6

REFLECT
LISTENING & SPEAKING
ANSWER KEY

LEARNING

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

UNIT 1 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 3) E (p. 8)
1. Answers will vary. Underline that in: 2, 3, 6
2. Answers will vary.
F (p. 9)
PREPARE TO LISTEN 1. F, Research shows, aged 18–24, 68 videos per
A (p. 4) day
1. thrive 2. O, essential
2. differentiate 3. F, In one study, 12 seconds in 2000 to 8 seconds
3. animated in 2015
4. genuine 4. O, perhaps
5. exaggerate 5. O, enormous
6. irritate 6. F, Five hundred hours, every minute
7. compelling 7. O, must, appealing, engaging, compelling
8. convey
9. clarity PREPARE TO WATCH
10. trait A (p. 10)
1. c
C (p. 5) 2. c
1. YouTube use decreases with age. 3. a
2. to become more knowledgeable (the most 4. b
common), to improve or acquire skills, to learn 5. a
about products 6. b
7. c
LISTEN & SPEAK 8. a
A (p. 7) 9. c
1. attention span = how long you can pay attention 10. b
2. goods and services = products and activities
people do for you C (p. 11)
1. father and daughter
B (p. 7) 2. that people, especially younger people, use so
Check: 1, 2 many screens at one time that they have very
short attention spans
C (p. 7) 3. She disagrees. She says she can pay attention
a. 6 for a long time when she wants to or it’s
b. 1 interesting.
c. 5 4. Answers will vary. Possible answers: Young
d. 4 people have short attention spans. Technology
e. 3 use can cause short attention spans. Doing two
f. 2 things at the same time is a choice, not a result
of a short attention span.
D (p. 7)
1. NG Reflect (p. 11)
2. NG 1. With each recommendation, videos get longer.
3. T 2. 5 minutes, 19 seconds longer
4. F 3. Answers will vary. Possible answer: They are
5. T longer than expected. They increase over time.
6. F
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
4. A
 nswers will vary. Possible answer: In the H (p. 15)
talk, the speaker says that people have short Answers will vary. Possible answers:
attention spans. The graph shows that they
Introduction Alex Rodriguez, cofounder of
will watch longer videos. This implies longer
of self and Video Plus
attention spans.
purpose help individuals and companies
create video content that will
WATCH & SPEAK
make viewers pay attention
B (p. 13)
goal is to take the brands and
1. ’m/am with you
products you have worked so
2. human interest
hard to develop and help them
3. be up for
thrive
My partners and I have the
C (p. 13)
expertise you need, with a
Check: 1, 2, 5, 6
combined 15 years in the
D (p. 13) business of making videos.
1. brands Description of Problem: Did you know that
2. James Kirkham problem and 500 hours of video content
3. 55 solution is uploaded to YouTube every
4. human interest minute? With so much out there,
5. seconds it can be hard to get noticed.
6. 23 Solution: We know how to
capture attention with exciting
E (p. 13) visuals. We use compelling
1. F stories to maintain engagement
2. F with your audience.
3. 0 Speaker’s started making videos on phone
4. 0 background when 15, funny videos
learned some tricks from
F (p. 14) filmmakers about shots and
1. the speaker in the talk storytelling
2. disagree launched own YouTube channel
3. e
 xample of 55-minute video, average watch time when 17
of 23 minutes had thousands of subscribers in
4. Answers will vary. just a few months
Companies paid me to try their
G (p. 15) products and feature them in my
Answers will vary. Possible answers: videos.
1. makes videos Results and grow your business quickly
2. h
 eads of companies, senior staff, heads of benefits attract more visitors to your
marketing or sales website
3. video production service you will have more time to do
what you do best
Call to action visit this link and scroll through a
few videos

