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New to this Edition
• A brand new case study on Sudan has been added to this edition, increasing the coverage of the
African continent.
• All chapters have been updated to increase coverage of the following pertinent themes: refugee
movements; the so-called Islamic State; organized crime; the role of social media and social
networks in political organization and mobilization; the launching of the United Nations’
Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals); and the impact
of declining oil prices.
• The Syria case study (previously found online) has been updated and moved into the book.
Customer Book Title Stage Supplier Date
OUP Politics in the Developing World First Proof Thomson Digital 31 Oct 2016
22 Overviews
66 Robert Ahearne
Each chapter opens with an overview outlining what you can
Iraq
Foreign Direct Investment
Chapter contents in the developing world to promote inwards invest-
ment, for example byexpect to cover
reducing taxation in the chapter.
levels, setting
and Financial
A Failing Flows • Introduction: Political Instability
State? 376 zones, and removing controls on capital
up tax free
flows. Conflicts
• Civil War and Sudan’s Perpetual However, 376
there has been much debate about
Nadje Al-Ali
Foreign andinvestment
direct Nicola Pratt the extent to which investment by multinational cor-
• Human Development and Political Economy 378
porations (MNCs) benefits the host economies, with
The theory of comparative advantage • Democracy suggests that Rights
and Human accusations379 that they use their size to extract inordi-
a country should specialize in those goods that
• Conclusion: Human Rightsnate it and benefits
Development (see Box 3814.5). This is an area of much
can produce more cheaply. One area in which the controversy and it is better to look at the actions of
developing world has a distinct economic advantage individual MNCs in different countries rather than to
is in labour costs. Throughout most of the develop- draw general conclusions.
ing world, and even though labour Overview costs are rising in There is a considerable amount of data on the lev-
emerging economies, it is cheaper to employ work- els of FDI and one of the features of this activity is
Sudan is ‘Africa in microcosm’, with multiple languages, religions, and ethnicities. The largest geo-
ers than in developed economies. It would there- that it fluctuates on a year-by-year basis. Levels of
Chapter contents graphic nation-state in Africa, spanning nearly 1 million square miles, has had a complex and con-
fore seem logical for companies from the developed FDI dropped off quite considerably following the
flictual political history since its independence from British colonial rule in 1956. Formerly a single
• Introduction
world to relocate 325production from those economies terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New
country, political conflict between the north and south spawned Africa’s longest civil war, which cul-
in which labour costs
• Reconstructing Iraq’s are highInstitutions
Political to those in which such York in 2001 (‘9/11’), and while they increased again
minated in a 326 peace agreement in 2005 and the secession of South Sudan in 2011. A year after South
costs are lower. For some companies, the employ- until the 2007–08 financial crisis, when they took a dip,
• Post-Invasion Violence and Security Sudan’s327 secession, new conflicts over oil erupted along disputed borders between the two states. A
ment of female workers has been particularly attrac- they continued to increase until 2014–15, when they
• Human and4.4).
Economic Development civil war328 erupted in Africa’s newest nation South Sudan in 2013. Sudan has remained embroiled in
tive (see Box again
conflict in the western province of fell.
DarfurTables
since4.2 and 4.3 present data taken from
2003.
• Conclusion
Improvements 330to transportation and communica-
The political and economic statistics compiled
marginalization of by
thethe United
regions Nations
in the south, Conference
east, and west has been a
tions have made it far easier for companies to set up on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). From these
Book Title constant Stagefeature in Sudan’sSupplierpolitical history, Dateand has significantly contributed to the country’s instabil-
production facilities in different parts of the world. tables, a few general observations can be derived, as
Politics in the Developing ity, underdevelopment, and human rights difficulties. Competition for economic resources (both oil
O’BrienWorld and Williams (2013: 134)First ProofFDI Thomson
define as ‘in- Digital 31 Oct 2016
follows.and religious divisions, are basic ingredients of Sudan’s conflictual
Overview
vestment
and land), as well as ethnic, cultural,
made outside the home country of the in-
history. The Islamist-military regime of Omar al-Bashir has ruled Sudan the last twenty-seven years.
vesting company
This chapter exploresin which
whether control is over
IraqFigure a failedthe resources • arrived
LevelsatofthatFDI have risen considerably over the
27.1state and of
is a map how it
Sudan and Box 27.1possibleprovidescharacteriza-
an overview of key dates in Sudan’s history.
transferred
tion. It examines remains
the periodwithsince the the investor’. In other
US-led invasion of Iraq inpast2003, thirty-five years, inwith
which resulted the the
fall figures
of for 2014
dall words, a key feature
the dictatorship of Saddam of FDI is that
Hussein. production
It focuses on three willareas: the nearly thirty times
reconstruction ofhigher than those of 1980.
