MIT Integration Bee 2010-2024

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MIT
INTEGRATION BEE
SOLUTIONS OF QUALIFYING TESTS
FROM 2010 TO 2023
Mohammad S. Alkousa
Ph.D in mathematics (MIPT)
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT INTEGRATION BEE
Solutions Of Qualifying Tests

From 2010 To 2023
First Edition
Mohammad S. Alkousa
Copyright © 2023 by Mohammad S. Alkousa
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, distributed, or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other
electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the pub-
lisher, except as provided by United States of America copyright law. For permission
requests, e-mail the publisher at mohammad.alkousa@phystech.edu
The first edition published May 2023

To my parents, my wife, and my lovely son Ali.
Preface
The Integration Bee is an annual integral calculus competition pioneered in 1981 at

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Nowadays, Integration Bee con-
tests are regularly conducted in major American universities, including the University
of Florida, Florida Polytechnic University, the University of Scranton, Connecticut
College, Central Connecticut State University, Columbia University, the State Uni-
versity of New York, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Prairie State College
(Illinois), the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, University of Dayton
(Ohio), Louisiana Tech University, the University of North Texas, Brigham Young
University, Utah Valley University, Fresno State University, Cosumnes River Col-
lege, the University of California, Berkeley, various other institutions in California,
and Oregon State University. The Integration Bee is also held at the University of
Cambridge, University of New South Wales, Australia, and the Indian Institute of
Science Education and Research, Pune. The Bee held at Cambridge has participants
from other British universities, including the University of Oxford, Imperial College
London, Durham University, and the University of Warwick.
While integral calculus is no longer an actively researched topic in mathematics, there
is some correlation between success in the integration bee and success in other areas
of mathematics, where the Integration Bees share a common goal of challenging
students to solve complex integration problems quickly and accurately. They provide
opportunities for students to test their mathematical skills and compete with their
peers. While the format and rules may vary, the Integration Bee competitions in
the United States all share a commitment to promoting mathematical excellence and
fostering a love of mathematics in students.
Despite the great popularity of MIT Integration Bee, there is no book that contains
sufficient guidance and comprehensive and detailed solutions to the proposed inte-
grals (or questions) each year. This created an incentive to solve these integrals (from
2010 to 2023). The solutions are in different ways, with some useful comments and
recommendations. It is worth noting that there are individual efforts by some of those
who offer solutions to these integrals on YouTube1. Also, there are sparse solutions
for some different integrals in https://www.quora.com/.
1See for example the following channels: blackpenredpen, Owls Math, Math Solving Channel, Polar
Pi, K.O. MATH., MathTuts
iv
Preface v
The main reason for presenting solutions to problems from 2010 to 2023 only,
although the competition started in 1981, is the lack of access to issues that were
addressed before 2010. On the official website of the MIT Integration Bee2, there
are only integrals that were given from 2010 to 2023, with the final answers for
each question without any detail to the solution, although there are many challenging
problems that require time and advanced calculus skills to solve. Also, while teaching
students of all scientific disciplines the course of calculus, the search for various
problems and integrals with multiple levels of challenges formed a great incentive
to collect and solve these problems. The book will also be a good reference for
teachers who teach calculus, as it provides them with many problems of different
levels of difficulty, which are fun for students while teaching calculus. Therefore,
this book is for students preparing for the Integration Bee, teachers looking for
integration problems with different levels of challenge to use in their classroom, or
math enthusiasts looking to expand their knowledge and skills in integration calculus,
where this book has something for you.
This book consists of 15 chapters. In the first chapter, the most important ideas
and techniques of integration were presented. We mentioned the basic integration
formulas, integration by substitution, integration by parts, trigonometric and hyper-
bolic integrals, integrals of irrational functions, integration of binomial differentials,
the definition of beta and gamma functions, and some additions such as the King
property of integration, the Gaussian integral, Leibniz integral rule and Lebesgue’s
dominated convergence theorem. In the second chapter, the integrals that were given
in the competition MIT Integration Bee from 2010 to 2023 were presented. In the
remaining chapters, detailed solutions to the integrals of each year were presented in
their own chapter.
I want to mention that this is the first edition of the book, which will be updated
periodically every year, as solutions to problems will be added for the coming years.
Finally, I would like to thank all of those who supported me in any respect during
my work on this book. Many thanks to Ali Shadhar who provide me with suitable
Latex files for publishing the book on Amazon, without his help it was very hard to
publish this book with good quality. I would be grateful to everyone who will find
any typos, addition, comment, or other remarkable methods to the solution and write
me to mohammad.alkousa@phystech.edu. I would also be very grateful to everyone
who can send questions that were presented in the competition before 2010 so that
they can be solved in detail and included in another separate book.
Mohammad S. Alkousa
May 2023
2https://math.mit.edu/~yyao1/integrationbee.html
Contents
1 Review of the Fundamentals and Some Techniques of Integration 1

1.1 Indefinite integrals, basic integration formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Basic integration formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Properties of indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Properties of definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Integration by substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Integration by parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.1 Basic identities for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.2 Trigonometric integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.3 Hyperbolic integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.4 Trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6 Integrals of irrational functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7 Integration of binomial differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8 Beta and Gamma functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.8.1 Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.8.2 Beta function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9 Additionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.1 King property of integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.2 The Gaussian integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.3 Leibniz integral rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.4 Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem . . . . . . . . . 20
2 The Questions of MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Tests 21

2.1 2010 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 2011 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
vi
Contents vii

3 The Solutions to the 2010 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 47
References 81
Chapter 1
Review of the Fundamentals

and Some Techniques of
Integration
In this chapter, we will mention the fundamental rules and some techniques of
integration, which are widely used in integration arithmetic competitions. For more
details, there are many books and references on calculus, you can see for example
[1, 2, 3].
1.1 Indefinite integrals, basic integration formulas

Definition 1 Let F be a differentiable function on a given open interval I, and f be
a function defined on I. The function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on
a given open interval if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ I.
Theorem 1 If F (x) is any antiderivative of f (x) on an open interval I, then for any
constant C the function F (x) + C is also an antiderivative on I. Moreover, each
antiderivative of f (x) on I can be expressed in the form F (x) + C by choosing the
constant C appropriately.
The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration.
Thus, if
d
F (x) = f (x),
dx
then integrating (or antidifferentiating) the function f (x) produces an antiderivative
of the form F (x) + C, and we write
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C,
1
2 Chapter 1. Review of the Fundamentals and Some Techniques of Integration
where C ∈ R is an arbitrary constant.
1.1.1 Basic integration formulas

Here and in what follows, C ∈ R denotes any arbitrary constant.
(1) Z
adx = ax + C, a ∈ R.
(2)
xa+1
Z
xa dx = + C, a ∈ R \ {−1}.
a+1
More generally, we have
Z a+1
a (f (x))
(f (x)) f 0 (x)dx = + C, a ∈ R \ {−1}.
a+1
(3) Z
dx
= ln |x| + C, x 6= 0.
x
More generally, we have
Z 0
f (x)
dx = ln |f (x)| + C, f (x) 6= 0.
f (x)
(4) Z
1
sin(ax + b)dx = − cos(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
(5) Z
1
cos(ax + b)dx = sin(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
(6) Z Z
dx
= sec2 (ax + b)dx
cos2 (ax + b)
1
= tan(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
(7) Z Z
dx
= csc2 (ax + b)dx
sin2 (ax + b)
1
= − cot(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
1.1. Indefinite integrals, basic integration formulas 3
(8) Z
1
sinh(ax + b)dx = cosh(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
(9) Z
1
cosh(ax + b)dx = sinh(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
a
(10) Z
dx 1
= tanh(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
cosh2 (ax + b) a
(11) Z
dx 1
2 = − coth(ax + b) + C, a ∈ R∗ , b ∈ R.
sinh (ax + b) a
(12)
aαx+β
Z
aαx+β dx = + C, a ∈]0, ∞[\{1}, α ∈ R∗ , β ∈ R.
α ln(a)
Special case: when a = e, then we get
Z
1
eαx+β dx = eαx+β + C.
α
(13) Z
dx 1 x
= arctan + C, a ∈ R∗ .
a2 + x2 a a
(14)
Z
dx 1 x 1 a+x
2 2
= artanh +C = ln + C, a ∈ R∗ .
a −x a a 2a a−x
(15) Z
dx x x
√ = arcsin + C = − arccos + C, x < a.
a2 − x2 a a
(16)
Z
dx p x
√ = ln x + x2 + a2 + C = arsinh + C, a > 0.
x2 + a 2 a
(17)
Z
dx p x
√ = ln x + x2 − a2 + C = arcosh + C, x > a > 0.
x2 − a2 a
(18)
Z Z
dx π x
= sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C = ln tan + + C.
cos x 4 2
(19)
Z Z
dx x
= csc x dx = − ln |csc x + cot x| + C = ln tan + C.
sin x 2
(20) Let a, b ∈ R, such that a2 + b2 =

6 0. Then
eax
Z
I := eax cos(bx)dx = 2 (a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)) + C, (1.1)
a + b2
where C ∈ R.
Indeed, by using the integration by parts (see Section 1.4), let us assume
1
u = eax =⇒ du = aeax dx, dv = cos(bx)dx =⇒ v = sin(bx).
b
Thus, we have
Z
1 ax a
I= e sin(bx) − eax sin(bx)dx .
b b
| {z }
:=J
For the integral J, by using the integration by parts, let us assume

1
u = eax =⇒ du = aeax dx, dv = sin(bx)dx =⇒ v = − cos(bx).
b
Thus, we have
 
Z
1 ax a  1 ax a
eax cos(bx)dx

I= e sin(bx) −  − e cos(bx) +
b b  b b 
| {z }
I
2
1 ax a a
= e sin(bx) + 2 eax cos(bx) − 2 I.
b b b
Thus, we get
a2

b sin(bx) + a cos(bx)
1+ I = eax .
b2 b2
1.2. Definite integrals 5
Therefore, we have
eax
I= (a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)) + C.
a2 + b2
(21) In similar of the previous, we get
eax
Z
eax sin(bx)dx = 2 (a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)) + C, (1.2)
a + b2
where C ∈ R.
1.1.2 Properties of indefinite integrals

(1) Z 0
f (x)dx = f (x).
(2) Z
d f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
(3) Z
dF (x) = F (x) + C, C ∈ R.
(4) Let f1 , . . . , fn be integrable functions, then

Z Z Z
(f1 (x) + . . . + fn (x)) dx = f1 (x)dx + . . . + fn (x)dx.
(5) Z Z
af (x)dx = a f (x)dx, ∀a ∈ R∗ .
1.2 Definite integrals

