1OCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calevlations Topic 5: Formulae, equations & calculations Stoichiometry ie the part of Chemistry that deale with amounts of substance involved in chemical reactions. ‘Molecular Formula of a compound: It shows the number & type of different atoms in one molecule. Example: Water is a compound, its Moleoular formula is H20 LL The formula chou that water ie made up of: Hydrogen and Oxygen. 2. aleo shows that water conizine 2. Hydrogen atoms & { Oxygen atom. 3. The total no. of atoms forming water is; 3 How Can We Deduce The Formula Of A Compound? From a model or a diagrammatic representatio Vee 1) Deduoing the Formula from’A Model Or A Diagram A) In Giant Structures, the diagram shows the ratio between ions or atoms in the compound Eng wla: It's a formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of emeduseubeimanamon Pb» Br Ratio 6 12 Ratio 1/2 Empirical formula PbBre Dr. Nouran Rostom Page | of 17IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations B) In molecular compounds, the diagram tells the exact no. of atome in the compound No. Of atoms Ho ow No. of atoms 204 H H Molecular formula 120 No. Of atoms: NH N Ts ar rAN Molecular formula NH H WH No. Of atoms c ° No. of atoms ~e) of-o Molecular formula COz 2) Deducing the Formula using Valencles Group I-+Valenoy Beate) vale? ‘Usionay = Valor strona. Bn Sevens Bocas tay lose deters Transition Metals» More than one Valenoy Group 4-+Valeney 4 conection? nd Group 7-+Valenoy | foie Group 8-»Valenay O Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 2 of 17 48IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations Writing Equations Chemical reactions are represented by equations that chow the change of the e reactants to the produrte. ‘Arrow indicates | “chemical reaction | t Na + cy > prac Reactant(s) Product(s) ~ Word Equation: Sodium + Chlorine -+ Sodium chloride ~ Chemical Equation: 2 Na(a)+ Cle (q+ 2 NaCl (ag) ~ onic Equation: 2 Naja + Cle iq -> 2 Na* (ag) + 2Ch (ag) How to Write A balanced chemical equation: {- Write the symbols for elements & correct formulae for compounds 2- Balance the chemical equations (No. of atome of each element in réaetante muet be = no. of ite atome in producta) 3- Add state symbols if you are acked: (6) for solide ( fr liguide a for gases (aq.) for aqueous solutione Example I: reaction of Magnesium with oxygen to form Magnesium Oxide [. Write symbols & formula: Mg + On > MgO 2. Balance the chemical equation: 2. Mg + O2 -- 2 MgO 3. Add state symbols: 2 Mg (a) + O2 (+ 2 MgO (a Example 2: reaction of Calcium Nitrate with Sodium sulfate to form Calcium sulfate & Sodium Nitrate {Write symbols & formula: Ca(NOs)2 + NazSO4-+ CaSO4 + NaNO 2. Balance the chemical equation: Ca(NOz)2 + Na2SO4-+ CaSO4 + 2 NaNOs, 3. Add state symbols: Ca(NOz)2 (aq) + NazSO4{aq—> CaSO4 (a) + 2 NaNO3iaq) Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 3 of 17 49OCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ caleulations Example 3: balance the following equation: CsHeiq)+.....O24)-+ 3 C024) + ...H20 1g) » There are & H atoms in the left, we need to add 4 before H20 to balance the Hs CoH ig) F --n--02(g)-+ 3 CO2ig + 4 H20 ig) » There are [0 O atoms in the right, we need to add 5 before O2 to balance the Os CaHsigt 5 02+ 3 CO2y) + 4 H20 ig) Example 4: balance the following equation: ND) F sae fg) > nome H ig) » There are 2.\V atoms in the left, we need to add 2 before NHs to balance the Ns N2 ig) + anaes HH2 1g) > 2 NHo3 ig) » There are © H atoms in the left, we need to add 3 before Hz to balance the Ns Nai * S Haig 2NH3 9) How To BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 1) BALANCE THE METHLS aD Bayante Newnes B)BALANCE HYDROGEN THEN es —— Dr Nouran Rostom Page 4 of 17 50IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations lonic Equations Ex |: precipitation reaction between Silver Nitrate & Sodium Chloride NaCliag + AgNOs (aq > NaNOs (aq + AgCl is Total lonic Equation: Nag, + Cling + AQ aa) + NOS ag > N&Maayt NOSaa + AGC Net ionic Equation: AQ" aa) + Cling? AGC) Ex2: neutralization reaction between Hydrochloric acid & Potassium Hydroxide HCl (aq) + KOH (aq)—* KCl