Index

Page numbers followed by b indicates boxes, f indicates figures and t indicates tables.

A Aciclovir (acyclovir) (Continued) Adefovir (adefovir dipivoxil) (Continued)

genital herpes 733, 734 hepatitis B 602
Abacavir 429 herpes simplex virus 620t hemodialysis 63t
antiviral activity 429 necrotizing herpetic retinopathy 688b pharmacokinetics 465, 465t
clinical uses 429, 560 hemodialysis 63t preparations and dosage 465b
hemodialysis 63t interactions 93t resistance 465
interactions 82t mode of action 21 toxicity/side effects 465
pharmacokinetics 429, 429t pharmacokinetics 457–458, 457t Adhesins 538
absorption 429 absorption 457 Adverse drug reactions 112
distribution 429 distribution 457 see also individual drugs
excretion 429 excretion 458 Aeromonas spp. 602
metabolism 429 metabolism 458 Aeromonas hydrophila 26
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t pregnancy/breastfeeding 710 African sleeping sickness see
preparations and dosage 429b preparations and dosage 458b Trypanosomiasis
resistance 429 resistance 457 African tick bite fever 805
toxicity/side effects 429, 561 toxicity/side effects 458 Agar disk diffusion 117
Abdominal angiostrongyliasis 850–851 Acinetobacter spp. as screening test 117
Abdominal infections 483–501 antibiotic resistance 42–43 AIDS see HIV disease
antibiotic therapy 489 hospital-acquired pneumonia 584 Airway see Respiratory tract
etiology 483 Acinetobacter baumannii, multiresistant Alatrofloxacin, cellulitis 627t
intensive care patients 527–528 42–43, 534 Albendazole 8, 396
microbiology 527–528 Acne 623t, 628 anthelminthic activity 396, 396t
treatment 528 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome see antiprotozoal activity 425
Abdominal surgery see Surgical site HIV disease giardiasis 836
infection AcrB pump 28–29 microsporidiosis 837
Abscess Acremonium spp. 773 clinical uses 396
brain 645–647, 646t Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 804 helminth infections
epidural 524t, 647 Acrosoxacin (rosoxacin) 306t, 310 alveolar hydatid cyst 849
liver 493–494 preparations and dosage 310b ascariasis 844
amebic 835 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans see cysticercosis 848
peritonsillar 568 HACEK bacteria enterobiasis 846
spinal epidural 647 Actinomycetes see Actinomycosis gnathostomiasis 850
Absorption Actinomycosis (and actinomycetes) 623t, hookworm 845
interactions affecting 69 629 hydatidosis 849
see also Pharmacokinetics and Action of antimicrobials, mode of see Mode loiasis 855
individual drugs of action strongyloidiasis 846
Acanthamoeba spp. Acute interstitial nephritis 66 toxocariasis 850
conjunctivitis 674 Acute myeloid leukemia 502 trichinosis 850
keratitis 679–681 Acyclovir see Aciclovir trichuriasis 844
diagnosis 679–680 Acylaminopenicillins 220 interactions 101t
prevention 680–681 Acylureidopenicillins see Ureidopenicillins pharmacokinetics 396
treatment 680 Adamantanes 452–453 preparations and dosage 397b
N-Acetyltransferases 147 Adaptation of existing drugs 6–7 toxicity/side effects 396, 843t
Aciclovir (acyclovir) 457–458 Adefovir (adefovir dipivoxil) 465 Alemtuzumab, infection risk 515b
antiviral activity 457 antiviral activity 465 Alimentary tract see Gastrointestinal tract
clinical uses 458, 458b clinical uses 465 Alkaloids 2
chemoprophylaxis 506, 507t chemoprophylaxis 517 ergot 71t
862 Index

Allergy and hypersensitivity Amikacin (Continued) Amodiaquine 410

cephalosporins 172 preparations and dosage 159b clinical use 410, 809, 814
penicillins 202–203 resistance 157 preparations and dosage 410b
streptomycin 167 toxicity/side effects 158 Amorolfine hydrochloride 381
see also Anaphylaxis nephrotoxicity 158 preparations and dosage 382
Allylamines 366 ototoxicity 158 Amoxicillin (amoxycillin; p-hydroxy
mode of action 19 Aminocyclitols see Aminoglycosides and ampicillin) 201t, 215
Alveolar hydatid disease 849 aminocyclitols antimicrobial activity 215, 215t
Amantadine 452 Aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols clinical uses 215
antiviral activity 452 145–169 anthrax 799t, 800t
clinical uses 453 antimicrobial activity 146, 146t chlamydia 720
interactions 94t, 453 blood levels 149–150 community-acquired pneumonia 581t
mode of action 22 classification 145–146, 145t endocarditis 590t
pharmacokinetics 452, 452t clinical uses 151 enterococcal infection 533
absorption and distribution 452 CSF shunt infections 548 group A streptotoccus 569
metabolism and excretion 452 endocarditis 590 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
preparations and dosage 453b neutropenia 509t impetigo 621t
resistance 452 pneumonia 527 Lyme borreliosis 623t
toxicity/side effects 453 prosthetic joint infections 541 peritonitis 528
AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B) 378t, solid organ transplantation 530 sinusitis 570
509–510 CSF penetration 636b syphilis 728
clinical uses 2-deoxystreptamine-containing hemodialysis 63t
aspergillosis 511–512, 781t 145t interactions 76t
candidal infections 511 dosage 149–150 pharmacokinetics 215, 215t
cryptococcosis 783t interactions 76t absorption and distribution 215
fungal infections 511 transplant patients 518t metabolism and excretion 215
invasive candidiasis 778t mode of action 10t, 15 pregnancy/breastfeeding 720, 723
prosthetic joint infections 541 modifying enzymes 26–27, 147–149, preparations and dosage 216b
prosthetic valve endocarditis 543 148t resistance 215
Amdinocillin see Mecillinam distribution of 148–149 toxicity/side effects 215
Amebiasis (predominantly E. histolytica) nephrotoxicity 64–65, 65t Amoxicillin-clavulanate (co-amoxiclav) 240
604–605 neuromuscular blockade 151 antimicrobial activity 240
dehydroemetine 835 pharmacokinetics 149 clinical uses 240
diloxanide 834, 835 pregnancy/breastfeeding 702 bronchitis 576t
hepatic (abscess) 835 resistance 31, 147 cat bite 623t
iodoquinol 413 reduced uptake 147 community-acquired pneumonia 581t
nitroimidazoles ribosomal 147 dog bite 623t
metronidazole 834, 835 serum level monitoring 66t healthcare-associated pneumonia 583
nimorazole 299, 299b toxicity/side effects 150 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
ornidazole 293t, 299, 299b nephrotoxicity 150–151 human bites 623t
tinidazole 834, 835 ototoxicity 150 pneumonia 527
Amebic dysentery 834–835 transport 146 surgical prophylaxis 487t
American trypanosomiasis see see also individual drugs tuberculosis 758t
Trypanosomiasis 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 200 hemodialysis 63t
Amikacin 145t, 157–158 Aminopenicillins 201, 201t, 214 pharmacodynamics 54f
antimicrobial activity 157 clinical uses 214–215 pharmacokinetics 240, 240t
clinical uses 151, 158 pharmacokinetics 214 absorption and distribution 240
erythema gangrenosum 623t toxicity/side effects 214 metabolism and excretion 240
eye infections 671t 4-Aminoquinolines 408–409, 410 preparations and dosage 240b
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t, 587t 8-Aminoquinolines 408–409, 411, 412, 413, toxicity/side effects 240
keratitis 679 422 Amoxicillin-sulbactam, human bites 623t
P. aeruginosa infection 623t, 630t p-Aminosalicylic acid 392 Amphotericin B 378–379
peritonitis 492, 497 clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t antimicrobial activity 378
tuberculosis 758t interactions 95t clinical uses 379
eye drops 669t preparations and dosage 392b candidiasis 777, 779t
hemodialysis 63t resistance 384t chemoprophylaxis 506, 507t, 517
MIC 146t targets of 384t endocarditis 592
modifying enzymes 148t Aminosidine see Paromomycin eye infections 671t
pharmacokinetics 157–158, 157t Amithiozone 394 histoplasmosis 785t
distribution 158 preparations and dosage 394b leishmaniasis 827–828
excretion 158 Amnionitis 705–706 oculomycosis 687

Amphotericin B (Continued)
selective decontamination of
digestive tract 531
colloidal dispersion 378t
eye drops 669t
hemodialysis 64t
interactions 80t, 379
transplant patients 518t
lipid complex 378t
liposomal see AmBisome
mode of action 19
nephrotoxicity 65–66
pharmacokinetics 378–379, 378t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
preparations and dosage 379b
resistance 378, 774t
toxicity/side effects 379
Amphotericin deoxycholate
clinical uses
aspergillosis 511–512, 780–781
cryptococcosis 783t
invasive candidiasis 777, 778t
Ampicillin 201t, 216–217
antimicrobial activity 215t, 216
clinical uses 217
bacterial meningitis 634t, 636–637,
640t
endocarditis 590t, 591t
erysipeloid 623t
gonorrhea 723
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
impetigo 621t
listeriosis 623t
rosacea 623t
CSF penetration 635t
hemodialysis 63t
interactions 76t
pharmacokinetics 217, 217t
absorption and distribution 217
metabolism and excretion 217
preparations and dosage 217b
resistance 216–217
toxicity/side effects 217
Ampicillin condensates 218
Ampicillin esters 218
Ampicillin-clavulanate, impetigo 621t
Ampicillin-sulbactam 242
antimicrobial activity 242
clinical uses 242
cholecystitis 494
community-acquired pneumonia 581t
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t
impetigo 621t
necrotizing fasciitis 623t
pelvic inflammatory disease 725b
peritonitis 492
pharmacokinetics 242, 242t
absorption and distribution 242
metabolism and excretion 242
preparations and dosage 242b
toxicity/side effects 242
Index 863
Amprenavir 440–441 Antibacterial agents (commonly called
antiviral activity 440 ‘antibiotics’) (Continued)
clinical uses 441 early history 4
as enzyme inhibitor 74t eye 668
mode of action 21 failure of therapy 113
pharmacokinetics 440, 440t intensive care unit 532
absorption 440 interactions 75–79, 76t
distribution 440 mode of action 10, 10t
metabolism and excretion 440 nephrotoxicity 64
preparations and dosage 441b acute interstitial nephritis 66
resistance 440 urolithiasis 66
toxicity/side effects 440–441 penicillin see penicillin
Anaphylaxis, penicillins 202 pregnancy/breastfeeding 702–705
Ancylostoma duodenale 843t, 844–845 prescribing 111
Anemia, aplastic 502 interventions changing 128
Angiomatosis, bacillary 623t, 628, 803 quality and safety 127–128
Angiostrongyliasis 850–851 prophylactic use 112–113, 707
abdominal 850–851 reference groups 119
meningitis 850 renal failure
Angiostrongylus cantonensis 850 drugs to avoid 61–62
Angiostrongylus costaricensis 850–851 suitable drugs 61, 62t
Anidulafungin 374–375 resistance see Resistance
antimicrobial activity 375 route of administration 111
clinical uses 375 selection of 111
candidal infections 511 serum level monitoring 66, 66t
interactions 80t, 375 single vs combined therapy 112
pharmacokinetics 375, 375t see also individual drugs
distribution 375 Antibiosis 4
metabolism and excretion 375 Antibiotics (antibacterial agents) see
preparations and dosage 375b Antibacterial agents
renal failure 62t Antibiotic breakpoint committees 119
toxicity/side effects 375 Antibiotic formularies 113–114
Animal bites see Bites Antibiotic lock 546
Ansamycin see Rifabutin Antibiotic policies 126–141
Anthelminthics 8, 395–405 cost-effectiveness 138
benzimidazoles 395 development, dissemination and
interactions 100 implementation 133–134, 136b
mode of action 20–21 evaluation 139
toxicity/side effects 843t legal implications 136–138
see also individual drugs monitoring of compliance 134–136, 137f
Anthrax (B. anthracis infection) 623t, 627, 799 restrictive implementation strategies 139
postexposure prophylaxis 799, 799t secondary aims 131
treatment 799, 800t control of collateral damage 132–133,
vaccine 799 133f, 134f
Anti-infectives (in general) see Antimicrobial impact on clinical outcome 133
agents reduced healthcare costs 131–132
Anti-inflammatory response syndrome in stimuli for 127, 127t
sepsis 474 cost 127
Anti-inflammatory therapies in sepsis 478t narrowing range of drugs prescribed
Anti-influenza agents, interactions 93–94, 94t 127
Antibacterial agents (commonly called quality/safety of prescribing 127–128
‘antibiotics’) 3, 4–6, 7–8, 111–114 resistance and cross-infection 128
assay 121 Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea 596
bactericidal vs bacteriostatic properties Anticoagulants, interactions 72t
112 Antifungal agents 8, 366–382
clinical uses interactions 79–81, 80t
surgery 489 mode of action 18
surgical prophylaxis 485–486 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
definition 4 see also individual drugs
discovery and sources 5t Antihelminthics see Anthelminthics
duration of treatment 111–112 Antiherpesvirus agents, interactions 92, 93t
864 Index
Antilymphocyte globulins, infection risk
515b
Antimalarial (antiplasmodial) agents
816–818
children 818–819
choice of 809–810
combination therapy 811
interactions 94–100, 97t
mode of action 19–20
pregnancy/breastfeeding 819
resistance 810–811
clinical assessment 812
prevention 811
see also individual drugs
Antimicrobial drugs see Antibacterial
agents
Antimicrobial venous catheters 546
Antimotility agents 598
Antimycobacterial agents 13, 383–394
antimicrobial activity 383–384
clinical uses 386
formulations 386
pharmacokinetics 385
resistance 384–385, 384t, 385f
targets 384t
toxicity/side effects 385–386
see also Antituberculosis agents
Antiparasitic agents 8
Antiprotozoal agents 406–426
biguanides 415
diamidines 413
interactions 100, 101t
mode of action 19
organometals 406
quinolines 408–409
sesquiterpene lactones 416
see also individual drugs
Antiretroviral agents (in HIV disease),
427–451, 556–566
baseline assessment 559
children 563
choice of regimen 559
classification 428
early therapy 558b
highly experienced patients 563
initiation of 557
interactions 82, 82t, 92, 428
pregnancy 563, 711–713, 711t
toxicity/side effects 561
treatment aims 557–558
treatment failure 562, 562b
subsequent treatment 562–563
sustained viral load rebound 562
transient increase in viral load
562
treatment interruption 563
treatment monitoring 561
treatment-naive patients 558–561
virological failure 563–564
see also individual drug classes
Antisecretory agents 598
Antisense drugs, mode of action 22
Antithrombin III in sepsis Artemotil 817
reduced levels 475 Artesunate 815, 816–818
replacement therapy 478t, 479 clinical uses, fascioliasis 853
Antituberculosis agents dose 813t
amikacin 758t Artesunate-mefloquine 814
p-aminosalicylic acid 758t Arthritis
amoxicillin-clavulanate 758t Lyme 804
azithromycin 758t septic 662–663
capreomycin 758t Arthroplasty see Prosthetic joint infections
ciprofloxacin 758t Ascariasis (A. lumbricoides) 842–844, 843t
clarithromycin 758t diagnosis and treatment 844
clofazimine 758t ASEPSIS score 485
corticosteroids 755 Aspergilloma 781t, 782
cycloserine 758t Aspergillus (and aspergillosis) 4, 773, 780
ethionamide see Ethionamide chronic necrotizing 781–782
gatifloxacin 758t invasive 780–781
interactions 94, 95t neutropenia 511–512
isoniazid see Isoniazid resistance 774t
kanamycin 758t treatment 781t
levofloxacin 758t Aspoxicillin 201t, 223
linezolid 758t Astemizole, interactions 71t
meropenem 758t Astromicin 145t, 168–169
moxifloxacin 758t, 762 Atazanavir (BMS 232632) 441–442
ofloxacin 758t antiviral activity 441
protionamide see Protionamide clinical uses 442, 559
resistance 43–44 as enzyme inhibitor 74t
multidrug 43–44, 385f, 758, 758t interactions 86t
see also individual drugs mode of action 21
rifampicin see Rifampicin pharmacokinetics 441, 441t
short-course 753t absorption 441
streptomycin see Streptomycin distribution 441
see also Antimycobacterial agents excretion 441
Antiviral agents 8, 452–469 metabolism 441
interactions 92 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
modes of action 21 preparations and dosage 431
retroviruses see Antiretroviral agents renal failure 62t
see also individual classes and drugs resistance 441
Apalcillin 201t, 223 toxicity/side effects 442
Aplastic anemia 502 Athlete’s foot 772
Appendicectomy 496 moccasin-type 772t
Arbekacin 145t, 162 treatment 772t
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 30 Atopic blepharitis 674
Area under concentration-time curve (AUC) Atovaquone 8, 417–418
49–50, 50f antimicrobial activity 417
Arsenicals, mode of action 20 clinical uses 418
Arteether 816–818 babesiosis 837
Artemether 815, 816–818 pneumocystic pneumonia 791
dose 813t toxoplasmosis 823–824
Artemether-lumefantrine (benflumetol) 814 interactions 72t, 97t, 101t
dose 813t mode of action 20
interactions 97t pharmacokinetics 417–418, 417t
Artemisinin/qinghaosu (and derivatives; preparations and dosage 418b
sesquiterpene lactones) 8, 416–417, resistance 417, 811
816–818 toxicity/side effects 418
antimicrobial activity 416 Atovaquone-proguanil 810, 815
clinical uses 417, 810, 815 dose 813t
mode of action 20 malaria prophylaxis 820t
pharmacokinetics 417, 417t Auditory toxicity see Ototoxicity/auditory
preparations and dosage 417b toxicity
rectal formulations 817–818 Autolysins 13
resistance 416 Avermectin 20
toxicity/side effects 417 Avoparcin 265, 268
 Index 865

