The Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2600–1900 BCE, exhibited remarkable

advancements in various aspects of urban planning, technology, and culture. One of the
fascinating aspects of this ancient civilization is its sophisticated system of measurement, as
evidenced by archaeological findings from sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

**Units of Measurement:**

1. **Length Measurement:**
- **Cubits:** Archaeological excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro have revealed
standardized brick sizes, suggesting the use of a unit of length known as a cubit. A cubit is an
ancient unit of length typically based on the length of a forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the
middle finger. The use of standardized bricks indicates that the Indus Valley Civilization had
precise measurements for construction purposes.
- **Decimal System:** The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have used a decimal
system of measurement. This is evidenced by the discovery of rulers and scale-like artifacts with
marked divisions, suggesting a systematic approach to measurement.

2. **Weight Measurement:**
- **Standardized Weights:** Archaeologists have unearthed sets of standardized weights made
from materials such as stone, terracotta, and bronze at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These
weights were meticulously crafted and calibrated to ensure accuracy in trade and commerce.
- **Linear Measurement System:** The weights discovered at these sites suggest the existence
of a linear measurement system based on a unit of weight, possibly equivalent to a specific
volume or quantity of a standardized commodity, such as grain.
Cubical weights were made of charts,chalcedony,blackstone etc.have been foud at all excavated
sites.The System is binary in smaller weights(1,2,4,8,16,32 and 64) and decimeal in higher
weights (160,320,640).The largest weight found in mohenjo daro weighs 10.865gm.The
harappans also knew th

e art of measurement.Bronz sticks have been discovered from harappan sites contataining
measure marks.these sticks were used for measurement purpose.A shell scale was found at
mohenjo daro and an ivory scale at lothal was probably used to measure angles

tion. The systematic storage of grains implies a methodical approach to measuring and managing
food resources.
Architectural arches have been integral to Indian architecture for centuries, playing a significant
role in both structural stability and aesthetic appeal. Across various ancient Indian structures like
the Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, and others, arches were utilized in innovative ways, showcasing the
mastery of ancient Indian architects and engineers.

**1. Taj Mahal:**

- **Entrance Arch:** The Taj Mahal features a grand entrance arch that leads visitors into the
complex. This massive archway serves as a ceremonial gateway, symbolizing the transition from
the mundane world to the ethereal beauty of the monument.
- **Interior Arches:** Inside the Taj Mahal, arches are prominently featured in the design of
the main hallways and chambers. These arches not only provide structural support but also create
a sense of rhythm and symmetry throughout the interior spaces.
- **Dome and Supporting Arches:** The central dome of the Taj Mahal is surrounded by four
smaller domes, each supported by intricate arches. These arches distribute the weight of the
dome and help maintain the structural integrity of the monument.

**2. Gol Gumbaz:**

- **Whispering Gallery Arch:** One of the most fascinating features of Gol Gumbaz is its
whispering gallery, located inside the massive dome. This circular gallery is surrounded by a
series of arches that create unique acoustic properties, allowing whispers to travel across the
gallery and be heard clearly on the opposite side.
- **Exterior Arches:** The exterior of Gol Gumbaz is adorned with a series of arched alcoves
and windows, adding to the architectural grandeur of the monument. These arches not only serve
as decorative elements but also help in breaking the monotony of the massive dome and walls.

**3. Other Ancient Indian Structures:**

- **Temple Arches:** Ancient Indian temples, such as those at Khajuraho, Ellora, and Konark,
feature elaborate arches in their architecture. These temples often have ornately carved entrance
arches, mandapas (pillared halls) with arched ceilings, and intricate torana (gateway) arches
adorned with sculptural motifs.
- **Fortress Arches:** Many ancient Indian forts, such as the Red Fort in Delhi and the
Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan, are characterized by massive arched gateways known as
darwazas. These monumental arches served as the main entrances to the forts and were often
elaborately decorated with intricate carvings and embellishments.
**Significance of Arches in Ancient Indian Architecture:**
- **Structural Stability:** Arches distribute the weight of the structure more efficiently,
allowing for larger open spaces and taller structures without the need for additional support
columns.
- **Aesthetic Appeal:** Arches add grace and elegance to architectural designs, creating
visually stunning compositions that captivate the beholder.
- **Symbolism:** In ancient Indian architecture, arches often symbolize auspiciousness,
power, and divinity, reflecting the spiritual and cultural beliefs of the society.
- **Innovation:** The use of arches in various forms, such as pointed arches, horseshoe
arches, and ogee arches, demonstrates the architectural ingenuity and experimentation of ancient
Indian builders.

In conclusion, arches have been an integral part of ancient Indian architecture, serving both
functional and symbolic purposes. The Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, and other ancient structures
stand as enduring testimonies to the mastery of arch construction in India and continue to inspire
awe and admiration for their beauty and engineering sophistication.