Theorem 2 (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1) If f is continuous
on [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b] (i.e. F 0 (x) = f (x), ∀x ∈ [a, b]),
then Z b Z b
b
f (x)dx = F 0 (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) := [F (x)]a .
a a
Theorem 3 If a function f is continuous on an interval [a, b], then f is integrable on

[a, b], and the area A between the graph of f and the interval [a, b] is
Z b
A= f (x)dx.
a
1.2.1 Properties of definite integrals
(1) If a is in the domain of f , then

Z a
f (x)dx = 0.
a
(2) If f is integrable on [a, b], then

Z b Z a
f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
a b
(3) If f is integrable on [a, b] and if α ∈ R is a constant, then

Z b Z b
αf (x)dx = α f (x)dx.
a a
(4) If f1 , . . . , fn are integrable functions on [a, b], then

Z b Z b Z b
(f1 (x) + . . . + fn (x)) dx = f1 (x)dx + . . . + fn (x)dx.
a a a
(5) If f is integrable on a closed interval containing the three points a, b, c such

that a ≤ c ≤ b, then
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c
(6) The variable of integration in a definite integral plays no role in the end result,
it is often referred to as a dummy variable. This means
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = f (t)dt.
a a
1.3. Integration by substitution 7
1.3 Integration by substitution

The substitution formula is often written in the form
Z Z
f (u)du = f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx, where u = g(x). (1.3)
For definite integrals, the formula (1.3), will has the following form
Z b Z g(x)
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx = f (u)du. (1.4)
a g(a)
1.4 Integration by parts

Be attentive! Z Z Z
f (x) g(x)dx 6= f (x)dx g(x)dx.
But, if f 0 and g 0 are continuous functions1 of x, then the integration by parts formula
has the following form
Z Z
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x) − f 0 (x)g(x)dx. (1.5)
Sometimes it is easier to remember the formula (1.5) if we write it in differential

form. Let u = f (x) and v = g(x). Then du = f 0 (x)dx and dv = g 0 (x)dx. Using
the substitution rule, the integration by parts formula (1.5) becomes
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu. (1.6)
This formula expresses one integral u dv, in terms of a second integral vdu. With
R R
a proper choice of u and v, the second integral may be easier to evaluate than the
first. In using the formula (1.6), various choices may be available for u and dv.
For the definite integrals, we have
Z b Z b
b
udv = [uv]a − vdu.
a a
From (1.6), we can see that the Integration by parts is a technique for simplifying
integrals of the multiplication of two functions. It is useful when one of these
functions can be differentiated repeatedly and the second can be integrated repeatedly
without difficulty.
1See: Alexander Kheifets and James Propp: A Counterexample to Integration by Parts. Mathematics
Magazine, Vol. 83, No. 3 (June 2010), pp. 222-225. Where in this paper, the authors exhibit two
differentiable functions f and g for which the function f 0 g and f g 0 are not integrable, so that the
integration by parts formula does not apply.
Let us mention some of the integrals that can be calculated by using the integration
by parts.
(1) The integrals

Z Z Z
Pn (x) sin(ax + b)dx, Pn (x) cos(ax + b)dx, Pn (x)eax+b dx,
Z Z
Pn (x) sinh(ax + b)dx, Pn (x) cosh(ax + b)dx,
where Pn (x) is a polynomial of degree n and a, b ∈ R.
For these integrals, we assume u = Pn (x) and the remainder is dv. By using
the integration by parts n times we calculate the given integral.
(2) The integrals

Z Z Z Z
Pn (x) lnm xdx, arctan xdx, arccot xdx, arcsin xdx,
Z Z Z
arccos xdx, arsinh xdx, arcosh xdx.
For the first integral, we assume u = lnm x and by using the integration by parts
m times we calculate this integral. For other integrals, we assume dv = dx and
the remainder (i.e. the inverse trigonometric or inverse hyperbolic functions)
is u.
1.5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic integrals
1.5.1 Basic identities for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric

functions
Remember that, for any x ∈ R and k ∈ Z, we have
sin(−x) = − sin x, cos(−x) = cos x,
tan(−x) = − tan x, cot(−x) = − cot x.

sin(x + 2πk) = sin x, cos(x + 2πk) = cos x,
tan(x + πk) = tan x, cot(x + πk) = cot x.
1.5. Trigonometric and hyperbolic integrals 9
Double-angle formulae
2 tan x
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x = ,
1 + tan2 x
1 − tan2 x
cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x = ,
1 + tan2 x
2 tan x
tan(2x) = .
1 − tan2 x
Sum and difference formulas

sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y,
cos(x ∓ y) = cos x cos y ± sin x sin y,
tan x ± tan y
tan(x ± y) = .
1 ∓ tan x tan y
Formulas for transforming the product into sum or difference

1
cos(mx) cos(nx) = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x] ,
2
1
sin(mx) cos(nx) = [sin(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x] ,
2
1
sin(mx) sin(nx) = − [cos(m + n)x − cos(m − n)x] .
2
Inverse trigonometric functions
For the domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions, we have
arcsin : [−1, 1] −→ [−π/2, π/2] , arccos : [−1, 1] −→ [0, π],

arctan : R −→ (−π/2, π/2) , arccot : R −→ (0, π).
For these functions, we have
arcsin(−x) = − arcsin x, arccos(−x) = π − arccos x,
arctan(−x) = − arctan x, arccot(−x) = π − arccot x.
Relationships between trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric func-

tions
(1) If θ = arcsin x, where x ∈ [−1, 1], then we can get the following figure
x 1
θ
√
1− x2
and
p x
sin(arcsin x) = x, cos(arcsin x) = 1 − x2 , tan(arcsin x) = √ .
1 − x2
(2) If θ = arccos x, where x ∈ [−1, 1], then we can get the following figure
√ 1
1 − x2
θ
x
and
√
p 1 − x2
sin(arccos x) = 1 − x2 , cos(arccos x) = x, tan(arccos x) = .
x
(3) If θ = arctan x, where x ∈ R, then we can get the following figure
√
1 + x2
x
θ
1
and
x 1
sin(arctan x) = √ , cos(arctan x) = √ , tan(arctan x) = x.
1 + x2 1 + x2
(4) If θ = arccot x, then we can get the following figure
√
1 + x2
1
θ
x
and
1 x
sin(arccot x) = √ ∀x ∈ R, cos(arccot x) = √ ∀x ∈ R,
1 + x2 1 + x2
1
tan(arccot x) = ∀x ∈ R \ {0}.
x
1.5.2 Trigonometric integrals

Let R be a rational function in its arguments (maybe more than one variable). For
integrals Z
R (sin x, cos x) dx, (1.7)
we can use the substitution tan x2 = t, thus x = 2 arctan t, and dx = 1+t 2dt
2 . Also,

we have
2 sin x2 cos x2 2 sin x2 cos x2 2 tan x2

2t
sin x = = 2 x
x
= 2 x
= ,
1 sin 2 + cos 2 2 1 + tan 2 1 + t2
cos2 x2 − sin2 x2 cos2 x2 − sin2 x2 1 − tan2 x2

1 − t2
cos x = = = = .
cos2 x2 + sin2 x2 1 + tan2 x2

1 1 + t2
This gives the following integral
1 − t2
Z
2t 2dt
R 2
, 2
,
1+t 1+t 1 + t2
which is an integral of a rational function in t.

For the trigonometric integrals (1.7), there are some special cases that can be listed
as follows.
(1) For the integrals Z

R (cos x) sin xdx,
we can useRthe substitution cos x = t, so that − sin xdx = dt. This gives the
integral − R(t)dt, which is an integral of the rational function in t.
Example 1 For the integral
sin3 x
Z
I= dx,
2 + cos x
we have
sin2 x sin x 1 − cos2 x
Z Z
I= dx = sin xdx.
2 + cos x 2 + cos x
Let us use the substitution cos x = t, which gives the following
1 − t2 t2
Z Z
3
I=− 2
dt = t − 2 + dt = − 2t + 3 ln |2 + t| + C
1+t 2+t 2
1
= cos2 x − cos x + 3 ln |2 + cos x| + C,
2
where C ∈ R.

R (sin x) cos xdx,
we can use
R the substitution sin x = t, so that cos x dx = dt. This gives the
integral R(t)dt, which is an integral of the rational function in t.

R (tan x) dx,
we can use the substitution tan x = t, so that x = arctan t and dx = 1+t dt

2.
This gives the integral R(t) 1+t2 , which is an integral of the rational function
dt
R
in t.

R (sinm x, cosn x) dx,
where the powers m, n of sin x and cos x are even, we can use the substitution
dt
tan x = t =⇒ x = arctan t =⇒ dx = ,
1 + t2
and
1 1 tan2 x t2
cos2 x = = , sin2 x = = .
1 + tan2 x 1 + t2 2
1 + tan x 1 + t2
This gives an integral of a rational function in t.

Z
dx
I= ,
2 − sin2 x
with tan x = t, we have
Z Z
dt dt 1 t
I= = = √ arctan √ +C
t2
(1 + t2 ) 2 − 1+t 2
2 + t2 2 2

1 tan x
= √ arctan √ + C,
2 2
where C ∈ R.

sinm x cosn xdx (m, n ∈ Z), (1.8)
we can list the following cases.
• One of the numbers m, n is an odd positive (for example n is this number).

Then by setting n = 2p + 1, where p ∈ Z+ , we get
Z Z
m
I = sin x cos 2p+1
xdx = sinm x cos2p x cos xdx
Z
p
= sinm x 1 − sin2 x cos xdx.
Thus, when we use the substitution sin x = t, we get the following

integral Z
I = tm (1 − t2 )p dt,
which is an integral of a rational function when m < 0. If m > 0, then

the integrand will be a polynomial with degree m + 2p.
cos3 x
Z
I= dx,
sin4 x
we have
cos2 x cos x (1 − sin2 x)
Z Z
I= dx = cos xdx.
sin4 x sin4 x
Let us use the substitution sin x = t, thus cos xdx = dt. This gives the
following
1 − t2
Z Z
1 1
t−4 − t−2 dt = − 3 + + C

I= dt =
t4 3t t
1 1
=− + + C,
3 sin3 x sin x
where C ∈ R.
• Both numbers m and n are even. Let m = 2p and n = 2q. We have

1 1 1 1
sin2 x = − cos(2x), cos2 x = + cos(2x). (1.9)
2 2 2 2
Thus, we have the following integral

Z Z p q
1 1 1 1
sin2p x cos2q xdx = − cos(2x) + cos(2x) dx.
2 2 2 2
After doing some simple calculations, we get even or odd powers for
cos(2x). For the terms with odd powers, we return to the first case. For
the termsRwith even powers, we can use (1.9) which gives an integral of
the form cos(αx) dx, where α ∈ R∗ .