tag) + H20 tag) onic Equation: HCI) + (KOH —» H,0 4K) 4c) seamen speciation semcmerion — spectateran lonic Equation: Hh + (KOH — H,0 4905 +(6F5 Net lonic Equation: HY + OH —» H,0 We'll learn more about state symbols in these equations in topic 11: acids & bases De Nouran Rostom Page 5 of 17 a1IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) & Relative Molecular mass (Mr) » Scions neoded Yo find waye to compare the mauous of some. » Songs case Carbon 121 b tesa tn te mn is ay i ase rit. Thay compared all the ofher atome withthe standard atom, in a machine called: mace pou: (Ar) Relative atomic mass = ¢ mass of isotopes of an element, compared to 1/l2ththe mats ofan atom of Carbon-12. = » We get the relative atomic mass (Ar) of any element from the periodic table. (It’s the ‘same numerical value ac the mags number) (Mr) Relative Molecular mass = sum of relative atomic masses. » The term Relative molecular mass is used for covalent molecules. » The term Relative formula mass ie used for ionic compounds instead. » The mass of anion equals the mass of it atom. ae ione are only diferent than atome in no. of elctrone ubich already have negligible mace. Example: Cle Mrof Cl.=Arof x2 =355x2=71 Example 2:CaCOs Mr of CaCOs = Ar of Ca+ Ar of C+ (Ar of Ox3) + 40 +12+(16x3)=100 Example 3: MgiNOs)2 Mr of Mg(NOs)2 = Ar of Mg + (Ar of Nx 2)+ Ar of O x6) +24 + 4 x2)+ 16 x6)=148 Example 4: CuSO. 5H20 Mr of Cu804. 5H20 = Ar of Cu +Ar of $+ (Ar of O x 4) + (Ar of H x 10) + (Ar of O x 5) = 64+ 32+ 6 x4) + (1x10) + 6 x5)*250 Example 5: Fe20s. 3H20 Mr of Fez 0s. 3H20 = (Ar of Fe x 2) (Ar of O x3) + (Ar of H x 6) + (Ar of O x3) = (56x2)+ (16 x3)+ (1x6) +6 x3)=214 Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 6 of 17 52IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Percentage composition by mass: % bymass= _ mass of the element x!00 Total mass of the compound Ex I: Caloulate percentage by mass of Calcium in Calcium Carbonate CaCOs, % by mass of Calcium= __— 40 x 100 =40% 40+12+(3 x16) Ex 2: Caleulate percentage by mass of Nitrogen in Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 % by mass of Nitrogen = l4x2 xl00 =35% (14x 2) + (1x4) + (16x3) Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 7 of 17 53IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Moles * Mole ig the SI unit for the amount of a substance and ite eymbol is mol Mole: lt’s the amount of substance that contains 6.02 x 107% particles. 1 Mole of any substance = its relative atomic mass (Ar) or relative molecular mass (Mr)expressed in (g) By defriton {mole of carbor-12 = 12 g Rule: Mole=Mass / molar mass or (Mor (Ar) —/m.\ [nl \ 1) Caloulate no. of moles in 320g of Caloium ? Moles = Mase / Ar = 320/40 =8 moles 2) Caloulate no. of moles in 80 g of CuSO4 ? Moles = Mage / Mr = 80 /(64+ 32+ 4x16) = 0.5 moles 3) Caloulate Mass of 6 moles of CaCO3 ? Mass = Moles x Mr = 6 x (40+ 2+ 6x3) = 600 g Vr. Novran Rostom Page 8 of 17 54IOCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations Rule 2: Moles = concentration x volume indm? * Concentration ie the amount of golute in (mol or in g) diesolved in | dm? of solution > Unit of Concentration ie mole/ dm > To convert the cone. from mole/dm3 to g/dm> Cone in g/dm? = (cone. in mole/dm? x Mr) * To convert volume from em to dm? we divide by [OOO 1) Calculate no. of moles in a solution of concentration 0.8 mol / dm? & volume 2000 om3? Volume in dm? = 2000/1000 = 2 deri® Moles = Cone. x Vol. =08x2=L6moles 2) Caloulate concentration of 6 moles of NaCl dissolved in 300 om? of water? Volume in dm? = 300/1000 = 0.3 dm? Cone. = Moles / Vol. =6/03 = 20 mole / dm? 3) Find the concentration of a CuSO4 solution in g/dm®,, its concentration is O.1 mole/dm?. Mr of Cu804- (64+32+ 4x16) = 160 Cone. in g/dm?= cone. in mole/dm? x Mr =O! x 160 = 16 o/dm> Dr Nouran Rostom Page 9 of 17 55IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & caleulations Rule 3: Moles =Volume of gas inin? / 24 Or Moles =Volume of gas inom? / 24000 Volume of | mole of any gas at room temperature & pressure is 24. dm? 1) What volume does 0.25 moles of H2. gas occupy at rtp? Volume of Ha = moles x 24 =025x24 = 6dm?