IOCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 15: Organic Chemistry zor barr Natural Gas “mainly methane eee eT + Petroleum ie a mixture of hundreds of Hydrocarbons. + Peiroloum ie separated into useful fraction by fractional ctilation, Fraction: a group of compounds having similar boiling points collected together during fractional distillation. © Potrcloum ic heated & its pumped at the bottom of the fractionating column. Compounds start to boil off. © There ie a temperature gradient incide the column, where it’s hotter at the bottom. front © Compounde with small moleoular mass Slow Sa boiling points condense at the top of the ome column and are collected. -~ © Compounde with large molecular mass & high boiling points condense at the bottom of the column and are collected. + Trends shown by fractions from top to bottom of the column: » Chain length increases * Density increases » Viscosity increases (don't flow easily) * Boiling point increases » Volatility decreases Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 10 of 24 144GCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 15: Organic Chemistry Crude Oil Distillation Process be... - (29> is reso0 Refinery Gas Heating & cooking Ralph Gasoline (Petrol) Fuelin cars Got Naphtha Chemical feedstock No Kerosene (Paraffin) Fuel for jets Ketchup Diesel (Gas oil) Fuel for diesel engines (trucks) Dipping Fuel oi Fuel for shipe & home heating systems Lubricating Oil Lubricants, waxes, polishes oe! Bitumen Making roads Bes; Ur. Nouran Rostom Page 11 of 24 149IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 15: Organic Chemistry Cracking of Crude Oil of Monee igeganh rmeree tah ompernara S00: TOC Eat en in temperature 500-700 °c & eatal "zeolites: hie nn Examples of Cracking: CoHia + CaHio + CaHa Hexane — Butane + Ethene CioHa2 -+ CsHi + CaHo+ CoHa Decane from naphtha fraction + Pentane + Propene + Ethene Cracking Hydrocarbon in the |: | Long ehain Akane is heated to vaporie it 2. The vapor pases over a catalyet. 3, Thermal decomposition into smaller molecules fake pce 4. Produced gacee are cdlleoted over water. Practical precautions: The liquid hydrocarbon ie soaked into a mineral wool to prevent splashing of the liquid. ‘Aluminum Oxide catalyet ie broken down into emall pieces to have a larger surface area for a faster rate of reaction. 3. The delivery tube muct be removed before we stop heating to prevent sucking back of water into the hot glass boling tube causing it to crack. Importance of Cracking: |+ Greater supply of long chain Hydrocarbons than needed. 2- Higher demand for short chain alkanes (used as fuels.) 3- Obtaining Alkenes that can be used to make polymers/plastics. Or. Nouran Rostom Page 12 of 24 146