Z
I= sin4 xdx,
we have
Z Z
4 1
I= sin xdx = (1 − cos(2x))2 dx
4
Z
1
1 − 2 cos(2x) + cos2 (2x) dx

=
4
Z
1 1 1
= 1 − 2 cos(2x) + + cos(4x) dx
4 2 2
Z
1 3 1
= − 2 cos(2x) + cos(4x) dx
4 2 2
3 1 1
= x − sin(2x) + cos(4x) + C,
8 4 32
where C ∈ R.
• Both numbers m, n are even and one of them is negative. In this case,
we can use the substitution tan x = t.
sin2 x
Z
I= dx,
cos6 x
we have
sin2 x 1
Z
dx
I= .
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
Let us use the substitution tan x = t, thus cosdx2 x = dt. This gives the
following
t5 t3
Z Z
I = t (1 + t )dt = (t4 + t2 )dt =
2 2
+ +C
5 3
tan5 x tan3 x
= + + C,
5 3
where C ∈ R.
1.5.3 Hyperbolic integrals

Hyperbolic integrals can be calculated in a similar way as trigonometric integrals.
Here we mention some useful formulas for hyperbolic functions.
Definitions
ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = , cosh x = ,
2 2
sinh x ex − e−x 1 sinh x ex + e−x
tanh x = = x , coth x = = = .
cosh x e + e−x tanh x cosh x ex − e−x
Fundamental formulas
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1, sinh(−x) = − sinh x,
cosh(−x) = cosh x, tanh(−x) = − tanh x,

sinh(a ± b) = sinh a cosh b ± cosh a sinh b,
cosh(a ± b) = cosh a cosh b ± sinh a sinh b,
tanh a ± tanh b
tanh(a ± b) = ,
1 ± tanh a tanh b
cosh(2x) = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 2 sinh2 x + 1 = 2 cosh2 x − 1,
cosh(2x) + 1 cosh(2x) − 1
cosh2 x = , sinh2 x = ,
2 2
2 tanh x
sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x, tanh(2x) = .
1 + tanh2 x
Formulas for transforming the product into sum or difference
1
sinh(mx) cosh(nx) = [sinh(m + n)x + sinh(m − n)x] ,
2
1
cosh(mx) cosh(nx) = [cosh(m + n)x + cosh(m − n)x] ,
2
1
sinh(mx) sinh(nx) = − [cosh(m + n)x − cosh(m − n)x] .
2
Inverse hyperbolic functions
p
arsinh x = ln x + x2 + 1 ; ∀x ∈ R,
p
arcosh x = ln x + x2 − 1 ; ∀x ∈ [1, ∞[,

1 1+x
artanh x = ln ; ∀x ∈] − 1, 1[,
2 1−x

1 1+x
arcoth x = ln ; ∀x ∈] − ∞, −1[∪]1, ∞[.
2 1−x
Also, we have the following
p
sinh(arcosh x) = x2 − 1; |x| > 1,
x
sinh(artanh x) = √ ; −1 < x < 1,
1 − x2
p
cosh(arsinh x) = 1 + x2 ; x ∈ R,
1
cosh(artanh x) = √ ; −1 < x < 1,
1 − x2
x
tanh(arsinh x) = √ ; x ∈ R,
1 + x2
√
x2 − 1
tanh(arcosh x) = ; |x| > 1.
x
1.5.4 Trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

Remember that
1
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1, 1 + tan2 x = = sec2 x.
cos2 x
Therefore
• To calculate Z p
R x, a2 − b2 x2 dx,
where a, b ∈ R∗ and R(·, ·) is a rational function in its arguments, we can use

the substitution x = ab sin t, or x = ab cos t, or x = ab tanh t.
R x, a2 + b2 x2 dx,
where a, b ∈ R∗ , and R(·, ·) is a rational function in its arguments, we can use

the substitution x = ab tan t, or x = ab sinh t.
R x, b2 x2 − a2 dx,
where a, b ∈ R∗ , and R(·, ·) is a rational function in its arguments, we can use

the substitution x = ab sec t, or x = ab cosh t.
1.6. Integrals of irrational functions 17
1.6 Integrals of irrational functions

For the integrals
Z m rs !
ax + b n
ax + b
R x, ,..., dx,
cx + d cx + d
where m, n, . . . , r, s ∈ Z∗ , R is a rational function in its arguments, and a, b, c, d ∈ R

such that ad − bc 6= 0. We can use the substitution ax+b cx+d = t , where k is a common
k
denominator of the denominators n, . . . , s. This substitution yields an integral of a

rational function.
Special case 1: The integrals that have the following form
Z
m r
R x, x n , . . . , x s dx.
Special case 1: The integrals that have the following form

Z
m r
R x, (ax + b) n , . . . , (ax + b) s dx.
For the integrals Z

dx
I= √ . (1.10)
(x − α)k ax2 + bx + c
we use the substitution 1
x−α = t, so that

dt 2 aα2 + bα + c t2 + (2aα + b)t + a
dx = − 2 , ax + bx + c = .
t t2
This gives the following integral
tk−1
Z
I=− p dt,
(aα2 + bα + c) t2 + (2aα + b)t + a
which can be calculated simpler than the given integral (1.10).
1.7 Integration of binomial differentials

p
An expression of the form xm (a + bxn ) , where a, b ∈ R∗ and m, n, p ∈ Q is called
a binomial differential.
Theorem 4 The integral of a binomial differential

Z
p
I = xm (a + bxn ) dx,
is reduced to an integral of a rational function and thus is expressed in terms of

elementary functions in the following three cases
1. When p ∈ Z. In this case, to calculate I, we use the substitution x = tk , where

k is a common denominator of the fractions m, n.
2. When m+1 n
n ∈ Z. In this case, to calculate I, we use the substitution a + bx =
r
t , where r is the denominator of p.
m+1
3. When n+ p ∈ Z. In this case, we can write
Z Z
p p
I = xm xnp b + ax−n dx = xm+np b + ax−n dx. (1.11)
Let m1 := m + np, n1 := −n, p1 := p. We note that

m1 + 1 m + np + 1 m+1
= =− + p ∈ Z.
n1 −n n
Thus, the integral (1.11), is an integral of a binomial differential from the

second case.
1.8 Beta and Gamma functions

The gamma and beta functions are two important mathematical functions that arise in
various areas of mathematics, physics, and engineering. In this section, we mention
the definitions of these functions.
1.8.1 Gamma function

This function is also called Euler’s gamma function and is defined as follows
Z ∞
Γ(a) = xa−1 e−x dx, ∀a > 0. (1.12)
0
For this function we have Γ(a+1) = aΓ(a), and from this relation we get Γ(n+1) =
n!, ∀n ∈ N. Therefore, we see that the gamma function extends the factorial function
from the non-negative integers to other real values.
From (1.12) and Gaussian
√ integral (see (1.14)), we find the following important
number Γ(1/2) = π.
1.9. Additionals 19
1.8.2 Beta function

For any a > 0 and b > 0, the beta function (also called the Euler integral of the first
kind) is defined as follows
Z 1
β(a, b) = xa−1 (1 − x)b−1 dx.
0
The close relationship to the gamma function is
Γ(a) Γ(b)
β(a, b) = .
Γ(a + b)
The trigonometric form of the beta function is

Z π/2
β(a, b) = 2 (sin x)2a−1 (cos x)2b−1 dx.
0
1.9 Additionals
1.9.1 King property of integration
This property states
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx. (1.13)
a a
1.9.2 The Gaussian integral

The Gaussian integral (or Euler–Poisson integral) has the following form
Z ∞
2 √
e−x dx = π. (1.14)
−∞
1.9.3 Leibniz integral rule

Leibniz’s integral rule provides us a way to differentiate an integral without first
calculating the integral in the first place. This rule states the following:
Let f (x, t) be a function such that both f (x, t) and its partial derivative fx (x, t) =
∂x f (x, t) are continuous in t and x in some region of the x t-plane, including
∂
a(x) ≤ t ≤ b(x), x0 ≤ x ≤ x1 , where x0 , x1 ∈ R. Also, suppose that the

functions a(x) and b(x) are both continuous and both have continuous derivatives
for x0 ≤ x ≤ x1 . Then, for x0 ≤ x ≤ x1 ,
Z b(x) ! Z b(x)
d 0 0
f (x, t)dt = f (x, b(x))b (x) − f (x, a(x))a (x) + fx (x, t)dt.
dx a(x) a(x)
In the special case where the functions a(x) = a and b(x) = b are constants with
values that do not depend on x, this simplifies to:
Z b ! Z
b
d
f (x, t)dt = fx (x, t)dt. (1.15)
dx a a
1.9.4 Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem

This theorem states that [4, 5]: if fn : R −→ R is a sequence of measurable
functions such that the pointwise limit lim fn (x) := f (x) exists, and if there exists
n→∞
an integrable function g such that |fn (x)| 6 g(x) for all n and for all x, then f is
integrable and Z Z
f (x)dx = lim fn (x)dx.
R n→∞ R
Chapter 2
The Questions of MIT

Integration Bee, Qualifying
Tests
2.1 2010 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test

Z π/2
1 I1 = sin x sin(2x) sin(3x)dx.
0
Z π/2
2 I2 = sin3 (2x) cos xdx.
0
Z
3 I3 = (x + 1)2 (x − 1)1/3 dx.
Z
1
4 I4 = x ln 1 + dx.
x
Z 1
5 I5 = sin2 (ln x)dx.
0
Z
dx
6 I6 = .
1 + 3ex
21
22 Chapter 2. The Questions of MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Tests
Z π/3
dx
7 I7 = 3 .
π/4 sin x cos5 x
Z ∞
dx
8 I8 = √ .
1 x x4 − 1
Z
dx
9 I9 = .
x(x5 + 1)
Z π/4 √
10 I10 = tan xdx.
0
Z 1
ln(1 + x)
11 I11 = dx.
0 1 + x2
Z 729 √
x
12 I12 = √ √ dx.
64 x− 3x
Z
13 I13 = xx (1 + ln x)dx.
Z 1 p
14 I14 = x13/2 1 + x5/2 dx.
0
Z ∞
dx
15 I15 = .
0 (1 + x2 )2
Z 1
dx
16 I16 = .
0 x4 − 13x2 + 36
Z
ln(ln x)
17 I17 = dx.
x
Z
1 + cot x
18 I18 = dx.
1 − cot x
2.2. 2011 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test. 23
Z
cos x + x sin x
19 I19 = dx.
x(x + cos x)
Z π/2
dx
20 I20 = .
0 sin x + sec x
Z ∞
dx
21 I21 = √ .
0 1 + ex + e2x
Z 1
2
22 I22 = x3 ex dx.
0
s
1
Z r
√
q
23 I23 = 1+x 1 + x 1 + x . . . dx.
0
Z
1 1
24 I24 = − dx.
ln x ln2 x
Z 2
25 I25 = (x − 1)1/2 (2 − x)1/2 dx.
1
2.2 2011 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test.
x6 − 1
Z
1 I1 = dx.
x4 + x3 − x − 1
Z
2 2 ln x + (ln x)2 dx.

