Role of Muslim Scientist

Al-Irfan (Biannual Journal) Jan-June 2022
‫ا‬Role of Muslim Scientists in the Development of the Sciences

(17th century- 21st century)
Tehmina Rafiq
Ph.D. Scholar, Government College and University for Women, Sialkot
tehminarafiq55@gmail.com
Science and technology are, although interlinked but have distinctive properties
and aspects. Science focuses on observations, discoveries, and empirical data,
while technology is its application that stresses inventions that can either be
beneficial or harmful. Science itself is the name of experimentation of its inner
self because science is bounded in its realm, and technology is the focal part of
contemporary evolution. Technology remains advantageous until it remains in
natural configurations; whenever the diversion occurs, devastation knocks at the
door of humankind. The core subject of the paper is "Role of Muslim Scientists in
the Development of the Sciences" (From 17th century- 21st century). In this
modern era, it is a general perception that religion cannot satisfy science and
technology's rationality and empirical perspectives. Unfortunately, Islam is also
considered one of them. Still, the reality is one-eighty degrees opposite because
the Quran is the only book with a universal approach and adheres to its followers
to seek all answers whose signs are shown in logical development.
Misconceptions related to science and religion Islam will be discussed as well, as
the work of Muslim scientists in various fields of sciences will remain the
epicenter of this paper. The primary scientific inventions by physical scientists
and technology have proved their links were already mentioned in the Quran. The
world has become a global village. The 21st century has brought the Fourth
Industrial Revolution (4IR), the fusion of artificial intelligence (A.I.), Quantum
computing, genetic engineering, and modern physics.
Keywords: Muslim Scientists, Scientific Inventions, Scientific
development, Research contributions
Introduction:
Science is a system of pursuing knowledge that demands unbiased observations, the
study of fundamental laws, and effective integration of cognitive structure. It has multiple
branches, like natural sciences, biological sciences, human sciences, social sciences, etc.
It is a historical fact that the procurement, achievements, and discoveries of Muslim
scientists in the medieval period remained stupendous and worth mentioning in both
natural and theoretical sciences. The seventh- fifteenth centuries is considered the Golden
Age of Islamic Civilisation. On parallel grounds, science appeared as ideas encompassing

human lives in different directions by covering multiple aspects of their lives. Islamic
view of nature and discoveries stimulated Muslims to think, observe and discover the
universe as the Quran says(1), " those people who remember Allah while standing, sitting,
and laying down on their sides, and keep thinking (concentrate) about the creation of
heavens and the earth(and say): " Our Lord! You have not created all this without
purpose; glory to You!" Ibn Sina, Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn ul Haitham, Jabir ibn
Haiyan, Al-Beruni, and Al-Razi, did wonder in multiple fields like medicine, geography,
mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, etc.
In contrast, Europe was in the dark age at that time. Gradually the enlightenment
period of Europe focused on reasoning, individualism, and skepticism. They started
learning from Muslims and worked in science by keeping Muslim scientists in view. The
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are considered the age of enlightenment intellectual,
the Renaissance of humanism, and the Scientific Revolution in Europe. The first
impression of the collision and dissimilarities between science and religion was enforced
by Andrew Dickson White's "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in
Christendom" in 1897. It took over a century to understand the interactions and
correspondence between science and religion. In 1997, Stephen Jay Gould presented the
mutual relationship between science and religion (2) under the view of Nonoverlapping
magisteria (NOMA). In his view, "science and religion each represent different areas of
inquiry, fact vs. values, so there is a difference between the "nets" Over which they have
"a legitimate magisterium or domain of teaching authority," and these two areas do not
overlap."
Quran is the book of signs that deals with several domains. It is not a religious book
only, but 99% of scientific research has been proved in this 21 st century. This and
research inspire even the West by keeping Quran in front of them, whose evidence can be
seen by the link shared in the footnote(3). Evolutionists' view of Modern sciences is
reshaped by the western world that contaminated the whole world with chemical and
nuclear technology. In initial times, Islamic science and Muslim scientists discovered
things with different views and peaceful purposes. Still, gradual evaluation and particle
bombardment of technology have created contemporary challenges for Muslim scientists
of the modern age. Muslim scientists indeed made significant discoveries and inventions
(1)Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din AI-Hilali & Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan

Islamic University, AI-Madinah AI-Munawwarah (Trans.). (Madinah: King Fahd Complex, 1417.H). The Noble Qurān, 3:191.
(2) Stephen Jay Gould, (Published by: The Random House Publishing,New Yark ,1999) , “Rocks of Ages: Science and
Religion in the Fullness of Life” A Ballantine Book.
(3) ThereIsNoClash, Quantum and light coherence simply explained in Quran –“ There Is No Clash”, retreived from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqLmqZ-0qDo&list=PLB2gAL9wifZQVghJLRTvakKYlxGe3uBF1&index=4.
in science, and it is an obvious truth that Muslims are pioneers of sciences. In this
contemporary era, science has reshaped itself due to technology. Twentieth-century is
considered the age of artificial intelligence. Modern science creates the urge to renew the
concepts of causalities, contemporary mechanisms, and metaphysics. Carl W Ernst states
in his book, Following Muhammad (1), "The identification of the West with advanced
science and technology confers an intoxicating sense of superiority on its beneficiaries.
Even those who find it difficult to program a VCR still consider ourselves the proprietary
owners of modern science." Metaphore of Technology has blind the facts that lead the
world to a dichotomy because countries with less technological facilities are still
contemporaries. Muslim scientists worked hard in science and remained productive for
humanity. Let us discuss the work of a few Muslim scientists from the 17th to the 21st
century
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi(‫هزارنفّأدمحیبلچ‬, 1609-