Iraq’s political
be directed post-invasion
institutions; by a corporation violencebased andoutside
security;ofand thehuman
ter- and Most economic of this expansion,The
development. however,
chap- occurred
ly independent states, varying ritory in which the
nationalist
ter demonstrates howinvestment
the failure is
Post-conflict made.
tosocieties,
reconstructOne of the
often in the
political wakebetween
institutions 1980 of
of capable
brutal andreconciling
2000, andIraq’s
concerns over
continued to construct andaims of much
confine
different wom-recent
political andpolicy
groupings bitter promoted
hasinternal
weakened wars,by the World
in which
central sluggish
internationally
government, increased global
sup- growthwithin
corruption ratesstate
saw annual FDI
and citizenship significantly.Bank They and
institutions, IMF
generally
and fedhasinto
been
ported to encourage
efforts
ethnic/sectarian to rebuild governments
the thereby
violence, state are under
creatinginflows
away fall
havebyenvironment
favourable 16 per cent in for2014.
the
commitment to ‘development’, although similarly offered opportunities for change, but
emergence of the so-called Islamic State (IS). The Iraqi state is failing to provide necessary servicesalso se-
d in very different ways, whether
or more liberal capitalist lens,
plications. But there was also aFigure
through for
and infrastructure vere challenges.
economic and These
human challenges
development
again with more recently, international agencies and donors have
population.
BOx 4.4 WOmEn In ThE GlOBal ECOnOmY
widespread
22.1 is a map emphasized
of Iraq andthe Box need to address
22.1 provides
persist even basic
and even
gender of
an overview
though,
equality
key dates
Boxes
security for much of the
QUeSTiOnS
Questions
1. End-of-chapter
Women and Gender 147
Why did Syria’s uprising commence in a peripheral area of the country and not the capital, Damascus? questions probe your understanding of each
3.
2. Assess thetocontribution
How, and
world.
what extent,ofwere
gender quotas
features ofto
thewomen’ s descriptive
clan system in Syria and substantive
instrumental chapter and encourage you to think critically about the
representation
in the in the developing
early mobilization against the
authoritarian regime?
4.
3. Under
Why didwhat circumstances
the initial have escalate
Syrian uprising women’sinto
national
a civil machineries in developing
war and military material
insurgency?countries you’ve
been most effective in just covered.
pursuing a gender equality agenda?
4. What counter-measures did the Syrian regime take to fight off the popular uprising and how can these be argued
5. Do women
to have have a distinctive
contributed contribution
to the country’ to make to public political life in the developing world?
s civil war?
Customer Book Title Stage Supplier Date
6. To what extent have feminist causes in the developing world benefited from being framed in the language of human
OUP Politics in the Developing World First Proof Thomson Digital 31 Oct 2016
rights?
7. Do women share identical policy interests? Discuss ways in which one might analyse women’s interest by ethnicity,
race, class,reaDinG
FUrTHer or other factors.
8. Do women in the legislature expand the policy agenda and address gender inequalities? Why—or why not?
382 Liv Tønnessen Beinin, J., and Vairel, F. (eds) (2013) Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, 2nd
edn (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press) The leading volume on social movements in the Middle East, with contribu-
tions on the Arab uprisings, including in Syria.
Comprehensive
FURTheR treatment of the Sudanese Islamists’ experience.
ReaDING Further reading
Gallab, A. A. (2008) The First Islamist Republic: Development and Disintegration of Islamism in the Sudan (Aldershot: Ashgate)
Burgat, F., and Paoli, B. (eds) (2013) Pas de printemps pour la Syrie: Les clés pour comprendre les acteurs et les défis de la crise
Johnson, H. F. (2011) Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations that Ended Africa’s Longest Civil War
(2011–2013) (Paris: La Découverte) Anthology of analysis on the Syrian uprising and its mutation into a civil war, the
Basu, A. (ed.) (2010)
(Eastbourne:
overview
the opposing
SussexWomen’s
of national
Academic
parties women’
Movements in the Global
Press) Provides
movementsthat
on the negotiations across
Era: The
a unique
the world,
brought
Power
insider perspective
regime’s and protestors’ strategies, and the conflict’s regional and international dimensions.
an endwritten by women
to the civil
Annotated recommendations for further reading at the end of
from one(Boulder,
of Local Feminisms, CO: Westview)
of the chief negotiatorsUpdated
between
who have themselves been active par-
war in Sudan.
ticipants.
