajko _h]nk+ B j h] ]_pq]he`]` oa
qpehev] ejpanbanÇj l]n] pn]p]n h] dal]pepeo _nÇje_]+ I] dal]*
pepeo > oa nah]_ekj] i qu n]n] rav _kj h] l]pkhkcÄ] _nÇje_]+
@]oe jejcÉj l]_eaj pa _kj dal]pepeo @ _nÇ j e_] lnaoajp] oec*
jko k oÄjpki ]o8 aj _]i ^ek) oÇhk i ]jebeaop]j ahar]_ekjao
harao aj h]o lnqa^]o `a h] bq j _eÇ j dal}pe_]) ok^na pk`k aj
h]o pn]jo]i ej]o]o+ B h cn]`k `a ahar]_eÇj peaja qj lamqaÅk
r]hkn lna`e_perk aj l]_eajpao ej`ere`q]hao+ @an_] `a 5-"
`a hko l]_eajpao ejba_p]`ko `ao]nnkhh]j dal]pepeo _nÇje_])
]qjmqa aj h] i ]ukn l]npa `a hko _]oko) h] ajbani a`]` jk
lnkcnao]+ B h lkn_ajp]fa `a l]_eajpao mqa `ao]nnkhh] _ennkoeo
r]nÄ] `a bkni ] ]ilhe] aj hko `ebanajpao aopq`eko) lank oa
d] aopei ]`k mqa hhac] ] oan d]op] `a 1-" `aolq~o `a hko 1 -
]Åko+ B h _kjoq i k `a ]h_kdkh ]qi ajp] ah neaock `a _ennkoeo+
B j aopko l]_eajpao oa na]hev]j lkn lanÄk`ko ^ekloe]o dal}*
pe_]o) _knnah]_ekj]j` k ah cn]`k `a ejbh]i ]_eÇj u be^nkoeo
_kj ah neaock `a _ennkoeo+
Iko l]_eajpao _kj dal]pepeo @ _nÇ j e_] oqahaj pn]p]noa
_k j ejpanbanÇj u ne^]renej]+ I] pan]le] oa receh] ]h aopei ]n
h]o l]npÄ_qh]o ren]hao aj ah lh]oi ]) qo]j`k h] na]__eÇj aj
_]`aj] _kj h] lkhei an]o] %M @ O #'*+*
@ ^\K] PY \W K ] N O ROZK^S^S]
E]u _ej _k bkni ]o `a dal]pepeo ren]h %>) ?) @) A) B & ^eaj
na_kjk_e` ]o+ B h l]lah `ah renqo D ao ej_eanpk+ I] dal]pepeo
C ao qj ]cajpa aj p~ne_k mqa lqa`a pn]joi epenoa ] lnei ]pao+
Aa jqark) oa ja_aoep] ]lnaj`an i}o ok^na aopa ]cajpa u oq
l]lah) oe hk peaja) aj h] l]pkhkcÄ] dqi ]j]+ Bo lkoe^ha mqa
ateop]j kpn]o bkni ]o `a dal]pepeo ren]h _ki k hko renqo Q Q
u PBK+ B h cnqlk D? `a renqo l]na_e`ko ] bh]rk %D?S*>)
D?S*? u D?S*@& p]i ^e~j aop} nah]_ekj]`k _kj h] dal]pepeo
]cq`] u _nÇje_]+ Mk_k oa _kj k _a ]_an_] `a aop]o ajbani a*
`]`ao+ B j aopa i ki ajpk jk oa `eolkja `a jejcqj] lnqa^]
_ki an_e]h l]n] ` e]cjkope_]nh]o '*,)&*,,
?=LóPQHK // ù BQJ?EòJ DALñPE?= 16.
NAOQIAJ
Bh dÄc]`k ao ah Çnc]jk i}o cn]j`a) rano}peh u _ki lhafk `ah
_qanlk+ Bop} _kjbkni ]`k lkn `ko hÇ^qhko lnej_el]hao+ I]
qje`]` aopnq_pqn]h `ah dÄc]`k aop} bkni]`] lkn ah hk^qhehhk)
_kn`kjao `a _~hqh]o dal}pe_]o k dal]pk_epko mqa oa enn]`e]j
`ao`a qj] raj] _ajpn]h+ Bh dÄc]`k na]hev] r]neko _eajpko `a
bqj_ekjao _kjk_e`]o _]`] `Ä]) ej_hqe`]o h]o bqj_ekjao i ap]*
^ Çhe_]) oa_napkn] u at_napkn]+ Rj] `a h]o i }o ei lknp]jpao ao
h] at_na_eÇj `a ^eheo+ I] ^ehennq^ej] ao ah lnej_el]h leciajpk
`a h] ^eheo u oa `aner] `ah nki lei eajpk `a h] dai kchk^ej]
_q]j`k ah oeopai ] nape_qhkaj`kpahe]h b]ck_Äpe_] h]o _~hqh]o
nkf]o ajrafa_e`]o+ B teopaj `ko bkni]o `a ^ehennq^ej]7 _kj fq *
c]`] u jk _kjfqc]`]+ > qj ej_nai ajpk aj h] _kj_ajpn]_eÇj
`a h] ^ehennq^ej] oa ha _kjk_a _ki k e_pane_e]8 ~op] lqa`a oan
