When conducting an analysis of variance (ANOVA), violations of assumptions can occur.

The
main assumptions of ANOVA include normality of residuals, homogeneity of variances
(homoscedasticity), and independence of observations. Here are some remedies for addressing
violations of these assumptions:

1. Normality of Residuals:
o Transformation: If the residuals are not normally distributed then the response
variable should be transformed by using mathematical functions such as
logarithmic, square root, or inverse transformations.
o Nonparametric Tests: Nonparametric tests such as the Kruskal-Wallis test
perform well if the assumption of normality cannot be met even after
transformation.
2. Homogeneity of Variances:
o Data Transformation: Similar to addressing normality assumptions,
transforming the response variable might help in achieving homogeneity of
variances.
o Robust ANOVA: Some software packages offer robust ANOVA procedures that
are less sensitive to violations of the homogeneity of variances assumption.
o Welch's ANOVA: This is an alternative to traditional ANOVA that doesn't
assume equal variances across groups.
3. Independence of Observations:
o Blocking or Randomization: Ensure that experimental units are randomly
assigned to treatment groups to minimize potential biases.
o Use of Mixed Models: If there are concerns about independence due to repeated
measures or nested data, consider using mixed-effects models that can account for
such dependencies.
4. Outlier Handling:
o Identification and Removal: Identify outliers and consider removing them from
the analysis, especially if they are influential in violating assumptions.
o Robust Methods: Use robust ANOVA techniques that are less affected by
outliers.
5. Bootstrapping:
o Resampling Techniques: Bootstrap methods can provide robust estimates of
parameters and confidence intervals without relying heavily on assumptions.