TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE

Passive transport
Definition: Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure (tanpa menggunakan) of energy.
Types Simple diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
Definition • The random movement • Movement of ____ or ___________ • Movement of _________ molecules from _______ water
of _______ from a molecules from a high potential region to ______ water potential ___________
_______ concentration concentration region to low • through ____________________ permeable membrane
region to a _____ concentration region • until equilibrium is achieved
concentration region • without using energy
• with the help of ________ protein
Water Potential = Solute Potential + Pressure
• through selectively
Potential
permeable membrane • without using energy ψ = ψs + ψp
• until equilibrium is Channel protein Carrier protein
achieve

• without using
_________

Unit for water potential, solute potential and pressure

potential → kPA

Type of
solute
transported
Type of solution
Pure water
- no solute in water eg : _________
water
Water with low solute concentration
Water with high solute concentration
Water potential, Ψ
Highest water potential = 0kPA
Present of solute, lowers down water
potential
Water potential becomes negative value
Present of large amount of solute, lowers
down water potential
Water potential becomes more negative
value
Solute potential, Ψs
Since no solute,
Lowest solute potential = 0kPa
Small amount of solute
Solute potential is low with negative value
Large amount of solute
Solute potential is becomes higher with
more negative value
Type of solution Hypertonic solution
Solution that has ______ solute
Type of cell concentration than the cell
Changes in water potential • Water potential in cell is
gradient and movement of ________ than water potential
water in solution
• Water move ______ the cell by • Water move ______ the cell by
___________ from ________
water potential region to
_____________ water potential
region
Effect on animal cell • Cell ___________ and becomes
(diagram) ______________
Effect on plant cell Protoplast _________
(diagram) Membrane _____________ from
cell wall
Cell becomes _______________
Hypotonic solution
Solution that has ______ solute
concentration than the cell
• Water potential in solution is
________ than water potential in
cell
___________ from ________ water
potential region to _____________
water potential region
Cell ________ and ___________
Cell becomes ____________ and if it
is red blood cell, cell is
___________________.
Protoplast ______________
developing __________ pressure
Cell becomes __________
Isotonic solution
Solution that has ______ solute
concentration than the cell
• Water potential in cell is
________ water potential in
solution
• _______ nett movement of
___________
• Water move into and out of
the cell at the ______ rate
Volume and size of the cell
remain unchanged
Cell in _________ condition
Volume and size of the cell
remain unchanged
Cell becomes ___________
 Active transport
Definition: Movement of large polar/ionic molecules against concentration gradient by using energy from ATP and carrier/transport
protein
Example: Mechanism of sodium potassium pump
✓ Outside cell has high concentration of ______ and low ______ 1. Cytoplasmic Na+ binds to
✓ Inside cell has low concentration of ______ and high ______ ____________________. The
✓ ___ Na+ pump out of the cell and___ K+ pump into the cell ___________ for Na+ high when
+ +
✓ To ________ the gradient of sodium (Na ) and potassium ions (K ) across the membrane protein at this shape

2. Binding of Na+ stimulates

__________________ of protein by
ATP

3. Phosphorylation causes protein

pump to change its
____________________ reducing
its affinity for Na+ .___ Na+ release
to the outside of the cell

4. The new shape has high affinity for

____, allow ____ _____ to bind to
protein pump from the extracellular
side and triggers the release of
______________ group

5. Release of phosphate group causes

protein pump to restore its
__________ conformation, which
has lower affinity for K+

6. ___ K+ are ___________ into the

cell cause the affinity for Na+ is high
again and the cycle repeats
 Bulk transport
Definition: the transport of large particles into and out of the cell.
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Influx of material into cell through invagination of plasma membrane from outside of the cell to Cell egest or secrete substance from
the cytoplasm cytoplasm of the cell to the
outside
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

• Material taken in is _________ • Material taken is _________ 1. _______________ vesicle moves to

• Involves formation of food • Involves formation of small plasma membrane
vacuole/________________ vacuole vesicle/________________ vesicle 2. The vesicle _______ with plasma
• Materials are ___________ and absorbed • Materials are absorbed ___________ into membrane
into cytoplasm cytoplasm 3. Contents of vesicle is released to the
• Involve lysosome • Does not involve lysosome _____________ of cell