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

I (p. 16)
1. At Video Plus, we help individuals and
companies create video content that will make
viewers pay attention.
2. My goal is to take the brands and products you
have worked so hard to develop and help them
thrive.
3. I believe that my partner and I have the expertise
you need to grow your company.
4. Then I made videos featuring those products.
5. To see exactly the kind of work we do, visit this
link and scroll through a few videos.
6. Learning a new skill is an effort that advances
your career.
7. A second language is helpful for anyone wanting
to work internationally.
8. I am interested in classes that will help me get a
better job.
J (p. 17)
1. I’ve had several managers who taught me
important skills.
2. You will love the idea (that/which) I’m going to
share with you today.
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6
3. We sell beautiful clothes that/which were
handmade in Peru.
4. There are a lot of studies online that show/which
show/showing effective ways to get attention.
5. I have (the) essential tools (that/which) I need to
differentiate myself from the competition.
6. I perform many tasks at work that/which require
attention to detail.
7. Mina tells stories in her videos that/which are
very motivating.
8. Some YouTube videos have educational content
(that/which) I need for my studies.
REFLECT
B (p. 19)
Nouns: clarity, engagement, format, myth, trait
Verbs: capture, convey, counter, dictate,
differentiate, enhance, exaggerate, flourish, irritate,
strive, thrive, warrant
Adjectives: animated, compelling, genuine
ANSWER KEY
UNIT 2 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 21) C (p. 25)
1. Running a marathon would likely make both your 1. a 5. c
body and brain exhausted but would also feel 2. a 6. a
good once it is completed. 3. b 7. c
2. Behavior and lifestyle choices have a strong 4. c 8. b
impact on our brains. What we put into our
bodies and how active we are affects the health D (p. 26)
of our brains as well as our bodies. 1. EP 6. L
2. CE 7. L
PREPARE TO LISTEN 3. CE 8. EP
A (p. 22) 4. EP 9. L/CE
1. c 6. h 5. EP 10. CE
2. b 7. d
3. i 8. j E (p. 27)
4. g 9. a 1. Researchers were interested / in how the
5. f 10. e strategy / affects people’s moods.
2. What research shows / is that this can enhance /
B (p. 22) cognitive performance.
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 3. I wanted to know / how to improve memory.
1. things you have exposure to 4. Too little sunshine / is one reason / people get
2. cognitive skills/functions sad.
3. things you can regulate 5. Eating certain kinds of food, / like yogurt and
4. things you can have an appetite for kimchi, / can affect your brain.
6. We studied how exercise / makes you happier.
LISTEN AND SPEAK 7. Research shows that exercise, / even just
A (p. 24) standing or walking, / can improve the way we
Answers will vary. Possible answers: feel.
8. Getting outside in the sun / and spending time
Positive effects Negative effects
with friends and family / can positively impact
Our good news bad weather our cognitive and emotional functioning.
emotional healthy diet too little sleep
functioning social connections junk food PREPARE TO WATCH
good weather stress A (p. 28)
exercise personal problems 1 exposed
Our healthy diet too little sleep 2 organ
cognitive exercise stress 3 habitat
functioning 4 in isolation
5 complexity
B (p. 25) 6 outnumber
1. F 5. T 7 bacteria
2. T 6. NG 8 inhabit
3. F 7. F 9 modify
4. T 10. digestion

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

C (p. 29) D (p. 32)
1. stomach and intestines, or gut 1. F 4. NG
2. bacteria 2. T 5. T
3. t he brain; they send chemicals to our brains 3. T 6. NG
through blood and the nervous system
4. t he brain affects the kind of microbes, digestion, E (p. 32)
and nutrition/delivery of nutrients 1. b; effect
5. s tomach hurting before a big test 2. d; effect
3. c; link
Reflect (p. 29) 4. a; cause
Answer will vary. Possible answers:
1. Yes, the conversation mentions the special G (p. 33)
relationship between the gut and the brain. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. The gut is referred to as the “second brain”
Strategy The Memory Palace
because it relies on the same types of
The aspect of memory
neurotransmitters that send messages to the
brain function it
brain.
improves
3. The gut is easier to access for treatment which
means trying to make changes to our gut is Description/ You think of a place you
easier and safer than trying to make changes to How it works know. Then you mentally
our brains. Treatment should start with the gut. picture the things you are
trying to remember in
WATCH & SPEAK different spots. For example,
A (p. 30) for a list of groceries, you
Answers will vary. The correct ones to check are: think of your house. Then
number of microbes, types of microbes, location you mentally picture: milk on
of microbes in body, microbe behaviors and bedside table, bananas on
interactions, complexity of the brain dining room table, third item
on kitchen counter, etc.
B (p. 31) Research results study showed participants
Answers to complete the sentences will vary. could remember twice as
1. M
 eaning: without a telescope, microscope, or many words
other lens; Some things we can’t see with the Sources Psychological Science Agenda
naked eye are DNA and bacteria. University of Rochester
2. M
 eaning: to find a way of getting or changing Max Planck Institute
information, especially information difficult to
access; to use a trick or shortcut that increases H (p. 34)
productivity; People get into legal trouble if they 1. This is why the strategy works. (Why does the
hack into bank records or government files. strategy work?)
3. M
 eaning: to have an end result that is 2. Scientists wanted to know if this technique was
surprising or unexpected; I thought our behavior effective. (Is this technique effective?)
determined our health, but it turns out genetics 3. A recent study at the Max Planck Institute in
and environment impact health, as well. Munich showed that it can improve memory. (It
can improve memory.)
C (p. 31) 4. The study demonstrated that the technique
a. 3 c. 1 works. (The technique works.)
b. 2 d. 4

