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Criminal
Eighth Edition
Justice
in Canada
Colin Goff
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Criminal Justice in Canada

Contents
Preface xix
Highlights of the Eighth Edition xx
Instructor Resources xxii
Student Ancillaries xxiii
Acknowledgments xxiii
KEY FEATURES xxiv
CHAPTER 1 An Overview of the Criminal Justice System

in Canada 1
The Canadian Criminal Justice System 3
The Major Components of the Canadian Criminal Justice System 3
What Is Crime and How Is It Regulated in Canada? 5
What Is Crime? 5
Social Control 7
The Normative Framework of Our Criminal Justice System 8
The Adversarial System 8
Substantive and Procedural Justice 8
The Rule of Law 9
The Major Ideologies of Canada’s Criminal Justice System 12
What Is Criminal Justice? 15
Key Decision Points of the Criminal Justice Process 16
Pretrial Criminal Procedure 16
Trial Procedure 19
Sentencing 20
Incarceration 20
The Informal Organization of the Canadian Criminal Justice System 21
Disparity 24
Discrimination 24
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Anti-Terrorism Laws:
Crime Control or Due Process? 27
Summary 31
Key Points 31
Key Words 31
Critical Thinking Questions 32
Weblinks 32
Court Cases 33
Suggested Readings 33
References 33
CHAPTER 2 Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Canada 36

The Major Categories of the Criminal Law 36
Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law 37
Sexual Assault Legislation 37
NEL Contents vii


Criminal Liability and the Legal Elements of a Crime 41
Legality 41
Mens Rea 42
Actus Reus 42
Harm 43
Causation 45
Punishment 45
Legal Defences and the Law 46
Excuse Defences 46
Justification Defences 48
The Sources of the Criminal Law in Canada 51
Written Sources of the Criminal Law 51
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 52
The Investigation of Crime and the Charter 54
The Criminal Trial, Punishment, and the Charter 58
Equality, Remedies, and the Fundamental Principles of Justice 59
Classifications of Criminal Offences 61
Summary Conviction, Hybrid Offences, and Indictable Offences 61
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Criminal Justice System 62
Criminal Law Reform in Canada: Spanking 63
Criminal Law Reform in Canada: The Safe Streets Act 63
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Should HIV Nondisclosure
be Decriminalized? 65
Summary 67
Key Points 67
Key Words 67
Weblinks 68
Court Cases 68
References 70
CHAPTER 3 Control Philosophy and Criminal

Justice Policy 73
The Extent of and Response to Sexual Offending in Canada 74
Achieving Justice: Crime Control Philosophy and Criminal
Justice Policy 75
The Justice Model 76
History 76
The Criminal Sanction 76
The Operations of a Justice Model–Based Criminal Justice System 79
Deterrence 79
History 79
The Operations of a Deterrence-Based Criminal Justice System 81
viii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Selective Incapacitation 83
History 83
The Operations of a Selective Incapacitation–Based Criminal Justice System 87
The Rehabilitation Approach 88
History 88
The Operations of a Rehabilitation-Based Criminal Justice System 88
Indigenous and Restorative Justice Systems: An Introduction 91
Indigenous Justice Systems 91
Models of Indigenous Justice Systems 92
Restorative Justice 96
History 96
Restorative Justice Sanctions 97
The Operations of a Restorative Justice–Based Criminal Justice System 98
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Should Information
about Sex Offenders Be Made Public? 100
Summary 103
Key Points 103
Key Words 104
Weblinks 105
Court Cases 105
References 105
CHAPTER 4 Crime Rates, Crime Trends, and Criminal

Victimization in Canada 111
Official Crime Statistics 113
Police-Reported Crime Statistics 114
The Official Crime Reporting System 114
What Victims Say: Victimization Data 118
Crime in Canada 121
The Most Common Police-Reported Crimes 121
Correlates of Crime 121
The Declining Crime Rate 123
Criminal Victimization in Canada 124
Trends and Patterns of Victimization: The General Social Survey 1988–2014 124
Victimizations Not Reported to the Police 125
Self-Report Surveys 127
Ethnographic Research 127
Trends and Patterns of Selected Crimes in Canada: Crimes Against
the Person 128
Homicide 128
Sexual Assault 131
NEL Contents ix

Assault 131
Forcible Confinement 131
Trends and Patterns of Selected Crimes: Crimes Against Property 133
Breaking and Entering 133
Theft 133
Motor Vehicle Theft 134
Other Criminal Code Offences 134
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Unfounded Sexual
Assaults 135
Summary 138
Key Points 138
Key Words 138
Weblinks 139
Court Cases 139
References 139
CHAPTER 5 The Context of Policing 143