I2 =
Z
2x
3 I3 = √ dx.
1 − x4
x2 + 1
Z
4 I4 = dx.
x+1
sin3 x + sin2 x − 2 sin x − 2

Z
5 I5 = dx.
sin2 x + 2 sin x + 1
Z
6 I6 = sinh−2 (x)dx.
Z
7 I7 = sec4 x tan2 xdx.
√
Z
8 I8 = csc x − sin xdx.
Z
9 I9 = cos6 xdx.
Z
dx
10 I10 = .
x4 + 2x2 + 1
Z
11 I11 = cos(ln x)dx.
Z
dx
12 I12 = .
cos x
Z
dx
13 I13 = .
9 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x
Z
dx
14 I14 = .
x2 (x4 + 1)3/4
Z π
15 I15 = cos x cos(3x) cos(5x)dx.
0
Z
1
16 I16 = + ln(ln x) dx.
ln x
Z
dx
17 I17 = .
2 + ex
Z r
x
18 I18 = dx.
1 − x3
Z
4x
19 I19 = dx.
1 − x4
Z
20 I20 = xx (1 + ln x)dx.
Z 6 p
21 I21 = 6x − x2 dx.
0
Z
22 I22 = sin(101x) sin99 xdx.
Z
x2
+x2
23 I23 = x ee dx.
1
x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1
Z
24 I24 = dx.
0 x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1
Z r
1−x
25 I25 = dx.
1+x
Z
dx
1 I1 = √ .
x−1
Z
2 I2 = x1/4 ln xdx.
Z
dx
3 I3 = √ √ .
(1 + x) x − x2
Z
dx
4 I4 = √ √ 10 .
x ( x + 1)
4
Z 1
5 sin cos−1 x dx.

I5 =
0
Z
dx
6 I6 = √ .
1 − 4x − x2
Z 1/2
1
7 I7 = ln dx.
1/4 x
Z π/2
dx
8 I8 = .
0 1 + sin x
Z 2011 √
x
9 I9 = √ √ dx.
1 2012 − x + x
x−1
Z
10 I10 = √ dx.
(x + 1) x3 + x2 + x
0
x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1
Z
11 I11 = dx.
−1 x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1
Z
sin x
12 I12 = cos x ln x + dx.
x
Z
dx
13 I13 = .
x3 − x
1/2
x sin−1 x
Z
14 I14 = √ dx.
0 1 − x2
Z 1
15 I15 = x(1 − x)99 dx.
0
Z π/2
sin(4x)
16 I16 = dx.
0 sin x
x−1/2
Z
17 I17 = dx.
1 + x1/3
Z
dx
18 I18 = √ .
2x2 − 1
Z
dx
19 I19 = √ .
ex − 1
Z
x
20 I20 = dx.
x4 + 4
Z
2dx
21 I21 = 2.
(cos x − sin x)
Z
x cosh x
22 I22 = dx.
sinh2 x
Z 2 p
23 I23 = x5 1 + x3 dx.
0
1
x7 − 1
Z
24 I24 = dx.
0 ln x
√
Z
Z
1 ln(x2 ) − 2 ln(2x) dx.

I1 =
Z 3
2 I2 = e|x| dx.
−1
ln x cos x − (sin x/x)

Z
3 I3 = dx.
ln2 x
Z 11
4 x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1 dx.

I4 =
1
Z 2 p
5 I5 = 12 − 3x2 dx.
0
Z 6
6 x + (x − 3)7 + sin(x − 3) dx.

I6 =
0
Z p
7 I7 = sin x 1 + tan2 xdx.
x5 − x3 + x2 − 1
Z
8 I8 = dx.
x4 − x3 + x − 1
Z 1
9 I9 = ln xdx.
0
Z
dx
10 I10 = .
1 − e−x
Z π
11 I11 = sin2 x cos2 xdx.
0
Z 441 √
π sin (π x)
12 I12 = √ dx.
0 x
Z
13 I13 = tan2 xdx.
Z 256
2
14 I14 = (x − bxc) dx.
0
√
Z
4
15 I15 = e x
dx.
Z
16 I16 = cos x cot xdx.
Z
17 2 ln x + ln2 x dx.

I17 =
x3
Z
18 I18 = dx.
1 + x2
Z
dx
19 I19 = .
2 − 2x + x2
Z
20 I20 = sin x ln (sin x) dx.
Z
x
21 I21 = dx.
1 − x4
Z p
22 I22 = 12 − 3x2 dx.
Z
23 I23 = sec5 x tan3 xdx.
Z π/4
dx
24 I24 = .
−π/4 1 − sin x
Z
dx
25 I25 = √ .
x x2 − 2
Z e
1 I1 = ln(x2 )dx.
1
Z 9 √
2 3

I2 = sin x dx.
−9
Z ∞
d 1+x−x2
3 I3 = e dx.
0 dx
s r
Z 2 q
√
4 I4 = x+ x+ x + x + . . .dx.
0
√ √
Z
5 I5 = xe x
dx.
Z
6 I6 = sin(2x) cos(3x)dx.
Z 2π
7 I7 = |1 + 2 sin x| dx.
0
Z
8 I8 = x(1 − x)2014 dx.
Z
9 I9 = arsinh xdx.
0
x2
Z
10 I10 = dx.
−1 x−1
Z
11 I11 = x arctan xdx.
Z
dx
12 I12 = .
x2 − 15x − 2014
Z
13 ex ln(1 + x2 ) − 2(1 + x) arctan x dx.

I13 =
Z
2
14 I14 = (arcsin x) dx.
Z √
x2 − 1
15 I15 = dx.
x
Z
16 I16 = x sec2 (4x)dx.
Z
2
17 I17 = dx.
6 − 11x + 6x2 − x3
Z 1
dx
18 I18 = .
0 b1 − log2 (1 − x)c
√
Z 1/ 3 q p
19 I19 = x+ x2 + 1dx.
0
Z 5π/2
dx
20 I20 = .
0 2 + cos x
Z
1 cos4 x − sin4 x dx.

I1 =
Z
x
2 I2 = √ dx.
2 + 4x
Z 8 √
cos ( x)
3 I3 = √ dx.
0 x
Z
4 I4 = sec xdx.
π/2
esin x
Z
5 I5 = dx.
0 tan x csc x
Z e
6 I6 = x ln2 xdx.
1
Z
dx
7 I7 = √ .
5+4 x+x
Z
8 I8 = (2015)x dx.
Z 2
x
9 I9 = dx.
0 (x − 3)(x + 5)2
Z
ln (1 + ln x)
10 I10 = dx.
x
√
Z
Z
dx
12 I12 = √ .
x2 + 25
e
ln2 x − 1
Z
13 I13 = dx.
2 x ln2 x
Z
14 I14 = e3x arctan (ex ) dx.
4
|x − 1|
Z
15 I15 = dx.
0 |x − 2| + |x − 3|
Z 2π
dx
16 I16 = .
0 sin4 x + cos4 x
1 + ex
Z
17 I17 = dx.
1 − ex
Z
18 I18 = tan4 xdx.
Z
19 I19 = sin x tan2 xdx.
Z
x+1
20 I20 = dx.
x2 + 2x + 3
Z
1 I1 = tanh xdx.
Z 4
2 I2 = x3 − x dx.
−4
Z e √
3 I3 = ln x dx.
1
Z
x
+e−x +x x
+e−x −x
4 I4 = ee − ee dx.
Z
ln (ln x)
5 I5 = dx.
x ln x
Z π/3
dx
6 I6 = .
0 1 + tan2 x
Z 27 √
7 3

I7 = arcsin x/3 dx.
−27
Z 100
8 I8 = blog2 xc dx.
50
Z
9 I9 = (ex cos x − ex sin x) dx.
Z ∞
2
10 I10 = x3 e−x dx.
0
Z 2
2
11 I11 = 2xex + 1 cos x − ex + x sin x dx.
Z
12 I12 = 1 + x1/2 + x1/3 1 + x−1/2 + x−1/3 dx.
Z
13 I13 = sin (sin x) cos (sin x) cos xdx.
Z
cos x + sin x sin x − cos x
14 I14 = + dx.
x2 x
Z p
15 I15 = x3 x2 + 1dx.
Z
x
16 I16 = dx.
x4 + x2 + 1
Z
2016 x
17 I17 = ee +6048x
dx.
π/2
1 − cos x
Z
18 I18 = dx.
π/3 sin x
Z
dx
19 I19 = .
1 − x + x2 − x3
Z ∞
dx
20 I20 = .
0 2 + cosh x
x2
Z
1 I1 = √ dx.
x3 + 2
Z ∞
ln x
2 I2 = dx.
1 x2
Z
3 I3 = sech xdx.
Z
2
4 I4 = x3 ex dx.
Z 2
dx
5 I5 = √ .
1 x x2 − 1
Z ∞
dx
6 I6 = .
1 x(x2 + 1)
Z
7 I7 = cosh−1 xdx.
Z ∞
2
8 I8 = e−2x −5x−3
dx.
−∞
√
Z
9 I9 = sin x dx.
Z ∞
dx
10 I10 = .
1 2
0 x+ x
(2 + x)e−x
Z
11 I11 = dx.
x3
Z 1
dx
12 I12 = p .
0 x(1 − x)
Z ∞
tanh x
13 I13 = dx.
0 ex
Z π/2 √
14 I14 = 1 + sin xdx.
0
Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
15 lim In =? where I1 = √ , I2 = , ...
n→∞ 0 1+ x 0 1 + 1+1√x
∞
sin2 (x + π/4)
Z
16 I16 = dx.
−∞ ex2
Z ∞ 2 6
−2x3
17 I17 = 3x2 x3 + 1 e−x dx.
−∞
Z π/2
dx
18 I18 = .
0 1 + tan2017 x
Z
19 I19 = e2x cos(3x)dx.
Z
20 (cos x)cos x+1 tan x (1 + ln(cos x))dx.