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

5. The scientists wondered if the treatment would REFLECT
be effective. (Would/Will the treatment be B (p. 37)
effective?) Nouns: appetite, bacteria, complexity, digestion,
6. What the study showed was the relationship disorder, exposure, habitat, meditation, organ,
between the gut and the brain. (What did the well-being
study show?) Verbs: anticipate, elevate, inhabit, modify,
outnumber, regulate
I (p. 34) Adjectives: cognitive, comparable, exposed
1. The scientists want to know if/whether diet Adverb & Other: in isolation
affects bacteria in the gut.
2. Researchers have learned (that) exposure to
sunshine increases serotonin levels.
3. They studied how sleep influences decision-
making.
4. The study shows (that) caffeine in certain
amounts can improve focus.

J (p. 35)
1. have found that
2. According to researchers
3. suggest
4. In one study
5. in another study

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

UNIT 3 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 39) WATCH & SPEAK
1. Specialized knowledge gained after years of A (p. 42)
working at this specific job gives this worker a Answers will vary.
feeling of confidence. Symptoms of impostor syndrome include: intense
2. Confidence helps in everyday life because it self-doubt, feeling like a fraud, attributing success
makes you more willing to try new things. to luck
Confident people tend to get ahead in life.
B (p. 42)
PREPARE TO WATCH 1. c
A (p. 40) 2. a
1. i 3. b
2. e
3. c C (p. 43)
4. g 1. F
5. h 2. T
6. f 3. T
7. d 4. NG
8. j 5. F
9. b 6. F
10. a 7. F

B (pp. 40–41) D (p. 44)

1. anxiety 1. if you had a hard exam or important presentation
2. accomplished coming up
3. fraud 2. luck or a mistake
4. attribute 3. making sure you study or stopping you from
5. prone to wiping out on that difficult ski jump
4. I rarely do a project or task as well as I’d like to
Reflect (p. 41) do it.
1. very confident 5. the idea that up to 70 percent of people might
2. It decreases a lot, then increases again as they experience impostor syndrome at least once in
become experts. their lives
3. They have slightly less confidence.
4. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Oliver is E (p. 45)
likely somewhat competent but not yet an expert. 1. That other students knew what the professor
5. Answers will vary. Possible answer: When you was talking about; that she/he is not at the same
know very little you are confident, then you are level as the other students
less confident when you start to learn more 2. Supports: Everyone else was taking notes and,
and realize what you don’t know, and then you from the speaker’s perspective, seemed to
become more confident again once you have know what the professor was talking about. /
some skill and knowledge. Counters: The speaker was part of the five
6. Answers will vary. percent who applied and was accepted to the
school, so she/he must have the ability needed.
3. Answers will vary. Possible answers: The other
students didn’t understand, either, but took
notes anyway and pretended to understand.

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

 The other students had studied the topic before, G (p. 51)
but this was the speaker’s first time learning 1. what was the situation
about this topic. 2. think that
3. more confident in that situation
PREPARE TO LISTEN 4. Did you become
A (p. 46) 5. In what situations
1. self-assured 6. When are other times
2. superior 7. before an important event
3. self-esteem 8. Why do you
4. self-conscious 9. new strategies will you try
5. optimism
6. advocates H (p. 52)
7. competent 1. should have studied/should’ve studied
8. manipulate 2. could you have prepared
9. probability 3. might they have made
10. perceive 4. should not have been/shouldn’t have been
5. may have forgotten
LISTEN AND SPEAK 6. must have received
B (p. 49)
1. lack I (p. 52)
2. supportive 1. b
3. growth 2. a
4. competent 3. a
5. be more successful 4. b

C (p. 49) J (p. 53)

1. self-confidence 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 are follow-up questions
2. attractive or wealthy
3. psychology K (p. 53)
4. greater success Answers will vary. Possible answers:
5. raised their grades 1. Why is that?
6. ability to focus 2. Can you give me an example?
7. strangers 3. Explain what you mean.
4. Tell me more about that.
D (p. 50)
5. In what ways would you like to be more creative?
1. c
2. a
REFLECT
3. b
B (p. 55)
Noun: anxiety, correlation, fraud, optimism,
F (p. 50)
phenomenon, probability, self-esteem, standard
1. Do you have a lot of confidence?
Verb: advocate, attribute, manipulate, perceive,
2. People with confidence often experience more
procrastinate
success.
Adjective: accomplished, competent, intense,
3. Why do some people feel like frauds?
prone to self-assured, self-conscious, superior
4. You think they were all better than you?
5. The impostor phenomenon is probably caused
by a lot of things.
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
UNIT 4 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 57) 3. e
1. The design of this court shows an investment of 4. b
time, talent, and resources, so it would have a 5. a
positive impact on the people who use it. 6. f
2. Answers will vary. 7. d