The Emergence of Policing 144
The Principle of Policing by Public Consent 145
The Early Canadian Policing Experience 147
The Rise of Municipal Policing 148
Plural Policing 150
The Organization of the Public Police in Canada 155
Diversity within Canadian Police Organizations 155
Women and Policing 157
Indigenous (First Nations) Police Services 158
The Police Culture 161
The Police Personality 162
The Working Personality of Police Officers 163
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Expending the Role
of DNA Data Banks 165
Summary 166
Key Points 166
Key Words 167
Weblinks 168
Court Case 168
References 168
CHAPTER 6 The Practice of Policing 172

The Professional Model of Policing: The Reactive Approach 173
Criminal Investigations 175
Preliminary Investigations 175
Follow-Up Investigations 176
x Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Changes in the Professional Model of Policing 178
Does Random Preventive Patrol Deter Crime? 178
Does Rapid Response Deter Criminals? 179
Do Reactive Investigations Solve Crimes? 179
Experimenting with Alternative Forms of Police Patrols 179
Policing in Modern Society: The Emergence of Proactive Policing 181
Hot Spots Patrol 181
The Broken Windows Model 182
Problem-Oriented Policing 183
Community Policing 183
Intelligence-Led Policing 187
Zero Tolerance Policing 188
Predictive Policing 189
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Individuals With Mental
Disorders And Contact With The Police 192
Summary 195
Key Points 195
Key Words 195
Weblinks 196
References 196
CHAPTER 7 The Police and the Law 200

Arrests 202
Arrest with a Warrant 203
Arrest without a Warrant 203
Search and Seizure 204
Searches Incident to an Arrest 205
Warrantless Searches in Motor Vehicles 205
The Doctrine of Plain View 206
Warrantless Searches in Exigent Circumstances 206
Consent Searches 207
Interrogations 209
Jailhouse Interrogations 210
Police and the Use of Force 214
Deadly Force Used by Police Officers 215
Deadly Force Used against Police Officers 216
Police Misconduct 216
“Problem” Police Officers: Early Warning Systems 217
Police Accountability: The Role of Citizen Oversight 219
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Racial Profiling
and the Police: Vehicle Stops and Street Checks (Carding) 223
Summary 225
Key Points 225
Key Words 226
NEL Contents xi

Weblinks 227
Court Cases 227
References 228
CHAPTER 8 Pretrial Criminal Procedure 232

Compelling Release and Compelling Appearance 233
Conditional Release 233
Appearance in Court 236
Legal Aid 239
Funding Legal Aid 240
Types of Legal Aid 241
Prosecutorial Screening 242
The Right to Disclosure 243
The Preliminary Inquiry 245
Types of Pleas 247
Plea Bargaining 247
The Right to a Speedy Trial and Its Impact on the Criminal Courts 249
A Stay of Proceedings 249
The Jury 250
The Right to a Jury Trial 252
Jury Selection 252
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: The Right to be Tried
in a Timely Manner: R. V. Jordan 255
Summary 257
Key Points 257
Key Words 257
Weblinks 258
Court Cases 258
References 259
CHAPTER 9 The Courts and Criminal Trial Procedure 262

Models of the Criminal Courts 263
The Due Process Model 264
The Crime Control Model 264
The Bureaucratic Model 265
The Organization of the Canadian Criminal Courts 265
The Court System 267
The Operation of the Court System 268
The Daily Business of the Courts 269
What Legal Rights Exist in Criminal Trials? 275
The Presumption of Innocence 275
The Right of the Accused to Confront the Accuser 275
xii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

The Right to a Public (Open) Trial 275
Publication Bans 276
Criminal Trial Procedure 278
The Opening Statement 278
Trial Evidence 280
The Defence Lawyer’s Presentation of Evidence 281
The Closing Arguments 281
The Charge to the Jury 281
Jury Deliberation and the Verdict 281
Appeals 282
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE
AND THE MANDATORY VICTIM SURCHARGE 284
Summary 285
Key Points 285
Key Words 286
Weblinks 287
Court Cases 287
References 288
CHAPTER 10 Sentences and Dispositions 291