> 2) Caleulate no. of moles in 36000 om? Methane gas? Volume of Methane in dm? = 36000/ 1000 = 36 dm? Moles of Methane = Volume / 24- = 36/24 =15 moles 3) What volume does 22. g of COz occupy at rtp? Iet: Find the moles of C2 Moles of CO2 = Mace / Mr =22/(12 +16 x2) =0.5 moles Volume of COz = Moles x 24 =05x24 =12 dm? Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 10 of 17 56IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Calculations from equations Example [: Ca + 2HClag) CaCloig) + Hog Mass?? Cone. = 4 mole/dm> vol.?? Vol. = 2000 om? No. of moles of HCI= concentration x Volume = 4 x(2000/1000) =8 moles No. of moles of Ca = 8 /2 (mole ratio between HCl Ca 2: |!) =4 moles Mass of Ca = moles x Mr =4x40=160g No. of moles of H2 = 4 moles (mole ratio between HCl: H> 2:1) Volume of H2= moles x 24- =4x24 =96 dm? Example 2: ZHClig. #4 NazCOsaq—> 2NaCliag + Caw) +H200 Vol.= 20 om? Vol= 25 om? Cone. = 1.80 Mole/dm* Cone. ?? No. of moles of HCI= concentration x Volume =180 x (20/1000) = 0.036 moles No. of moles of NazCO3= 0.036 / 2. (mole ratio between HO : NaxCO3 2: |) =0,018 moles Concentration Of Naz@Oz = mole / volume = 0.018 / (25 = 1000) = 0,72 mole/ dm? No. of moles of CO2 = 0.018 moles (mole ratio between H0l: CO2 2: 1) Volume of CO2 = moles x 24- = O08 x24 = 0.432 dm? Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 11 of 17 57IGCSE Edx Chemistry ‘Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations Limiting & Excess reagents + [na balanced chemical equation like the one below, it’s ascumed that at the end of the reaction, no CaCO3 or HC! will be left behind. CaCOz + 2HCI - CaCl, + CO2 + H20 * However, i hare i a shortage of CaCO, for example, than the reaction etop whan CaCOs rune out & some HC! will be left over, unable to react, a there is no more CaCOs to react with. + HClin thie cage ig said to be in excess . . The limiting reactant ic the reactant that is all used up at the end of the reaction. + The Excess ie the reactant that’s present in an amount that ig more than enough to react wil all of the other eubstance, Example: Determine which reactant is in excess, when {0 g of calcium carbonate reacts with 0.050 dm? of 2 mol/ dm? hydrochloric acid CaCOz + 2HCI + CaCl, + CO2 + H20 * Ist: Ceara aot poi peated laa fl * 2nd: Compare caloulations to the mole ratio from the bala ~The anit pad vig mngm pets a as le at WE dasa 0 other oneis the limiting reagent. Moles of CaCO = Mass / Mr =107(40+12+3 x16) =O! moles Moles of HCI = concentration x volume, =2x0,050 =O! moles Mole ratio between CaCO & HClis | : 2 (moles of HCI chould be double moles of CaO) CaCOsisin excess Because moles of HCl ie O!, and moles of CaCO should be ite half which ie 005 (but moles of CaC03 ie O. and O! > 0.05) Or in another words, HClis the limiting reactant Because moles of Ca0Os is O1, then moles of HCI should be the double which is 0.2. (but moles of HCI ie O.1 and 01 < 0.2) Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 12 of 17 58IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Calculating percentage yield and percentage of purity + Yield ie the amount of the product made ina reaction. + Actual yield, ie the actual mags of the obtained by the experiment not yield, ie mace product bby the experi by . Tra i pc am ET 8 Roar ‘Example |: The maximum mass of product that can be made in a certain reaction is 20s, but only 15 gis actually obtained. What’ the percentage yield? % yield = 15/20 «100 = 75% Example 2:7.3 g of HCl reacted with AllOH)s & produced 6.2.g AlCls. What's the percentage yield? AMIOH)3 + 3 HCl + AlCls +3 H20 Moles of HCI = Mase / Mr = 7.3/ (I+ 35.5) =02 moles Moles of AlCls = Moles of HCl /3 (mole ratio HOL AlQls 3) = 02/3 = 0.067 moles Caloulated mass of AlCls = moles x Mr = 0,067 x(27 + 355 x3) = 0.067 x1335 =8945 4 % yield = (actual mace of product / caloulated mace of product ) x 100 =62/ 8945 x |00 =69.31 % Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 19 of 17 59IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations ¢ calculations Finding Empirical & molecular formula Molecular Formula of a compound: It shows the number & type of different atoms in one moleoule. Empirical formula: It's a formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of the different atoms or ions in a compound. ne Ex: Molecular formula of a compound called ethene is C2Ha {te empirical formula ie CH Molecular Formula = Empirical Formula xn * The formula of a compound telle How of moles of different atoms combine. Example: ALOs COp Nax0 CuO Cund Moleratio: 2Al:30 (0:20 2Na:10 [Cu:10 2Cu:10 "fw gt na of mole of eth amen compan we can rite emp * Ist: Convert mass into moles * 2nd: Find the simplest whole number mole ratio » Srd: Write the formula. ‘A Sample of Compound contains 0.78 g of K, 10 g of Mn and I.28 g of O. Find its empirioal formula Mass 0,78 1.10 Ar 39 55 16 Moles 0.78/39 = 0.02 1.10/55=0.02 1.28/16 = 0.08 Divide all by 0.02 /0.02 0.02/0.02 0.08/ 0.02 the smallest Simplest ratio 1 1 4 Empirical formula is: KMnO4 Dr Nouran Rostom Page 14 of 17 60IOCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Compound ¥ is made up of 82.7 % Carbon and {7.3 % Hydrogen. Find ts empirical formula. a Ee Mass 82.7 173 12 1 Moles 82.7/ 12 = 6.89 1733/1 =17.3 Divide all by the 6.89/ 6.89 173/689 smallest ‘Simplest ratio 1 25 Empirical formula is: C2Hs 2.08 g of BaCl, combines with 0.36 g of water forming Hydrated BaCl.XH20 Find its empirioal formula. 2.08 0.36 208 18 Moles 2.08/ 208 = 0.01 0.36/ 18 = 0.02 Divide all by the 0.01/0.01 0.02 /0.01 ‘smallest Simplest ratio 1 2 Empirical formula is: BaClo.2 H20 Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 15 of 17 61IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & calculations Practical investigation: Finding the formula of metal oxide by Combustion An experiment to find the empirical formula of Magnesium Oxide Magnesium + Oxygen —> magnesium oxide |. Weigh an empty erucible & ld, then add the Magnesium ritbon & reweigh to find the mage of Magnesium. 2. Heat the crucible and raie the lid occasionally to allow Oxygen in. 3. When burning ie complete, let the crucible cool then weigh i again. The inoreace in mace ig due to oxygen. 4. Find mace of Oxygen. 5. Calculate Empirical formula of Magnesium Oxide. Observation: Color of cod changes from sivery grey fo white 2. Mags inereases because Magnecium combined with Oxygen. Practical investigation: Finding the formula of metal oxide by Reduction An experiment to find the empirical formula o Copper Oxide Hydrogen + Copper Oxide -+ Copper + Water | Weigh certain mace of Copper axide and place itn the feet fube. 2. Pase Hydrogen over Copper oxide 3 Ignite the exess Hydrogen which comes out of the emall hole in the boiling tube 4. Heat the copper oxide etronaly until the reaction i fniched. 5, Weigh the remaining solid at the end of the experiment (copper solid) 6. To get mags of Oxygen, subtract Mass of CuO - mace of Cu 7. Caleulate the Empirical formula of Copper oxide. enna Observations: |. Color of solid changes from black to reddich brown. 2. Mase of solid decreases because axygen was removed. 3. Colorlese droplets of water appear at the end of the tube. Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 16 of 17 62IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 5: Formula, equations & caloulations To find the molecular formula, we need to know: the Mr (relative molecular mass or relative formula mass of the Compound ) We can get the Molecular formula in 2 steps: Ist:n=Mr of the compound / Mr of the empirical formula 2nd: Moleoular Formula = n x Empirical Formula Example {: A molecular compound has an Empirical formula HO. Its relative molecular mass (Mr) is 34. What’s its Molecular Formula? Mr of the compound = 34- Empirical formula = HO Empirical Mass =| +16 = I7 n=Mr / Empirical Mass = 34/17 = 2 Molecular Formula = Empirical Formula xn = HO x 2 = H2O2 Example 2: Find the moleoular formula of the compound that contain 84.2% Carbon and 15.8% Hydrogen by mass, Its Mr is [14 Firct we need fo get the empirical formula A EES ary Mass 84.2 15.8 re 12 1 Moles 84.212 =7.02 15.81 = 158 DBs 7.021 7.02 15.8/7.02 Simplest ratio 1 225 ~ Empirical formula ie C.:Ho ~ Empirical Mass = (4x12 + 9x!) = 57 Now we can get the Molecular formula n=Mr/ Empirical mass = lI4 /57=2 ~ Moleoular Formula = Empirical Formula x n =2 x Cao = Calis Dr. Nouran Rostom Page 17 of 17 63