I20 =
ex
Z
1 I1 = dx.
ex + 2
s r
√
Z q
3
2
4
I2 = x x x 5 x . . .dx.
Z 2018π
3 I3 = |sin(2018x)| dx.
0
Z
dx
4 I4 = .
tan x + cot x
x5
Z
5 I5 = dx.
2 + x12
Z
6 I6 = (cos x cosh x + sin x sinh x) dx.
ex + cos x
Z
7 I7 = dx.
ex + sin x
Z
8 I8 = sin(cos(sin x)) sin(sin x) cos xdx.
Z
dx
9 I9 = .
1 + sin x
Z
cos x
10 I10 = dx.
1 − cos(2x)
Z
1
11 I11 = ex + ln x dx.
x
Z
12 I12 = tanh2 xdx.
2017x2016 + 2018x2017
Z
13 I13 = dx.
1 + x4034 + 2x4035 + x4036
sin(2x) − sin2 x
Z
14 I14 = dx.
cos(2x) − cos2 x
Z
dx
15 I15 = .
x25/25 x16/25 + x9/25
Z π/2
cos x
16 I16 = dx.
0 2 − cos2 x
Z
dx
17 I17 = .
(1 + x2 )3/2
Z
dx
18 I18 = p √ .
x x − x2
x−1
Z
19 I19 = dx.
x + x2 ln x
Z
20 I20 = csc x sec xdx.
Z 2π
1 I1 = tan(cos x)dx.
0
Z
x+1
2 I2 = dx.
x(x + ln x)
Z
x x
3 I3 = ex+e + ex−e dx.
Z 1/2
dx
4 I4 = .
−1/2 1 − x2
Z 2
5 I5 = 2ln x dx.
0
Z 2π
6 I6 = (cos(3x) + sin(2x)) (− sin(2019x) + cos(3x)) dx.
−2π
Z
7 I7 = cos x (cos(sin x)) cos (sin(sin x)) dx.
∞ 2
e−2019/(4t )
Z
8 I8 = dt.
0 t2
√
Z
9 I9 = sin x dx.
Z 1 √
x
10 I10 = dx.
0 1+x
Z 2π
11 I11 = cos x cos(2x) cos(3x)dx.
0
Z ∞
2n
12 I12 = lim e−x dx.
n→∞ −∞
Z e
13 I13 = x1/ ln x dx.
0
Z π/100
sin(20x) + sin(19x)
14 I14 = dx.
0 cos(20x) + cos(19x)
Z
15 ex cos2 x + ex sin x cos x − ex sin2 x dx.

I15 =
Z π/2
sin x
16 I16 = dx.
0 sin x + π4
Z
dx
17 I17 = √ .
x+ 3x
Z 2
2
18 I18 = xx +1
(2 ln x + 1) dx.
0
2x3 − 1
Z
19 I19 = dx.
x(x3 + 1)
Z
20 I20 = cos (arctan x) dx.
Z
ln(2x)
1 I1 = dx.
x ln x
Z ∞
dx
2 I2 = .
0 ex + 1
Z ee
ln x ln (ln x)
3 I3 = dx.
e x
Z 1
1+x
4 I4 = ln dx.
0 1−x
Z
dx
5 I5 = .
x2 + (x − 1)2
s r
√
Z q
6 I6 = x x x x . . .dx.
Z
7 I7 = sin4 x cos4 x(cos x + sin x)(cos x − sin x)dx.
Z
8 I8 = ln(1 + x2 )dx.
Z 2π
9 I9 = (cos x)2020 dx.
0
Z
2x + 1
10 I10 = dx.
2x2 + 2x + 1
Z 1
arcsin x
11 I11 = √ dx.
1/ 2 x3
Z π/2
12 I12 = sin(2x) cos(cos x)dx.
0
Z 2π
13 I13 = sin (sin x − x) dx.
0
P2018 !
Z k
1 k=0 (k + 1)x
14 I14 = + P2019 k dx.
x−1 k=0 x
Z π/2
dx
15 I15 = √ .
2020
0 tan x+1
Z
16 I16 = x(1 − x)2020 dx.
sec4 x tan x
Z
17 I17 = dx.
sec4 x + 4
Z
18 I18 = x2x (2 + 2 ln x) dx.
Z 1 p
19 I19 = 1 − x2 dx.
0
Z ∞
4
20 I20 = x5 e−x dx.
0
Z
1 + cos x
1 I1 = dx.
x + sin x
√
Z 3
arctan x + arccot x
2 I2 = dx.
1 x
Z 2022
3 x2 − bxcdxe dx.

I3 =
0
Z
sinh x
4 I4 = dx.
cosh x − sinh x
Z
x
5 I5 = √ √ dx.
x−1+ x+1
Z π
6 I6 = cos(x + cos x)dx.
0
Z
7 I7 = x3 sin(x2 )dx.
Z
x
8 I8 = dx.
1 − x4
Z
dx
9 I9 = .
cosh2 x
Z 1
x x
10 I10 = ee − ee −x
dx.
0
Z 3 π π π
11 I11 = lim sin sin sin . . . sin x dx.
n→∞ 0 | 3 3 {z 3 }
n sin’s
Z 1 q
√
12 I12 = 1− xdx.
0
x3
Z
13 I13 = 2 x3
dx.
1 + x + x2 + 6
Z
14 I14 = (sin(x + sin x) − sin(x − sin x)) dx.
Z
15 tan4 x sec3 x + tan2 x sec5 x dx.

I15 =
Z
16 I16 = (1 + ln x) ln (ln x) dx.
Z
1 1 1 1
17 I17 = + + +
1 + sin x 1 + cos x 1 + tan x 1 + cot x
1 1
+ + dx.
1 + sec x 1 + csc x
Z
dx
18 I18 = √ .
x − x2
∞
!
Z 1/2
X n+3
19 I19 = x n
dx.
0 n=0
n
Z
dx
20 I20 = .
1 + cos2 x

Z
1 I1 = x1/ ln x dx.
Z
2 I2 = sech xdx.
ex
Z
3 I3 = dx.
(1 + ex ) ln (1 + ex )
Z
4 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 dx.

I4 =
Z 4
x
5 I5 = dx.
0 5
Z
6 I6 = (x + sin x + x cos x + sin x cos x)dx.
Z
7 sin2 x + cos2 x + tan2 x + cot2 x + sec2 x + csc2 x dx.

I7 =
Z 2π
8 I8 = b2023 sin xcdx.
0
Z
2
9 I9 = (1 + 2 ln x) e(ln x) dx.
Z
3
3
10 I10 = (1 − x)3 + x − x2 + x2 − 1

− 3(1 − x) x − x2 x2 − 1 dx.

Z 2023
11 I11 = |||||x| − 1| − 1| . . . | − 1| dx.
−2023 | {z }
2023(−1)0 s
Z
12 sin6 x + cos6 x + 3 sin2 x cos2 x dx.

I12 =
Z
13 I13 = (x + e + 1)xe ex dx.
!
1
r
x2
Z
2x
14 I14 = + dx.
0 2 − x2 x+1
1 + 2x2022
Z
15 I15 = dx.
x + x2023
Z
16 I16 = (3 sin(20x) cos(23x) + 20 sin(43x)) dx.
Z ∞
1 Y
1
17 I17 = dx.
0 k=0 1 + x2k
Z
sin x
18 I18 = dx.
2ex + cos x + sin x
Z
ln(x/π)
19 I19 = dx.
(ln x)ln(eπ)
Z −1/2
20 x5 + 5x4 + 10x3 + 8x2 + x dx.

I20 =
−3/2
Chapter 3
The Solutions to the 2010 MIT

Test
Z π/2
I1 = sin x sin(2x) sin(3x)dx
0
Solution.
For the given integral we can write the following
Z π/2
1
I1 = − (cos(3x) − cos x) sin(3x)dx
2 0
Z π/2
1
=− (sin(3x) cos(3x) − sin(3x) cos x) dx
2 0
Z π/2
1 1 1
=− sin(6x) − (sin(4x) + sin(2x)) dx
2 0 2 2
Z π/2
1
=− (sin(6x) − sin(4x) − sin(2x)) dx
4 0
π/2
1 1 1 1
= − − cos(6x) + cos(4x) + cos(2x)
4 6 4 2 0

1 2 1
=− − = .
4 3 6
Z π/2
I2 = sin3 (2x) cos xdx
0
47
48 Chapter 3. The Solutions to the 2010 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test
Solution.
Z π/2 Z π/2
3
I2 = (2 sin x cos x) cos xdx = 8 sin3 x cos4 xdx
0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
=8 cos4 x sin2 x sin xdx = 8 cos4 x(1 − cos2 x) sin xdx.
0 0
For the last integral, let us use the substitution cos x = t, so that sin xdx = −dt. If
x = 0, then t = 1, and if x = π/2, then t = 0. With these new values, we get the
following
0 1 1
t5 t7
Z Z
4 2 4 6
I2 = −8 t (1 − t )dt = 8 (t − t )dt = 8 −
1 0 5 7 0

1 1 16
=8 − = .
5 7 35
Z
I3 = (x + 1)2 (x − 1)1/3 dx
Solution 1.
Z
I3 = x2 (x − 1)1/3 + 2x(x − 1)1/3 + (x − 1)1/3 dx
Z Z
= (x2 − 1 + 1)(x − 1)1/3 dx + 2 (x − 1 + 1)(x − 1)1/3 dx
Z
+ (x − 1)1/3 dx
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) 3 dx + (x − 1) 3 dx + 2 (x − 1)(x − 1) 3 dx
Z Z
1 1
+ 2 (x − 1) dx + (x − 1) 3 dx
3
Z Z Z
= (x − 1 + 2)(x − 1)4/3 dx + 2 (x − 1)4/3 dx + 4 (x − 1)1/3 dx
Z Z Z
= (x − 1) dx + 4 (x − 1) dx + 4 (x − 1)1/3 dx
7/3 4/3
3 12
= (x − 1)10/3 + (x − 1)7/3 + 3(x − 1)4/3 + C
10 7
4/3 1 4
= 3(x − 1) (x − 1)2 + (x − 1) + 1 + C,
10 7
49
where C ∈ R.
Solution 2.
By using the integration by parts (tabular integration), we find
f (x) g 0 (x)
(x + 1)2 (x − 1)1/3
dirivateives of f (x)
integrations of g0 (x)
(+)
3
2(x + 1) 4 (x − 1)4/3
(−)
2 33
4 7 (x − 1)7/3
(+)
33 3
0 4 7 10 (x − 1)10/3
3 9 27
I3 = (x + 1)2 (x − 1)4/3 − (x + 1)(x − 1)7/3 + (x − 1)10/3 + C,
4 14 140
where C ∈ R.
Z
1
I4 = x ln 1 + dx
x
Solution.
At the first, let us assume that x > 0 (Be attentive when the integral is definite!).
By using the integration by parts, let us assume
x2

1 dx
u = ln 1 + =⇒ du = − , dv = xdx =⇒ v = .
x x(x + 1) 2
Thus, we have
x2 x2
Z
1 1
I6 = ln 1 + + dx
2 x 2 x(x + 1)
x2
Z
1 1 1
= ln 1 + + 1− dx
2 x 2 1+x
x2