Azalides 276t, 287 Aztreonam (Continued) Bacterial infections (Continued)

Azathioprine pharmacokinetics 238, 238t ocular 673
infection risk 515b absorption and distribution 238 prophylaxis, neutropenia 504–505
interactions 518t metabolism and excretion 238 and tissue damage 484
transplant patients 512–513 preparations and dosage 238b transplant patients 513–515, 515b
Azelaic acid, topical 629t toxicity/side effects 238 zoonotic 797–808
Azetidinone, structure 226f Bacterial protein synthesis 13–14, 14f
Azidocillin (d-azidobenzylpenicillin) 201t Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors 10t,
Azithromycin 7, 287 B 13–16, 14f
antimicrobial activity 277t, 287 B viruses 22 Bacteriuria 549, 694t
clinical uses Babesia bovis 837 asymptomatic 700
babesiosis 837 Babesia divergens 837 see also Urinary tract infection
bronchitis 575, 576t Babesia microti 837 Bacteroides spp.
Campylobacter 599t Babesiosis 837 chorioamnionitis 706
cellulitis 623t Bacampicillin 218 nitroimidazole resistance 293
chancroid 729 preparations and dosage 205 Bacteroides fragilis 33
chlamydia 720 Bacillary angiomatosis 623t, 628, 803 susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t
cholera 599t Bacillary peliosis hepatitis 803 Bacteroides ureolyticus, hospital-acquired
community-acquired pneumonia 581t Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 759 pneumonia 584
cryptosporidiosis 836 Bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria), Gram- Balanitis, candidal 737
diarrhea 598t negative Balantidium coli 605
donovanosis 731 β-lactams, resistance 230 diarrhea 594
enteric fever 599t cell wall synthesis inhibition 10, 10t, Balofloxacin 316
erysipelas 623t 11–13, 11f, 12f Bartonella spp. 802
erythema migrans 804 meningitis 644 Bartonella bacilliformis 802
gangrene 623t multiresistant 534 Bartonella clarridgeiae 802
impetigo 622t, 623t skin/soft-tissue infections 630 Bartonella elizabethae 802
keratitis 679 Bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria), Gram- Bartonella grahamii 802
Lyme borreliosis 623t positive, skin/soft-tissue infections Bartonella henselae 623t, 628, 802, 803
non-specific urethritis 720 621 Bartonella quintana 623t, 628, 802, 803
pneumonia 526 Bacillus anthracis 623t, 627, 799 Bartonella vinsonii 802
salmonellosis 599t see also Anthrax Bartonella washoensis 802
syphilis 708, 728 Bacillus brevis 4, 5t Bartonellosis 802
tuberculosis 758t Bacillus cereus 602 BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) 759
hemodialysis 64t bacterial gastroenteritis 594t Bekanamycin 163
intracellular concentration 278t chemoprophylaxis 124 Benflumetol-artemether see Artemether-
respiratory tissue 279t Bacillus circulans 5t, 30 lumefantrine
M. genitalium 724 Bacillus licheniformis 5t Benzathine penicillin 201t
pharmacokinetics 287, 287t Bacillus polymyxa 5t preparations and dosage 206b
pregnancy/breastfeeding 720 Bacitracin 363 Benzimidazoles 395
preparations and dosage 287b discovery and source 5t resistance 395–396
renal failure 62t eye drops 669t Benznidazole 294–295
resistance 720 mode of action 10t, 12 antimicrobial activity 294
toxicity/side effects 287 topical 629t, 669b clinical uses 295
Azlocillin 7, 201t, 223 Bacteremia T. cruzi infection 832, 833
antimicrobial activity 220t in diagnosis of sepsis 472–473 pharmacokinetics 294, 294t
Azoles 367–368 intensive care patients 524t, 529t preparations and dosage 295b
interactions 368 sources of 473t toxicity/side effects 294
mode of action 19 Bacteria Benzoyl peroxide, erythrasma 623t
prosthetic valve endocarditis 543 antibiotic resistance see antibiotic Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) 200, 201, 201t,
see also Benzimidazoles; Nitroimidazoles resistance 204–206
and individual drugs antibiotic-induced changes 106 antimicrobial activity 204, 204t
AZT see Zidovudine cell envelope permeability 27–28 clinical uses 206
Aztreonam 7, 237–238 clinical resistance 24 anthrax 623t, 800t
antimicrobial activity 232t, 237–238 clinical susceptibility 24 bacterial meningitis 636–637, 640t
clinical uses 238 clinically intermediate 24 brain abscess 646t
peritonitis 492, 528 microbiologically resistant 24 cat bite 623t
pneumonia 527 toxin-secreting 602 cellulitis 623t
solid organ transplantation 530 Bacterial infections community-acquired pneumonia 581t
UTI 529 CNS 633–649 diphtheria 623t
hemodialysis 63t gastrointestinal 599–604, 599t endocarditis 589–590
mode of action 13 neutropenic patients 504–505 erysipelas 623t
866 Index

Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) (Continued) Biofilms 538 Bowel see Gastrointestinal tract

erysipeloid 623t antibiotic resistance 538–539 Bowel preparation 484, 488–489
erythema migrans 804 eye infections 671 Bowenoid papulosis see human
folliculitis 623t micro-organisms causing 671–672 papillomavirus
gangrene 623t on ophthalmic biomaterials 672–673 Brain infections
gas gangrene 623t intraocular lens implants 673 abscess 645–647, 646t
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t punctal plugs 673 intensive care patients 524t
impetigo 621t, 623t retinal surgery explants 673 toxoplasmosis 825
leptospirosis 804 sutures 673 see also Central nervous system infections
listeriosis 623t Biomaterials see Prosthetic joint infections Breakpoints (in susceptibility tests) 57
Lyme borreliosis 623t Bites 799–800 Breastfeeding/lactation
meningococcemia 623t cat 623t antibiotics 720, 723
rat-bite fever 623t dog 623t antimalarials 819
surgical prophylaxis 487t human 623t bacterial vaginosis 732
compounds liberating 206 management/prophylaxis 800 brucellosis 798
CSF penetration 635t rat 623t, 800–801 chancroid 730
eye drops 669t Bithionol, fascioliasis 853 chlamydia 720
pharmacokinetics 205, 205t Blastocystis hominis 605 gonorrhea 723
absorption 205 diarrhea 594 lymphogranuloma venereum 726
distribution 205 Blastomyces dermatitidis 787 Mycoplasma genitalium 724
metabolism and excretion 205 Blastomycosis 787 syphilis 728
preparations and dosage 206b CNS 788 vaginosis 732
resistance 205 extrapulmonary 788 Brodimoprim 254
toxicity/side effects 205–206 immunosuppressed patients 788 Bronchitis
Bephenium 405 pulmonary 787–788 acute 574
Bepridil, interactions 71t Blepharitis 673–674 diagnosis 575
Besifloxacin 324 anterior 673 etiology/epidemiology 574
β-blockers, interactions 72t atopic 674 pathogenesis 574
β-lactam antibiotics 7, 226–244 posterior 673–674 symptoms 575
clinical uses rosacea 674 treatment 575
bronchitis 576t Blistering distal dactylitis 623t, 626 chronic, acute exacerbation 575
community-acquired pneumonia Blood culture, community-acquired etiology/epidemiology 575
581t pneumonia 578 diagnosis 576
endocarditis 589–590 Blood disorders, drug-induced see symptoms 575–576
neutropenia 504, 508 Hematologic toxicity treatment 576–577, 576t
mode of action 12–13 Blood-ocular barrier 667–668, 668f Brucella spp., endocarditis 798
nephrotoxicity 65 BMS 232632 see Atazanavir Brucella canis 797
resistance 29–30 Boceprevir, hepatitis C 596 Brucella cetaceae 797
see also penicillins Boils (furuncles) 622 Brucella melitensis 797
β-lactamases (penicillinases) 26, 228 Bone and joint infections 659–666 Brucella ovis 797
characteristics 229t intensive care patients 524t Brucella pinnipediae 797
classification 228–230, 229t osteomyelitis 659 Brucella suis 797
extended-spectrum 39, 533 prosthetic joint infections 539–542, Brucellosis 797
general properties 228 663–665, 664f children 798
group 3 penicillins stable against 208 septic arthritis 662–663 HIV patients 798
group 6 penicillins stable against 224 tuberculosis 755 laboratory-acquired, prevention 798–799
inducible 534 Bone marrow toxicity (myelotoxicity) neurobrucellosis 798
inhibitors 239 chloramphenicol 247 pregnancy/breastfeeding 798
metallo-β-lactamases 231 ganciclovir 460 spinal 798
penicillin resistance and 201–202 interferon-α 454–455 treatment 797–798
benzylpenicillin 204 pyrimethamine 251 Brugia malayi 843t, 854
plasmid-encoded 230–231 Bone marrow transplantation 502 Brugia timori 843t, 854
Staph. aureus 230 toxoplasmosis 824–825 Burkholderia cepacia, antibiotic resistance 43
tests for 120 see also Stem cell transplantation Buspirone, interactions 69
Biapenem 236 Borrelia burgdorferi 623t, 630, 804 Butenafine hydrochloride 381
Bifonazole 373 see also Lyme borreliosis preparations and dosage 382
preparations and dosage 373 Borrelia crocidurae 805 Butirosin, discovery and source 5t
Biguanides 415 Borrelia duttonii 805 Butoconazole 373
see also Polyhexamethylene biguanide Borrelia recurrentis 805 clinical uses, vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t
Biliary pseudolithiasis, ceftriaxone 187 Botryomyces caespitosus 790 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
Biliary tract surgery, prophylaxis 494 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 651 preparations and dosage 373
 Index 867