The Philosophical Rationales of Sentencing 292
Deterrence 292
Selective Incapacitation 292
Rehabilitation 293
The Justice Model 293
Healing 294
Restoration 294
Sentencing in Canada 295
Sentencing Patterns in Canada 295
Sentencing Law in Canada 298
How Do Judges Decide on a Sentence? 302
Sentencing Circles 304
Miscarriages of Justice: Wrongful Convictions 306
Eyewitness Error 307
Forensic Errors 307
Police and Prosecutorial Misconduct 308
Sentencing Reforms 308
Mandatory Minimum Sentences in Canada 309
Victim Participation in Sentencing 311
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Mandatory Minimum
Sentencing Laws for Firearms-Related Offences: Do they Achieve
their Goals? 313
NEL Contents xiii


Summary 315
Key Points 315
Key Words 316
Weblinks 317
Court Cases 317
References 317
CHAPTER 11 Offenders Supervised in the Community:

Alternative Sanctions and Conditional
Release Programs 321
Community Release under Attack 323
“Nothing Works” 323
Probation 324
The Use of Probation as a Sanction 325
Who Is Eligible for Probation? 325
The Conditional Sentence of Imprisonment 327
The Impact of Conditional Sentences 329
Intermediate Sanctions 330
Intensive Supervision Probation 331
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring 332
Fines 334
The Impact of Intermediate Sanctions 337
Conditional Release Programs 339
The Effectiveness of Conditional Release Programs 343
Recidivism Rates of Conditional Release Programs 343
Problem-Solving Courts 346
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Community Justice 350
Summary 352
Key Points 352
Key Words 352
Weblinks 353
Court Case 353
References 354
CHAPTER 12 Corrections in Canada: History, Facilities, and

Populations 359
The Development of the Modern Prison 361
European Antecedents to the Modern Prison 362
A Brief History of Federal Correctional Facilities in Canada 363
A Brief History of Federal Correctional Facilities for Women 365
A Brief History of Federal Correctional Facilities for Indigenous People 367
xiv Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

The Role of Correctional Facilities in Canada 371
Securing Inmates 371
Housing and Supervising Inmates 373
Prison Populations in Canada 374
Women Inmates 375
Indigenous Inmates 375
Black Inmates 376
The Prison Environment 378
Prison Life 378
Inmate Society 379
Prison Violence 381
Suicide in Prison 382
Gangs in Prison 384
Rule of Law in Prison: Prisoners’ Rights, Due Process, and Discipline 385
The Duty to Act Fairly 387
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: The Issue of Solitary
Confinement (Administrative Segregation) 389
Summary 392
Key Points 392
Key Words 393
Weblinks 394
Court Cases 394
References 395
CHAPTER 13 Community Reintegration 401

Reintegration Approach 402
The Theory of Risk Assessment 404
The Case Management Process 407
The Integrated Correctional Program Model 407
The Parole Board of Canada 410
Risk of Recidivism 411
Risk Assessment 412
Reentry into Society and Desistance from Crime 415
Gender and Reentry into Society 417
Race and Reentry into Society 418
Corrections: The Older Inmate 420
The “Faint Hope” Clause 423
Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice: Correctional Treatment:
“What Works” and Gender-Responsive Approaches 426
Summary 427
Key Points 427
Key Words 428
NEL Contents xv