1 1 1
= ln 1 + + x − ln(1 + x) + C,
2 x 2 2
where C ∈ R.
Z 1
I5 = sin2 (ln x)dx
0
Solution.
At the first, we note that the given integral is improper, where the integrand f (x) =
sin2 (ln x) is not continuous at x = 0. So, we will write
Z 1
I5 = lim sin2 (ln x)dx.
ε→0+ ε
Let us calculate the indefinite integral

Z
I = sin2 (ln x)dx. (3.1)
For this integral, we can write
1 − cos(2 ln x)
Z Z Z
1 1
I= dx = dx − cos(2 ln x)dx .
2 2 2
| {z }
:=J
For the integral J, by using the integration by parts, let us assume
2 sin(2 ln x)
u = cos(2 ln x) =⇒ du = − dx, dv = dx =⇒ v = x.
x
Thus, we have Z
J = x cos(2 ln x) + 2 sin(2 ln x)dx.
Now, for the last integral, by using the integration by parts, let us assume
2 cos(2 ln x)
u = sin(2 ln x) =⇒ du = dx, dv = dx =⇒ v = x.
x
Thus, we have
 
Z
 
x sin(2 ln x) − 2
J = x cos(2 ln x) + 2  cos(2 ln x)dx
.
| {z }
J
From this, we get

5J = x cos(2 ln x) + 2x sin(2 ln x).
Therefore
1 2
J= x cos(2 ln x) + x sin(2 ln x) + C,
5 5
51
where C ∈ R. As a result, for the integral (3.1), we have

1 1 1
I= x − x cos(2 ln x) − x sin(2 ln x) + C. (3.2)
2 10 5
Therefore, for the given integral I5 , we get the following
1
1 1 1
I5 = lim+ x − x cos(2 ln x) − x sin(2 ln x)
ε→0 2 10 5 ε+
1 1 ε ε ε
= − − lim − cos(2 ln ε) − sin(2 ln ε)
2 10 ε→0 2 10 5
1 1 2
= − = .
2 10 5
Remark. For the integral I in (3.1). Let us use the substitution ln x = t, so that
x = et , and thus dx = et dt. This gives the following
Z Z Z Z
t 2 1 t 1 t 1
I = e sin tdt = (1 − cos(2t))e dt = e dt − et cos(2t)dt
2 2 2
1 t 1 et

= e − (cos(2t) + 2 sin(2t)) + C,
2 2 5
where C ∈ R.
Remember that (see (1.1))
eax
Z
eax cos(bx)dx = (a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)) + C.
a2 + b2
But t = ln x, therefore we have

1 1 1
I= x − x cos(2 ln x) − x sin(2 ln x) + C,
2 10 5
which is the same as in (3.2)!.
Z
dx
I6 =
1 + 3ex
Solution.
e−x −e−x
Z Z Z
dx
I6 = = dx = − dx
ex (3 + e−x ) 3 + e−x 3 + e−x
= − ln 3 + e−x + C,

where C ∈ R.
Z π/3
dx
I7 =
π/4 sin3 x cos5 x
Solution.
π/3 Z π/3
1/ cos8 x 1/ cos6 x dx
Z
I7 = 3 dx =
π/4 sin x/ cos x3
π/4 tan3 x cos2 x
π/3
3 Z π/3 3
1/ cos2 x 1 + tan2 x
Z
dx dx
= = .
π/4 tan3 x cos2 x π/4 tan3
x cos 2x
For the last integral, let us use the substitution tan x = t, so that cosdx2 x = dt. If
√
x = π/4, then t = 1, and if x = π/3, then t = 3. With these new values, we get
the following
√ Z √3 6
3
(1 + t2 )3 t + 4t4 + 3t2 + 1
Z
I7 = 3
dt = dt
1 t 1 t3
Z √3
3 1
= t3 + 3t + + 3 dt
1 t t
√3
√
4
t 3 2 1 16
= + t + 3 ln |t| − 2 = + 3 ln( 3).
4 2 2t 1 3
Z ∞
dx
I8 = √
1 x x4 − 1
Solution 1.

Z b
dx
I8 = lim+ √ .
a→1 a x x4 − 1
b→∞
Let us calculate the indefinite integral

Z
dx
I= √ . (3.3)
x x4 − 1
53
√ 1
For this integral, let us use the substitution x4 − 1 = t, so that x = (1 + t2 ) 4 .
3
Thus, dx = 21 t(1 + t2 )− 4 dt. This gives the following
t(1 + t2 )−3/4
Z Z
1 1 dt 1
I= 2 1/4
dt = 2
= arctan(t) + C
2 t(1 + t ) 2 1+t 2
1 p
= arctan x4 − 1 + C,
2
where C ∈ R. Therefore, for the given integral I8 , we get
1
p b
I8 = lim+ arctan x4 − 1
a→1 2 a
b→∞
1 p p π
= lim arctan b4 − 1 − arctan a4 − 1 = .
2 a→1+ 4
b→∞
Solution 2.
For the integral I in (3.3), we have
Z Z Z
dx dx dx
I= √ = √ = q .
x x4 − 1 xx2 1 − x−4 3
x 1− 1
x4
For the last integral, let us use the substitution 1 − x14 = t, so that x−4 = 1 − t. Thus,
dx dt dx dt
−4x−5 dx = −dt =⇒ = =⇒ 3 = √ .
x3 x2 4 x 4 1−t
This gives the following
Z Z Z
dt 1 dt 1 dt
I= √ √ = √ = q
4 1−t t 4 t−t 2 4 − t2 − t + 41 − 14

Z
1 dt 1 1 2
=
4
q
1
= 4 arcsin(2t − 1) + C = 4 arcsin 1 − x4 + C,
1 2
4 − t − 2
where C ∈ R. Therefore, for the integral I8 , we find

b
1 2
I8 = lim arcsin 1 − 4
a→1+ 4 x a
b→∞

1 2 2
= lim arcsin 1 − 4 − arcsin 1 − 4
4 b→∞ b a
1 1 π π π
= (arcsin(1) − arcsin(−1)) = + = .
4 4 2 2 4
Z
dx
I9 =
x(x5 + 1)
Solution.
Z Z
dx dx
I9 = = .
xx5 1 + x15 1

x6 1 + x5
For the last integral, let us use the substitution 1/x5 = t, so that dx/x6 = −dt/5.
Z
1 dt 1 1 1
I9 = − = − ln |1 + t| + C = − ln 1 + 5 + C
5 1+t 5 5 x
5 5
1 x +1 1 x
= − ln + C = ln 5 + C,
5 x5 5 x +1
where C ∈ R.
Z π/4 √
I10 = tan xdx
0
Solution.
Let us use the substitution tan x = t, so that dx = 1+t dt
2 . If x = 0, then t = 0, and if
x = π/4, then t = 1. With these new values, we get the following

Z 1 √
t
I10 = dt.
0 1 + t2
Now, let us use the substitution t = u2 , so that dt = 2udu. If t = 0, then u = 0, and

if t = 1, then u = 1. This gives the following integral
1
2u2
Z
I10 = du. (3.4)
0 1 + u4
For this integral, we have

√ 2
u4 + 1 = u4 + 2u2 + 1 − 2u2 = (u2 + 1)2 − 2u
√ √
= u2 + 2u + 1 u2 − 2u + 1 .
Thus,
2u2 Au + B Cu + D
= √ + √ . (3.5)
u4 +1 u2 + 2u + 1 u2 − 2u + 1
55
For the constants A, B, C, D, we have

√ √
2u2 = (Au + B) u2 − 2u + 1 + (Cu + D) u2 + 2u + 1 . (3.6)
By the corresponding between the sides of the equality (3.6), we find the following
linear system of equations

A + C = 0, √
 √


− 2A√ + B + 2C √ + D = 2,

 A − 2B + C + 2D = 0,
B + D = 0.

By solving these equations, we find

1 1
A = −√ , B = 0, C=√ , D = 0.
2 2
Therefore
2u2
Z Z Z
1 u 1 u
4
du = − √ √ du + √ √ du
1+u 2 2
u + 2u + 1 2 2
u − 2u + 1
√ √ √ √
2u + 2 − 2 2u − 2 + 2
Z Z
1 1 1 1
= −√ · √ du + √ · √ du
2 2 u2 + 2u + 1 2 2 u2 − 2u + 1
Z √ Z
1 2u + 2 1 du
=− √ √ du + √
2 2 2
u + 2u + 1 2 2
u + 2u + 1
√
2u − 2
Z Z
1 1 du
+ √ √ du + √
2 2 2
u − 2u + 1 2 2
u − 2u + 1
√ √ !
2u − 2
Z Z
1 2u + 2
= √ √ du − √ du
2 2 u2 − 2u + 1 u2 + 2u + 1
 
Z Z
1 du du
+  2 2 +

2 2 
2

u + √12 + √12 u − √12 + √12
√ √
1 u2 − 2u + 1 1
= √ ln √ + √ arctan 2u + 1
2 2 u2 + 2u + 1 2
1 √
+ √ arctan 2u − 1 + C 0 ,
2
where C 0 ∈ R. Therefore, for the integral I10 in (3.4), we have
" √ √
1 u2 − 2u + 1 1
I10 = √ ln √ + √ arctan 2u + 1 +
2 2 u2 + 2u + 1 2
1 √ 1
+ √ arctan 2u − 1
2 0
√ !
1 2− 2 π
= √ ln √ + √ .
2 2 2+ 2 2 2
Remember that

a+b
arctan(a) + arctan(b) = arctan .
1 − ab
Remark. For the integral

2u2
Z
J := du,
1 + u4
we can write the following
1 1
2u2 1+ +1−
Z Z Z
2 u2 u2
J= du = 1 du = du
1 + u4 2
u + u2 u2 + u12
1 1
1+ 1−
Z Z
u2 u2
= du + du .
1 2 1 2

u− u +2 u+ u −2
| {z } | {z }
:=J1 :=J2
For the integral J1 , let us use the substitution

1 1
u − = y =⇒ 1 + 2 du = dy,
u u
and for the integral J2 , let we use the substitution

1 1
u + = z =⇒ 1 − 2 du = dz.
u u
From These substitutions we get
2u2
Z Z Z
dy dz
J= 4
du = √ − √
1+u 2
( 2) + y 2 ( 2)2 − z 2
√
1 1 2+z
= √ arctan(y) − √ ln √ +C
2 2 2 2−z
√
2 + u + u1

1 1 1
= √ arctan u − − √ ln √ +C
2 u 2 2 2 − u − u1
√
2u + u2 + 1

1 1 1
= √ arctan u − − √ ln √ + C,
2 u 2 2 2u − u2 − 1
57
where C ∈ R. Therefore, for the integral I10 in (3.4), we have

" √ #1
2u + u2 + 1

1 1 1
I10 = √ arctan u − − √ ln √
2 u 2 2 2u − u2 − 1
u→0
√
1 2+ 2
= − √ ln √
2 2 2− 2
√ !
2u + u2 + 1