C Capreomycin 392 Cathomycin see Novobiocin

clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t Cecropins 360
C-reactive protein test 570, 571 interactions 95t Cefacetrile (cephacetrile) 171t, 175
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 337, preparations and dosage 392b Cefaclor 171t, 176–177
730 resistance 384t antimicrobial activity 176, 177t
Campylobacter spp. 602 targets 384t clinical uses 177
antibiotic resistance 41 Carbacephem, structure 226f impetigo 622t
treatment 599t Carbapenams 226 hemodialysis 63t
Canaliculitis 676 clinical uses, prosthetic joint infections 541 pharmacokinetics 177, 177t
Candida and candidiasis/candidosis structure 226f absorption 177
719t, 736 Carbapenems 7, 226, 231 distribution 177
diagnosis 737 clinical uses metabolism and excretion 177
epidemiology 736 bacterial meningitis 638 preparations and dosage 177b
hepatosplenic 778t, 779 neutropenia 508 toxicity/side effects 177
invasive 777 interactions 76t Cefadroxil (p-hydroxycefalexin) 171t, 178
treatment 778t resistance 39, 40f antimicrobial activity 177t
management 737 Carbenicillin 201t, 223–224 clinical uses, impetigo 622t
meningitis 778t, 779 Carboxypenicillins 220 hemodialysis 63t
mucosal 774 antimicrobial activity 220, 220t Cefalexin (cephalexin) 171t, 178–179
vulvovaginal/genital clinical uses 220–221 antimicrobial activity 177t, 178
see Vulvovaginal candidiasis pharmacokinetics 220 clinical uses 179
neutropenic patients 511 resistance 220 impetigo 622t
ocular 780 Carbuncles 622, 623t hemodialysis 63t
osteomyelitis 778t, 779–780 Cardiobacterium hominis see HACEK bacteria mode of action 13
pathogenesis 737 Cardiovascular surgery pharmacokinetics 178–179, 178t
recurrent 737 heart transplantation 530 absorption and distribution 178
transplant patients 515 implanted devices 490–491 metabolism and excretion 179
vaginal 715 prophylaxis 490 preparations and dosage 179b
Candida albicans 19, 719t vasculature 491 toxicity/side effects 179
ocular infection 691 Carrion’s disease 802 Cefaloridine 7
paronychia 773 Carumonam 238 Cefaloridine (cephaloridine) 171t, 175
susceptibility 779t preparations and dosage 238b Cefalothin see Cefalotin
Candida glabrata 719t Caspofungin 8, 375–376 Cefalotin (cefalothin, cephalothin) 171t,
resistance 774t antimicrobial activity 376 173–174
susceptibility 779t clinical uses 376 antimicrobial activity 173, 173t
Candida krusei 737 aspergillosis 780–781, 781t clinical uses 173–174, 173t
resistance 774t candidal infections 511 distribution 173–174
susceptibility 779t endocarditis 592 pharmacokinetics, metabolism and
Candida lusitaniae fungal infections 511 excretion 174
resistance 774t peritoneal dialysis catheter-related preparations and dosage 174b
susceptibility 779t infection 550 toxicity/side effects 174
Candida parapsilosis interactions 72t, 80t, 376 Cefamandole (cephamandole) 171t,
resistance 774t mode of action 19 175–176
susceptibility 779t pharmacokinetics 376, 376t antimicrobial activity 173t
Candida tropicalis, susceptibility, distribution 376 clinical uses, impetigo 622t
779t metabolism and excretion 376 hemodialysis 63t
Candidemia 777, 778t pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 Cefapirin (cephapirin) 171t, 176
Candins see Echinocandins preparations and dosage 376b hemodialysis 63t
Cannula (catheter)-associated infections renal failure 62t Cefatrizine 171t, 180
544–546 resistance 376 antimicrobial activity 177t
diagnosis 544–545 toxicity/side effects 376 Cefazolin (cephazolin) 171t, 174–175
intensive care patients 524t, 529–530, Cat bite 623t antimicrobial activity 173t, 174
529t Cat-scratch disease 623t, 628 clinical uses 175
microbiology 544 complicated 803 cellulitis 623t
neutropenic patients 503t, 510–511 uncomplicated 803 gas gangrene 623t
pathogenesis 544, 545f Cataract surgery 682–683 hepatectomy 493
prevention 546 Catheters impetigo 622t
antimicrobial locks 546 antimicrobial 546 hemodialysis 63t
antimicrobial venous catheters 546 peritoneal dialysis, infection of 549–550 pharmacokinetics 174–175, 174t
treatment 545–546 urinary tract, infection of 548–549 distribution 174
see also Catheters see also Cannula-associated infections metabolism and excretion 174–175
868 Index
Cefazolin (cephazolin) (Continued)
preparations and dosage 175b
toxicity/side effects 175
Cefbuperazone 171t, 184
antimicrobial activity 181t
Cefcapene 171t, 192
Cefdinir 171t, 192
antimicrobial activity 190t
hemodialysis 63t
Cefditoren 171t, 189–190
antimicrobial activity 189, 190t
clinical uses 190
pharmacokinetics 190, 190t
preparations and dosage 190b
toxicity/side effects 190
Cefepime 171t, 193–194
antimicrobial activity 193, 194t
clinical uses 194
bacterial meningitis 634t
brain abscess 646t
community-acquired pneumonia
581t
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
587t
impetigo 622t
P. aeruginosa infection 623t
peritonitis 492
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacokinetics 193–194, 193t
preparations and dosage 194b
toxicity/side effects 194
Cefetamet 171t, 193
Cefixime 171t, 190–191
antimicrobial activity 190t, 191
clinical uses 191
gonorrhea 722, 723
impetigo 622t
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacokinetics 191, 191t
absorption and distribution 191
metabolism and excretion 191
pregnancy/breastfeeding 723
preparations and dosage 191b
toxicity/side effects 191
Cefmenoxime 7, 171t, 188
antimicrobial activity 186t
Cefmetazole 171t, 184
antimicrobial activity 181t
Cefminox 171t, 184
antimicrobial activity 181t
Cefodizime 171t, 188
antimicrobial activity 186t
Cefonicid 171t, 176
Cefoperazone 171t, 196
antimicrobial activity 194t
clinical uses
impetigo 622t
neutropenia 508
hemodialysis 63t
Ceforanide 171t, 176
Cefoselis 637–638
Cefotaxime 7, 171t, 185–186
antimicrobial activity 185, 186t
clinical uses 186
bacterial meningitis 634t, 640t
brain abscess 646t
community-acquired
pneumonia 581t
gonorrhea 722, 723
impetigo 622t
leptospirosis 804
peritonitis 492
pneumonia 527
Vibrio infections 623t
CSF penetration 635t
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacokinetics 185–186, 185t
distribution 185–186
excretion 186
metabolism 186
preparations and uses 186b
resistance 185, 580
toxicity/side effects 186
Cefotetan 171t, 184–185
antimicrobial activity 181t
clinical uses
impetigo 622t
pelvic inflammatory disease 725b
peritonitis 492, 528
surgical prophylaxis 487t
hemodialysis 63t
Cefotiam 171t, 185
antimicrobial activity 181t
Cefoxitin 7, 171t, 181–182
antimicrobial activity 181–182, 181t
clinical uses 182
cholecystitis 494
gas gangrene 623t
gonorrhea 722
human bites 623t
impetigo 622t
pelvic inflammatory disease 725b
peritonitis 492, 528
solid organ transplantation 530
pharmacokinetics 182, 182t
absorption 182
distribution 182
metabolism and excretion 182
preparations and dosage 182b
resistance 182
toxicity/side effects 182
Cefozopran 171t, 196
Cefpimizole 171t, 196–197
Cefpiramide 171t, 196–197
antimicrobial activity 194t
Cefpirome 171t, 197
antimicrobial activity 194t
Cefpodoxime 171t, 191–192
antimicrobial activity 190t, 191
clinical uses 192
gonorrhea 722
Cefpodoxime (Continued)
impetigo 622t
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacokinetics 192, 192t
absorption and distribution 192
metabolism and excretion 192
preparations and dosage 192b
toxicity/side effects 192
Cefprozil 171t, 179–180
antimicrobial activity 177t, 179
clinical uses 180
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacokinetics 179, 179t
absorption and distribution 179
metabolism and excretion 179
preparations and dosage 180b
toxicity/side effects 179
Cefradine (cephradine) 171t, 180
hemodialysis 63t
mode of action 13
preparations and dosage 180b
Cefroxadine 171t, 180–181
Cefsulodin 171t, 197
antimicrobial activity 194t
Ceftaroline 171t, 199
antimicrobial activity 198t
Ceftazidime 7, 171t, 194–195
antimicrobial activity 194–195, 194t
clinical uses 195
bacterial meningitis 634t
brain abscess 646t
erythema gangrenosum 623t
eye infections 671t
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
587t
impetigo 622t
neutropenia 508
peritonitis 492
pneumonia 527
UTI 529
Vibrio infections 623t
CSF penetration 635t
half-life, and glomerular filtration rate
61f
hemodialysis 63t
nephrotoxicity 65
pharmacodynamics 51f, 55f, 55t,
56f
pharmacokinetics 195, 195t
distribution 195
metabolism and excretion 195
preparations and dosage 195b
toxicity/side effects 195
Cefterem 171t, 193
Ceftibuten 171t, 193
antimicrobial activity 190t
preparations and dosage 193b
Ceftizoxime 7, 188
antimicrobial activity 186t
clinical uses
 Index 869

Ceftizoxime (Continued) Cefuroxime (Continued) Cephalosporins (cephems) and

gonorrhea 722, 723 surgical prophylaxis 487t cephamycins (Continued)
Lyme borreliosis 623t eye drops 669t structure 226f
peritonitis 492 hemodialysis 63t toxicity/side effects 172
Ceftobiprole 171t, 197–198 pharmacokinetics 183, 183t cross-reactions with penicillins 203
antimicrobial activity 198, 198t absorption 183 hematologic toxicity 172
clinical uses 198 distribution 183 hypersensitivity 172
pharmacodynamic target 56t excretion 183 Cephalosporinases, chromosomal, G ­ ram-
pharmacokinetics 198, 198t preparations and dosage 184b negative bacteria 230
preparations and dosage 198b toxicity/side effects 183 Cephalosporium spp. 5t
resistance 198 Cell wall Cephalosporium acremonium 170
toxicity/side effects 198 antibacterials acting on 10, 10t, 11–13, Cephalothin 7
Ceftriaxone 7, 171t, 187 11f, 12f Cephamandole see Cefamandole
antimicrobial activity 185, 186t, 187 lethal event 13 Cephamycins see Cephalosporins
clinical uses 187 synthesis 11f Cephems see Cephalosporins
bacterial meningitis 634t, 640t Cellulitis 623t, 626–627 Cephradine see Cefradine
brain abscess 646t clostridium 623t, 628–629 Cercarial dermatitis 851
chancroid 729 gangrenous 623t, 627 Cercopithecine herpes infection 655
cholecystitis 494 orbital 684 Cerebrospinal fluid
community-acquired pneumonia 581t CEM 101 289 antimicrobial penetration 153, 635–636,
diarrhea 598t Central nervous system infections 635t, 636b
donovanosis 722 bacterial 633–649 aminoglycosides 636b
endocarditis 591t blastomycosis 788 cephalosporins 636b
enteric fever 599t histoplasmosis 786 fluoroquinolones 636b
erythema migrans 804 tuberculosis 755 polymyxins 548
gonorrhea 722, 723 viral 650–658 sulfonamides 636b
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t diagnosis 652–653 tetracyclines 636b
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t epidemiology 650–651 Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections
impetigo 622t pathogenesis 651–652 547–548, 547f
leptospirosis 804 treatment 653–654 diagnosis 547
Lyme borreliosis 623t see also Brain infections microbiology 547
meningococcemia 623t Cephacetrile see Cefacetrile prevention 548
pelvic inflammatory disease 725b Cephalexin see Cefalexin treatment 547–548
peritonitis 492 Cephaloridine see Cefaloridine Cesarean section, antibiotic prophylaxis
pneumonia 527 Cephalosporins (cephems) and cephamycins 7 707
syphilis 708, 728 antimicrobial activity 171 Cestodes (tapeworms) 843t, 846–847
CSF penetration 635t classification 170, 171t Cethromycin (ABT 773) 289
half-life, renal failure 61 clinical uses 172 antimicrobial activity 277t
hemodialysis 64t bacterial meningitis 637–638 Chagas’ disease see Trypanosoma cruzi
pharmacokinetics 187, 187t CSF shunt infections 547 Chalazion 674
distribution 187 gangrene 623t Chancroid 719t, 728
metabolism and excretion 187 impetigo 622t contact tracing 730
pregnancy/breastfeeding 723 pneumonia 526, 527 diagnosis 729
preparations and dosage 188b prosthetic joint infections 541 follow-up 730
protein binding 61 scarlet fever 623t investigations 729
renal failure 62t CSF penetration 636b management 729–730
resistance 187 discovery and source 5t pathogenesis 729
toxicity/side effects 187 group 1 170, 171t, 172, 173 pregnancy/breastfeeding 730
Cefuroxime 7, 183 group 2 170, 171t, 172, 176 Chemoprophylaxis 123–125
antimicrobial activity 181t, 183 bronchitis 576t animal bites 800
clinical uses 183 group 3 170, 171t, 172–173, 181 endocarditis 123–124
cat bite 623t group 4 170, 171t, 172–173, 185 fungal infections see Antifungal agents
cholecystitis 494 group 5 170, 171t, 173, 189 HIV infection of child of infected mother
community-acquired pneumonia 581t group 6 170, 171t, 173, 193 710–714
CSF shunt infections 548 group 7 170, 171t, 173, 197 immune deficiency 124–125, 124t
eye infections 671t immunomodulatory effects 108–109 leprosy 749
gonorrhea 722 interactions 76t leptospirosis 803
impetigo 622t mode of action 10t Lyme borreliosis 804
peritonitis 492 pharmacokinetics 171–172 malaria 819–821, 820t, 821f
pneumonia 526, 527 pregnancy/breastfeeding 703 meningococcal disease 124, 641–642
solid organ transplantation 530 resistance 171 neutropenia 503–507, 507t
870 Index