PREPARE TO LISTEN C (p. 61)

A (p. 58) 1. Pakistan
1. countless 2. lung disease and asthma
2. account for 3. 25 percent
3. exterior 4. Finland
4. collective 5. chairs
5. monotonous 6. heating and cooling systems
6. therapeutic 7. bring the outdoors inside
7. effectiveness
8. confine D (p. 62)
9. infrastructure 1. a
10. integrate 2. b
3. b
Reflect (p. 59) 4. a
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. E
 lements of a healthy community are: clean air, E (p. 63)
safe streets, parks and green spaces, access Answers may vary. Possible answers:
to fresh food, health care, and safe and healthy 1. Living near the sea is more therapeutic than living
housing. Opinions about importance will vary. near mountains because the water is calming.
2. Answers will vary. 2. Access to culture is important, but access to
3. Answers will vary. Possible answer: nature is essential for our well-being.
A community could be designed for greater 3. Traditional design is more appealing to some
social connection by having more shared space. people, but contemporary design is more
4. All of these elements could be used to design practical and efficient.
a healthy building, or the area around one. Safe 4. This class is far superior to the class you took
(non-toxic) materials could also be used to create last year!
a healthy building. 5. Working during the week is more typical, which
makes working during the weekends nice
LISTEN & SPEAK because you are free when everyone else is
A (p. 61) working.
Answers will vary. Possible answers: The building 6. Studying language is easier for me than studying
has green space, hopefully clean air, and common science.
spaces, which are elements of a healthy design.
It’s important for a hospital to have elements of a PREPARE TO WATCH
healthy design because people who are there are A (p. 64)
sick or injured. 1. monetary
2. consistent
B (p. 61) 3. tendency
1. c 4. subconsciously
2. g 5. abundance

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

6. efficiency 3. They would both probably agree in part, but the
7. aggression lecturer might agree more than the speaker
8. stability in the video. The speaker in the video is more
9. induce concerned with how things feel than with how
10. horizon things work.

WATCH & SPEAK G (p. 69)

B (p. 66) Check: clean air, flexible space, green space, large
1. T
 ake by surprise means to surprise someone; to windows, natural light, non-toxic materials, outdoor
not be what is expected. balcony
2. B
 are-bones means including only what is the Circle: clean air, flexible space, green space, large
most basic or necessary. windows

C (p. 67) H (p. 70)

a. 5 1. For me, access to natural light and fresh air is
b. 2 very important
c. 4 2. ✓ Absolutely! Especially in the city, where people
d. 1 don’t often have yards or gardens
e. 3 3. I agree that those are important
4. ✓ However, I think flexible space may be as
D (p. 68) essential as exterior space
1. spaces 5. Maybe
2. horizon 6. Well, I have asthma, so I need clean air
3. aggression 7. ✓ And I definitely don’t want the building to give
4. color off any toxic gases
5. exterior 8. OK, here’s what I’ve understood
6. risk
7. well-being J (p. 71)
8. plants 1. c
2. g
E (p. 68) 3. e
1. c 4. b
2. b 5. a
6. f
F (p. 68) 7. d
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 8. h
1. The lecturer is taking a historical perspective
focused on avoiding physical health problems. The REFLECT
video speaker is speaking much more personally, B (p. 73)
using his own experience to explore why he feels Nouns: abundance, aggression, effectiveness,
a certain way in different places. He addresses efficiency, exterior, horizon, infrastructure, stability,
psychological rather than physical health. tendency
2. They agree on the importance of access to Verbs: account for, confine, induce, integrate
nature/green space, a dislike of the use of steel/ Adjectives: collective, consistent, countless,
concrete, that urban/big city living is unhealthy, monetary, monotonous, therapeutic
that it’s good to have plants inside the house, and Adverb & Other: subconsciously
that it’s important to have windows that open.
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
UNIT 5 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 75) E (p. 80)
1. The museum exhibit in the photo shows huge 1. a, utterly
digital displays of artwork from floor to ceiling 2. e, Unwisely
and looks very different from a traditional 3. d, Hopefully
museum exhibit, which usually has art in frames 4. b, slightly
hanging on the walls. 5. c, Obviously
2. Technology can affect the way we see and
make art by offering different ways to display F (p. 81)
it, as in this photo, and different techniques for 1. The masterpiece was painted in the 16th
making it. century.
2. Matisse’s paintings can be seen at the museum
PREPARE TO WATCH downtown.
A (p. 76) 3. The famous wood print was made by Hokusai.
1. a 6. c 4. The artwork is constructed out of metal and
2. b 7. a stone.
3. c 8. a 5. The Louvre Museum is visited by millions of
4. c 9. b people every year.
5. a 10. a
Reflect (p. 81)
C (p. 77) Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. contemporary
Advantages Disadvantages
2. masterpieces
3. heritage Can be transported to Not original/authentic
4. re-created other places Lowers the value of the
5. authenticity Can be replaced original
More people can see/ Might be expensive to
WATCH & SPEAK buy the art produce
A (p. 78) Might not be damaged Not unique
Answers will vary. Possible answers: as easily Quality may suffer
1. Technology can be used to display art from Protects the original
anywhere to anywhere, so more people can see
it even if they can’t travel to where it is. PREPARE TO LISTEN
2. Modern technology can preserve art by making A (p. 82)
accurate copies of it for more people to see 1. e
without damaging the original. 2. j
3. f
C (p. 78) 4. d
1. T 4. F 5. b
2. T 5. NG 6. h
3. F 6. T 7. c
8. i
D (p. 79)
9. a
1. preservation 6. tomb
10. g
2. technology 7. exhibit
3. masterpieces 8. destruction
4. machines
5. print