1 1 1
− lim √ arctan u − − √ ln √
u→0 2 u 2 2 2u − u2 − 1
√ !
1 2− 2 π
= √ ln √ + √ .
2 2 2+ 2 2 2
Z 1
ln(1 + x)
I11 = dx
0 1 + x2
Solution.
Let us use the substitution x = tan t, so that dx = dt/ cos2 t. If x = 0, then t = 0,

and if x = 1, then t = π/4. With these new values, we get the following
Z π/4 Z π/4
ln(1 + tan t) dt
I11 = = ln(1 + tan t)dt. (3.7)
0 1 + tan2 t cos2 t 0
For the last integral, let us use the substitution y = π4 − t, so that dy = −dt. If
t = 0, then y = π/4, and if t = π/4, then y = 0. With these new values, we get the
following
Z 0 π Z π/4 π
I11 = − ln 1 + tan − y dy = ln 1 + tan − y dy.
π/4 4 0 4
But π tan (π/4) − tan y 1 − tan y

tan −y = = .
4 1 + tan (π/4) tan y 1 + tan y
Thus, we have
π/4 Z π/4
1 − tan y
Z
2
I11 = ln 1 + dy = ln dy
0 1 + tan y 0 1 + tan y
Z π/4 (3.8)
2
= ln dt.
0 1 + tan t
Now, by adding (3.7) and (3.8), we find

Z π/4 Z π/4
2
2I11 = ln (1 + tan t) dt + ln dt
0 0 1 + tan t
Z π/4
2
= ln (1 + tan t) dt
0 1 + tan t
Z π/4
π
= ln 2 dt = ln 2.
0 4
Therefore
π
I11 = ln 2.
8
Z 729 √
x
I12 = √ √ dx
64 x− 3x
Solution.
Let us use the substitution x = t6 , so that dx = 6t5 dt. If x = 64, then t = 2, and if
x = 729, then t = 3. With these new values, we get the following
Z 3 Z 3 6 Z 3
t8 t (t3 )2 − 1 + 1
I12 = 6 3 2
dt = 6 dt = 6 dt
2 t −t 2 t−1 2 t−1
Z 3 3
(t − 1)(t3 + 1)

1
=6 + dt
2 t−1 t−1
Z 3
(t − 1)(t2 + t + 1)(t3 + 1)

1
=6 + dt
2 t−1 t−1
Z 3
1
=6 (t2 + t + 1)(t3 + 1) + dt
2 t−1
Z 3
1
=6 t5 + t4 + t3 + t2 + t + 1 + dt
2 t−1
6 3
t t5 t4 t3 t2 10747
=6 + + + + + t + ln |t − 1| = + 6 ln 2.
6 5 4 3 2 2 10
Z
I13 = xx (1 + ln x)dx (3.9)
Solution.
Z
I13 = ex ln x (1 + ln x)dx.
59
Now, let us use the substitution x ln x = t, so that (1 + ln x)dx = dt. This gives the
following
Z
x
I13 = et dt = et + C = ex ln x + C = eln(x ) + C = xx + C,
where C ∈ R.
Z 1 p
I14 = x13/2 1 + x5/2 dx
0
Solution.
Let us use the substitution 1 + x5/2 = t2 , so that x = (t2 − √ 1)2/5 . Thus, dx =
4 2
5 t(t − 1)
−3/5
dt. If x = 0, then t = 1, and if x = 1, then t = 2. With these new
values, we get the following
√ Z √2
Z 2
2 4 2
13/5 −3/5 4
I14 = (t − 1) t(t − 1) dt = t2 (t2 − 1)2 dt
1 5 5 1
Z √2 7 3
√2 √
4 6 4 2
4 t 2 5 t 88 2 − 32
= t − 2t + t dt = − t + = .
5 1 5 7 5 3 1 525
Z ∞
dx
I15 =
0 (1 + x2 )2
Solution.
Z b
dx
I15 = lim .
b→∞ 0 (1 + x2 )2
Now, let us calculate the indefinite integral

Z
dx
I= .
(1 + x2 )2
For this integral, we can write
1 + x2 − x2
Z Z Z
dx x
I= dx = − x 2 dx .
(1 + x2 )2 1 + x2 (x + 1)2
| {z }
:=J
Now, for the integral J, by using the integration by parts, let us assume
x 1
u = x =⇒ du = dx, dx = dv =⇒ v = − .
(x2 + 1)2 2(1 + x2 )
Thus, we have
Z Z
dx x 1 dx 1 x
I= 2
+ 2
− 2
= arctan x + + C,
1+x 2(1 + x ) 2 1+x 2 2(1 + x2 )

b
1 x 1 b π
I15 = lim arctan x + = lim arctan b + = .
b→∞ 2 2(1 + x2 ) 0 b→∞ 2 2(1 + b2 ) 4
Z 1
dx
I16 =
0 x4 − 13x2 + 36
Solution.
According to the method of partial fractions, we have

1 1 1
f (x) := = 2 =
x4 − 13x2 + 36 (x − 9)(x2 − 4) (x − 3)(x + 3)(x − 2)(x + 2)
A B C D
= + + + .
x−3 x+3 x−2 x+2
Where
1 1
A= = ,
(x + 3)(x − 2)(x + 2) x=3 30
1 1
B= =− ,
(x − 3)(x − 2)(x + 2) x=−3 30
1 1
C= =− ,
(x − 3)(x + 3)(x + 2) x=2 20
1 1
D= = .
(x − 3)(x + 3)(x − 2) x=−2 20
Thus,
1 1 1 1 1 1
f (x) = − + − .
30 x−3 x+3 20 x+2 x−2
Therefore, for the given integral I16 , we have

1
1 1
I16 = (ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3|) + (ln |x + 2| − ln |x − 2|)
30 20 0
1
1 x−3 1 x+2 1 1
= ln + ln = ln 3 − ln 2.
30 x+3 20 x−2 0 20 30
61
Z
ln(ln x)
I17 = dx
x
Solution.
Let us use the substitution ln x = t, so that dx/x = dt. This gives the following
Z
I17 = ln tdt.
By using the integration by parts, let us assume
dt
u = ln t =⇒ du = , dv = dt =⇒ v = t.
t
Thus, we have
Z
I17 = t ln t − dt = t ln t − t + C = ln x (ln(ln x)) − ln x + C,
where C ∈ R.
Z
1 + cot x
I18 = dx
1 − cot x
Solution.
1 + cos x
Z Z
sin x sin x + cos x
I18 = cos x dx = dx = ln | sin x − cos x| + C,
1 − sin x sin x − cos x
where C ∈ R.
Z
cos x + x sin x
I19 = dx
x(x + cos x)
Solution 1.
x + cos x + x sin x − x
Z
I19 = dx
x(x + cos x)
x sin x − x
Z Z
x + cos x
= dx + dx
x(x + cos x) x(x + cos x)
x(1 − sin x)
Z Z
dx
= − dx = ln |x| − ln |x + cos x| + C,
x x(x + cos x)
where C ∈ R.
Solution 2.
Z
cos x + x sin x
I19 = dx.
x2 1 + cosx x
Now, let us use the substitution

cos x −x sin x − cos x x sin x + cos x
= t =⇒ 2
dx = dt =⇒ dx = −dt.
x x x2
Z
dt cos x
I19 = − = − ln |1 + t| + C = − ln 1 + +C
1+t x
x + cos x
= − ln + C = ln |x| − ln |x + cos x| + C,
x
where C ∈ R.
Z π/2
dx
I20 =
0 sin x + sec x
Solution 1.
Z π/2
cos x
I20 = dx. (3.10)
0 1 + sin x cos x
By using the King property of integration (1.13), we find
cos π2 − x
Z π/2 Z π/2
sin x
I20 = dx = dx. (3.11)
1 + sin π2 − x cos π2 − x

0 0 1 + sin x cos x
By adding (3.10) and (3.11), we find

Z π/2 Z π/2
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
2I20 = dx = 2 dx
0 1 + sin x cos x 0 2 + 2 sin x cos x
Z π/2
sin x + cos x
=2 dx.
0 3 − (cos x − sin x)2
Now, for the last integral, let us use the substitution sin x − cos x = t, so that
(sin x + cos x)dx = dt. If x = 0, then t = −1, and if x = π/2, then t = 1. With
63
these new values, we get the following

" √ #1
Z 1
dt 1 3+t
2I20 =2 2
=2 √ ln √
−1 3 − t 2
3 3−t
−1
1 √ √ √ √
= √ ln 3 + 1 − ln 3 − 1 − ln 3 − 1 + ln 3+1
3
2 √ √ 2 √
= √ ln 3 + 1 − ln 3 − 1 = √ ln 2 + 3 .
3 3
Therefore
1 √
I20 = √ ln 2 + 3 .
3
Solution 2.

Z π/2 Z π/2
cos x 2 cos x
I20 = dx = dx.
0 1 + sin x cos x 0 2 + sin(2x)
Now, let us calculate the indefinite integral

Z
2 cos x
J := dx.
2 + sin(2x)
For this, we have

cos x + sin x + cos x − sin x
Z
J= dx
2 + sin(2x)
cos x − sin x
Z Z
cos x + sin x
= dx + dx
2 + sin(2x) 2 + sin(2x)
cos x − sin x
Z Z
cos x + sin x
= 2
dx + dx .
3 − (sin x − cos x) 1 + (sin x + cos x)2
| {z } | {z }
:=J1 :=J2
For J1 , let us use the substitution sin x − cos x = t, thus (cos x + sin x)dx = dt, and
For J2 , let us use the substitution sin x + cos x = u, thus (cos x − sin x)dx = du.
Z Z √
dt du 1 3+t
J= + = √ ln √ + arctan u + C
3 − t2 1 + u2 2 3 3−t
√
1 3 + sin x − cos x
= √ ln √ + arctan(sin x + cos x) + C,
2 3 3 − sin x + cos x