1640)
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi was an Ottoman
scientist, inventor, chemist, astronomer, physician,
Andalusi musician, and Arabic-language poet born in
Istanbul. He brought revolutionary changes in the
field of astronomy and engineering.
Research Contributions
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi made a machine to
locate the motion of planets and stars and made
colorless magnifying lenses to magnify the image
of objects. He performed a curious experiment by
himself. He noticed the flight of eagles and decided
to repeat it experimentally. He wrapped a couple of
enormous wings around him and tried to fly with
those wings. It was his first solo flight. He
performed this experiment in 1638 from Galata
tower, which is near the Bosporus in Istanbul. He flew over the sky and successfully
landed on the other side.
Lagari Hasan Çelebi (1611 – 1682)
(1) Carl W. Ernst, (The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), Following Muhammad Rethinking Islam in the
Contemporary World, ,Chapel Hill & London, Pg-200
Lagari Hasan Çelebi is a Turkish-born scientist, engineer, and aviator. He was the
first-ever scientist of the 17th century who made the first successful vertical crewed
rocket flight in the reign of Sultan Murad IV in 1633.
Lagari Hasan Celebi is the first
rocketeer who took off a vertical
rocket and is known as the ancestor
of missilery. He constructed
missiles and developed the method
to use missiles (1). He and his team
launched a Rocket Pod and
conducted numerous tests for
several years to make a successful
flight. They were ready to launch a
Rocket Pod along with Human Cargo in an eighteenth test flight. Seven small rockets
surrounded this primary rocket pod with 140 pounds of gunpowder. Rocket pod was
designed on the pattern that it had fuel for a thirty-second burn for going up and 60
seconds to come back. Within minutes Lagari's team accomplished the experiment and
successfully launched a rocket. Lagari's legacy(2) is that they designed a metallic Rocket
consuming 140 pounds of gunpowder pod and introduced rocket power to achieve
human-crewed flight.
Tipu Sultan (1751 –1799)
Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Shahab is the real name of Tipu
Sultan. He was born in Bangalore, Karnataka. He was a warrior,
and due to his courageous acts, he is known as the "Tiger of
Mysore." Though he is famous for his heroic actions in several
wars that he fought to secure his land from foreign invaders,
very few know that he was also the pioneer of rocket artillery
based in South India. He was an excellent administrator who
introduced modern innovations during his reign. The historic
words of the tipu sultan are, "The tiger's life of one minute is better than the jackal's life
of 1000 years".
(1) Al-Hassani, Salim T.S. (2013), “1001 Inventions – The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization”, 3rd Edition. Washington
D.C.: National Geographic.
(2)Naeem Ali, (Tuesday, 21 April 2015)“Lagari Hasan Celebi – The First Rocketeer”, retreived from
http://www.forgottenislamichistory.com/2015/04/lagari-hasan-celebi-first-rocketeer.html
Tipu Sultan fought many wars against
invaders, and he is also known as a scientist
due to his significant contribution to rocketry.
He initially introduced the latest arms and
missiles technology in the 17th century(1)and
designed a defensive metal rocket whose range
was two kilometers. Later on, he introduced
tying sharp (sword) blades with the rocket to
stabilize the flight. This technique was new as
rocket science for the British soldiers too. He also introduced a new coinage system, a
new land revenue system, calendar and inaugurated the modern industrial tools, which
caused to increase in the growth of the silk industry.
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1897- 1994)
Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was a
Pakistani scientist born in Subeha, district
Bara Banki, Indi. His field of research was
organic chemistry, and he did his
specialization in natural products. Dr.
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui served as a
professor of chemistry at the University of
Karachi. He published almost 300 research
papers and received 40 patents, mainly in
Natural Product Chemistry. He is honored by the Fellowing awards, followed by the
Royal Society, M.B.E., Sitara -e-Imtiaz, Tamgha-e-Pakistan, and pride of performance.
He is also known as the last Renaissance man in social and natural sciences(2).
Dr.Salimuzzaman was also
an art expert. In 1921, during his
stay in Germany, while studying
chemistry at the University of
Frankfurt, he painted a few
(1) Janaki Nair (2020): Tipu Sultan, “the Power of the Past and the Possibility of a Historical Temper”, South Asia: Journal
of South Asian Studies, DOI:10.1080/00856401.2020.1791382
(2) Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, M. B. E, (Nov., 1996), “Muhammad Akhtar, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal
Society”, Published By: Royal Society , Vol. 42 pp. 400-417 (40 pages).
paintings and displayed them at Galerie Schames in Frankfurt. His paintings in the
exhibition got media coverage with appreciation. In 1927, the second exhibition was held
at the Uzielli Gallery, through which he earned a lot. The most famous research of Dr .
Siddiqui was on the flowering plant of Asia known as Rauwolfia Serpentina(1). He
discovered nine new alkaloids from this plant which manifested amazing healing for
cardiovascular problems, blood pressure, and neurological diseases. Pharmaceutical
companies used his formula for making medicines. In 1966, he was named "the father of
Holarrhena Chemistry" (2)for discovering new chemicals, and his other achievement was