Weblinks 428
Court Cases 429
References 429
GLOSSARY 435
INDEX 443
List of Exhibits
Exhibit 1.1 Differing Definitions of Crime 5
Exhibit 1.2 Benefits and Limitations of the Adversarial System of Justice 8
Exhibit 1.3 Ruth and Reitz’s Unified Goals of the Criminal Justice System 15
Exhibit 1.4 Selected Prosecutions on a Terrorism Charge 28
Exhibit 1.5 Timeline for Selected Anti-Terrorism Measures in Canada 29
Exhibit 2.1 Sexual Assault Legislation in Canada 39
Exhibit 2.2 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Legal Rights of the Accused and the Canadian
Criminal Justice System 55
Exhibit 3.1 Comparison of Ontario and National Sex Offender Registries 101
Exhibit 4.1 The Social Construction of Crime Statistics: Selected Elements 112
Exhibit 4.2 Legislative Changes 123
Exhibit 4.3 Features of Ethnographic Research 127
Exhibit 5.1 The Mandate of the London Metropolitan Police Force (1829) 146
Exhibit 5.2 The Principles of Policing by Consent 147
Exhibit 5.3 Selected Characteristics of the Professional Model of Policing 149
Exhibit 6.1 What Are the Activities of Patrol Officers? 174
Exhibit 6.2 What Are the Policing Styles of Patrol Officers? 174
Exhibit 6.3 Selected Criticisms of Reactive Policing 177
Exhibit 6.4 The Principles of Problem-Oriented Policing 184
Exhibit 6.5 The Advantages of Problem-Oriented Policing 185
Exhibit 6.6 Community Policing Strategies 186
Exhibit 6.7 What Is the Focus of Predictive Policing? 190
Exhibit 7.1 Police Alternatives When Arresting without a Warrant 204
Exhibit 7.2 Types of Use of Force 215
Exhibit 7.3 The Pros and Cons of Citizen Oversight 222
Exhibit 8.1 Court Jurisdiction over Criminal Code Offences, Sections 469 and 553 234
Exhibit 8.2 Types of Legal Aid 242
Exhibit 8.3 Models of Prosecutorial Decisions 243
Exhibit 9.1 The Appointment of Amicus Curiae 263
Exhibit 9.2 Selected Powers of Defence Lawyers 271
Exhibit 9.3 Selected Powers of Crown Prosecutors 272
Exhibit 9.4 Selected Powers of Judges 274
Exhibit 10.1 Sentencing Options 295
Exhibit 10.2 The Purpose of Sentencing 299
Exhibit 10.3 The Objectives of Just Sanctions 299
Exhibit 10.4 The Principles of Sentencing in Canada 300
xvi Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Exhibit 10.5 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 302
Exhibit 10.6 Presentence Reports and the Criminal Code 303
Exhibit 10.7 Sentencing Multiple Murderers 304
Exhibit 10.8 The Benefits of Sentencing Circles 305
Exhibit 10.9 Recent Canadian Mandatory Minimum Legislation 309
Exhibit 10.10 Canadian Victims Bill of Rights 312
Exhibit 11.1 Status of Adults on Initial Entry into Correctional Services 322
Exhibit 11.2 Bill C-10, the Safe Streets and Communities Act, and Conditional Sentences 328
Exhibit 11.3 Intermediate Punishments and the Penal Harm Movement 331
Exhibit 11.4 Selected Differences between Intensive Supervision Probation and Regular
Probation 331
Exhibit 12.1 Supervision Models 374
Exhibit 12.2 Focus on Women, 2014–17 375
Exhibit 12.3 The Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration 378
Exhibit 12.4 The Legal Rights of Inmates: Selected Charter Cases 388
Exhibit 12.5 Mental Health Indicators and Correctional Performance 388
Exhibit 13.1 Reintegrating Indigenous Offenders 403
Exhibit 13.2 Federal Policy on Offender Reintegration 405
Exhibit 13.3 The Integrated Correctional Program Model 407
Exhibit 13.4 Profile of Community Correctional Centres 408
Exhibit 13.5 The Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-10): Changes to the Parole Board
of Canada 411
Exhibit 13.6 Women and Reentry 417
NEL Contents xvii



PREFACE
The idea for the original version of this book started in the mid-1980s when I was
teaching at the University of New Brunswick. The third-year criminology course was a
full-year course and had been previously taught as an entire theoretical course. Students
told me they were extremely interested in criminal justice issues, so I introduced many of
those issues into the course. When I arrived at the University of Winnipeg in the early
1990s one of the attractions was that students could receive a degree in Criminal Justice
(then called Justice and Law Enforcement). However, they could graduate without taking
an introductory criminal justice course so I developed the course and wrote the first edi-
tion of Criminal Justice in Canada.
This book, which has been an ongoing project for almost 25 years, is now in its eighth
edition. The project started when criminal justice was emerging as a vital and separate
discipline in Canada. During this time, many aspects of criminal justice, such as the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, have exerted enduring influence. But many aspects of
the criminal justice system have changed as new issues and concerns have emerged—a
fact that is reflected in many ways in the book. As a result, substantial rewriting of chap-
ters has occurred with new sections and examples being introduced.
Some content has been streamlined to reduce the amount of material in some areas
and in some cases, more headings have been added to make the information more reader-
friendly. Further changes include the addition of discussion questions to the feature boxes
and more summing up and looking forward sections with additional concept check ques-
tions. As well, the end-of-chapter summary sections have been reorganized to further
aid review and comprehension.
In the eighth edition of Criminal Justice in Canada, I am privileged to have the
continuing opportunity to chronicle many of the proposed and actual changes in crim-
inal justice, ranging from the decriminalization of cannabis to the landmark ruling in
R. v. Jordan regarding the right to be tried in a timely manner. As with each previous
edition, updated content has made the book more informative, engaging, and accessible.
Here is a list of some of the key changes included in the eighth edition:
• Streamlined learning objectives to better guide students’ learning and expanded
Summing Up and Looking Forward sections to enable better review of the content
covered in a section and to show its connection to the next section
• Updated discussion of continuing issues such as terrorism legislation, the legal status
of HIV, the medical assistance in dying legislation, and solitary confinement
• Updated data and statistics throughout, including the most recent statistics on crime,
conditional release programs, and imprisonment
• Coverage of new directions in—as well as the policy consequences of—issues such as
the impact of the police interacting with mentally disordered individuals and how the
criminal justice system is challenging discrimination against transgender individuals
• A new online chapter that further examines a number of contemporary issues,
including Indigenous and LGBTQ issues and the decriminalization of cannabis
Since criminal justice is an ever-evolving field of study, the shifting contexts of the
social world will continue to impact and influence our criminal justice system and its
policy responses.
NEL Preface xix