Chemoprophylaxis (Continued) Chloramphenicol (Continued) Ciclosporin

bacterial 504–505 Rocky Mountain spotted fever 623t infection risk 515b
fungal 505–506 tularemia 623t interactions 69, 71t, 518, 518t
viral 506–507 CSF penetration 635t, 636b transplant patients 512–513
pacemaker-associated infections 490–491 discovery and source 5t Cidofovir (hydroxypropoxymethyl
plague 802 as enzyme inhibitor 74t cytosine), 466
prevention of travelers’ diarrhea 124 as enzyme substrate 74t antiviral activity 466
rickettsioses 806 eye drops 669t clinical uses 466
surgical 123, 124t hemodialysis 64t chemoprophylaxis 507
transplant patients 516–517 interactions 72t, 76t, 247 interactions 93t
travelers’ diarrhea 124 mode of action 10t, 14 mode of action 21
UTIs 700 pharmacokinetics 246–247, 246t pharmacokinetics 466, 466t
Chemotaxis 104–105 absorption 246 preparations and dosage 462b
Chemotherapy (general) 2 distribution 247 resistance 466
adaptation of existing drugs 6–7 excretion 247 toxicity/side effects 466
alkaloids 2 metabolism 247 Cilastatin
antibiotics 3, 4–6 pregnancy/breastfeeding 704 half-life, renal failure 61
future prospects 6–7 preparations and dosage 248b protein binding 61
scope of 6, 8–9 renal failure 62t see also Imipenem-cilastatin
synthetic compounds 3 resistance, acquird 246 Cinchonism 815
three eras of 2–4 topical 629t, 669b Cinoxacin 306t, 311
Chest X-ray, community-acquired toxicity/side effects 247–248 antimicrobial activity 307–308
pneumonia 578 bone marrow 247 preparations and dosage 311b
Chickenpox see Varicella-zoster virus children 247–248 Ciprofloxacin 7, 306t, 312–313
Children gray baby syndrome 247–248, antimicrobial activity 307t, 312
brucellosis 798 704 clinical uses
chloramphenicol toxicity 247–248 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 27 anthrax 623t, 799t, 800t
enteroviral infections 617 Chlorguanide see Proguanil cat-scratch disease 623t
exanthems 617, 617t Chlorhexidine cellulitis 627t
malaria 818–819 cannula-associated infections 530, chancroid 729
tuberculosis 756 546 chemoprophylaxis 507t
see also Neonates eye drops 669t cholera 599t
Chlamydia 105, 718 Chloroquine 409, 809, 812–813 community-acquired pneumonia 581t
diagnosis 720 antimicrobial activity 409 diarrhea 598t
epidemiology 718 clinical uses enteric fever 599t
investigations 720 amebic liver abscess 835 erythema gangrenosum 623t
management 720–721 malaria 409, 809, 812–813 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
multidrug resistance 720–721 malaria prophylaxis 820t hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t, 587t
pathogenesis 719 dose 813t human bites 623t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 720 hemodialysis 64t peritonitis 492
screening 721 interactions 97t pneumonia 527
sexual partners 721 mode of action 19–20 salmonellosis 599t
Chlamydia trachomatis 719t pharmacokinetics 409, 409t shigellosis 599t
conjunctivitis 674, 718 preparations and dosage 409b surgical prophylaxis 487t
neonatal (ophthalmia neonatorum) resistance 409, 811, 814 tuberculosis 758t
675, 708 toxicity/side effects 409 UTI 529
pregnancy 708–709 Chlortetracycline 347 Vibrio infections 623t
trachoma 675–676 antimicrobial activity 347, 347t CSF penetration 635t
Chlamydophila abortus 709 clinical uses 347 as enzyme inhibitor 74t
Chlamydophila pneumoniae 718 discovery and source 5t eye drops 669t
Chloramphenicol 245–248 pharmacokinetics 347, 347t hemodialysis 64t
antimicrobial activity 245–246, 246t preparations and dosage 347b immunomodulatory effects 105, 107
clinical uses 248 topical 669b MIC 118f
cellulitis 623t toxicity/side effects 347 pharmacodynamics ratio 52f
ehrlichiosis 623t Cholera 599, 599t pharmacokinetics 312–313, 312t
enteric fever 124, 599t treatment 599t absorption 313
eye infections 671t Chorioamnionitis 705–706 distribution 313
gas gangrene 623t Chromoblastomycosis 790 metabolism and excretion 313
meningococcemia 623t Ciclacillin (cyclacillin) 201t, 219 preparations and dosage 313b
plague 623t Ciclopirox 381 resistance 580
rat-bite fever 623t preparations and dosage 382 toxicity/side effects 313
 Index 871

Cisapride, interactions 71t Clindamycin (Continued) Clotrimazole (Continued)

Citrobacter spp. 39 eye infections 671t as enzyme inhibitor 74t
Cladosporium carrionii 790 gangrene 623t eye drops 669t
Clarithromycin 7, 279–280 gas gangrene 623t mode of action 19
antimicrobial activity 277t, 280 group A streptococcus 569 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
clinical uses hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t preparations and dosage 374
bronchitis 575, 576t human bites 623t Cloxacillin 201t, 209–210
Campylobacter 599t impetigo 623t antimicrobial activity 208, 208t, 209–210
cellulitis 623t MRSA 533 clinical uses 209, 210
community-acquired pneumonia 581t necrotizing fasciitis 623t hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
diarrhea 598t paronychia 623t impetigo 621t
erysipelas 623t pelvic inflammatory disease 725b hemodialysis 64t
erythema migrans 804 peritonitis 492, 528 pharmacokinetics 209, 210, 210t
gangrene 623t pneumocystic pneumonia 791 absorption and distribution 210
impetigo 622t, 623t prosthetic joint infections 541 metabolism and excretion 210
leprosy 747 surgical prophylaxis 487t preparations and dosage 210b
Lyme borreliosis 623t Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 685 resistance 208–209, 210
pneumonia 526 toxoplasmosis 823 toxicity/side effects 209, 210
surgical prophylaxis 487t CSF penetration 636b Clozapine, interactions 69
tuberculosis 758t as enzyme substrate 74t Clue cells 731
as enzyme inhibitor 74t hemodialysis 64t CMV see Cytomegalovirus
as enzyme substrate 74t pharmacokinetics 273–274, 273t Co-amoxiclav see Amoxicillin-clavulanate
hemodialysis 63t absorption 273 Co-resistance 26
interactions 72t, 76t, 762t distribution 273 Co-trimazine 258
intracellular concentration 278t excretion 273–274 Co-trimoxazole see Trimethoprim-
respiratory tissue 279t metabolism 273 sulfamethoxazole
pharmacokinetics 280, 280t pregnancy/breastfeeding 704 Coagulase-negative staphylococci 36
absorption and distribution 280 preparations and dosage 274b Coagulation cascade in sepsis 474–475
metabolism and excretion 280 renal failure 62t therapeutic modulation 479–480
preparations and dosage 280b resistance 272–273 Coccidioidal meningitis 787
renal failure 62t topical 629t Coccidioides immitis 786
toxicity/side effects 280 toxicity/side effects 274 Coccidioidomycosis 786
Classification and regression tree analysis Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute chronic pulmonary 786–787
(CART) 52 (CLSI) 24, 55–56 disseminated 787
Clavam (oxapenem) 7, 226 Clioquinol, topical 629t immunocompromised patients 787
structure 226f Clofazimine 386–387 primary (valley fever) 786
Clavulanic acid 239 antimicrobial activity 387 Cockroft and Gault formula 61f
antimicrobial activity 239 clinical uses 387 Codeine 598
β-lactamase inhibition 239 leprosy 745t, 746 interactions 72t
structure 226f tuberculosis 758t Colistimethate sodium 363
Clavulanic acid-amoxicillin see Amoxicillin- pharmacokinetics 387 Colistin
clavulanate preparations and dosage 387b clinical uses 363
Clavulanic acid-ticarcillin see Ticarcillin- resistance 384t multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
clavulanate targets 384t 534
Clemizole penicillin 201t, 206–207 toxicity/side effects 387 interactions 76t
Clindamycin 272 Clonorchis sinensis see Opisthorchis sinensis mode of action 18
antimicrobial activity 272–274, 273t Clostridium spp., nitroimidazole resistance 293 Colitis, pseudomembranous see Clostridium
clinical uses 274 Clostridium botulinum 602 difficile
acne 623t Clostridium difficile 602–603 Colloids, in sepsis 477–478
actinomycosis 623t treatment 603t Colony forming units 50–51, 51f
babesiosis 837 Clostridium perfringens 602 Colorectal surgery 495
bacterial vaginosis 732 cellulitis 623t, 628–629 Combination therapy see Multidrug therapy
blistering distal dactylitis 623t chemoprophylaxis 124 Common cold (coryza) 567
boils 623t Clotrimazole 373 antibiotics in 567
cellulitis 623t clinical uses treatment 567
community-acquired pneumonia 582 candidiasis 737 Community-acquired pneumonia 525–526,
dog bite 623t keratitis 679 577
ecthyma 623t oculomycosis 687 clinical manifestations 577–578
endophthalmitis 684 tinea cruris 772t diagnosis 578–579
erysipeloid 623t tinea pedis 772t chest X-ray 578
erythrasma 623t vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t clinical evaluation 578
872 Index

Community-acquired pneumonia Cryptococcal pneumonia 783, 783t D

(Continued) Cryptococcosis 782
invasive procedures 579 HIV-infected patients 784 d4T see Stavudine
laboratory assessment 578 non-HIV patients 783–784 Dacryocystitis 676–677
microbiological assessment 578–579 treatment 783t Dalbavancin 270
etiology/epidemiology 525t, 577 Cryptococcus neoformans, ocular infection antimicrobial activity 267t
pathogenesis 577 691 Dalfopristin-quinupristin see Quinupristin-
treatment 526, 579 Cryptosporidiosis 836–837 dalfopristin
antimicrobial resistance 579–580 Cryptosporidium parvum, diarrhea 594 Damage-associated molecular patterns
site of care decision 579 Crystalloids, in sepsis 477 (DAMPs) 474
therapeutic regimens 580–582, 581t CSF see Cerebrospinal fluid Danofloxacin 307
unusual pathogens 582 Cutaneous problems see Skin/soft-tissue Dapsone 387–388
Compensatory anti-inflammatory response infections antimicrobial activity 388
syndrome 474 Cyclacillin see Ciclacillin clinical uses 388
Compliance 134–136 137f Cyclic peptides leprosy 745–746, 745t
Condyloma acuminatum see human resistance 384t pneumocystic pneumonia 791
papillomavirus targets 384t rosacea 623t
Conjunctivitis 674–675 Cycloguanil 254 as enzyme substrate 74t
causes 674b Cycloserine 393 interactions 72t
clinical presentation 674–675 clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t pharmacokinetics 388, 388t
diagnosis and treatment 675 discovery and source 5t preparations and dosage 388b
neonatal see Ophthalmia neonatorum interactions 95t resistance 384t, 388
viral 676 mode of action 10t, 12 targets 384t
Contact lenses preparations and dosage 393b toxicity/side effects 388
biofilms 672 resistance 384t Daptomycin 361
keratitis 672–673 targets 384t clinical uses
Contact(s) Cyclospora cayetanensis 605, 837 endocarditis 591, 591t
STDs 730 Cyclosporin see Ciclosporin implant-associated infections 539
tuberculosis 760–761 CYP3A inhibitors, interactions 71t pneumococcal meningitis 642
Contagious echthyma 620 Cyst prosthetic valve endocarditis 543
Contagious pustular dermatitis 620 alveolar hydatid 849 hemodialysis 63t
Cornea see entries under Kerat- amebic, asymptomatic passage interactions 76t
Corticosteroids 835 mode of action 10t, 18, 18f
clinical uses Cystic fibrosis pharmacokinetics 361, 361t
bacterial meningitis 639–640 aminoglycosides 149 preparations and dosage 361b
septic shock 478t β-lactams 161 toxicity/side effects 361
transplant patients 512–513 gentamicin 153, 155 Darunavir 442–443, 562
tuberculosis 755 netilmicin 155 antiviral activity 442
infection risk 515b penicillins 209 clinical uses 443, 559
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, tobramycin 53f interactions 86t
conjunctivitis 674 Cysticercosis see Taeniasis pharmacokinetics 442, 442t
Corynebacterium minutissimum 627 Cystitis 695t pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Cost(s), economic etiology 696t preparations and dosage 443b
of drugs 138 treatment 698–699, 698t resistance 442
policies reducing 127 toxicity/side effects 699t toxicity/side effects 442, 559
prescription decisions 127 see also Urinary tract infection DdC see Zalcitabine
Coumarins 364 Cytochrome P450, drugs affecting 74t DdI see Didanosine
Cox regression 52 Cytokines Deafness see ototoxicity/auditory toxicity
COX-2 inhibitors, interactions 72t production of 107–109 Defensins 360
Coxiella burnetii 172, 805 sepsis 474–475 Deferasirox, zygomycosis 782
endocarditis 592 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 619 Dehydration 595, 596t
see also Q-fever encephalitis 655 Dehydroemetine 418
Creatinine clearance eye infections 689–690 amebic liver abscess 835
calculation of 62f intraocular delivery 690 Delafloxacin 306t, 325
Cockroft and Gault formula 61f systemic therapy 690 Delavirdine 436
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 651 foscarnet see Foscarnet antiviral activity 436
Critical care patients see Intensive care ganciclovir/valganciclovir 655, 690 clinical uses 436
patients ocular 690 as enzyme inhibitor 74t
Cross-infection 128 pneumonitis 511 as enzyme substrate 74t
Cross-resistance 26 pregnancy 709–710 interactions 72t, 84t
Croup 569 transplant patients 515–516 mode of action 21
pharmacokinetics 436, 436t
 Index 873