the extraction of critical medicinal compounds from a plant. Later on, Holarrhena
antidysenterica was used for inflammatory disease of the intestine, causing blood and
mucus in the feces. Crystalline triterpenoids are another praiseworthy diagnosis. He is the
pioneer of research and development in Pakistan and was appointed as the first chairman
in 1961.
Mahmoud Hessabi (1903-1992)
Dr.Mahmoud Hessabi was an Iranian scientist born in Tehran, Iran, in the Markazi
province. He completed his degree in Road Engineering from the American University of
Beirut. Then for higher studies, he went to Paris,
where he received his degree in electrical
engineering at Ecole Superieure d'Electricite. After
this, he completed his P.hD in 1927. He remained a
member of the University of Tehran. Dr. Hessabi
was appointed to the three-person provisional
board of the Iranian company in June 1951. He
served as an education minister of Iran. He served
as the representative of a scientific and technical
subcommittee of Iran from1961-1969. He was Tehran's recognized, highly influential,
and renowned personality. In 1992, his house was later converted into a museum to
remember his country's servings and the world.
Dr. Mahmoud Hessabi was an expert in multiple fields, including technology, space
science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. He had a curious scientific mind,
pursued physics research, and got his Ph.D. degree from Sorbonne University. He was
one of the luckiest men who got a chance to attend Einstein's class. He presented a theory
(1) Suhail Yusuf, (October 18, 2013), “ Salimuzzaman Siddiqui – A visionary of science”, retrieved from
https://www.dawn.com/news/1050186, Dawn News.
(2) Muhammad Akhtar M.B.E ,elected F.R.S , Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, M.B.E., Elected F.R.S. 1961, The University, Bassett
Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK.
called "Infinitely Extended Particles." He gave a tremendous defense of his thesis to great
scientists like Born, Memzi, and Schrodinger, and he was awarded France's most
significant scientific medal.
"Professor Hesabi was Professor
Albert Einstein's favorite student and an
expert in multiple languages like English,
French, Arabic, Turkish, and German. In
1989, he was declared the World's Man of
the Year in Science. Some of his significant
achievements in scientific fields are the
manufacturing the first Radio Set in Iran,
the structure of the first weather station,
operating the radiology center, founding
TehranShemshak Railway, establishing the
applied optic and lens-making center, founding the Geophysics Society of Iran, latest
center for satellite, the Atomic Research Center and Atomic Reactor of Tehran
University.
Fazlur Rahman Khan (1929 –1982)
Fazlur Rahman Khan was born in Dhaka,
India. He is known as the "Einstein of structural
engineering" He is a Computer Aided
Designer(CAD) who developed the Systems for
Skyscrapers. He did his undergraduate in civil
engineering and went to the United States on
scholarship. He received the following awards in his
life, Aga Khan Award for Architecture, A.I.A.
Institute Honor, and the independence Day Award
for his remarkable accomplishments. Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Independence
Day Award, and A.I.A. Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement.
Fazlur Rahman Khan is the "Father of
Tubular Designs" for High-Rises. He
designed Willis Tower and the 100-story
John Hancock Centre. In the second half of
the 20th century, Khan was known as the
"Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th
Century" due to his tremendous
achievements in the structural system and
skyscraper designs. In this regard, the Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat council honored
him with one of the best life achievement medals known as the CTBUH skyscraper
Award. He also introduced many other stadium structures, McMath–Pierce solar
telescope, and the Hajj airport terminal. His Distinguished lecture series has been
designed and organized by Dan M. Frangopol (1).
MOSTAFA AL-SAYED (May 8, 1933)
Mostafa Al-Sayed (Arabic: ‫ )مصطفى السيد‬was born
in Egypt. He is a physical chemist who completed his
Ph.D. at Florida State University, U.S.A. He is an expert
in Nanotechnology, Spectroscopy, nano-science,
biophysical, and El-Sayed rule researcher. In 1990, he
was awarded by King Faisal International Award; in
2002, he the Irving Langmuir Award. In 2009 he got
Glenn T. Seaborg Medal; in 2016, he acquired Priestley
Medal. He remained a member of the National Academy
of Sciences and a U.S. National Medal of Science Laureate.
Mostafa A. El-Sayed is ranked in number four
researcher Worldwide in Academic Chemistry. He
stated a rule known as the El-Sayed rule (2)and
formulated formula that a (π,π*) singlet could
transition to an (n,π*) triplet state but not to a (π,π*)
triplet state and vice versa in the 1960s. The most
famous book by Mostafa Al-Sayed is
"Photo‑Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. Nanocatalyst." he has produced 1200
publications in over 590 peer-reviewed journals in Spectroscopy, Nanoscience, and
Molecular Dynamics with over 130,000 citations.
(1) Yasmin S, “Dr. Fazlur R. Khan: Engineering Pioneer of Modern Architecture”, Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan
Distinguished Lecture Series". Lehigh.edu.
(2) S. E. Braslavsky‡Pure Appl. (© 2007 IUPAC).International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry Organic And
Biomolecular Chemistry Division*Subcommittee On Photochemistry Chem, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 293–465,
doi:10.1351/pac200779030293.
Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936 –