Highlights of the Eighth Edition
The following is a chapter-by-chapter list of some of the features and content—including
updated and new material—of Criminal Justice in Canada, eighth edition.
Chapter 1 (An Overview of the Criminal Justice System in Canada) includes changes to
some sections to better enable students to gain a broad understanding of the Canadian
criminal justice systems before focusing on specific areas and issues. The sections on
formal and informal court processing now better highlight the way both systems
operate. There are updates on medical assistance in dying, the World Justice Project:
Rule of Law Index, and anti-terrorism laws, as well as a new focus on challenging
discrimination against transgender individuals.
Chapter 2 (Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Canada) discusses issues such as
the response of the criminal justice system to sexual assault, whether the criminal law
can cause harm, and criminal law reform. The chapter includes a new discussion on the
Jian Ghomeshi case and the reporting and prosecution of sexual assault, as well as a
new discussion on criminal law reform, specifically regarding the issue of criminalizing
spanking as assault. Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice, which looks at whether
HIV nondisclosure should be decriminalized, has also been updated.
Chapter 3 (Control Philosophy and Criminal Justice Policy) uses the example of sex
offending to examine how policies are approached by the various crime control philoso-
phies. The chapter contains updated information about dangerous offender designations,
and includes a new case discussing the rights of the sex offenders.
Chapter 4 (Crime Rates, Crime Trends, and Criminal Victimization in Canada) contains
the most recent police-recorded crime statistics and the Crime Severity Index available
for crime rates and victimization. New sections include information on the most com-
monly police reported crimes and on who commits crime, as well as possible explana-
tions of why the crime rate is declining. In the area of victimizations not reported to the
police, there is a new focus on the violent victimization of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals.
A new Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice focuses on unfounded sexual assaults
and a policy initiative that aims to change and improve the response of the police to
sexual assault.
Chapter 5 (The Context of Policing) starts with a brief discussion of the legitimacy of
the police. It contains updated data and statistics on the number of police and police
resources across Canada, as well as a new feature discussing the Bear Clan, an urban
Indigenous street patrol community organization in cities and towns across Canada. The
chapter closes with an updated Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice related to the
expansion of the role of DNA data banks in Canada.
Chapter 6 (The Practice of Policing) starts by reviewing the history and importance of
reactive-style policing and what led to changes in this type of policing practice. This is
followed by alternatives in policing models, such as foot patrol, directed patrol, problem-
oriented policing, community policing, zero tolerance policing, and intelligence-led
policing. Information on police practices has been updated, including updated discus-
sion on community policing in the twenty-first century and community policing strate-
gies. New topics discussed include predictive policing and big data and individuals with
mental disorders and contact with the police.
Chapter 7 (The Police and the Law) starts by discussing the legal powers of the police,
including the decision to arrest, arrest warrants, searches incident to an arrest, and war-
rantless arrests. Supreme Court decisions in the area of search warrants and electronic
xx Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