Heydemann, each chapter identify the key literature in the field, helping you
S., and Leenders, R. (eds) (2013) Middle East Authoritarianism: Governance, Contestation and Regime Resilience
Sørbø, G., and Ahmed, G. A. (eds) (2013) Sudan Divided: Continuing Conflict in a Contested State (New York: Palgrave
in Syria and Iran (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press) Includes contributions written largely before the uprising on the
Cornwall,
Macmillan)A.,Examines
Harrison,the E.,2011
and Whitehead,
secession of A. (eds)
South (2007)
Sudan andFeminism in Development:
how the Islamist
to develop your interest in particular topics.
project hasContradictions, Contestations
shaped developments
interplay between Syria’s resilient authoritarianism and its economy, state-religion relations, judicial politics, and foreign
Challenges (London and New York: Zed Books) Thoughtful reflections on feminist issues in the field of development
and
in Sudan.
relations.
Tønnessen, L., and al-Nagar, S. (2013) ‘The Women’ s Quota in Conflict-Ridden Sudan: Ideological Battles for and against
studies.
Gender Equality’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 41(2): 122–31 Detailed analysis of women’s substantive representa-
Hokayem, E. (2013) Syria’s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies) A
Rai,
tionS.inM.Sudan’
(2002) Gender Assembly.
s National and the Political Economy of Development: From Nationalism to Globalization (Cambridge: Polity)
general, but accurate, account of the background to the Syrian uprising and its mutation into a full-fledged civil war, with
Helpful overview of the field of political economy from a gender perspective.
regional
Warburg, involvement.
G. (2003) Islam, Sectarianism, and Politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya (London: Hurst & Co.) Thought provoking
Tripp,
analysisA.ofM,the
Casimiro,
history I.,ofKwesiga, J., and Mungwa,
Sudan’s Islamic politics toM. (2009) current
illuminate African Women’s
conflicts inMovements:
the region.Changing Political Landscapes
Kerr, M., and Larkin, C. (eds) (2015) The ’Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant (London: Hurst & Co.) Multi-
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Excellent overview of women’s movements in Africa.
authored
Woodward, volume exploring
P. (1990) Sudanthe1898–1989:
sectarian and religious
The Unstable dimensions of the Syrian
Border (Boulder, CO: conflict.
Lynne Rienner) Careful analysis of the
Waylen,
principalG. (2007)
factors thatEngendering
have shapedTransitions: Women’s
the Sudanese Mobilization,
state since Institutions of
the establishment andtheGender Outcomes (Oxford: Oxford
condominium.
Lister, C. (2015) The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency (London: Hurst & Co.) A
University Press) Authoritative analysis of women’s contribution to, and the implications for women of, democratic and
detailed account and analysis of the rise of Salafi jihadist groups and how they came to dominate the Syrian insurgency.
economic transitions in Latin America, South Africa, and Eastern Europe.
WeB LinKS
Chicago
Web links
Wedeen, L. (1999) Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (Chicago, IL: University of
Yuval-Davis, N. (1997) Gender and Nation (London: Sage) Influential exploration of the gender implications of nationalism.
Press) A penetrating analysis of Syrian regime propaganda, the ‘wall of fear’, and how ordinary Syrians became
Customer complicit in confirming the regime’Book Title
s increasingly improbable claims on legitimacy. Stage Supplier Date
OUP http://africanarguments.org/category/making-sense-of-sudan/
WeB
SudaneselINKS
politics.
Politics in the Developing World
Carefully selected lists of websites direct you to the sites of
An excellent website/blog
First Proof including critical
Thomson debate on31 Oct 2016
Digital
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan
http://www.amnesty.org The International
Amnesty International, with a global campaign toCrisis
stop Group
institutions
violence(ICG) onwomen.
against Sudan. and organizations that will help to develop your
https://www.theguardian.com/world/sudan For updated news on Sudan (and South knowledge
Sudan).
http://www.awid.org Association for Women’s Rights in Development (English, Spanish, French). and understanding.
https://www.hrw.org/africa/sudan
http:/www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/ Human Rights Watch
Development-Gender, (HRW)
Brighton on Sudan.
Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex,
offers ‘cutting-edge’ packs on trade,The
https://www.icc-cpi.int/darfur migration, citizenship,
International participation,
Criminal Court (ICC)and on
other issues.
Darfur, Sudan.
http://www.globalfundforwomen.org Global Fund for Women
https://www.irinnews.org/afrique/afrique-de-lest/sudan Irin on(English,
Sudan. Spanish, French, Portuguese, Arabic).
22-Burnell-Chap21.indd 319 31/10/16 1:43 PM
http://www.sewa.org Self-Employed
http://sihanet.org/ Site Women’
of the Strategic s Association,
Initiative for WomenIndia.
in the Horn of Africa (SIHA).
http://www.un.org/womenwatch
alternative politics Political activity
http://www.sudantribune.com United
Aims Nations
that emerges
to promote gateway on women’s and
Christian
plural information, advancement
democracy andand
democratic
Sudans.in the sense that it centrally involves or- precepts to electoral politics.
‘from below’,
empowerment.
The Glossary terms
application
free of two
debate on the Christian
ness’, in http://www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/burnell5e/f
South Africa expressed as the official govern-
ment policy of racial segregation between 1948 and
and obligation for companies. acting as a useful prompt when it comes to revision.
1989. civil society A highly contested term, concerning the
realm of voluntary citizen associations that exists be-
ascriptive identities Groupings to which people be-
tween the family and the state, enjoying independence
long by birth rather than by choice.
of the latter and seeking to influence public policy
autonomy of politics/political autonomy The extent without aspirations to public office; modern civil so-
to which politics, as a level or sphere of social life, is ciety comprises formal, professionalized non-govern-
determined by economic and/or social/cultural di- mental organizations (NGOs) typical of the late
mensions of society or is able independently to impact twentieth century; traditional civil society is organ-
on those dimensions. ized more informally, and may follow patterns with
28-Burnell-Chap27.indd balkanization
382
deep and enduring roots in history and society. 01/11/16 2:13 PM
Referring to the breaking up of a re-
gion or country into small territorial units, often as a clash of civilizations Referring to Samuel P. Hunting-
means to ‘divide and rule’. ton’s (1993, 1996a) prediction that, after the end of the
cold war, international conflicts would increasingly
Beijing consensus Also called the ‘Chinese model’;
have cultural characteristics—most notably, setting
the economic policies of the People’s Republic of
the Christian ‘West’ against the mostly Muslim,
China (PRC) since 1976; based on three overarching
mostly Arab, ‘East’.
ideas of Chinese development—innovation, the pur-
suit of dynamic goals/rejection of per capita gross clientelism/clientelist Referring to the exchange of
domestic product (GDP), and self-determination. specific services or resources (usually publicly funded)
between individuals in return for political support
caste A system of social stratification characterized
such as votes and essentially a relationship between
by hereditary status, endogamy, and social barriers
unequals.
sanctioned by custom or law.
collapsed state See state collapse
caudillismo Historically referring to the organization
of political life in parts of Latin America by local comparative advantage The economic theory that
‘strongmen’ (caudillos) competing for power and its countries should specialize in the production and ex-
spoils. port of those goods and services in which they have a
relative production cost advantage compared with
chaebols The family-based business groups or con-
other countries.
glomerates, many of them with cross-ownership, that
have been South Korea’s primary source of capital competitive authoritarianism A kind of ‘illiberal de-
accumulation. mocracy’ in which formal democratic institutions are
Guided Tour of the Online Resource Centre
http://www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/burnell5e/
The Online Resource Centre that accompanies this book provides you with ready-to-use learning materials.
These resources are free of charge and have been created to take your learning further.
