Fluid Mechanics-II

ME-235 BEME-4th Semester

Design And Analysis of Hydraulic Turbine
CEP Report
Name: Ameer Hamza
Registration ID: 215047
Submitted To: Sir. Ali Abbas
Deadline: 30th May 2024

AIR UNIVERSITY AEROSPACE AND AVIATION CAMPUS, KAMRA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING |

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University A&AC Kamra

Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

Table of Contents
What is a Turbine?......................................................................................................................................... 1
Types of Turbines ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Based on Fluid Type .................................................................................................................................. 1
• Water Turbines .............................................................................................................................. 1
• Steam Turbines .............................................................................................................................. 1
• Gas Turbines .................................................................................................................................. 1
• Wind Turbines ................................................................................................................................ 1
Based on Operational Principle ................................................................................................................ 1
• Impulse Turbines ........................................................................................................................... 1
• Reaction Turbines .......................................................................................................................... 1
Based on Head........................................................................................................................................... 2
• High-Head Turbines ...................................................................................................................... 2
• Medium-Head Turbines ................................................................................................................. 2
• Low-Head Turbines ....................................................................................................................... 2
Based on Design ........................................................................................................................................ 2
• Propeller-Type Turbines................................................................................................................ 2
• Specific Speed: ............................................................................................................................... 2
Problem Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Given Data ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Constraints ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Solution .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Design Parameters .................................................................................................................................... 3
Reason For Turbine Choice ...................................................................................................................... 3
Dimensional Parameters ........................................................................................................................... 4
Solution To Original Model ...................................................................................................................... 4
• Finding Velocity Vectors ............................................................................................................... 4
• Finding the Final Power By Shaft ................................................................................................. 4
• To calculate Head .......................................................................................................................... 4
• Finding the Dimensionless Turbine Parameters ........................................................................... 5
Solution To Scaled Down Turbine............................................................................................................. 5
• Scaling Laws .................................................................................................................................. 5
• Dimensionless Parameters For Scaled Down Turbine ................................................................. 5
References ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University A&AC Kamra

Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

Design And Analysis of Hydraulic Turbine CEP Report

What is a Turbine?
A turbine is a mechanical device that converts the energy of a fluid flow (such as water, steam,
or air) into rotational mechanical energy. This rotational energy can be used to drive machinery,
generate electricity, or perform other types of work. Turbines typically consist of a set of blades
or vanes mounted on a central shaft. As the fluid flows over or through the blades, it imparts a
force that causes the shaft to rotate.
Turbines are widely used in various applications, including power generation, propulsion
systems (such as jet engines and wind turbines), and mechanical drives in industries like oil and
gas, chemical processing, and marine propulsion.

Types of Turbines
Based on Fluid Type
• Water Turbines
Used in hydroelectric plants, including types like Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines.

• Steam Turbines
Common in thermal and nuclear power plants, converting steam energy into mechanical energy.
Types include impulse and reaction turbines.

• Gas Turbines
Found in power plants and aircraft engines, operating on high-pressure gas. Examples include
turbojets, turboprops, and turbofans.

• Wind Turbines
Convert wind energy into electricity, available as horizontal-axis and vertical-axis turbines.

Based on Operational Principle

• Impulse Turbines
Utilize the kinetic energy of fluid jets, where the fluid strikes the blades directly. Pelton turbines
are a prime example.

• Reaction Turbines
Rely on the pressure and kinetic energy of fluid, with blades fully immersed in fluid flow.
Examples include Francis and Kaplan turbines.

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Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

Based on Head
• High-Head Turbines
Operate with heads over 250 meters, suitable for steep waterfalls. Example: Pelton turbines.

• Medium-Head Turbines
Operate with heads between 45 and 250 meters, like Francis turbines.

• Low-Head Turbines
Suitable for heads below 45 meters, often used in flat terrains. Example: Kaplan turbines.

Based on Design
• Propeller-Type Turbines
Use propeller-based runner designs, typically found in ships and submarines.

• Specific Speed:
Turbines are also classified by their rotational speed, affecting their energy output and efficiency

Problem Statement
• Determine various design parameters for turbine design.
• Perform scaling law analysis for the scaled down model of the turbine.

Given Data

The scaled down model is “1/10”th the size of original turbine. You will have to assume other
required values.

Constraints
The Turbine should be able to provide at least 15kW of power.