" √ #π/2
1 3 + sin x − cos x
I20 = √ ln √ + arctan(sin x + cos x)
2 3 3 − sin x + cos x
0
√ ! √ !
1 3+1 π 1 3−1 π
= √ ln √ + − √ ln √ −
2 3 3−1 4 2 3 3+1 4
√ √ ! √ !2
1 3+1 3+1 1 3+1
= √ ln √ √ = √ ln √
2 3 3−1 3−1 2 3 3−1
√ !
1 3+1 1 √
= √ ln √ = √ ln 2 + 3 .
3 3−1 3
Z ∞
dx
I21 = √
0 1 + ex + e2x
Solution.
Z ∞ Z ∞
dx e−x
I21 = p = p dx.
0 ex 1 + e−x + (e−x )2 0 1 + e−x + (e−x )2
For the last integral, let us use the substitution e−x = t, so that e−x dx = −dt. If
x = 0, then t = 1, and if x → ∞, then t → 0. With these new values, we get the
following
Z 0 Z 1 Z 1
dt dt dt
I21 = − √ q = = q
2
t +t+1 2
1 0 t2 + t + 14 + 34 0 t + 12 + 3
4
1 √ !
1 p2 3+2 3 3
= ln t + + t + t + 1 = ln − ln
2 0 2 2
√
= ln(3 + 2 3) − ln 3.
Z 1
2
I22 = x3 ex dx
0
Solution.
Z 1
2
I22 = xx2 ex dx.
0
65
Let us use the substitution x2 = t, so that 2xdx = dt. If x = 0, then t = 0, and if

x = 1, then t = 1. With these new values, we get the following
1 1 t
Z Z 1
1 t 1 1 1
I22 = te dt = te 0 − et dt = (e − (e − 1)) = .
2 0 2 0 2 2
Where we used the integration by parts, by assuming u = t and et dt = dv.
s
1
Z r
√
q
I23 = 1+x 1+x 1 + x . . . dx
0
Solution.
Let we set
s r
√
q
t= 1+x 1 + x 1 + x . . . > 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1].
Then s r
√
q
2
t =1+x 1+x 1 + x 1 + x . . . = 1 + xt,
i.e.
t2 − xt − 1 = 0.
By solving this quadratic equation, for t, we find the following solutions:
x 1p 2 x 1p 2
t1 = − x + 4 < 0, t2 = + x + 4 > 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1].
2 2 2 2
Therefore, we have the following integral (for t > 0)
Z 1
x 1p 2
I23 = + x + 4 dx. (3.12)
0 2 2
Now, let us calculate the following indefinite integral

Z p
I= x2 + 4dx.
For this, we have Z q

2
I=2 1 + (x/2) dx.
Now, let us use the substitution x/2 = sinh t, so that dx = 2 cosh tdt, and t =
arcsinh (x/2). This gives the following
Z p Z Z
2 2 1 + cosh(2t)
I=2 1 + sinh t (2 cosh t)dt = 4 cosh tdt = 4 dt
2

1
= 2 t + sinh(2t) + C = 2t + sinh(2t) + C
2
x x
= 2 arcsinh + sinh 2 arcsinh +C
2
x x2 x
= 2 arcsinh + 2 sinh arcsinh cosh arcsinh +C
2 r 2 2
x x 2 x xp
= 2 arcsinh +x 1+ + C = 2 arcsinh + x2 + 4 + C,
2 2 2 2
where C ∈ R.
As a result of the previous, from (3.12), we have
Z 1 2 1
x 1p 2 x x xp
2
I23 = + x + 4 dx = + arcsinh + x +4
0 2 2 4 2 4 0
√ √ r !
1+ 5 1 1+ 5 1 1
= + arcsinh = + ln + 1+
4 2 4 2 4
√ √ !
1+ 5 1+ 5
= + ln .
4 2
Where we used the fact

p
arcsinh(x) = ln x + 1 + x2 , ∀x ∈ R.
Z
1 1
I24 = − dx
ln x ln2 x
Solution 1.
We note that
x 0 ln x − 1 1 1
= = − , ∀x ∈]0, ∞[\{1}.
ln x ln2 x ln x ln2 x
Therefore, for the given integral, we get
x 0
Z
x
I24 = dx = + C,
ln x ln x
where C ∈ R.
Solution 2.
67
Let us use the substitution ln x = t, so that x = et and dx = et dt. This gives the
following Z Z t Z t
1 1 t e e
I24 = − 2 e dt = dt − dt.
t t t t2
| {z }
:=J
For the integral J, by using the integration by parts, we assume
1 dt
u= =⇒ du = − 2 , dv = et dt =⇒ v = et .
t t
Thus,
et
Z t Z t
e
e et eln x x
I24 = + 2 dt − 2 dt = +C = +C = + C,
t t t t ln x ln x
| {z }
J
where C ∈ R.
Z 2
I25 = (x − 1)1/2 (2 − x)1/2 dx
1
Solution.

Z 2 p Z 2 p
I25 = −x2 + 3x − 2dx
(x − 1)(2 − x)dx =
1 1
s
Z 2s Z 2 2
2
9 9 1 3
= − x − 3x + − − 2dx = − x− dx
1 4 4 1 4 2
1 2p
Z
= 1 − (2x − 3)2 dx.
2 1
For the last integral, let us use the substitution 2x − 3 = t, so that 2dx = dt. If
x = 1, then t = −1, and if x = 2, then t = 1. With these new values, we get the
following
1 1p 1 1p
Z Z
I25 = 1 − t2 dt = 1 − t2 dt,
4 −1 2 0
√
where the function t 7→ 1 − t2 is an even.
Now, let us use the substitution t = sin y, so that dt = cos ydy. If t = 0, then y = 0,
and if t = 1, then y = π/2. With these new values, we get the following
π/2
1 π/2
Z Z
1
q
2
I25 = 1 − sin y cos ydy = cos2 ydy
2 0 2 0
π/2
1 π/2
Z
1 1
= (1 + cos(2y))dy = y + sin(2y)
4 0 4 2 0

1 π 1 π
= + sin π − 0 = .
4 2 2 8
Chapter 4

Test
For the full version of the book see

https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0C5YT4YCK?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860
69
Chapter 5

Test

70
Chapter 6

Test

71
Chapter 7

Test

72
Chapter 8

Test

73
Chapter 9

Test

74
Chapter 10

Test

75
Chapter 11

Test

76
Chapter 12

Test

77
Chapter 13

Test

78
Chapter 14

Test

79
Chapter 15

Test

80
References
1. Thomas George B., Maurice D. Weir, and Joel Hass: Thomas’ Calculus. Twelfth Edition, Addison-
Wesley. 2010.
2. Anton H., Bivens I., Davis S., and Polaski T.: Calculus early transcendentals. Ninth edition, JOHN
WILEY & SONS, INC. 2009.
3. Michael Spivak: Calculus. Third Edition, Publish or Perish, Inc. 1994.
4. Royden H.L.: Real Analysis. Prentice Hall, 1988.
5. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dominated convergence theorem, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Dominated_convergence_theorem
6. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Inverse trigonometric functions, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In
verse_trigonometric_functions
7. 2010 Integration Bee, Qualifying Test. January 25, 2010. https://math.mit.edu/~yyao1/pdf/qualifyi
ng_round_2010_test.pdf
10. 2013 Integration Bee, Qualifying Test. 11 January 2013. https://math.mit.edu/~yyao1/pdf/qualifying
_round_2013_answers.pdf
_round_2014_test.pdf
81
About the book:
This book contains the solutions with some

details for the qualifying tests of the MIT
Integration Bee from 2010 to 2023. MIT
Integration Bee is an annual integral calculus
competition pioneered in 1981 at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In
the first chapter of this book, there is a review of
the basic integration formulas, and techniques
such as integration by substitution, integration by
parts, trigonometric and hyperbolic integrals,
integrals of irrational functions, and integration of
binomial differentials. In the remaining 13 chapters,
detailed solutions to the integrals of each year were
presented in their own chapter. The book is devoted to
students preparing for the Integration Bee, teachers looking
for integration problems with different levels of challenge to
use in their classroom, or math enthusiasts looking to expand
their knowledge and skills in integration calculus. This book will be
updated periodically every year, as solutions to problems will be added
for the coming years.
About the author:
Mohammad S. Alkousa earned his Ph.D. from the Moscow Institute of Physics
and Technology (MIPT) in 2020 in mathematical optimization. Since 2020 he
works as a researcher at MIPT. Prior to that, he got a BSc and MSc degree in
mathematics at Damascus University with a dissertation in complex analysis
(elliptic functions theory). Until now, he participated in more than 20
Scopus-published papers in the research group under the supervision of Prof.
Alexander V. Gasnikov at MIPT. His scientific works also comprise 6
mini-books (Complex Beauties, translation from English to Arabic) and a book
on the subject of real infinite series.
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MIT INTEGRATION BEE SOLUTIONS OF QUALIFYING TESTS FROM 2010 TO

Book · May 2023

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Solutions Of Qualifying Tests

The first edition published May 2023

The Integration Bee is an annual integral calculus competition pioneered in 1981 at

1 Review of the Fundamentals and Some Techniques of Integration 1

2 The Questions of MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Tests 21

2.7 2016 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 The Solutions to the 2010 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 47

4 The Solutions to the 2011 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 69

5 The Solutions to the 2012 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 70

6 The Solutions to the 2013 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 71

7 The Solutions to the 2014 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 72

8 The Solutions to the 2015 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 73

9 The Solutions to the 2016 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 74

10 The Solutions to the 2017 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 75

11 The Solutions to the 2018 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 76

12 The Solutions to the 2019 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 77

13 The Solutions to the 2020 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 78

14 The Solutions to the 2022 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 79

15 The Solutions to the 2023 MIT Integration Bee, Qualifying Test 80

Review of the Fundamentals

1.1 Indefinite integrals, basic integration formulas

where C ∈ R is an arbitrary constant.

1.1.1 Basic integration formulas

(20) Let a, b ∈ R, such that a2 + b2 =

For the integral J, by using the integration by parts, let us assume

(21) In similar of the previous, we get

1.1.2 Properties of indefinite integrals

(4) Let f1 , . . . , fn be integrable functions, then

1.2 Definite integrals

Theorem 3 If a function f is continuous on an interval [a, b], then f is integrable on

1.2.1 Properties of definite integrals

(1) If a is in the domain of f , then

(2) If f is integrable on [a, b], then

(3) If f is integrable on [a, b] and if α ∈ R is a constant, then

(4) If f1 , . . . , fn are integrable functions on [a, b], then

(5) If f is integrable on a closed interval containing the three points a, b, c such

1.3 Integration by substitution

1.4 Integration by parts

Sometimes it is easier to remember the formula (1.5) if we write it in differential

(1) The integrals

where Pn (x) is a polynomial of degree n and a, b ∈ R.

(2) The integrals

1.5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic integrals

1.5.1 Basic identities for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric

Remember that, for any x ∈ R and k ∈ Z, we have

sin(−x) = − sin x, cos(−x) = cos x,

tan(−x) = − tan x, cot(−x) = − cot x.

Sum and difference formulas

Formulas for transforming the product into sum or difference

Inverse trigonometric functions

arcsin : [−1, 1] −→ [−π/2, π/2] , arccos : [−1, 1] −→ [0, π],

arcsin(−x) = − arcsin x, arccos(−x) = π − arccos x,

arctan(−x) = − arctan x, arccot(−x) = π − arccot x.

Relationships between trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric func-

1.5.2 Trigonometric integrals

This gives the following integral

which is an integral of a rational function in t.

(1) For the integrals Z