Introduction 1
Lise Rakner and Vicky Randall
3 Institutional Perspectives 44
Lise Rakner and Vicky Randallg
6 Inequality 89
Jenny Pearce
8 Religion 118
Jeff Haynes
15 Governance 226
Lise Rakner
16 Development 245
Tony Addison
17 Environment 259
Peter Newell
21 The Onset of the Syrian Uprising and the Origins of Violence 310
Reinoud Leenders
Introduction 1
Lise Rakner and Vicky Randall
Introduction 14
‘Politics’ and the ‘Developing World’ 14
Modernization and Dependency Approaches 15
Globalization: Theories and Responses 19
Current Approaches 22
Strategies and Methods of Analysis 25
Conclusion 26
3 Institutional Perspectives 44
Lise Rakner and Vicky Randall
Introduction 44
xvi Detailed Contents
New Institutionalism and the Study of the Developing World 45
The Theoretical Underpinnings of Institutionalism: Three Kinds of Institutionalism 46
Political Institutions in Developing Countries 48
Formal and Informal Institutions 51
Conclusion: Institutionalism and the Developing World 55
6 Inequality 89
Jenny Pearce
Introduction 90
Key Conceptual Debates 91
The Politics and Economics of Inequality in Developing Countries: The Cold War and Its Aftermath 94
Inequalities in the Age of Globalization 96
Conclusion: Inequality Matters—Toward ‘Shared Prosperity’? 100
Introduction 104
The Construction and Politicization of Ethnic Identities 104
Varieties of Nationalism in the Developing World 106
Ethnopolitics in Multi-Ethnic and Deeply Divided Societies 108
The State and Nation-Building in the Developing World 114
Conclusion 116
8 Religion 118
Jeff Haynes
Introduction 119
Religion and Politics 119
Detailed Contents xvii
Introduction 133
Women in Society 133
The State, Politics, and Women 135
Women’s Movements and Feminism 136
Political Representation and Participation 140
Women and Policy 143
Conclusion 146
Introduction 166
Social Movements and Alternative Politics 166
The Origins of Social Movements 167
Social Movements and Alternative Politics in the Developing World 169
Social Movements and Democratization 169
Social Movements and Identity Politics 173
Social Movements and Social Justice 176
What Makes Social Movements Successful? 177
Conclusion 179
Introduction 212
Regime Change, Democracy, and Democratization 212
Democratization as Process 214
Explaining Democratization and Regime Change 216
International Dimensions of Democratization 221
Conclusion 223
15 Governance 226
Lise Rakner
Introduction 227
Conceptualizing Governance and Good Governance 227
Governance and Development 230
Corruption: A Key Governance Challenge 234
The Relationship between Democracy and Governance 237
Conclusion 239
16 Development 245
Tony Addison
Introduction 245
Defining Development Policy Objectives 246
Markets and States 248
Achieving Structural Transformation 252
The Global Development Landscape 254
Conclusion 256
17 Environment 259
Peter Newell
Introduction 260
Global Context 260
Environment and Development: An Uneasy Relationship 264
Policy Processes 265
New Policy Instruments for Environmental Protection 268
Futures 271
Conclusion 271
Detailed Contents xix
Introduction 274
The Concept of Human Rights 276
Human Rights Regimes 277
Development and Human Rights 278
Universalism and Cultural Diversity 280
The New Political Economy of Human Rights 283
Conclusion 285
Introduction 300
Authoritarian Legacies 302
Democratization and Decentralization 303
Political Mobilization and Participation 305
Civil Society: The Narrowing of Space for Political Mobilization 306
Conclusion 308
21 The Onset of the Syrian Uprising and the Origins of Violence 310
Reinoud Leenders
Introduction 312
Syria: A Short History of Growing Popular Discontent 313
The Onset of the Syrian Uprising 313
The Roots of the Uprising’s Militarization 315
Conclusion: A Vicious and Protracted Civil War 318
Introduction 325
Reconstructing Iraq’s Political Institutions 326
Post-Invasion Violence and Security 327
Human and Economic Development 328
Conclusion 330
xx Detailed Contents
Introduction 355
The Political Economy of Oil 358
Human Security and Civil Society 359
Conclusion: Development Challenges 361
Introduction 397
A Brief History 398
Instruments of Engagement 399
China’s Economy Goes Global 401
Controversies 402
Conclusion 403
Introduction 407
The ‘Rising Powers’ as Development Actors 407
India and South–South Relations 409
India as a Development Assistance Partner 410
Conclusion 412
2.2 Africa’s Geography and the Concept 7.2 Two Conceptions of the Causes of Ethnopolitical
of Extraversion 32 Conflict 111