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Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

Solution
Design Parameters
Principle = Reaction Turbine
Turbine Type = Francis Turbine

Classification = Radial Flow

Francis Radial Flow Turbine

Reason For Turbine Choice

• High Efficiency Over a Wide Range: Francis turbines maintain high efficiency across a
broad range of flow rates and heads, making them versatile for various operating conditions

• Suitability for Medium Heads: These turbines are ideal for medium head applications (10-
650 meters), providing optimal performance where other turbines might struggle .

• Compact Design: The compact and robust design of Francis turbines allows for easier
installation and maintenance compared to some other turbine types .

• Bidirectional Capability: They can operate effectively in both directions, enabling their use
in pumped storage plants for both power generation and pumping .

• Wide Application in Hydropower Plants: Due to their adaptability and efficiency, Francis
turbines are the most widely used type in large hydropower plants globally .

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Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

Dimensional Parameters
Radius of Inlet r2 = 25 cm = 0.25 m H= 10 m

Radius of Outlet r1 = 10 cm = 0.1 m ω = 3963 Rpm = 415 rad/s

Width of Runner Blades b1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m α1 = 10 0
Width of Runner Blades b2 = 5 cm = 0.05 m α2 = 45 0
Solution To Original Model
Diameter of Inlet Pipe = 10 cm = 0.1 m g = 9.81 m/s2

Area of Inlet Pipe = 7.85 x 10-3 m2 ρ = 998 kg/m3 @ 20 0 C

H = 10 m
P1 = Patm = 101.325 kPa
Velocity = ( 2gH )1/2 = ( 2 x 9.81 x 10 )1/2 = 14.007 m/s
Volume Flow Rate = Q = V x A = 14.007 x 7.85 x 10-3 = 0.11 m3/s

Also Assuming ηturbine = 100 % or 1

• Finding Velocity Vectors

V2,n = Q/ 2π r2 b2 = 0.11/ ( 2 * 3.14 * 0.25 * 0.05 ) = 1.4 m/s

V2,t = V2,n tan α2 = 1.4 * Tan 45 0 = 1.4 m/s

Inlet Runner Blade Angle β2 = arc tan ( V2,n / (ω r2 - V2,t )) = 0.78 0

V1,n = Q/ 2π r1 b1 = 0.11/ ( 2 * 3.14 * 0.1 * 0.15 ) = 1.167 m/s

V1,t = V1,n tan α1 = 1.167 * Tan 10 0 = 0.206 m/s

Outlet Runner Blade Angle β2 = arc tan ( V1,n / (ω r1 - V1,t )) = 1.62 0

• Finding the Final Power By Shaft

Pshaft = ρQω ( r2 V2,t - r1 V1t )

Pshaft = 15007 Watts = 15 kW

• To calculate Head
H = bhp / ( ρgQ) = 13.93 m

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Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

• Finding the Dimensionless Turbine Parameters

CH = Head coefficient = gH / ( 𝜔2 D2 ) = 0.057

CQ = Capacity coefficient = Q / ( 𝜔 D3 ) = 0.265

CP = Power coefficient = bhp / ( ρ𝜔3 D5 ) = 0.021

Solution To Scaled Down Turbine

Naming Original Turbine A and 1/10th Scaled down Turbine B

ωB = 1/10 ωA = 41.5 rad/s

DB = 1/10 DA = 0.01 m

• Scaling Laws
QB = QA ( WB / WA ) ( DB / DA )3 = 1.1 x 10 -5 m3/s
HB = HA ( WB / WA )2 ( DB / DA )2 = 1.393 x 10 -3 m

bhpB = bhpA ( ρB / ρA ) ( WB / WA )3 ( DB / DA )5 = 1.5007 x 10 -4 Watts

• Dimensionless Parameters For Scaled Down Turbine

CH = Head coefficient = gH / ( 𝜔2 D2 ) = 0.079

CQ = Capacity coefficient = Q / ( 𝜔 D3 ) = 0.265

CP = Power coefficient = bhp / ( ρ𝜔3 D5 ) = 0.021

Thank You
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Fluid Mechanics-II ME-235

References
• "Turbine." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Dec. 2021,
www.britannica.com/technology/turbine.
• https://www.engineersrail.com/classification-of-turbines/
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine
• https://www.felsics.com/turbine-types-22-types-of-turbines-and-their-descriptions/
• https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-turbine/
• https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-turbines
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325220605_Hydraulic_Turbine_Types
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/francis-turbine
• https://www.hydropower.org/factsheets/francis-turbines
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329451606_Pumped-Storage_Power_Plants
• https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydro/francis-turbine-overview/
• https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower
• https:/www.worldenergy.org/transition-toolkit/hydropower
• Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition

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