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

C (p. 83) 7. a. police b. please
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 8. a. support b. sport
1. The question about the types of interaction is 9. a. terrain b. train
the most important. It’s positioned in the middle 10. a. thorough b. throw
of the graphic, the pie chart is larger, the color is
darker, and the font is larger. E (p. 86)
2. The questions about the more engaging 1. a
experiences and what visitors did on their mobile 2. b
device are less important. They’re smaller/the 3. b
font is smaller, the colors aren’t as bright, and 4. b
they are on the sides of the graphic. 5. a

Reflect (p. 83) F (p. 87)

1. 500, North America Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. a mix (57.7% prefer a mix of technology and
hands-on interaction) Title and type of art,
Under the Wave off
3. their devices artist, background Kanagawa (aka, The Great
4. Answers will vary. information Wave), woodblock print
by Katsushika Hokusai,
LISTEN & SPEAK famous Japanese artist
A (p. 84) from 200 years ago,
a. 2 d. 5 produced late in the
b. 1 e. 4 artist’s career, considered
c. 3 one of the most important
Japanese works, influence
B (pp. 84–85) around the world
1. e 6. i Where and when the Metropolitan Museum
2. h 7. a the speaker saw it of Art, New York City, 2019
3. b 8. d and how the speaker felt impressed, favorite
4. c 9. f felt
5. g What the art shows Blue & white, huge wave
on left, may destroy three
C (p. 85) small boats, Mount Fuji
1. Obviously, a in background (cultural
2. Interestingly, a heritage of Japan), people
3. Luckily, b and Mount Fuji tiny, wave-
4. Unfortunately, b like mountain, water drops
5. Clearly, a like snow
What the art means Likes repetition of image
D (p. 86)
to the speaker and on land/water, beauty and
1. a. below b. blow
how it makes her power of nature, respect
2. a. believe b. bleed
feel nature, glad to be safe on
3. a. collapse b. claps
shore, appreciate nature
4. a. forum b. form
5. a. garage b. graph
6. a. parade b. Prado

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

G (p. 88) REFLECT
1. was created B (p. 91)
2. was captured Nouns: artificial intelligence, authenticity,
3. Obviously creator, exhibit, heritage, masterpiece, motion,
4. As you can see programmer, recognition;
5. metal Verbs: declare, foster, recreate, reproduce, scan,
6. are hanging scroll;
7. If you look Adjectives: accessible, contemporary, crucial,
8. mood noticeable, public
9. contemporary
10. Egyptian