Delavirdine (Continued) Didanosine (ddI; 2',3’-dideoxyinosine) 429–430 Dirithromycin 284

absorption and distribution 436 antiviral activity 430 antimicrobial activity 277t
metabolism and excretion 436 clinical uses 430, 560 intracellular concentration 278t
preparations and dosage 436b hemodialysis 63t respiratory tissue 279t
resistance 436 interactions 82t, 564 Disopyramide, interactions 69
toxicity/side effects 436 mode of action 21 Distribution see individual drugs/classes
Demeclocycline 348 pharmacokinetics 430, 430t DNA gyrase 16, 31–32
antimicrobial activity 347t, 348 absorption 430 DNA probes/amplification 579
clinical uses 348 distribution 430 Docosanol 468–469
pharmacokinetics 348, 348t excretion 430 Dog bites 623t
absorption 348 metabolism 430 Donovanosis 719t, 730
distribution and excretion 348 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t diagnosis 730
preparations and dosage 347t preparations and dosage 430b epidemiology 730
topical 629t resistance 430 investigations 730
toxicity/side effects 348 toxicity/side effects 430 management 731
Dental surgery, chemoprophylaxis 123–124, 2’3’-Dideoxycytidine see Zalcitabine pathogenesis 730
541–542, 2’3’-Dideoxyinosine see Didanosine Doripenem 231–233
543 Dientamoeba fragilis 605 antimicrobial activity 232, 232t
2-Deoxystreptamine-containing diarrhea 594 clinical uses 233
aminoglycosides 145, 145t, Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 398 hemodialysis 63t
148t anthelminthic activity 398 pharmacokinetics 232, 232t
Dermatology see Skin/soft tissue infections clinical uses 398 absorption and distribution 232
Dermatophytoses 771, 772t loiasis 855 metabolism and excretion 232
see also Tinea lymphatic filariasis 854 preparations and dosage 233b
Diagnosis, laboratory role 113 interactions 101t toxicity/side effects 232–233
Dialysis see Hemodialysis; mode of action 21 Doxycycline 349–350
Peritoneal dialysis pharmacokinetics 398, 398t antimicrobial activity 347t, 349
Diamidines 413 preparations and dosage 399b clinical uses 350
Diamine SQ109 763 toxicity/side effects 398, 843t acne 623t
Diaminopyrimidine-sulfonamide Difloxacin 307 anthrax 623t, 799t, 800t
combinations 255–256 Digestive tract see Gastrointestinal tract bacillary angiomatosis 628t
Diaminopyrimidines 250–258 Digitoxin, interactions 72t bronchitis 575
mode of action 10t, 17 Digoxin interactions 69, 72t cat bite 623t
Diarrhea Dihydroartemisinin 815 chlamydia 720
acute watery 595, 595t dose 813t cholera 599t
antibiotic-associated 596 Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine 814 community-acquired pneumonia
cephalosporins 172, 183, 187 dose 813t 581t
gastroenteritis 595, 595t Dihydrofolate reductase 17 donovanosis 731
persistent 596 Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate erhlichiosis 623t
travelers’ 124, 596–597 synthase 810 gas gangrene 623t
treatment 598t Dihydropteroate synthase 38, 251, 810 leptospirosis 804
Diazepam, interactions 69 Diiodohydroxyquin see Iodoquinol Lyme borreliosis 623t
Dibekacin 145t, 163 Diloxanide 418–419 lymphatic filariasis 854
Dibromopropamidine ointment 669b antimicrobial activity 418 lymphogranuloma venereum 726
Dicloxacillin 201t, 210–211 clinical uses 419 malaria prophylaxis 820t
antimicrobial activity 210 amebic dysentery 834 non-specific urethritis 724
clinical uses amebic liver abscess 835 pelvic inflammatory disease 725b
blistering distal dactylitis 623t pharmacokinetics 418–419 plague 623t
boils 623t preparations and dosage 419b Q fever 806
cellulitis 623t resistance 418 rat-bite fever 623t
ecthyma 623t toxicity/side effects 419 Rocky Mountain spotted fever 623t
erysipelas 623t Diltiazem, interactions 69 rosacea 623t
folliculitis 623t Diminazene, babesiosis 837 syphilis 728
impetigo 621t, 623t Diphenoxylate 598 tularemia 623t
hemodialysis 64t Diphtheria 569, 623t Vibrio infections 623t
nephrotoxicity 65 Diphyllobothrium latum (and CSF penetration 636b
pharmacokinetics 210–211, 210t diphyllobothriasis) 843t, 847 hemodialysis 64t
absorption 210 Dipylidiasis 847 interactions 72t, 76t
metabolism and excretion 211 Dipylidium caninum 847 transplant patients 518t
preparations and dosage 211b Directly observed therapy (DOT), pharmacokinetics 349, 349t
toxicity and clinical uses 211 tuberculosis 760 absorption 349
874 Index
Doxycycline (Continued)
distribution 349
metabolism and excretion 349
pregnancy/breastfeeding 720
preparations and dosage 350b
renal failure 62t
resistance 720
toxicity/side effects 349
Dracunculus medinensis 843t, 853–854, 856
Drug elimination in renal failure 60
Drug interactions see Interactions
Drug-modifying enzymes 26–27
location and regulation of expression 27
see also individual enzymes
Drunavir, renal failure 62t
Duration of treatment 111–112
Dysentery
amebic 834–835
gastroenteritis 595–596
treatment 598t
Dystrophic onychomycosis 773
E Elongation factor G, modification of,
Ear see Otitis; Ototoxicity
Echinocandins 374
clinical uses
aspergillosis 511–512
candidiasis 511, 778t, 779t
chemoprophylaxis 506
mode of action 19
resistance 774t
Echinococcosis see Hydatidosis
Echinococcus granulosus 843t, 848–849
Echinococcus multilocularis 843t, 849
Econazole 373
clinical uses
candidiasis 737
oculomycosis 687
vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t
preparations and dosage 374
Economics see Cost
Ecthyma 622, 623t
contagious 620
Eczema herpeticum 618
Efavirenz 436–437
antiviral activity 437
clinical uses 437, 560
HIV/tuberculosis co-infection 564
as enzyme inducer 74t
as enzyme inhibitor 74t
interactions 72t, 84t, 762t
mode of action 21
pharmacokinetics 437, 437t
absorption and distribution 437
metabolism and excretion 437
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
preparations and dosage 437b
renal failure 62t
resistance 437
toxicity/side effects 437, 560, 561
Efflux system 28–29, 28t, 29f Endocarditis (Continued)
major facilitatory superfamily 28 fungal 592, 778–779
multidrug and toxic compound extrusion treatment 778t
family 28 intensive care patients 524t
resistance-nodulation-cell division family laboratory investigations 589
28 prevention 592
Eflornithine 8, 419–420 prophylaxis 123–124
antimicrobial activity 419 prosthetic heart valves 542–543, 590
clinical uses 419–420 staphylococcal 590–591, 590t
T. brucei gambiense infection 829, streptococcal 591, 591t
830 Endonyx 773
mode of action 20 Endophthalmitis 681–683
pharmacokinetics 419, 419t acute 681–682
preparations and dosage 420b cataract surgery 682–683
resistance 419 chronic 682
toxicity/side effects 419 diagnosis/treatment 681–682
Efungumab, candidal infections 511 intraocular foreign body 683, 684b
Ehrlich, Paul 3 postoperative prophylaxis 682
Ehrlichiosis 623t, 806 treatment 778t
diagnosis 807 Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) 106–107,
treatment 807 474
Eikenella corrodens see HACEK bacteria Endovascular infections, intensive care
Elimination see individual drugs/classes patients 524t
Enfuvirtide 448–449
33 antiviral activity 448
Elvitegravir, interactions 762t clinical uses 449
Embricitabine interactions 92, 762t
clinical uses, hepatitis B 600–601 pharmacokinetics 448–449, 448t
hemodialysis 63t absorption and distribution 449
Emetine 2 metabolism and excretion 449
amebic liver abscess 835 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Emtricitabine 431 preparations and dosage 449b
antiviral activity 431 resistance 448
clinical uses 431, 560 toxicity/side effects 449, 561
HIV/HBV co-infection 564 Enoxacin 7, 306t, 316
interactions 82t antimicrobial activity 307t
pharmacokinetics 431, 431t preparations and dosage 316b
absorption and distribution 431 Enrofloxacin 307
metabolism and excretion 431 Entamoeba histolytica 604–605, 834
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t amebic dysentery 834–835
preparations and dosage 431b amebic liver abscess 835
resistance 431 asymptomatic cyst passage 835
toxicity/side effects 431 diarrhea 594
Encephalitis 654 see also Amebiasis
ADEM/postinfectious 656 Entecavir 458–459
cytomegalovirus 655 clinical uses, hepatitis B 602
rabies 651, 656 hemodialysis 63t
varicella zoster 654 Enteric fever 596, 600
Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis, treatment 599t
837 see also Salmonella enterica
Encephalopathies Enteric infections see Gastrointestinal tract
BSE 651 Enterobacter spp.
transmissible spongiform 653 antibiotic resistance 39–40
Endocarditis 589–592 UTI 696t
antibiotic therapy 589 Enterobacter aerogenes 40
aminoglycosides 590 hospital-acquired pneumonia 584
β-lactams 589–590 Enterobacter cloacae 39
glycopeptides 590 hospital-acquired pneumonia 584
Brucella 798 Enterobacteriacea, antibiotic resistance
empirical therapy 590, 590t 110t
enterococcal 591–592, 591t Enterobiasis 846
 Index 875

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) 843t, 846 Erythromycin 280–283 Etest® 117

Enterococcus (enterococci) antimicrobial activity 277t, 281 Ethambutol 388–389, 752–753
antibiotic resistance 36–37, 110t clinical uses antimicrobial activity 389
glycopeptides 30–31 acne 623t clinical uses 389
vancomycin 37 anthrax 623t CSF penetration 636b
endocarditis 591–592, 591t blistering distal dactylitis 623t interactions 95t
resistant 533 boils 623t mode of action 10t, 13
UTI 696t bronchitis 575 pharmacokinetics 389, 389t
Enterococcus faecalis 37 cellulitis 623t pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t chancroid 729 preparations and dosage 389b
Enterococcus faecium 37, 148 chlamydia 720 renal failure 62t
penicillin-binding proteins 30 cholera 599t resistance 384t
Enterocytozoon bieneusi 837 diphtheria 623t management 757t, 758
Enteroviruses 617 donovanosis 731 targets 384t
enterovirus 70-associated conjunctivitis ecthyma 623t toxicity/side effects 389
674, 676 erysipelas 623t Ethionamide 393
meningitis 656 erysipeloid 623t clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t
Entry inhibitors 448 erythema migrans 804 CSF penetration 636b
Enzymes erythrasma 623t interactions 95t
drug-metabolizing 74t folliculitis 623t mode of action 13
drug-modifying 26–27, 148t gangrene 623t preparations and dosage 394b
aminoglycosides 26–27, 147–149, gas gangrene 623t resistance 384t
148t group A streptococcus 569 targets 384t
location and regulation of expression impetigo 622t, 623t Etravirine 438
27 lymphogranuloma venereum 726 antiviral activity 438
inhibitors 74t non-specific urethritis 724 clinical uses 438
see also specific enzymes/types paronychia 623t interactions 72t, 84t, 762t
Eosinophilia, tropical pulmonary 855 pneumonia 526 pharmacokinetics 438, 438t
Eosinophilic enteritis 845 rat-bite fever 623t preparations and dosage 438b
Epicillin 201t, 219 rosacea 623t resistance 438
Epidemic typhus 805 syphilis 708, 728 toxicity/side effects 438
Epidermophyton floccosum 771–772, 773 CSF penetration 636b Eumycetoma (maduromycosis) 790
Epididymo-orchitis 725 discovery and source 5t European Committee for Antimicrobial
Epidural abscess 647 as enzyme inhibitor 74t Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) 24,
intensive care patients 524t as enzyme substrate 74t 55–56, 117, 118f, 119
intracranial 647 hemodialysis 64t European Medicines Agency 119
spinal 647 interactions 76t, 282, 518 European Society of Clinical Microbiology
Epiglottitis 569 transplant patients 518t and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) 119
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 619 intracellular concentration 278t Everolimus, interactions 69
transplant patients 516 respiratory tissue 279t Evolution of antimicrobic drugs 2
Ergot alkaloids, interactions 71t pharmacokinetics 281–282, 281t Exanthem subitum see human
Eritoran, in sepsis 478 absorption and metabolism 281 herpesvirus-6
Ertapenem 233 distribution 282 Exanthems, childhood 617, 617t
antimicrobial activity 232t, 233 excretion 282 Exotoxins 106–107
clinical uses 233 pregnancy/breastfeeding 720 Explants for retinal surgery 673
cholecystitis 494 preparations and dosage 283b Exposure-response relationships 49–50
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t renal failure 62t Extensive drug resistance 26
peritonitis 492 resistance 281, 580, 720 External quality assessment 121
hemodialysis 63t topical 629t, 669b External ventricular drain-associated
pharmacokinetics 233, 233t toxicity/side effects 282–283, 282b infection 548
preparations and dosage 233b Erythromycyclamine, intracellular Eye
toxicity/side effects 233 concentration 278t antibiotic delivery 668
Erysipelas 623t, 626 Escherichia coli 601–602 blood-ocular barriers 667–668, 668f
Erysipeloid (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae antibiotic resistance 28t, 39 foreign body 683, 684b
infection) 623t, 627–628 bacterial gastroenteritis 594t pharmacokinetics 667
Erythema gangrenosum 623t chemoprophylaxis 124 surface defenses 667
Erythema infectiosum 617, 617t susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t Eye infections 667–693
Erythema migrans 804 UTI 695–696, 696t AIDS-related 689
Erythema nodosum leprosum 747–749 Esophagitis bacterial 673
treatment 748–749 fungal 780 biofilms 671
Erythrasma 623t, 627 treatment 778t fungal 780
876 Index