2021)
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is a
Pakistani Nuclear Physicist and
Metallurgical Engineer. He was born
in Bhopal, Indi. He completed his
doctoral program in metallurgical
engineering. His Title is "Mohsin-e-
Pakistan."He is also known as the
"Father of Pakistan's Atomic Weapons
Program." He is awarded by Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-i-
Imtiaz, and Nishan-i-Imtiaz.
Research Contribution
In 1976, A.Q.Khan joined the enrichment division with
Khalil Quraishi (a Physical Chemist). After several
experiments, they finally did a successful
experiment of separating 235U, and 238U isotopes
from raw natural Uranium Diagram of the
principles of a Zippe-type gas centrifuge with 238 U
represented in the dark blue and 235U
illustrated in light blue. He prepared a defense fission reaction
nuclear weapon for Pakistan, which Pakistan added
to the list of countries having potent defense weapons.
Dr. Syed Qasim Mehdi (1941-2016)
Dr. Qasim Mehdi born in India. He did his M.S.in US from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), and from the
university of oxford, he completed his degree od D.phil, UK.
He is a distinguished professor in Pakistan, awarded by Hilal-e-
Imtiaz and Sitara-e- Imtiaz. Mehdi performed duties as a
Director in the Dr. A.Q Khan institution of general of
Biochemical and Genetic Engineering. He also Supervised the
institute of Urology(SIU), the center for human genetics and
molecular medicine in Sindh.
Research
Contributions
The research expertise
of Dr. Qasim Mehdi was
Molecular Biology and
Genetics, and he worked a
lot in Biotechnology. He
initiated a human genome
diversity project at Stanford
University because his
primary research interest was in the Molecular Biology of Diseases.
AHMED HASAN ZEWAIL (1946-2016)
Nobel Laureate Professor Ahmed Hasan Zewail was
born in Egypt. He was a chemist known as the father of
Femtochemistry, whose investigation brought
(13)
revolutionary changes in chemistry . It was a mystery
for scientists to kick the molecules over a barrier that
tightly held them together in a chemical bond in the early
nineteens. New molecules can be generated under the
violent motion of molecules because the velocity of
molecules changes with temperature. This reaction
occurred so fast that it was almost impossible for the
scientists to observe the response of breaking molecules. In the 1980s, Ahmed
Zewail, using a sample system of 'Coherent preparation,' performed a chain of
experiments with the help of new laser technology called femtosecond.
(13) The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.(12 October 1999). “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 Professor
Ahmed H. Zewail”, retreived fromhttps://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1999/summary/
Femtoseconds are the time scale on which chemical reactions are to be measured. In
the initial steps, Ahmed Zewail studied unimolecular disintegration (1). Iodine cyanide
into iodine atom and cyano radical: ICN → I + C.N
In 1987, he discovered" "real-
time Femtosecond probing of
"transition states" in Chemical
Reactions.”With the development of
technology, such rapid processes can
now be read through ultra-short laser
flashes because this study uses the
same Time-Scale on which the atoms
in the molecules vibrate. His investigation is based on femtoseconds (1 fs = 10-15
seconds), for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1999, and he became the first
Egyptian scientist who won the Nobel prize. One femtosecond is 10 –15 seconds, that is,
0.000000000000001 seconds, which is to a second as a second is to 32 million years.
Following are the Books written by Ahmed Zewail; 4D Visualization of Matter, 4D
Electron Microscopy, Imagining in Space And Time, Femtochemistry: Ultrafast
Dynamics of the Chemical Bond, Physical Biology: From Atoms To Medicine.
Asghar Qadir(July 1946)
Dr. Asghar Qadir born in Shimla. He is at the age
of 75 now, and his nationality is Pakistani; and a
renowned mathematician of Pakistan who did lots of
work in cosmology introduction to general relativity.
He completed his Doctorate in Relativity from London
University. Dr. Asghar Qadir contributed significantly
to Theoretical Cosmology, Differential Equations,
Mathematics, and Physics. At the National University of Sciences and Technology
(NUST), he serves as the School of Natural Sciences (S.N.S.) director. He is honored
with Hilal -e -Imtiaz, Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Fulbright award, and Pakistan Academy of
Sciences Gold medal due to his praise-worthy contributions.
(1) Professor Bengt Nordén, (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.1999), “Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Professor
Ahmed H. Zewail”, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA.
Dr.Qadir is the author of twelve books and
140 research papers. His most famous book is
"Relativity: an introduction to Special Theory,"
translated into many languages and highly
renowned among physics students. Qadir is a