devices are reviewed, as is the police interrogation technique known as “Mr. Big.” This
chapter also discusses police and the use of force, deadly force used against police officers,
and “problem” police officers. Updated and new discussions include the impact of the
police using body-worn cameras and racial profiling involving vehicle stops and street
checks (carding).
Chapter 8 (Pretrial Criminal Procedure) examines the experiences of the accused as
they are processed into the next stage of the criminal justice system—the pretrial criminal
procedures. Topics discussed include judicial interim release (bail), pretrial detention,
compelling appearance, remand (pretrial custody), the first appearance in court, legal
aid, prosecutorial screening, preliminary inquiries, plea bargaining, and juries. Material
has been updated throughout, with a new Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice
examining the landmark ruling in R. v. Jordan, regarding the right to be tried in a timely
manner.
Chapter 9 (The Courts and Criminal Trial Procedure) starts by examining the issue
of the increasing number of self-represented individuals in the criminal courts. The
various models of the criminal courts and how the criminal court system operates in
Canada as well as the duties and powers of defence lawyers, Crown prosecutors, and
judges are covered. The various legal rights that exist in the criminal courts are also
discussed. The criminal court case of Dennis Oland is reviewed to show the role of the
various agencies involved in the operation of the court system and the various stages
of a court trial, as is the case R. v. Catcheway, which illustrates the informal criminal
justice system at work.
Chapter 10 (Sentences and Dispositions) includes the most updated statistics avail-
able on the operation of the adult criminal courts in Canada. Updated sections include
sentencing patterns, victim participation, mandatory minimum sentences, and mis-
carriages of justice (wrongful convictions). The chapter includes new discussions on
sentencing considerations for Black Canadians and the Canadian Victims Bill of
Rights (CVBR).
Chapter 11 (Offenders Supervised in the Community: Alternative Sanctions and
Conditional Release Programs) features updated charts and statistics throughout the
chapter, including updates on probation, the conditional sentence of imprisonment,
electronic monitoring, as well as conditional release programs, including full parole.
Chapter 12 (Corrections in Canada: History, Facilities, and Populations) looks at issues
relating to corrections and the inmate population in Canada, such as the different types
of correctional facilities, prison violence and deaths, use of force in prison, and self-harm
among inmates. As well, specific groups who are incarcerated—Indigenous, women,
and Black inmates—are discussed. Material has been updated throughout, including
an updated Critical Issues in Canadian Criminal Justice feature on solitary confinement
(administrative segregation).
Chapter 13 (Community Reintegration) features updated charts and statistics
throughout, including updates on older inmates. New sections include reintegrating
Indigenous offenders, women and reentry, and Correctional Service Canada and its
attempts to deal with medical assistance in dying (MAID) among incarcerated individuals.
Chapter 14 (Contemporary Issues in the Canadian Criminal Justice System) is a new
online chapter that examines contemporary issues such as Indigenous peoples and the
Canadian criminal justice system (e.g., representation on juries), LGBTQ individuals
and the criminal justice system, as well as the legalization of cannabis. Visit www.nelson.
com/student for access.
NEL Preface xxi


Instructor Resources
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program delivers research-based
instructor resources that promote student engagement and higher-order thinking to
enable the success of Canadian students and educators. Visit Nelson Education’s Inspired
Instruction website at http://www.nelson.com/inspired/ to find out more about NETA.
The following instructor resources have been created for Criminal Justice in Canada,
eighth edition. Access these ultimate tools for customizing lectures and presentations, as
well as the online chapter, at www.nelson.com/instructor.
NETA Test Bank

This resource was prepared by Kimberley Ducey, University of Winnipeg. It includes
more than 1,000 multiple-choice questions written according to NETA guidelines for
effective construction and development of higher-order questions. Also included are
approximately 520 true/false questions and 130 essay questions.
The NETA Test Bank is available in a cloud-based platform. Nelson Testing Powered
by Cognero® is a secure online testing system that allows instructors to author, edit, and
manage test bank content from anywhere Internet access is available. No special instal-
lations or downloads are needed, and the desktop-inspired interface, with its drop-down
menus and familiar, intuitive tools, allows instructors to create and manage tests with
ease. Multiple test versions can be created in an instant, and content can be imported or
exported into other systems. Tests can be delivered from a learning management system,
the classroom, or wherever an instructor chooses. Nelson Testing Powered by Cognero
for Criminal Justice in Canada can also be accessed through www.nelson.com/instructor.
NETA PowerPoint
Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides have been prepared for every chapter by David
Mikelberg, Guelph Humber University. These slides summarize key concepts and fea-
ture key figures, tables, exhibits, and photographs from Criminal Justice in Canada. The
notes pages provide additional instructor support, with further lecture ideas, current
topics, and suggestions for student engagement (a pared-down student version without
instructor notes is also available). NETA principles of clear design and engaging content
have been incorporated throughout, making it simple for instructors to customize the
deck for their curses.
Image Library
This resource consists of digital copies of figures, tables, exhibits, and photographs used
in the book. Instructors may use these jpegs to customize the NETA PowerPoint or
create their own PowerPoint presentations.
NETA Instructor Guide