Eye infections (Continued) Flucloxacillin 201t, 211 Flukes see Trematodes

intravitreal injection 670–671 antimicrobial activity 211 Flumequine 306t, 311–312
larva migrans 850 clinical uses preparations and dosage 312b
Loa loa see Loa loa endocarditis 590t 5-Fluorocytosine see Flucytosine
microbial 673 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t Fluoroquinolone acetyltransferase 27
neonatal see Ophthalmia neonatorum impetigo 621t Fluoroquinolones (group 2-4 quinolones)
onchocerciasis 685–686, 855–856 prosthetic joint infections 541 306t, 312, 316, 319
periocular injection 670 surgical prophylaxis 487t clinical uses 309
systemic medications 671 pharmacokinetics 211, 211t bronchitis 576t
topical preparations 668–670, 669b, 669t absorption and distribution 211 chemoprophylaxis 504
toxoplasmosis 690, 823 metabolism and excretion 211 dog bite 623t
viral 687 preparations and dosage 211b pneumonia 526
CMV 689–690 toxicity/side effects 211 prosthetic joint infections 541
HSV 674, 687–689 Fluconazole 8, 368–369 skin/soft-tissue infections 627t
antimicrobial activity 368 CSF penetration 636b
clinical uses 369 group 2 quinolones 306t, 312, 316
F candidiasis 737, 778t, 779t group 3 quinolones 306t, 319, 320
Famciclovir cannula-associated infections 546 group 4 quinolones 306t, 321, 323–324
clinical uses chemoprophylaxis 506, 517 interactions 76t
genital herpes 733, 734 cryptococcosis 783t, 784 resistance 580
herpes simplex virus 620t endocarditis 592 Flurithromycin 284
necrotizing herpetic retinopathy 688b oculomycosis 687 intracellular concentration 278t
hemodialysis 63t paracoccidioidomycosis 788 Folate synthesis, antibacterials acting on 10t
interactions 93t peritoneal dialysis catheter-related Folinic acid, Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 685
mode of action 21 infection 550 Folliculitis 622, 623t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 710 sporotrichosis 789 Malassezia 772
Faropenem 236–237 vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t Fomivirsen 467
antimicrobial activity 232t as enzyme inhibitor 74t clinical uses 467
structure 226f as enzyme substrate 74t mode of action 22
Fasciola gigantica 843t, 852 hemodialysis 63t preparations and dosage 467b
Fasciola hepatica 843t, 852 interactions 72t, 80t, 368, 518 Fonsecaea compacta 790
Fasciolopsis buski 843t, 852 transplant patients 518t Fonsecaea pedrosoi 790
Fentanyl, interactions 72t pharmacodynamics 53f Foot
Fenticonazole 373 pharmacokinetics 368, 368t diabetic 661
clinical uses absorption 368 fungal infection (athlete’s foot) 772
candidiasis 737 distribution 368 moccasin-type 772t
vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t metabolism and excretion 368 treatment 772t
preparations and dosage 374 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 osteomyelitis 661–662
Fetus preparations and dosage 369b Foreign body
syphilis 707 resistance 368, 774t eye 683, 684b
see also Pregnancy toxicity/side effects 368 implanted see Implant-associated
Fever Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) 380 infections
African tick bite 805 antimicrobial activity 380 Fosamprenavir
neutropenia 509–510, 510f clinical uses 380 clinical uses 559
puerperal 3, 3f candidiasis 779t interactions 86t
urinary catheter-related infections see endocarditis 592 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Urinary tract infection keratitis 679 renal failure 62t
Fibroblasts 105 peritoneal dialysis catheter-related Foscarnet 467–468
Fidaxomicin 364 infection 550 antiviral activity 467
Filariasis 853–854 eye drops 669t clinical uses 468
lymphatic 854–855 hemodialysis 63t chemoprophylaxis 507
Filatov-Duke’s disease 617, 617t interactions 80t, 380 cytomegalovirus encephalitis 655
FK506 see Tacrolimus transplant patients 518t necrotizing herpetic retinopathy 688b
Fleming, Alexander 3 mode of action 19 interactions 93t, 468
Fleroxacin 316 pharmacokinetics 372b, 380 mode of action 21
antimicrobial activity 307t pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 pharmacokinetics 468, 468t
Flomoxef 171t, 189 preparations and dosage 381b absorption and distribution 468
hepatectomy 493 resistance 380, 774t metabolism and excretion 468
Florid plaques 653 serum level monitoring 66t preparations and dosage 468b
Flubendazole 397 toxicity/side effects 380 resistance 467
preparations and dosage 397b Fludarabine, neutropenia 502 toxicity/side effects 468
 Index 877

Fosfomycin (phosphonomycin) 259–261 Fusidic acid (Continued) Gastroenteritis (Continued)

antimicrobial activity 259, 260t hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t antibiotics 598, 598t
mode of action 10t, 12 MRSA 533 antimotility/antisecretory agents 598
pharmacokinetics 260, 260t CSF penetration 636b Gastrointestinal tract
absorption 260 discovery and source 5t infections 593–607
distribution 260 gel 669t bacterial 599–604, 599t
metabolism and excretion 260 hemodialysis 64t epidemiology 593
preparations and dosage 260b immunomodulatory effects 108 flukes 852
resistance 259–260 mode of action 10t, 16 helminthic 842
toxicity/side effects 260–261 pharmacokinetics 263, 263t intensive care patients 524t
Fosmidomycin 261 absorption 263 pathogenesis 593–594, 594t
antimicrobial activity 260t, 261 distribution 263 protozoal 604–605
clinical uses 261 metabolism and excretion 263 viral 604
pharmacokinetics 261, 261t preparations and dosage 263b selective decontamination 484, 488–489
toxicity/side effects 261 resistance 33, 262–263 intensive care patients 531–532
Framycetin topical 629t surgery 491
discovery and source 5t toxicity/side effects 263 Gatifloxacin 306t, 320
topical 669b Fusidium coccineum 5t antimicrobial activity 319t
Francisella tularensis 623t, 631, 801 Fusobacterium spp., hospital-acquired clinical uses
see also Tularemia pneumonia 584 cellulitis 627t
Fungal infections healthcare-associated pneumonia 583
agents used see Antifungal agents pneumonia 526
aspergillosis see Aspergillosis G tuberculosis 758t
candidiasis see Candidiasis G-CSF see Granulocyte-colony-stimulating pharmacodynamics ratio 52f
endocarditis 592, 778–779, 778t factor Gefitinib, interactions 69
esophagitis 778t, 780 Ganciclovir 459–461 Gemifloxacin 306t, 321–322
eye 780 antiviral activity 459–460 antimicrobial activity 319t, 321
liver 778t, 779 clinical uses 460–461 clinical uses 322, 322b
meningitis 778t, 779 chemoprophylaxis 506, 507, 507t, 517 community-acquired pneumonia
mucosal 774 cytomegalovirus encephalitis 655 581t
nails 773 necrotizing herpetic retinopathy 688b pharmacokinetics 322, 322t
neutropenia 511 ocular cytomegalovirus 690 absorption and distribution 322
neutropenic patients 505–506 hemodialysis 63t metabolism and excretion 322
osteomyelitis 778t, 779–780 interactions 93t preparations and dosage 322b
in pregnancy 705 transplant patients 518t toxicity/side effects 322
prophylaxis, neutropenia 505–506 mode of action 21 Gene cassettes 34–35
systemic 777–796 pharmacokinetics 460, 460t Genital infections
transplant patients 515 absorption 460 herpes see Herpes genitalis
treatment 517 distribution 460 intensive care patients 524t
treatment see Antifungal agents metabolism and excretion 460 vulvovaginal candidiasis 774–775, 775t
see also individual conditions preparations and dosage 461b warts 719t, 734
Funguria 700–701 resistance 460 diagnosis 735
Furazolidone 356–357 toxicity/side effects 460 epidemiology 734
antimicrobial activity 356, 357t Gangrenous cellulitis 623t, 627 management 735
chemistry 356 Gardnerella vaginalis 17 pathogenesis 734
clinical uses 357 chorioamnionitis 706 see also Sexually transmitted diseases
giardiasis 835 Garenoxacin 306t, 323–324 Gentamicin 145, 145t, 151–154
interactions 101t antimicrobial activity 319t antimicrobial activity 152
pharmacokinetics 357 pharmacodynamics ratio 52f clinical uses 151, 154
preparations and dosage 357b preparations and dosage 324b chemoprophylaxis 517
resistance 357 Garrod, Lawrence Paul 2 CSF shunt infections 548
toxicity/side effects 357 Gas gangrene 623t donovanosis 722
Furuncles 622 Gastroduodenal surgery 493 endocarditis 590, 590t, 591t
Fusariosis 789–790 Gastroenteritis 595 endophthalmitis 684
Fusarium spp. 773 syndromes 595–597 eye infections 671t
resistance 774t antibiotic-associated diarrhoea 596 hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
Fusidanes (other than fusidic acid) 262–264 diarrhea 595 587t
Fusidic acid 262–263 dysentery 595–596 P. aeruginosa infection 623t, 630t
antimicrobial activity 262, 263t enteric fever 596 pelvic inflammatory disease 725b
clinical uses 263 travelers’ diarrhea 596–597 peritonitis 492, 528
Clostridium difficile infection 603 treatment plague 623t
878 Index

Gentamicin (Continued) Granulocyte transfusions, neutropenia Head and neck surgery, prophylaxis 489
selective decontamination of digestive 512 Healthcare-associated pneumonia 582
tract 531 Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, diagnosis 583
surgical prophylaxis 487t clinical uses etiology/epidemiology 582
tularemia 623t neutropenia 512 pathogenesis 582–583
CSF penetration 153, 635t transplant patients 517 symptoms 583
discovery and source 5t Granulocyte-macrophage colony- treatment 583
eye drops 669t stimulating factor, clinical uses Hearing loss see Ototoxicity; ototoxicity/
hemodialysis 63t neutropenia 512 auditory toxicity
MIC 146t transplant patients 517 Heart
modifying enzymes 147, 148t Granuloma inguinale see Donovanosis endocardial infection see Endocarditis
pharmacokinetics 152–153, 152t Gray baby syndrome 247–248, 704 pacemakers see Pacemaker infections
absorption 152–153 Grepafloxacin, pharmacodynamics prosthetic valves (including endocarditis)
distribution 153 ratio 52f 542–543, 590
excretion 153 Griseofulvin 381 surgery see Cardiovascular surgery
preparations and dosage 154b antimicrobial activity 381 transplantation 530
resistance 152 clinical uses 381 toxoplasmosis 824
topical 629t, 669b tinea capitis 771, 772t Helicobacter pylori 17, 604
toxicity/side effects 153–154, 164t discovery and source 5t resistance 41–42
nephrotoxicity 153–154 interactions 381 nitroimidazoles 293
ototoxicity 153 mode of action 18 Helminths (worms) 842–859, 843t
Germanin 3 pharmacokinetics 381 intestinal 842
Giardiasis (G. lamblia) 604, 835–836 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 cestodes 846–847
diarrhea 594 preparations and dosage 381b nematodes 842–846
Gingivitis, necrotizing ulcerative toxicity/side effects 381 larval 847
(Vincent’s angina) 294, Group A streptotocci 568–569 treatment see Anthelminthics
297, 298 Group B streptococci, pregnancy 709 Hematologic toxicity
Glomerular filtration 60, 61f Growth factors, neutropenia 512 cephalosporins 172
measurement of 60 Guinea worm 843t, 853–854, 856 dapsone 388
renal failure 61 Gut see Gastrointestinal tract ganciclovir 460
and serum half-life 61f linezolid 303–304, 303t
Glucocorticoids, interactions 69 metronidazole 296–297
Glycopeptides 265–271 H nitrofurantoin 358–359
antimicrobial activity 265 HAART see Antiretroviral agents quinolones 309
clinical uses Habekacin see Arbekacion rifampicin 330
bacterial meningitis 638 HACEK bacteria 592 tetracycline 353
CSF shunt infections 548 Haemophilus (as part of HACEK group) see Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
endocarditis 590 HACEK bacteria see Stem cell transplantation
nephrotoxicity 65 Haemophilus ducreyi (and chancroid) 719t Hemodialysis 63, 63t, 64t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 Haemophilus influenzae 27, 105 Hemofiltration/hemodiafiltration,
resistance 30–31, 265 antibiotic resistance 38, 110t 63–64, 64t
detection of 266 β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 601
enterococci 265 strains 38 Heparin, and biofilm formation 548
staphylococci 266 conjunctivitis 674 Hepatitis 608–616, 735
serum level monitoring 66t hospital-acquired pneumonia bacillary peliosis 803
GM-CSF see Granulocyte-macrophage 584 post-transplant 516
colony-stimulating factor meningitis 643 pregnancy 714
Gnathostoma spinigerum 850 penicillin-binding proteins 30 Hepatitis A 593, 719t
Gnathostomiasis 850 susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t prevention 593–594
Gonorrhea see Neisseria gonorrhoeae Halofantrine 8, 420 Hepatitis B 595, 719t
Graft-versus-host disease 502, 505f antimicrobial activity 420 acute 596
Gram stain, sputum 578 clinical uses 420, 810 animal models 596
Gram-negative bacteria pharmacokinetics 420 chronic 596–597
meningitis 644 preparations and dosage 420b epidemiology 595–597
multiresistant 534 resistance 420 genotypes 596
skin/soft-tissue infections 630 toxicity/side effects 420 HIV co-infection 564
Gram-positive bacteria, skin/soft-tissue Haloperidol, interactions 69 natural history 595
infections 621 Haloprogin 381 pregnancy 714
Gramicidin 364 preparations and dosage 382 prevention 603
eye drops 669t Hand hygiene 532 treatment
topical 629t, 669b Hantavirus infections 807 candidates for 597
 Index 879