research associate at Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory(R.A.L.). He joined Rutherford High
Energy Laboratory as a research associate. His
accomplishments in advanced computational
mathematics helped develop the "Theory of Nuclear fission" at the ISIS neutron source –
a Neutron scattering facility that mathematically inspects nuclear materials' behaviorism,
formation, and structure in Fission processes. "On Quantum Effects near a Black Hole
Singularity" and "Gravitational Wave Source may be 'Further' that we think," "Relativity:
An Introduction to the Special Theory" are the significant contributions and worth
reading books by Asghar Qadir towards advances mathematics and nuclear physics.
Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary(1959)
Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary is Pakistan's renowned
scientist whose specialty is 'Organic Chemistry' born in
Pakistan. He performed his duties as a professor at the
'International Centre for Chemical and Biological
Sciences(ICCBS).'
In 1987, he completed his Ph.D. from the H.E.J.
Institute – in Organic Chemistry. He has more than 1016
publications,13,000 Citations, and 44 indexes in organic and bioorganic chemistry. He
wrote 59 books, and he is the author of 40 chapters in books
published by international presses. In 2015, he was recognized as
the second most prolific person as the scientist in Pakistan due to
his exploration and innovations in numerous areas relating to
'Natural Product Chemistry. He received Awards, the Mustafa
Prize Award (2021), Hilal-e-Imtiaz in (2007), Sitara-e-Imtiaz
(Star of Excellence2001), Tamnga-e-Imtiaz in (1998). He was currently working in the
H.E.J research institution: International Centre for Chemical and Biological
Sciences(ICCBS), and serving in DR. Panjwani's Centre for Molecular Medicine and
Drug Research.
Prof. Professor Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
has contributed to multiple projects of academic nature,
including Bio-Organic Chemistry and Natural Products
is highly remarkable. He has started numerous national
projects like the 'Survey of Medical Plants,' 'capacity
building in science and technology,' and 'Environmental
Monitoring' in Pakistan. Presently, he is heading the
largest "Industrial Analytical Centre" in Pakistan. He is
also working as the Project Director(1) of the newly established "Dr. Panjwani Centre for
Molecular Medicines and Drug Development." Since 2017, he has been a member of the
National Commission for Science and Technology (NCST). He is also a member (2) of the
'Royal Society of Chemistry in London, 'international Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC),' 'American Chemical Society,' 'Federation of Asian Chemical
Societies(FACS),' 'American Society Of Pharmacology' and 'A Member of Executive
Boards of Asian Network of Research on Anti-Diabetic Plants(ANRAP).'
HAYAT SINDI (November 6, 1967)
Hayat Sindi born in Saudia Arabia. She is a medical
scientist who did her Ph.D. in biotechnology at Newnham
College, Cambridge. She is the first female member of
'The Consultative Assembly of Saudi. She has also been
appointed as UNESCO Ambassador. She is a renowned
woman of Saudia Arabia, ranking in 19th most influential
Arab. Her significant achievement is 'Point of Care'
Medical Testing and Biotechnology, and she received
Award from Prince Khalid Bin Faisal Saud for her
Remarkable Scientific Innovations.
(1) Dawn news, Published (October 13, 2021), ‘KU professor Dr Iqbal Choudhary honoured with top Muslim world science
award, Screengrab: Mustafa Prize website.
(2) International center for chemical and bilogical sciences, retreived from https://iccs.edu/page-hej-faculty?faculty-
page=6 .
Hayat Sindi is a founder of three major
companies, Diagnostic for All (D.F.A), i2(
The Institute for Imagination and Ingenuity),
and Sonoptix. She is working for 'mentoring
young entrepreneurs.' Her entrepreneurial
philosophy (1) is straightforward: "A true
scientist should focus on affordable, simple
solutions to reach everyone globally." All
inventions are developmental, and her primary
purpose is to design low-cost diagnostic tools
for humankind to provide them ease on a mini-budget.
Muhammad Imran Qadir (1978),
Dr.Muhammad Imran Qadir Born in Shujabad, Multan,
Pakistan. He is a renowned scientist of Pakistan who received
his B.Pharm degree from Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan, and achieved his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry and
molecular biology from Quaid e Azam university Pakistan. He
received awards such as 'Best Young Research Scholar,' PAS-
GOLD Medal, and Research Productivity Award. His
significant field of research in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. He is a well-known
Pakistani Pharmaceutical Scientist who is also known as M.I.Qadir. He is the one who
conducted a research project (2) with his students in the 'Institute of Molecular Biology
and Biotechnology in Bahudin Zakriya University, Pakitan, to prevail awareness about
the Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment of the Lyme Disease. He is serving as the head
of "The Phage Therapy and Drug Design Laboratory" in Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology.
(1) Tamara Pupic, (November 26, 2018), Leading The Way: Saudi Arabia's Dr. Hayat Sindi , Saudi Arabia's Dr. Hayat Sindi
on why the field of science needs female forerunners.
(2) Muhammad Imran Qadir and Tayyaba Majeed, “ Awareness about Prevention Symptoms and Treatment of the Lyme
Diseases”, ,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Immunology:
Current Research,Immunol Curr Res 2019, 3:1 , Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Qadir has written 15 medical books,
and his published articles are more than 600. His specialty is
Cancer Diagnostic Test known as 'Qadir Test,' A Theory of
Cancer Etiology known as 'Qadir Theory,' anti-HIV Drug
known as 'Qadirvirtide,' and he also made a drug for corona
known as 'QadirVID-19'. Qadir test: it is a medical test for
the diagnosis of four types of cancer sarcomas, lymphomas,
carcinomas, and leukemias. In this test, plasma lipids
are analyzed in laboratories, a cancer diagnostic test to
find the changes in lipid profile. Qadirvirtide and Qadir-
C30: this invention was done to develop anti-HIV
drugs. These are fusion inhibitors and synthetic peptides
composed of 30 and 36 amino acids. They are used to
treat AIDS because these peptides block the entry of the
genome into a human cell called CD4 by tiding to the HR1 region spike protein of H.I.V.
This virus does not come near to the human cell membrane and remains protected. Qadir
Theory of cancer Etiology: According to Qadir, "Viruses are the causative agents of
cancer: 100% of cancer patients contain virus/es in their body responsible for cancer."
Qadirphages: It is a local Bacteriophage used as an antibacterial product. M Qadir
isolated the local phages discovered and characterized them to find their antibacterial
activities. Their propagation was usually visual at 37 degrees, making him realize that it
will work best at human body temperature. QadirVID-19: this is a fusion inhibitor for
specific treatment of COVID-19, which is composed of 30 amino acids.
Conclusion
History describes that Muslims were the pioneers of science. Muslim scientists made
the majority of scientific contributions in the early centuries. Later on, in the
enlightenment period of Europe, the West progressed so well and made discoveries and
inventions in all fields. Science and technology made this world a global village, and
technological aspects and their power in the hand of the West made them rigorous
towards Muslims. The seventeenth till the twenty-first century resulted from enormous
scientific development and technological bombardment. Muslim scientists are also
participating in this development, and their struggle is praiseworthy. Islam stresses
discoveries, and the Quran and Sunnah are the brightenings of the paths of Muslims and
non-Muslims. There are precise shreds of evidence in the Quran mentioned hundreds of
centuries ago, proven in this twenty-first century. Islam motivates the Muslims to go side
by side with this world and find the signs of Allah almighty. The early centuries present
the whole scenario of Muslim scientists' dedication and discoveries, which later remained
beneficial for the West. West proceeded to take up those inventions and explore them.
Being Muslims, we need to increase the scientific work and research to achieve the lost
treasure of science back into our hands. Muslim scientists all across the globe need to join
hands to make a robust research frame network to support Muslim science students in
developing scientific research and uncovering discoveries.
Suggestions
In a nutshell, Muslim scientists and their work are admirable, but if we compare it
with the West, we find very few scientists compared to the early centuries. To compete
with the western world, we need to produce more laboratories, and the government needs
to allocate more funding for research. Metaphore of Technology has blind the facts that
lead the world to a dichotomy because the Muslim countries with fewer technological
facilities are still contemporaries. Serious endeavors, hard work, and round-the-clock
efforts may bring changes in science for the development and progress of the Muslim
Ummah.
‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬

Role of Muslim Scientist

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Role of Muslim Scientist

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Al-Irfan (Biannual Journal) Jan-June 2022

‫ا‬Role of Muslim Scientists in the Development of the Sciences

Age of Islamic Civilisation. On parallel grounds, science appeared as ideas encompassing

(1)Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din AI-Hilali & Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan

Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi(‫هزارنفّأدمحیبلچ‬, 1609-

Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936 –

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