2.3 Colonial Mutations of the Modern State 35 7.3 Sen’s Definitions of Types of Multiculturalism 115
2.4 Ingredients for post-Colonial Success: East Asia 8.1 Religion, Nationalism, and Identity 123
and Botswana 38 8.2 A Typology of Church–State Relations 123
2.5 Assessing the Colonial Legacy 41 9.1 Policy for Women: Girls’ Education 145
3.1 Robert Bates on the Rationality of 9.2 Policy for Women: Abortion—Women’s Right
African Peasants 47 to Choose 146
3.2 Parliamentary versus Presidential Systems 49 10.1 Poppy Growers and the Afghan State 153
3.3 Designing Constitutions 50 10.2 From Rotating Credit Associations to Micro-Credit 154
3.4 Truth Commissions 50 10.3 Islamic Courts in Somalia 155
3.5 Neo-Patrimonialism Defined 52 10.4 The Conundrum of Islamic Charities 156
4.1 Globalization 59 10.5 The Danger of International Civil Society 157
4.2 Free Trade or Protectionism? 60 10.6 The Backlash against NGO Funding 159
4.3 The Bretton Woods Organizations 63 11.1 Liberia: The Women of Liberia Mass Action
4.4 Women in the Global Economy 66 for Peace 171
4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign 11.2 Avaaz 172
Direct Investment 67 11.3 Sexual Minorities Uganda and the ‘Kill the Gays’ Bill 173
4.6 The BRICS Countries, the New Development 11.4 Buddhist Nationalism in Myanmar 174
Bank, and the Asian Infrastructure
11.5 Brazil: Indigenous Protests against the
Investment Bank 70
Belo Monte Dam 175
5.1 The United Nations’ Achievements in
11.6 Attac 177
Development 75
12.1 The Benefits of International Legal Sovereignty 187
5.2 The United Nations and Decolonization 76
12.2 Two Theoretical Accounts of Modern
5.3 The ‘End of History’ or a ‘Clash of Civilizations’? 77
State Formation 190
5.4 Us President George W. Bush, 9/11, and the ‘War
12.3 Three Models of State-Driven Development 191
on Terror’ 78
13.1 The 1965 Violence in Indonesia 199
5.5 The Rise of the Drones 79
13.2 Studying the Processes of War 201
5.6 The End of the Western World? 81
13.3 Sierra Leone’s ‘Blood Diamonds’ 202
5.7 The BRICS: Will They Dominate the Twenty-First
Century? 82 13.4 Failed States—and Failed State-Builders 204
5.8 A Profile of Mercosur, the Common Market of 13.5 Libya and the Responsibility to Protect 206
the South 83 14.1 The Growth and Survival of Hybrid Regimes 212
List of Boxes xxiii
14.2 Defining Democracy: Robert A. Dahl 213 19.1 Key Dates in Pakistan’s History 292
14.3 Ways in Which to Measure Democracy 213 20.1 Key Dates in Indonesia’s History 301
14.4 The Arab Uprisings: Illusions of Democracy? 215 20.2 Indonesian Glossary 302
14.5 Rustow’s Methodological Propositions 217 20.3 Post-New Order Party System 307
14.6 Three Views on Democracy and Development 218 21.1 Key Dates in Syria’s History 311
14.7 Positive and Negative Connections between 22.1 Key Dates in Iraq’s History 324
Democracy and the Market 220 22.2 The Iraqi Population 325
15.1 Governance Matters VIII: Some Leading Findings 229 23.1 Key Dates in Mexico’s History 333
15.2 Comparing Taxation and Accountability in 23.2 Electoral Authoritarianism 334
Ethiopia, Ghana, and Kenya 231
23.3 Economic Civil Wars 337
15.3 Political Corruption in Central America 234
24.1 Key Dates in Modern Korea’s History 345
15.4 Measuring Corruption 237
25.1 Key Dates in Nigeria’s History 356
15.5 Developmental Patrimonialism 238
26.1 Key Dates in Guatemala’s History 365
16.1 The Vietnam Success Story 249
26.2 Key Development Indicators for Guatemala 366
17.1 Key Global Environmental Institutions 262
27.1 Key Dates in Sudan’s History 375
17.2 Chronology of Environment and Development
28.1 Key Dates in Brazil’s History 386
on the International Agenda 263
29.1 Key Dates in China’s History 396
17.3 The Right to Water in South Africa 269
29.2 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954) 397
18.1 Universal and Regional Human Rights Treaties 275
30.1 Key Dates in India’s History 406
18.2 Barriers to Human Rights Implementation by
Developing Countries 280 30.2 Terminological Dilemmas 408
18.3 Human Security: The Case of Darfur 284 30.3 DAC and non-DAC Donors 408
List of Figures
List of Tables
9.1 Women elected political leaders in the 24.2 Gross domestic savings as a percentage of
developing world, 2015 133 South Korea’s growing GDP 348
9.2 Milestones in international organization and policy 28.1 Contemporary Capabilities Index, v2
for women 140 (% of world total) 393
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III.
Die Werke des Marquis de Sade.
„Justine“ und „Juliette“.