Hepatitis B (Continued) HIV Hydroxychloroquine, Q fever 806

immunomodulation 599 co-infection Hydroxypropoxymethyl cytosine see
interferons 598 hepatitis B 564 Cidofovir
nucleoside/nucleotide analogs hepatitis C 564 Hygiene, hand 532
599–604 leishmaniasis 828–829 Hymenolepiasis 847
planning 602–603 leprosy 749 Hymenolepsis dimunata 847
response to 598 syphilis 728 Hymenolepsis nana 846–847
viral variants 595–596 tuberculosis 564, 761–762 Hypersensitivity see Allergy and
wild-type virus 595–596 drugs acting against see Antiretroviral hypersensitivity;
Hepatitis C 604, 719t agents Anaphylaxis
acute 604–605 perinatal (vertical) transmission to infant/
chronic 604 child 710–714
epidemiology 604 in pregnancy 710–714 I
HIV co-infection 564 HIV disease (and AIDS) 719t Ibafloxacin 307
natural history 604 asymptomatic 558 Ibuprofen, septic shock 478t
treatment 604 chronic infection 557–558 Iclaprim 254
Hepatotoxicity opportunistic infections ICU see Intensive care
see individual drugs/classes blastomycosis 788 Idoxuridine 464
Herpes genitalis (genital herpes) 618, brucellosis 798 Imatinib, interactions 69
719t 732 coccidioidomycosis 787 Imidazoles see Benzimidazoles;
diagnosis 733 cryptococcosis 784 Nitroimidazoles
epidemiology 732 eye 689 Imipenem 7, 234–235
investigations 733 histoplasmosis 785–786 antimicrobial activity 232t, 234
management 733–734 toxoplasmosis 825 clinical uses 235
pathogenesis 733 primary infection 557, 557b cellulitis 623t
pregnancy 734 replicative cycle 427f cholecystitis 494
recurrent 733–734 symptomatic infection 558 community-acquired pneumonia 581t
Herpes gladiatorum 618 treatment-naive patients 558–561 CSF shunt infections 547
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 618, viral load increase 562 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
719t HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, interactions hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
diagnosis 618 69 587t
encephalitis 654 Hookworms 843t, 844–845 half-life, renal failure 61
eye disease 674, 687–689 diagnosis and treatment 845 interactions 76t
genital infection see Hospital-acquired pneumonia 583 pharmacokinetics 234–235, 234t
herpes genitalis diagnosis 585 absorption and distribution 234
meningitis 654 etiology/epidemiology 583–584 excretion 235
pregnancy 710 pathogenesis 584 metabolism 234
prophylaxis 688–689 symptoms 585 preparations and dosage 235b
transplant patients 516 treatment 585–587 resistance 234
treatment 620t, 688 drug-related factors 586–587, 586t, 587t toxicity/side effects 235
Herpes viruses 618 pathogen-related factors 585–586 Imipenem-cilastatin
Herpes zoster 619 patient-related factors 585 clinical uses
eye infections 674, 689 Host resistance 484 multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
ophthalmicus 691 HPV see Human papillomavirus 534
HHVs see Human herpesvirus HSV see Herpes simplex virus multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli 534
Highly effective antiretroviral therapy 5-HT3 antiemetics, interactions 69 necrotizing fasciitis 623t
(HAART) see Antiretroviral agents Human bites 623t peritonitis 492, 528
Hill equation 50–51, 51f Human herpesvirus-6 (roseola) 617, 617t, 619 pneumonia 527
Hip replacement 539–542 transplant patients 516 UTI 529
Histoplasmosis 784 Human herpesvirus-7 619 hemodialysis 63t
acute pulmonary 784 Human herpesvirus-8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma) Imiquimod 469
complications 784–785 620 Immune system (and non-specific
chronic pulmonary 785 transplant patients 516 defenses) 104–109
CNS 786 Human papillomavirus 620–621, 620t, 719t antibiotic-induced bacterial changes 106
disseminated 785–786 genital warts 719t, 734 cell proliferation 107–109
AIDS patients 785–786 Hycanthone 405 chemotaxis 104–105
HIV-negative patients 785 Hydatid cyst, alveolar 849 cytokine production 107–109
neonates 786 Hydatidosis 848–849 endotoxin/exotoxin release 106–107
treatment 785t p-Hydroxy ampicillin see Ampicillin host-cell interactions 104f
Historical aspects 2–9 Hydroxyamino propionyl gentamicin B see intracellular effects 105–106
evolution of antimicrobic drugs 2 Isepamicin phagocytosis and killing 105
880 Index
Immunodeficiency
chemoprophylaxis 124–125, 124t
see also HIV
Immunoglobulins, neutropenia 512
Immunoglobulin G, intravenous
polyspecific, in sepsis 479
Immunological reactions see Allergy and
hypersensitivity
Immunosuppressive therapy
infection risk 515b
transplant patients 512–513
Impetigo 621–622, 623t, 626
treatment 621t, 622t
Implanted devices/biomaterials (including
prostheses) 490–491, 538–555
antibiotic prophylaxis/treatment 539
biofilms 538
antibiotic resistance 538–539
catheter-associated UTIs 548–549
CSF shunts 547–548
external ventricular drains 548
intravascular devices see Cannula-
associated infections
orthopedic implants 539–542
pacemaker-associated 543–544
pathogenesis 538
prosthetic heart valves 542–543
Indinavir 443
antiviral activity 443
clinical uses 443
as enzyme inhibitor 74t
as enzyme substrate 74t
interactions 86t
mode of action 21
pharmacokinetics 443, 443t
absorption and distribution 443
metabolism and excretion 443
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
preparations and dosage 444b
renal failure 62t
resistance 443
toxicity/side effects 443
Integrase inhibitors 450
interactions 762t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Integrons 34–35
Intensive (critical) care 524–537
cannula-associated infections 524t,
529–530, 529t
infection prevention 531
effective antimicrobial use 532
hand hygiene 532
selective decontamination of digestive
tract 531–532
intra-abdominal infection 527–528
nosocomial infections 525t
pneumonia 525
community-acquired 525–526, 525t
diagnosis 526–527
nosocomial 526–527
treatment 526, 527
Intensive (critical) care (Continued)
ventilator-associated 526, 532
resistant infections 532–534
enterococci 533
extended-spectrum β-lactamase-
positive K. pneumoniae 533
MRSA 533
multiresistant Acinetobacter
baumannii 534
multiresistant Gram-negative
bacilli 534
sinusitis 530
solid organ transplantation 530–531
source of infections 524t
treatment, sepsis modulators 531
UTI 524t, 528–529
Interactions, drug-drug 69–103
anti-tuberculosis agents 94, 95t
antimalarials 94–100, 97t
antiprotozoals and anthelminthics
100, 101t
antiretroviral agents 82, 82t, 92
clinically significant 74–75
antibiotics 75–79, 76t
antifungals 79–81, 80t
pharmacodynamic 74
pharmacokinetic 69–74
renal 60–67
transplant patients, infections 518t
see also individual drugs
Interferons 454
hepatitis B 595
Interferon-α 454–455
antiviral activity 454
clinical uses 455
hepatitis C 604–605
interactions 454
pharmacokinetics 454, 454t
preparations and dosage 460t
toxicity/side effects 454–455, 593b
Interferon-γ, in sepsis 474–475
Interleukins, in sepsis 474–475
Internal quality control 121
Intestine (bowel) see Gastrointestinal
tract
Intracranial epidural abscess 647
Intracranial infections see Brain;
Central nervous system
Intraocular foreign body 683, 684b
Intraocular lens implants, biofilms 673
Intravascular device-related infections
see Cannula (catheter)-associated
infections
Intravenous rehydration 597, 597t
Intravitreal injection 670–671
Intrinsic resistance 33
Iodoquinol (diiodohydroxyquin) 413
Ipecacuanha root 2
Isepamicin 145t, 156
Isoconazole nitrate 373
preparations and dosage 374
Isoniazid 389–390, 752–753
antimicrobial activity 390
clinical uses 390
chemoprophylaxis 507t
CSF penetration 636b
as enzyme inducer 74t
as enzyme inhibitor 74t
as enzyme substrate 74t
interactions 95t, 390
mode of action 10t, 13
pharmacokinetics 390, 390t
absorption and distribution 390
excretion 390
metabolism 390
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
preparations and dosage 390b
resistance 384t, 390, 756
combined 758
management 757–758, 757t
serum level monitoring 66t
targets 384t
toxicity/side effects 390
Isospora belli 837
Itraconazole 8, 369–370
antimicrobial activity 369
clinical uses 370
aspergillosis 780–781, 781t
candidiasis 737, 778t, 779t
chemoprophylaxis 506, 507t, 517
coccidioidomycosis 786, 787
cryptococcosis 783t
histoplasmosis 785t
leishmaniasis 826
oculomycosis 687
paracoccidioidomycosis 788
sporotrichosis 789
tinea capitis 771, 772t
tinea corporis 772t
tinea cruris 772t
vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t
as enzyme substrate 74t
interactions 72t, 80t, 370, 518
transplant patients 518t
pharmacokinetics 369, 369t
absorption 369
distribution 369
metabolism and excretion 369
preparations and dosage 370b
renal failure 62t
resistance 369
toxicity/side effects 370
Ivermectin 8, 20, 399
anthelminthic activity 396t, 399
clinical uses 399
cutaneous larva migrans 845
onchocerciasis 685, 856
strongyloidiasis 846
interactions 101t
pharmacokinetics 399, 399t
preparations and dosage 399b
toxicity/side effects 399, 843t
 Index 881