This resource, written by textbook author Colin Goff, University of Winnipeg, was
revised for the eighth edition by Kimberley Ducey, University of Winnipeg. It is orga-
nized according to the textbook chapters and addresses key educational concerns such as
typical stumbling blocks student face and how to address them. Other features include
What can I do in class? and What can I do online?
xxii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Student Ancillaries
Criminal Justice in Canada is accompanied by a student website with engaging online
resources to enable students to activate their knowledge and further enhance their
learning and comprehension. The online chapter—Chapter 14, Contemporary Issues
in the Canadian Criminal Justice System—is also available on the student companion
website. Visit www.nelson.com/student for access.
Minute School—Better Marks in Minutes

Designed for today’s busy and on-the-go students, the Minute School app allows students
to test their knowledge and identify areas of weakness with hundreds of online, multiple-
choice questions, related directly to what they are learning in the course. Student can
take a quiz on key topics covered in the course and receive instant feedback which will
identify concepts that require further review. Students can also track their progress from
within the app to help them stay on track! To get started, visit NelsonBrain.com and
search “Minute School.”
Acknowledgments
Writing a text for an area as diverse and challenging as the Canadian criminal justice
system often requires the assistance of people who are willing to share their knowledge,
time, and support. Two individuals deserve recognition for their assistance in seeing this
project through to its completion. In particular, the assistance of Kimberley Ducey has
been very much appreciated. Inspector Robert W. Bangs of the RCMP was more than
generous in giving up his personal time to offer his expertise, and it too was always much
appreciated.
The training given to me by Gilbert Geis of the University of California, Irvine, and
continued support provided by Francis Cullen of the University of Cincinnati, both
teachers and colleagues, have contributed to this text in many intangible ways.
Many individuals who work at Nelson Education deserve recognition. Their enthu-
siasm, patience, tact, and positive support was always appreciated. More than special
thanks go to Gail Brown, whose excellent editorial advice and assistance was always
insightful and welcomed. Her tireless efforts and advice throughout the development of
the text were appreciated and added to the overall quality of the final product in so many
ways. Publisher Leanna MacLean’s vision of how digital resources could enhance the
learning experience of students was both insightful and creative. At the production stage
of the manuscript, the efforts of Kelli Howey and Shannon Martin guided the successful
transformation of the manuscript into the final text. I would also like to thank marketing
manager Claire Varley and all the Nelson sales representatives across Canada for their
hard work in bringing this text to the attention of instructors.
Finally, the reviewers of this and past editions deserve special mention for their
detailed comments. I appreciate all of their efforts, and many of their suggestions were
incorporated into the final text. My thanks go to the following for their feedback for
the eighth edition:
Beth de Beer, Douglas College
Ellen Faulkner, Vancouver Island University
Graham Hudson, Ryerson University
Marc Laferriere, Mohawk College
Brian G. Moorcroft, Centennial College
Peter Skrypka, Seneca College
NEL Preface xxiii


Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
pesamment, pendant qu'Antoinette, de son côté, loin de lui et toute à
lui, sombrait aussi dans le sommeil, comme une petite brute.
Le valet de chambre préposé au service de Julien, la femme de
chambre d'Antoinette purent entrer dans les chambres à huit heures,
tirer les rideaux, Antoinette et Julien, à demi-morts, dormaient aussi
paisiblement dans le grand jour aveuglant que dans la clarté tamisée
du jour matinal. Quand ils s'éveillèrent entre midi et une heure, ils
eurent le même regard pour se chercher, et se sourirent du même
sourire à travers les murailles. Puis ils se retrouvèrent sur la
terrasse, devant tout le monde. Il s'inclina avec une politesse
parfaite et joyeuse. Elle eut pour lui un bonjour aimable, de
l'hypocrisie la plus charmante. Elle, qui avait si peur de mentir,
s'aperçut à ce moment-là que le mensonge peut devenir très facile,
quand il est imposé par la nécessité.
ÉPILOGUE
A partir de ce jour, il ne fut plus question de Julien entre Anne et
Antoinette, ni d'Antoinette entre Lorgis et Julien.
Lorgis cessa d'être froid avec le jeune homme, et ils reprirent peu à
peu leurs bonnes relations et leurs conversations du matin.
Seulement, Lorgis qui avait fait toutes sortes de réflexions sur le cas
Julien-Antoinette, souffrait beaucoup de ne pouvoir les communiquer
à Julien. Cet homme sage et discret était bien souvent conduit à
l'indiscrétion par le besoin de montrer à quel point il pensait juste.
Il finit par prendre texte d'une histoire inventée, à peu près
semblable, arrivée jadis dans un autre milieu et dans le même
monde. Et il constata que chaque fois qu'un jeune homme fait la
cour à une femme mariée entourée d'amis, il éveille toujours des
hostilités parmi cet entourage. Mais aussitôt que l'irréparable est
commis, beaucoup de ces amis rebelles finissent par accepter la
situation, et une fois que le mal est fait, l'acceptent même avec une
sympathie qui va s'augmentant...
—C'est peut-être, dit Lorgis, que le monde a le goût des unions
sérieuses, et qu'une fois qu'un adultère lui paraît bien assorti, il
prend à ses yeux le caractère sérieux d'une union sympathique, bien
qu'extra-légale.
—C'est possible, répondait Julien, et il pensait à part lui:
«C'est possible, ce que dit Lorgis. Ce qui est certain, c'est que j'aime
Antoinette.»
Cela n'avait aucun rapport mais il disait «J'aime Antoinette» pour se
faire plaisir. Et le fait est qu'il l'aimait bien. Son amour avait triomphé
de tout, même des petits mensonges, des poses, des attitudes que
prescrivent la tradition, la littérature, et la mode, et dont
s'embarrasse si souvent la vraie sincérité.
FIN
TABLE DES CHAPITRES
Pages.
I.—Julien. 1
II.—Un outsider. 12
III.—La Marquise. 23
IV.—Deuxième entrevue. 35
V.—L'invitation. 45
VI.—Vers du nouveau. 53
VII.—Dénombrement. 67
VIII.—Travail d'approche. 79
IX.—L'amie et l'ami. 97
X.—Vers l'amie. 105
XI.—Intermède: Rose Meulier. 109
XII.—Progrès. 117
XIII.—La galerie intervient. 121
XIV.—Effets d'une intervention. 133
XV.—Travail latent. 143
XVI.—Arrivée d'un personnage épisodique. 151
XVII.—Mise au point. 167
XVIII.—Répétition. 179
XIX.—Intermède: une nommée Fanny. 189
XX.—La matinée de verdure. 195
XXI.—Point de vue nouveau. 209
XXII.—Reprise des opérations. 219
XXIII.—Rapprochement. 231
XXIV.—La passion parle. 249
XXV.—La passion continue à parler. 259
XXVI.—En route. 263
XXVII.—Dernier chapitre. 301
Épilogue. 307
SAINT-DENIS.—IMP. H. BOUILLANT, 47, BOUL. DE
CHATEAUDUN.—18049
LIBRAIRIE PAUL OLLENDORFF
50, Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, PARIS
FRÉDÉRIC MASSON, de l'Académie française
Sur Napoléon (Conférences).
JEAN BERTHEROY
La Passion d'Héloïse et d'Abélard.
TRISTAN BERNARD
Le Roman d'un mois d'Été.
MAURICE STRAUSS
Le Citoyen Poire.
E. GRENET-DANCOURT
Choses à dire (comiques et dramatiques).
MARCEL DHANYS
La Fille de Racine.
ALEXANDRE ARNOUX
Au Grand Vent (Poèmes).
COLLECTION DES CONTEURS JOYEUX

Le volume: 95 cent.
ALPHONSE ALLAIS
En Ribouldinguant.
ADRIEN VÉLY
Les Petites Amies de Mr Saint-Gratien.
JULES MOINAUX
Les Tribunaux Comiques.
GEORGES COURTELINE
Les Gaietés de l'Escadron.
IMP. E. MONZEIN, 17, RUE GRANGE-BATELIÈRE, PARIS
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Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 10th

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 1 An Overview of the Criminal Justice System

CHAPTER 2 Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Canada 36

NEL Contents vii

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 3 Control Philosophy and Criminal

viii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 4 Crime Rates, Crime Trends, and Criminal

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 5 The Context of Policing 143

CHAPTER 6 The Practice of Policing 172

x Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 7 The Police and the Law 200

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 8 Pretrial Criminal Procedure 232

CHAPTER 9 The Courts and Criminal Trial Procedure 262

xii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 10 Sentences and Dispositions 291

NEL Contents xiii

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 11 Offenders Supervised in the Community:

CHAPTER 12 Corrections in Canada: History, Facilities, and

xiv Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

CHAPTER 13 Community Reintegration 401

Criminal Justice in Canada

xvi Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

NEL Contents xvii

Criminal Justice in Canada

Criminal Justice in Canada

NEL Preface xix

Criminal Justice in Canada

xx Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

NEL Preface xxi

Criminal Justice in Canada

NETA Test Bank

NETA Instructor Guide

xxii Criminal Justice in Canada NEL

Criminal Justice in Canada

Minute School—Better Marks in Minutes

NEL Preface xxiii

Criminal Justice in Canada

COLLECTION DES CONTEURS JOYEUX

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