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

UNIT 6 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 93) D (p. 97)
1. Today maps are generally made using mapping 1. a, b, d
software and images. Google Street View uses 2. a, b
special cars with cameras to take 360-degree 3. b, c, d
images of locations. The software then puts 4. a, c, d
the images together to create maps. The 5. a, b, c
sheep could help to make a map by wearing 6. a, b, d
a camera on its back that takes photos while
it walks around. These photos can be used to E (p. 98)
make maps. 1. Essentially; important
2. Answers will vary. 2. (And) so; important
3. So; important
PREPARE TO WATCH 4. to end on; concluding
A (p. 94)
1. optimize F (p. 98)
2. projection 1. On future vacations, I will always check the
3. boundary weather when I check the prices.
4. distort 2. I didn’t hear the announcement because people
5. transition were talking loudly.
6. paramount 3. Journeys are often easy to remember, but not
7. relate to always in the way we expect.
8. labor 4. She realized she had left her passport at the
9. shape airport.
10. density 5. I needed transportation to my hotel in the next
city.
Reflect (p. 95) 6. The map shows mountains, but it doesn’t show
Answers will vary. Possible answers: highways.
1. highways, train line, Internet, phone
2. Canada; share a border, language, trade Reflect (p. 99)
3. Internet, trade, shipping lines, air routes Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. North America; maybe the map was made in
WATCH & SPEAK the United States, so they think they are the
A (p. 97) “center” of the world; it makes me think the
a. Functional United States is an important country
b. become less 2. Greenland, Canada; No, South America is more
c. Cities, countries than eight times larger than Greenland
d. inaccurate 3. Maybe in some ways—larger countries have
more land and resources, and maybe more
B (p. 97) people and so bigger economies and militaries
1. b 4. roads, where restaurants and businesses are,
2. a subway lines, weather
3. c 5. GPS maps; don’t show all possible routes, may
prioritize certain businesses
C (p. 97)
a. 2 PREPARE TO LISTEN
b. 4 A (p. 100)
c. 3 1. g
d. 1 2. b
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
3. h 2. Brain “use it or lose it”
4. f (hippocampus) London study: hippo â active
5. d when use GPS
6. c hippo á active w/o GPS
7. e
a. spatial cells tell pos., direx, boundaries
8. a
awareness Ex: taxi drivers in London,
Reflect (p. 101) experts on rtes, hippo gets
Answers will vary. Possible answer for 6: bigger
Urban: a, b, c, d, g, h; Rural: a, b, e, f, g, h b. episodic where we were, what doing,
memory storytelling
LISTEN & SPEAK 3. Age and young ppl better
B (p. 103) navigation navig. peaks at 19, decreases
1. F 1st sign of Alzheimer’s
2. T practice navig
3. F
4. F E (p. 105)
5. T Answers will vary. Possible answer:
6. NG The student missed his train stop, which led to an
7. T unexpected but delightful experience.

C (p. 103) F (p. 105)

1. Basically; important Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. In essence; important 1. Orvieto, Italy; last summer; by train; alone
3. In the final analysis; concluding 2. to see Orvieto and relax before meeting his
4. The important thing is; important parents in Rome after studying in France for a
semester
D (p. 104) 3. He enjoyed the train ride, met a German
Answers will vary. Possible answers: student, did not signal the train to stop and
Speaker’s hiking/camping trip in mtns missed his stop, called the hotel owner, enjoyed
location some food while he waited, was picked up by
the owner’s father, went to Orvieto
1. Navigation methods
4. frustrated and anxious
a. in nature sun, wind direx, stars, landmarks 5. He’s much more relaxed when he travels now.
b. dead spd, time, direx Even bad trips can turn out well.
reckoning ex: walk 3 mph
Basic form of navig G (p. 106)
c. compass China, thous. yrs ago Vacations are supposed to be fun and a change
Eur., 1000–1300 AD from the monotonous routine of everyday life.
magnet à N However, they don’t always turn out that way. I
d. ocean Polynesians, famous once booked (simple past) a trip to Mexico. I had
navigation wind, ocean curr, night sky thought (past perfect) about visiting Mexico for a
other: use stars, sun, moon, long time. For that reason, I had been checking
horiz (past perfect continuous) the prices of flights
and hotels to try to get a good deal. Finally, after
e. technology 20th C—radio
weeks of searching, I found (simple past) a really
1950—computers, sensors
good bargain. I bought (simple past) my ticket and
1992—GPS
reserved (simple past) a room.
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
H (pp.106–107) REFLECT
1. hadn’t checked/didn’t check B (p. 109)
2. was checking/checked Nouns: boundary, density, labor, outing,
3. was projection, rotation
4. would be lying/was going to be lying Verbs: distort, factor in, misinterpret, navigate,
5. started optimize, peak, relate to, shape, sharpen,
6. arrived transition, venture out, worsen
7. was feeling/felt Adjectives: notorious, paramount
8. went
9. was raining
10. were putting
11. broke
12. went