_]qo]`] lkn `eranoko i a_]jeoi ko beoekl]pkhÇce_ko+ E]u pnao
pelko `a e_pane_e]7 lnadal}pe_]) dal}pe_] u lkodal}pe_]+
Bjpna h]o i q_d]o bqj_ekjao i ap]^Çhe_]o `ah dÄc]`k oa
aj_qajpn] h] oÄjpaoeo `a lnkpaÄj]o) _]n^kde`n]pko u hÄle`ko+
Bh dÄc]`k oejpapev] i q_d]o ajvei ]o) lank jk pk`]o okj
Épehao aj ah `e]cjÇope_k `a hko pn]opknjko dal]pk^ehe]nao+
B jpna hko pn]opknjko `ah dÄc]`k oa ej_hq uaj e_pane_e]) _ennk*
oeo) pqi knao) oÄj`nki a `a Oaua u pn]opknjko nah]_ekj]`ko
_kj b}ni ]_ko u ]h_kdkh+ A qn]jpa oechko oa d] qpehev]`k ah
]j}heoeo `a h]o _kj_ajpn]_ekjao `a ^ehennq^ej] l]n] ar]hq]n
h] bq j_eÇj dal}pe_]+ Pqahaj qo]noa `ko i apk`khkcÄ]o l]n]
ar]hq]n h] ^ehennq^ej]7 h] `a Brahuj*J ]hhku u h] `a Gaj ` n]o*
oeg*D nkb+ B h qnk^ehejÇcajk) qj lnk`q_pk bej]h ej_khknk
`ah i ap]^kheoi k `a h] ^ehennq^ej]) p]i ^e~j oa i e`a l]n]
ar]hq]n h] bq j_eÇj dal}pe_]+ I] i a`e_eÇj `a h]o ajvei ]o
dal}pe_]o aj oqank oa qo] l]n] ar]hq]n h] atpajoeÇj `ah
`]Åk dal}pe_k u l]n] `ebanaj_e]n h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal]pk_ahqh]n
%bqj_ekj]h& `a h] k^opnq_per] %i a_}je_]&+ Bjpna h]o ajve*
i ]o i }o ajo]u]`]o aj h] l]pkhkcÄ] dal]pk^ehe]n oa ej_hquaj
h] >IM u h] ]i ejkpn]joban]o] %> PQ u > IQ&+ I] dal]pepeo) k
ejbh]i ]_eÇj `ah dÄc]`k) lqa`a oan _]qo]`] lkn renqo) ^ ]_*
pane]o) l]n}oepko) n]`e]_eÇj) b}ni ]_ko) mqÄi e_ko k pktej]o+
Bjpna hko renqo mqa _]qo]j dal]pepeo aop}j hko `a hko pelko
`a dal]pepeo >) ?) @) A %k `ahp]& u B) _epki ac]hkrenqo) renqo
Blopaej*?]nn u lnk^]^hai ajpa kpnko i }o+ I] dal]pepeo >
oqaha pn]joi epenoa lkn rÄ] ba_]h*kn]h u _]qo] qj] ej ba__eÇ j
hara k lk_k are`ajpa) oej paj`aj_e] ] h] ajbani a`]` _nÇ j e*
_]+ I]o dal]pepeo ? u @ oa pn]joi epaj lkn hk _ki Éj lkn rÄ]
l]najpan]h+ I] dal]pepeo ? _]qo] ajbani a`]` cn]ra aj qj]
i ejknÄ] `a l]_eajpao8 oej ai ^]nck) aj i q _dko l]_eajpao)
h] ej ba__eÇ j ao hara k ej_hqok lk_k are`ajpa+ I] ej ba__eÇ j
]cq`] _kj dal]pepeo @ oqaha oan `a hara ] lk_k are`ajpa+ I]
dal]pepeo ? peaja qj] paj`aj_e] hecan] ] h] ajbani a`]` _nÇ *
je_]) i eajpn]o mqa h] i]uknÄ] `a hko l]_eajpao _kj ejba_*
_eÇj lkn dal]pepeo @ `ao]nnkhh]j qj] ej ba__eÇ j _nÇje_]+
I] dal]pepeo `ahp] ao qj renqo o]p~hepa É j e_k mqa _]q*
o] qj] oq l anejba__eÇj aj l]_eajpao u] ejba_p]`ko _kj
dal]pepeo ?+ I] dal]pepeo B oa pn]joi epa ok^na pk`k lkn rÄ]
ba_]h*kn]h u oÇhk _]qo] qj] l]pkhkcÄ] cn]ra aj i qfanao
ai^]n]v]`]o+
I] dal]pepeo _nÇ j e_] ao qj] _]qo] ei lknp]jpa `a i kn^e*
he`]` u i knp]he`]` aj ah i qj`k+ I] dal]pepeo _nÇ j e_] ao qj
b]_pkn `a neaock ei lknp]jpa l]n] ah `ao]nnkhhk `ah _]n_ejk*
i] dal]pk_ahqh]n+
16/ L=NPA EEE ù R=HKN=?EòJ @A H=O BQJ?EKJAO @AH OEOPAI= KNCñJE?K

