HEAT ENGINE

Heat engine is a device which transform the chemical

energy of a fuel into heat energy and utilizes this heat energy to
perform useful work
These are two types
1. Internal Combustion Engines
2. External combustion engines
1. Internal Combustion Engines are those in which the
necessary heat is produced inside the engine cylinder by
combustion of fuel
2. External Combustion Engines are those in which the
necessary heat is produced outside
 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES

IC Engines EC Engines
Reciprocating Rotary engines Reciprocating Rotary
engines engines engines
Gas turbines Steam
1. SI engines Steam engines
Turbines
2. CI engines
3. Gas engines

i. 2 Stroke
ii. 4 Stroke
 Advantages of IC Engines over EC Engines
1. IC Engines offer the following advantages

1. More compact and occupy less space

2. Mass of engine for unit power is low
3. Starting is easy and quick
4. Posses high thermal efficiency
5. Simple in Design and low initial cost
6. Do not require auxiliary equipment's like Boilers, condensers
2. However they posses the following disadvantages
1. Requires more refined fuels which are costlier
2. Requires devices like Fuel injector or Carburetor
3. Only suitable for smaller capacity units
 Classification of IC Engines
I. According to the type of fuel used
1. Petrol engines
2. Diesel engines
3. Gas engines
II. According to the method of igniting the fuel
1. Spark ignition(SI) engines
2. Compression ignition(CI) engines
3. Hot spot ignition engines
III.According to the number of strokes per cycle
1. Two stroke cycle engines
2. Four stroke cycle engines
IV. According to the cycle of operation
1. Otto cycle engines
2. Diesel cycle engines
3. Dual combustion cycle engines
V. According to the speed of the engine
1. Slow speed engines
2. Medium speed engines
3. High speed engines
VI. According to the cooling system
1. Air-cooled engines
2. Water-cooled engines
3. Evaporative cooling engines
VII. According to the method of fuel injection
1. Carburetor engines
2. Air injection engines
3. Solid injection engines
VIII. According to the number of cylinders
1. Single cylinder engines
2. Multi-cylinder engines
IX. According to the arrangement of cylinders

a. Horizontal engines

b. Vertical engines

c. V-type multi-cylinder engines

d. In-line multi-cylinder engines

e. Radial engines

f. Opposite-cylinder engines

g. Opposite-piston engines

h. X-Engine
 Basic Definitions of IC Engines
Bore: Inside diameter of cylinder is called bore is measured in mm
TDC: The upper most position (i.e. position nearest to cylinder cover)
is termed as the Top Dead Center (TDC).
BDC: The bottom most position (i.e. position near to crank shaft) is
termed as the Bottom Dead Center (TDC).
Piston stroke: The distance travelled by piston between one dead
center to other dead center is called stroke. During one stroke the crank
shaft rotates one revolution.
Stroke/Swept volume (Vs): The volume displaced by the piston as it
moves from one dead center to other dead center.
Clearance volume (Vc) : The space between the cylinder head and
piston face at TDC is known as clearance volume.
Compression ratio: ((Vc + Vs)/ Vc)
 Working of 4-stroke Diesel & Petrol engines
There is mainly four stroke in 4-stroke engine
1. Suction/Intake Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
 1. Suction Stroke
1. During this stroke, inlet valve opens and exhaust valve closed, the
pressure in the cylinder will be atmosphere.
2. As the piston moves from the TDC To BDC , the volume in the cylinder
increase , while simultaneously pressure decreases.
3. This create a pressure difference between the atmosphere and inside of
the cylinder. Due to this pressure difference the petrol and air mixture
will enter into the cylinder in SI Engine & in CI Engine air alone will
enter into the cylinder.
4. The crankshaft has now made half rotation i.e. 180 degree of crank
angle.
5. At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will filled completely with charge
and inlet valve is closed.
 2. Compression Stroke
1. During this stroke both the inlet valve and exhaust valve are closed, the
piston moves from BDC to TDC .
2. As this stroke being performed ,the charge contained in the cylinder will
be compressed , so pressure and temperature of charge increases.
3. Just before ending of this stroke , In SI Engine the petrol and air
mixture is ignited by the electric spark given out by the spark plug &
In CI Engine the diesel is sprayed by Fuel injector nozzle in an
atomized manner at high pressure.
4. The combustion of petrol/diesel releases the hot gases which will
increases the pressure at the constant volume.
 3. Power/Expansion Stroke
1. During this stroke both the inlet valve and exhaust valve are closed, the
piston moves from TDC to BDC.
2. The high pressure and high temperature burnt gases force the piston to
perform this stroke, called power stroke. This stroke is also known as
expansion or working stroke.
3. The engine produces mechanical work or power during this stroke.
4. As the piston moves from TDC to BDC , the pressure of hot gases
gradually decreases and volume increases.
5. Near the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve opens which will release
the burnt gases to the atmosphere.
6. This will suddenly bring the cylinder pressure to the atmospheric
pressure.
 4. Exhaust Stroke