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

UNIT 7 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 111) C (p. 115)
1. The photo shows the network that exists a. 3
between fungi, trees (including decaying trees), b. 4
and all other things in the rain forest. c. 1
2. Answers will vary. d. 5
e. 2
PREPARE TO WATCH
A (p. 112) D (p. 115)
1. b 1. through the mushrooms
2. a 2. hundreds of kilometers
3. c 3. root competition
4. b 4. old trees
5. c 5. collapses
6. c 6. greenhouse gases
7. a
8. c E (p. 116)
9. b Answers will vary. Possible answers:
10. a 1. When mother trees are injured or dying, they
also send messages of wisdom on to the next
Reflect (p. 113) generation of seedlings.
Answers will vary. Possible answers: Trees are compared to people because they
1. t he tree-fungi network (mycorrhiza) share wisdom with the next generation.
2. Trees produce sugar and carbon. There are also parents and children in both
3. Fungi receive excess sugar and carbon from relationships.
trees. 2. Through back-and-forth conversations, they
4. The fungi take the excess sugar and carbon and increase the resilience of the whole community.
give back nutrients and water (and sometimes Trees are compared to people. They both
carbon) to the trees. communicate and live in a community.
5. in the ground or soil near tree roots 3. Because hub trees are not unlike rivets in an
6. Sunlight enables photosynthesis. Trees use the airplane. You can take out one or two, and the
energy from the sun to create the sugar and plane still flies. But you take out one too many,
carbon that they then pass on to the fungi. or maybe that one holding on the wings, and the
7. Hub trees help seedlings by providing them with whole system collapses.
nutrients. Hub trees are compared to rivets in a plane.
They are both essential to the system they’re a
WATCH & SPEAK part of.
B. (p. 115)
Answers will vary. F (p. 117)
1. elbow room means adequate space to move or Sentences will vary.
work in 1. b
2. back-and-forth means a discussion or exchange 2. c
of ideas 3. e
3. tipping point means the critical point in a 4. a
situation beyond which a major, unstoppable 5. d
effect or change takes place

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

PREPARE TO LISTEN E (p. 122)
A (p. 118) 1. Not only do plants use chemicals to ask for help,
1. adjacent 6. initiate but they can also use chemicals to provide help.
2. native 7. application 2. So allelopathy is a kind of attack. Plants can also
3. sense 8. interaction communicate as a means of defense.
4. consume 9. plea 3. Farmers can use one species of plants near
5. appeal 10. receptive crops to keep out other species or weeds.
4. To keep out weeds, is it safer to use companion
LISTEN & SPEAK crops or chemicals?
B (p. 121) 5. A: I heard that organic farming is cheaper than
1. F 4. T regular farming.
2. T 5. NG B: No, it’s more expensive than regular farming,
3. F 6. T but it's worth the cost.
6. While most paper is made from trees, we can
C (p. 121) make paper from many other plants.
1. b 4. a
2. c 5. c F (p. 122)
3. a 6. b Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. A: Do trees communicate the same way humans
D (p. 121) do?
Answers will vary. Possible answers: B: No, humans communicate through speech.
1. Allelopathy is a type of chemical weapon. Trees communicate through chemicals and
Allelopathy is being compared to a weapon. nutrients.
Weapons are things such as knives and 2. A: I think the use of chemical pesticides helps
guns. Weapons can be used to harm others. produce more food.
Allelopathy is a way that plants poison the B: That may be true, but companion cropping is
ground (harm others) so other plants won’t grow safer.
there (defend oneself). 3. A: We need to cut down trees to produce paper
2. In this way, water hyacinths win the battle for and wood.
the land. Water hyacinths are being compared B: I know, but we shouldn’t cut down hub trees.
to fighters or soldiers. They are able to take land
away from other plants. G (p. 123)
3. If trees and plants can talk, then flowers might Answers will vary. Possible answers:
be able to listen.
In favor of logging Against logging
Trees, plants, and flowers are being compared
to people. Trees and plants don’t actually need space for homes trees reduce carbon
speak, and flowers don’t listen, but they both need wood, paper dioxide, global
communicate. logging, wood, and warming, greenhouse
4. The flowers are the ears of the plant. paper industries provide gases
The plant’s flowers are being compared to jobs clear-cut logging causes
human ears. Ears are used to hear sounds. The need land to grow food loss of hub trees
plant has flowers that work like human ears— causes flooding
they respond to the sound of bees. harms natural network
creates habitat loss for
plants and animals