L N A C Q J P = O @A N A L = O K

.+ I] delan^ehennq ^ej] aj na_e~j j]_e`ko lkn hk cajan]h7 / + B j l]_eajpao _kj dal]pepeo ?) ah ]jpÄcajk a `a h] dal]*
]& L _]oekj] qj `]Åk _ana^n]h lani ]jajpa+ pepeo oa aj_qajpn] aj ah oqank oÇhk _q]j`k _q}h `a hko
\ & Bo _]qo]`] lkn dai kheoeo+ oecqeajpao p]i ^e~j aop} lnaoajpa7
_& Bo _]qo]`] lkn ]pnaoe] ^ehe]n+ [ & > jpÄcajk oqlanbe_e]h+
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[% > i ]nehhk+
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_& I]nck+ _q aj_e] l]n] aop]^ha_an ah knecaj dal}pe_k `a qj] aha*
`& Qqikn+ r]`] bkob]p]o] ]h_]hej] o~ne_]<
a& EÄc]`k+ [% > h]jej] ]i ejkpn]joban]o]+
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pnq __eÇ j ^ehe]n+ _& S e]fanko aj l]Äoao `ah pan_an i qj`k+
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ba_]h+ `& M ]_eajpao mqa pki ]j ]olenej]+

1+ K erahao ahar]`ko `a h] chqp]i ej] @ PC oa aj_qajpn]j 6+ B j ah i qj`k) _]oe pk`ko hko pqi knao i ]hecjko lnei ]*
aj l]_eajpao _kj7 neko `ah dÄc]`k oa nah]_ekj]j _kj7
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^% Bomqevkbnaje]+ `& PÄj`nki a `a Oaua+
_% Fjoqbe_eaj _e] naj]h+ _ & M]hq`eoi k+

2+ éN q~ bkni ] `a dal]pepeo ao _]qo]`] lkn qj renqo `a .-+ B h na]_perk `a B d nhe_d oa qo] aj h] i a` e_eÇj `a7
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_& E al]pepeo @+ `& ò _e`ko ^ehe]nao+
^% E al]pepeo A+
_% E al]pepeo B+

NABANAJ?E=O
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