4/26/2024

General Organic
Chemistry
Part 1
UP TGT / PGT Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
• The hydrides of carbon (hydrocarbons) and their
derivatives are called organic compounds.
• The branch of chemistry which deals with these
compounds is called organic chemistry.
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Vital Force Theory

• Berzelius (1808) defined organic chemistry as the chemistry of
substances found in living matter and gave the vital force theory.
• It stated that organic compounds can not be prepared in lab because
some mysterious force called vital forces are responsible for the
formation of these compounds.

• This theory was rejected in 1828 when F. Wohler prepared an organic

compound, “Urea” from an inorganic compound ammonium cyanate.

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Shapes of Organic Compounds

• Shapes of organic compound can be explained in terms
of Hybridization.

1. sp3
• 25% s character and 75% p character.
• Single bond
• Larger bond length and weaker than sp2 and sp.
• Ex: CH4 , C2H6

2. sp2
• 33% s character and 67% p character.
• double bond
• shorter bond length than sp3 and weaker than sp.
• Ex: C2H4, C3H6 , C6H6
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3. sp
• 50 % s character and 50% p character.
• triple bond
• shorter bond length than sp3 and sp2 and
stronger.
• Ex: C2H2, C3H4 ,

Order of Strength: sp > sp2 > sp3

Order of length: sp3 > sp2 > sp

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Some characteristic features of π - bond:

• Formed by sideway or lateral overlapping of p-p orbital.
• Present in double and triple bond.
• Do not permit rotation.
• Pi electron are easily available for attacking reagent, thus
make them quite reactive.

The structure representation of organic compounds:

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Ch 12 cl 11 Page 9