1. During this stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve is closed .
2. The piston moves from BDC to TDC and during this motion piston
pushes the exhaust gases (combustion product) out of the cylinder at
constant pressure.
3. Again the inlet valve open and the new cycle starts.
SI Engines CI Engines
 Spark Ignition Engines
SI Engines
1. In petrol engines (S.I engines), the
correct proportion of air and petrol is
mixed in the carburetor and fed to
engine cylinder where it is ignited by
means of a spark produced at the
spark plug.
Compression Ignition Engines
CI Engines
1. In diesel engines (C.I engines), only
air is supplied to the engine cylinder
during suction stroke and it is
compressed to a very high pressure,
thereby raising its temperature from
600°C to 1000°C.
2. The desired quantity of fuel (diesel) is
now injected into the engine cylinder
in the form of a very fine spray and
gets ignited when comes in contact
with the hot air.
 Comparison of SI and CI Engines
Criterion SI Engine CI Engine
1.Basic cycle 1.Otto cycle 1.Diesel cycle
2. Fuel used 2. Petrol, gaseous fuels 2.Diesel or heavy oils
3. Suction of 3. Mixture of Air and Fuel 3.Only Air
charge
4. Compression 4. Lower than CI Engine 4.Higher than SI Engine (16:1 to
ratio (Max 10:1) 22:1)
5. Ignition of 5. By Spark plug 5.Self ignition at higher pressure
charge and Temp due to compression
ratio (Spark plug not required)
6. Thermal 6.Lower to lower Compression 6.Higher thermal efficiency due to
efficiency ratio higher compression ratio
7. Weight 7.Light due to lower 7.Heavier due to higher
compression ratio compression ratio
 Comparison of Two stroke and Four stroke engines
1. Does not required valves, and only 1. Requires valves, and are actuated by
ports are provided. These ports are cam mechanism
opened and closed by piston. 2. The charge is directly admitted into
2. The charge first enters the crank case, the engine cylinder
and therefore crank case in made gas 3. All events are completed in 4 strokes
tight of the piston or 2 revolution of crank
3. All events are completed in 2 strokes shaft. i.e., There is one power stroke
of the piston or 1 revolution of crank for every two revolutions of
shaft i.e., one power stroke for every crankshaft
revolution of crank shaft. 4. Torque is not uniform and requires
4. Torque is more uniform, and thus heavier fly sheel.
requires lighter fly wheel. 5. More frictional losses
5. Lower friction due to elimination of
suction and exhaust strokes
 Continued

6. Thermal efficiency is lower 6. Thermal efficiency is higher

7. Consumes more lubricating oil 7. Consumes less lubricating oil
8. More wear and tear, and more noisy in 8. Less wear and tear, and less noisy in
operation operation
9. Generally employed in light duty 9. Generally employed in heavy duty
vehicles such as scooters, motor cycles, vehicles such as cars, buses, trucks,
hand sprayers. tractors and power generating units
PV and TS diagrams of Otto cycle
Theoretical & Actual Indicator diagrams for
4-Stroke Petrol engine
PV and TS diagrams of Diesel cycle
Theoretical & Actual Indicator diagrams for
4-Stroke Diesel engine
Theoretical & Actual valve timing diagrams for 4-Stroke Diesel engine

I.V.O. → 25° Before T.D.C. I.V.C. → 30° After B.D.C. F.V.O. → 5° Before T.D.C.
F.V.C. → 25° After T.D.C. E.V.O. → 45° Before B.D.C. E.V.C. → 15° After T.D.C.
Valve Overlap → 30°
Theoretical & Actual valve timing diagrams for 4-Stroke Petrol engine

I.V.O. → 20° Before T.D.C. I.V.C. → 35° After B.D.C. F.V.O. → 35° Before T.D.C.
E.V.O. → 35° Before B.D.C. E.V.C. → 10° After T.D.C.
Valve Overlap → 30°