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

H (p. 124) I (p. 125)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
In favor of Against
1. A: You absolutely need to know English in today’s
pesticide use pesticide use
global economy.
B: While English is important for many c. a.
transactions, it’s also important to hold on to d. b.
one’s own language. g. e.
2. A: Art should be a required class in school. f.
B: Although it’s true that art helps build
confidence and creativity, it’s not as important REFLECT
as core classes such as math and science. B (p. 127)
3. A: The environment is important, but so are Nouns: application, gene, interaction, nutrient,
human needs. pathway, plea, resilience
B: Of course, human needs are important, but Verbs: appeal, consume, emit, initiate, nurture,
humans will not survive if we don’t protect sense, trace
our environment. Adjectives: adjacent, excess, infinite, native,
4. A: We can use our knowledge of plant receptive, vulnerable
communication to feed more people.
B: You raise a good point. Still, we need to use
a variety of methods if we want to feed the
whole world.
5. A: Travel is essential to learn about other
cultures.
B: While it’s true that travel is ideal, there are
other ways to learn about cultures that
are more accessible, for example, visiting
museums online.

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

UNIT 8 ANSWER KEY
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC (p. 129) 3. socially isolated/trust, benefit
1. He gives haircuts to homeless people who don’t 4. compassion
otherwise have access to a salon. He does this 5. true/people’s best interests
to give back to the community, because it’s the
right thing to do. E (p. 134)
2. Answers will vary. 1. b
2. b
PREPARE TO WATCH 3. a
A (p. 130) 4. a
1. i
2. c F (p. 135)
3. f Answers will vary. Possible answers:
4. e 1. If I were a teacher and someone in my class
5. h cheated, I would give the student a failing grade.
6. d 2. You should call the police if you witness a crime.
7. j 3. If I had known that I would get sick, I might have
8. g stayed home.
9. a 4. If people feel isolated, it will affect their mental
10. b health.
5. I wouldn’t respond if someone posted unkind
B (p. 131) comments online.
1. isolated 6. If I had procrastinated less in the past, I wouldn’t
2. be torn be so behind right now.
3. struggle 7. You might hurt someone if you don’t tell the truth.
4. compassion 8. If I had known how sensitive she was, I would
5. equality never have made a joke about her.
6. confide
7. in confidence PREPARE TO LISTEN
8. trustworthiness A (p. 136)
9. ambiguity 1. commit
10. ethics 2. intentionally
3. situational
WATCH & SPEAK 4. oppose
C (p. 133) 5. trivial
1. F; In the field of ethics, people are not 6. disapproval
concerned about the quantity of decisions they 7. consequential
make. They’re concerned about the quality. 8. alternate
2. T 9. instinct
3. T 10. resist
4. NG
5. T C (p. 137)
6. F; Purpose is an important factor in ethical 1. alternate
decision-making. 2. intentionally
3. instinct
D (p. 133) 4. consequential
1. quantity 5. resist
2. alone/impossible 6. disapproval

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY

LISTEN & SPEAK G (p. 141)
B (pp. 138–139) Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. situation
Description of the situation/problem: Ken
2. prone
found cash, full-time student, has job, father sick,
3. Brain
mother works two jobs, hasn’t paid rent for two
4. culture, pressure
months, has a job interview, but needs money to
5. deliberate
travel to it
6. variety
7. energy Possible Pros Cons
8. prepare, reflect actions
Option 1: they could pay short-term
C (p. 139) give money to rent; he has a solution;
a. 7 parents responsibility doesn’t take
b. 8 to help them into account
c. 5 person who
d. 3 lost money
e. 2 Option 2: use might get a parents might
f. 6 it for interview good job; can lose home;
g. 4 help parents doesn’t take
even more in into account
D (p. 140) the future person who
1. b lost money
2. b Option 3: it belongs to because it’s
3. a report money other person cash, they
to police who may need might not be
E (p. 140) it even more able to find
1. new student who it belongs
2. job interview to
3. early bird Final decision: try to find owner by posting
4. night owl about it; if not claimed, Ken talks to his parents
5. office supplies
6. sales department H (p. 142)
7. study group a. 1
8. honor council b. 4b
9. bookstore c. 3
10. newspaper d. 2
11. available option e. 4d
12. desired result f. 5
13. computer network g. 4a
14. travel expenses h. 4c
15. social media
16. classmate I (p. 143)
1. a
F (p. 141) 2. b
a. 3 d. 4 3. a
b. 6 e. 1
c. 2 f. 5
REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY
REFLECT
B (p. 145)
Nouns: ambiguity, compassion, disapproval,
equality, ethics, instinct, trustworthiness
Verbs: alternate, be torn, commit, confide, oppose,
resist, struggle
Adjectives: consequential, isolated, situational,
trivial
Adverb & Other: in confidence, intentionally

REFLEC T LIST ENING & SPE AKING 6 ANSWER KEY