J Ketoconazole (Continued) Larva migrans

paracoccidioidomycosis 788 cutaneous 845
Janeway lesions 542 as enzyme inhibitor 74t ocular 850
Japanese B encephalitis 651 as enzyme substrate 74t visceral 850
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction 707–708, 728 interactions 371, 518 Lassa fever 807
Joints transplant patients 518t Latamoxef (moxalactam) 7, 171t, 189
disorders see Arthritis pharmacokinetics 370–371, 370t antimicrobial activity 186t
prosthetic replacement see Implanted pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 neutropenia 508
devices/biomaterials preparations and dosage 371b structure 226f
Josamycin 286 renal failure 62t Legionnaires’ disease (Legionella pneumophila
antimicrobial activity 277t resistance 370, 774t and other spp.), 105, 172
discovery and source 5t toxicity/side effects 371 hospital-acquired pneumonia 584
intracellular concentration 278t Ketolides 276t, 288 transplant patients 515
respiratory tissue 279t mode of action 15–16 urinary antigen test 579
resistance 720 Kidney see Renal Leishmaniasis 825
Kingella kingae see HACEK bacteria cutaneous 825–826
K Kitasamycin (leucomycin) 286 diffuse 826
Klebsiella spp. New World 826
Kanamycin 145, 145t, 159–160 antibiotic resistance 39–40 Old World 825–826
antimicrobial activity 159 UTI 696t mucosal 826
clinical uses 160 Klebsiella granulomatis 719t visceral 826–828
tuberculosis 758t Klebsiella oxytoca 39 HIV-co-infection 828–829
discovery and source 5t Klebsiella pneumoniae Lenampicillin 218
MIC 146t carbapenem-resistant 40f Lenses
modifying enzymes 148t conjunctivitis 674 contact see Contact lenses
pharmacokinetics 159, 159t extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive intraocular implants 673
preparations and dosage 160b 533 Leprosy (and M. leprae) 743–751
resistance 159 susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t chemoprophylaxis and immunotherapy
toxicity/side effects 159–160, 164t Knee arthroplasty, infection risk 539–542 749
Kanamycin B see Bekanamycin Koplik’s spots 617 clinical features and disease spectrum
Kanendomycin see Bekanamycin 743–745, 744f, 744t
Kaolin/opiate formulations 598 diagnosis 745
Kaplan-Meier analysis 52 L bacteriological/histological
Kaposi’s sarcoma see Human herpesvirus-8 Laboratory examination 745
Katayama fever 851 diagnostic role 113 serological tests and polymerase chain
Kawasaki syndrome 623t, 626 therapeutic role 115–122 reaction 745
Keratitis Lactation see Breastfeeding/lactation epidemiology 743
Acanthamoeba 679–681 Lamivudine (2’3’-thiacytidine) 432, 461 erythema nodosum leprosum 747–749
contact lens-associated 672–673 antiviral activity 432 and HIV 749
prevention 672–673 clinical uses pathogenesis 743
diagnosis 677–678, 678f chemoprophylaxis 517 prevalence 744f
disciform 688 hepatitis B 600 reversal reactions 747–749
epithelial 688 HIV/HBV co-infection 564 treatment 745, 745t
herpes simplex 687–689 combined therapy chemotherapy 745–749
microbial 677–678, 677b abacavir 560 multidrug therapy 745–747
refractive surgery-associated infectious 681 didanosine 560 nerve damage 747
stromal 688 zidovudine 561 reactions 747–749, 748t
treatment 678–681, 679b hemodialysis 63t single-dose therapy 747
Keratoconjunctivitis interactions 82t tuberculoid 743, 744t, 745
adenovirus 689 mode of action 21 Leptospirosis 803
microsporidial 691 pharmacokinetics 432, 432t prophylaxis 803
neonatal see Ophthalmia neonatorum absorption 432 treatment 804
see also Conjunctivitis distribution 432 Leukopenia, penicillins 203
Ketoconazole 370–371 metabolism and excretion 432 Levamisole 400
antimicrobial activity 370 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t anthelminthic activity 396t, 400
antiprotozoal activity 425 preparations and dosage 432b, 461b clinical uses 400
clinical uses 371 resistance 432 ascariasis 844
candidiasis 737 toxicity/side effects 432 interactions 101t
chemoprophylaxis 506 Lanosterol, mode of action 19 pharmacokinetics 400, 400t
coccidioidomycosis 786, 787 Lantibiotics 360 preparations and dosage 400b
oculomycosis 687 Larva currens 845 toxicity/side effects 400, 843t
882 Index
Levofloxacin 306t, 319–320
antimicrobial activity 319, 319t
clinical uses 320, 320b
anthrax 623t
boils 623t
cellulitis 623t, 627t
chemoprophylaxis 504–505, 507t
community-acquired pneumonia 581t
endophthalmitis 684
healthcare-associated pneumonia 583
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
587t
keratitis 679
pneumonia 526
tuberculosis 758t
eye drops 669t, 670f
hemodialysis 63t
pharmacodynamics 51f, 52f
pharmacokinetics 319–320, 319t
preparations and dosage 320b
toxicity/side effects 320
Levonadifloxacin 325
Levothyroxine, interactions 69
Lice 632
Lincomycin 274–275
antimicrobial activity 273t, 274
clinical uses 275
discovery and source 5t
pharmacokinetics 274–275, 274t
absorption 275
distribution 275
metabolism and excretion 275
preparations and dosage 275b
resistance 274
toxicity/side effects 275
Lincosamides 272–275
mode of action 10t, 15–16 see also
Macrolide-lincosamide-
streptogramin B resistance
Linezolid 301–304
antimicrobial activity 301–302, 302t
clinical uses 304, 304b
cellulitis 623t
community-acquired pneumonia 581t,
582
CSF shunt infections 548
endocarditis 591
enterococcal infection 533
hospital-acquired pneumonia
586t, 587t
MRSA 533
neutropenia 509
prosthetic joint infections 541
prosthetic valve endocarditis 543
surgical prophylaxis 487t
tuberculosis 758t
interactions 76t
mode of action 10t, 16
pharmacodynamics 303
pharmacokinetics 302–303, 302t
Linezolid (Continued) Lumefantrine 421
absorption 302 antimicrobial activity 421
distribution 302–303 clinical uses 421
excretion 303 pharmacokinetics 421
metabolism 303 preparations and dosage 421b
preparations and dosage 304b resistance 421
renal failure 62t toxicity/side effects 421
resistance 32, 302 Lumefantrine-artemether see Artemether-
toxicity/side effects 303–304, 303t lumefantrine
Lipid-associated formulations of Lung
amphotericin B see AmBisome flukes 853
Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) 106–107, 474 infections see Respiratory tract infections
Liposomal formulations see Lipid-associated transplantation 530
formulations LY333328 see Oritavancin
Listeria spp. 105 Lyell’s syndrome, sulfonamides 338
Listeria monocytogenes 623t, 629 Lyme arthritis 804
conjunctivitis 674 Lyme borreliosis 623t, 630, 804
meningitis 645 ocular involvement 684
Listeriosis 623t, 629 post-disease syndromes 805
pregnancy 709 prophylaxis 804
Liver treatment 804–805
abscess 493–494 Lyme carditis 804
amebic 835 Lyme meningitis 804
flukes 852–853 Lymecycline 355
oriental 853 preparations and dosage 355b
fungal infection 778t, 779 Lymph node tuberculosis 755
surgery 493 Lymphatic filariasis 854–855
transplantation, toxoplasmosis 824 Lymphogranuloma venereum 719t, 725
Loa loa see Loiasis diagnosis 725–726
Löffler’s syndrome 842 epidemiology 725
Loiasis (Loa loa) 843t, 855 investigations 726
conjunctivitis 674 management 726
Lomefloxacin 317 pathogenesis 725
antimicrobial activity 307t pregnancy/breastfeeding 726
preparations and dosage 309–310 Lymphoid cell defects 503t
Loperamide 598 Lymphopenia 503
Lopinavir 444 Lymphoproliferative disorder, post-
antiviral activity 444 transplant 517–518
clinical uses 444, 559
mode of action 21
pharmacokinetics 444, 444t M
absorption and distribution 444 Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B
excretion 444 resistance 32
metabolism 444 Macrolide(s) 276–289
preparations and dosage 444b antibacterial activity 276–277, 277t
renal failure 62t clinical uses 279
resistance 444 chemoprophylaxis 505
toxicity/side effects 444, 561 community-acquired pneumonia
Lopinavir-ritonavir 581t
as enzyme inhibitor 74t pneumonia 526
interactions 86t scarlet fever 623t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t group 1 (14-membered ring) 276t, 279
Loracarbef 171t, 181 group 2 (16-membered ring) 276t, 285
antimicrobial activity 177t group 3 (16-membered ring) see Azalides
clinical uses, impetigo 622t group 4 see Ketolides
structure 226f interactions 278–279
Lorazepam, interactions 69 intercellular concentration 278
Losartan, interactions 69 mode of action 10t, 15–16
Lovastatin, interactions 71t pharmacokinetics 278
Lower respiratory tract infections 574–588 pregnancy/breastfeeding 704
acute bronchitis 574 resistance mechanisms 32, 277–278
 Index 883

Macrolide(s) (Continued) Mebendazole (Continued) Meningitis, bacterial (Continued)

see also Macrolide-lincosamide- interactions 101t diagnosis and treatment 633–635, 634t,
streptogramin B resistance pharmacokinetics 397 635t, 636–639, 640t
toxicity/side effects 279 preparations and dosage 397b duration of treatment 640
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, renal failure 62t experimental studies 636
neutropenia 512 toxicity/side effects 397, 843t Gram-negative bacillary 644
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Mechanism of action see Mode of action Haemophilus 643
sepsis 474–475 Mecillinam (amdinocillin) 7, 201t, 218–219 Listeria monocytogenes 645
Macrophages, antibiotic effects 105 antimicrobial activity 215t, 218 Lyme 804
Madurella spp., resistance 774t clinical uses 219 meningococcal 641–642
Maduromycosis 790 hemodialysis 63t prophylaxis 641–642
Mafenide 342–343 mode of action 13 neonatal 644–645
Magainins 360 pharmacokinetics 219, 219t pathogen-directed therapy 641–644
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) 28 absorption 219 pharmacokinetics 635–636, 636b
Malaria 809–822 metabolism and excretion 219 pneumococcal 642–643
children 818–819 preparations and dosage 219b staphylococcal 643–644
mortality 817f resistance 219 Streptococcus agalactiae 645
P. falciparum toxicity/side effects 219 Streptococcus suis 644
chloroquine-resistant 814 Mediastinitis Meningitis, non-bacterial
multidrug-resistant 814–816 intensive care patients 524t Angiostrongylus 850
severe 816 prophylaxis 489–490 enterovirus 656
uncomplicated 813–814 Medical devices, implanted see Implanted fungal 779
pregnancy 715, 819 devices/biomaterials treatment 778t
prophylaxis 819–821, 820t, 821f Mediterranean spotted fever 805 herpes simplex 654
treatment Mefloquine 8, 410–411, 809 viral see Viral infections, CNS
response 815–816 antimicrobial activity 410 Meningococcemia 623t, 630
uncomplicated malaria 812 clinical uses Meningococcus see Neisseria meningitidis
see also Antimalarials malaria 411 Meningoencephalitis 783t, 785t
uncomplicated 812 malaria prophylaxis 820t Mepacrine (quinacrine) 421–422
see also Plasmodium spp. dose 813t antimicrobial activity 422
Malassezia spp. hemodialysis 64t clinical uses 422
folliculitis 772 interactions 72t, 97t giardiasis 835
resistance 774t pharmacokinetics 411, 411t pharmacokinetics 422, 422t
Maraviroc 449–450 preparations and dosage 411b preparations and dosage 422b
antiviral activity 449 renal failure 62t resistance 422
clinical uses 450, 561 resistance 410 toxicity/side effects 422
as enzyme substrate 74t toxicity/side effects 411 Mepartricin 379
interactions 69t, 72t, 92, 762t Mefloquine-artesunate see Artesunate- preparations and dosage 380
pharmacokinetics 449–450, 449t mefloquine Meropenem 235–236
absorption 449 Meglitinides, interactions 72t antimicrobial activity 232t, 235
distribution 449 Meglumine antimonate 408 clinical uses 236
excretion 450 clinical uses 408 bacterial meningitis 634t
metabolism 450 preparations and dosage 408b cholecystitis 494
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t Melarsoprol 406–407 community-acquired pneumonia
preparations and dosage 450b antimicrobial activity 406 581t
resistance 449 clinical uses 407 CSF shunt infections 547
toxicity/side effects 450 T. brucei gambiense infection 829 hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
Marbofloxacin 307 T. brucei rhodesiense infection 831t hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t,
Mastoiditis, prevention 571 pharmacokinetics 407 587t
Maytansines 326 preparations and dosage 407b P. aeruginosa infection 623t
Measles (rubeola) 617, 617t resistance 406 peritonitis 492
Mebendazole 397 toxicity/side effects 407 tuberculosis 758t
anthelminthic activity 396t Membrane permeability, antibacterials CSF penetration 635t
clinical uses 397 affecting 10t, 18 hemodialysis 63t
alveolar hydatid cyst 849 Meningeal infection pharmacokinetics 236, 236t
ascariasis 844 intensive care patients 524t absorption and distribution 236
enterobiasis 846 sporotrichosis 789 metabolism and excretion 236
toxocariasis 850 Meningitis, bacterial 633 preparations and dosage 236b
trichinosis 850 chemoprophylaxis 124 resistance 580
trichuriasis 844 coccidioidal 787 toxicity/side effects 236
hookworm 845 cryptococcal 783–784 Mesalamine (mesalazine) 343
884 Index

Metabolic bypass Metronidazole (Continued) Minocycline 350–351

glycopeptide resistance 30–31 resistance 33, 295 antimicrobial activity 347t, 350
mupirocin resistance 32 topical 629t clinical uses 351
sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance toxicity/side effects 296–297 acne 623t
32–33 Mezlocillin 7, 201t, 224 bacillary angiomatosis 628t
Metabolism clinical uses, impetigo 621t cannula-associated infections 530
interactions involving 70, 70f, 71, 71t, 72t, renal failure 62t leprosy 746
74t MIC 24, 25f, 49–50, 116–119 meningococcemia 623t
see also individual drugs/classes agar disk diffusion 117 nocardiosis 623t
Metallo-β-lactamases 231 automated systems 116–117 rosacea 623t
Metallo-carbapenemases 26 breakpoint methods 116 hemodialysis 64t
Methacycline 355 gradient methods 117 pharmacokinetics 350–351, 350t
preparations and dosage 355b and pharmacodynamic data 56 absorption 350
Methadone, interactions 72t MIC and zone diameter breakpoints distribution 350
Methenamine 365 117–119, 118f, 119f excretion 350–351
preparations and dosage 365b Micafungin 8, 376–377 metabolism 350
Methicillin 201t, 213 antimicrobial activity 377 preparations and dosage 351b
antimicrobial activity 208, 208t clinical uses 377 toxicity/side effects 351
clinical uses 209 candidal infections 511 Minocycline-rifampicin, cannula-associated
pharmacokinetics 209 chemoprophylaxis 506 infections 530, 546
resistance 208–209 interactions 80t, 377 Miokamycin 286–287
toxicity/side effects 209 pharmacokinetics 377, 377t intracellular concentration 279t
Methicillin-resistant bacteria, Staphylococcus distribution 377 Mode of action 10–23
aureus see MRSA metabolism and excretion 377 anthelminthics 20–21
Methyl partricin see Mepartricin preparations and dosage 377b antibacterial agents 10, 10t
Metrifonate 400–401 toxicity/side effects 377 antifungals 18
anthelminthic activity 400, 401t MICE 117 antiprotozoals 19
clinical uses 401 Miconazole/miconazole nitrate 373 antivirals 21
pharmacokinetics 400 antiprotozoal activity 425 see also individual drugs
preparations and dosage 401b clinical uses Mode of delivery 111
toxicity/side effects 400–401 candidiasis 737 Modithromycin (EDP 420) 289
Metronidazole 295–297 oculomycosis 687 Molluscum contagiosum 620, 719t, 735
antimicrobial activity 293t, 295 tinea cruris 772t Monobactams (sulfazecins) 7, 226, 237
clinical uses 297, 297b vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t structure 226f
amebic dysentery 834 as enzyme inhibitor 74t Monoclonal antibodies, septic shock 478t
amebic liver abscess 835 as enzyme substrate 74t Monte Carlo simulations 55, 56f
bacterial vaginosis 732 mode of action 19 Moraxella spp., conjunctivitis 674
brain abscess 646t pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 Morganella morganii, UTI 696t
cellulitis 623t preparations and dosage 374 Morphine, interactions 72t
Clostridium difficile infection 603t Micromonospora inyoensis 156 Moxalactam see Latamoxef
giardiasis 835 Micromonospora myosensis 5t Moxidectin 20
necrotizing fasciitis 623t Micromonospora olivoasterospora 168 Moxifloxacin 306t, 322–323
pelvic inflammatory disease 725b Micromonospora purpurea 5t, 151 absorption and distribution 323
peritonitis 492, 528 Micromonospora rosaria 5t antimicrobial activity 319t, 322–323
rosacea 623t Micronomicin 145t, 156 clinical uses 323, 323b
surgical prophylaxis 487t Microsporidiosis 837 cellulitis 627t
T. vaginalis infection 836 keratoconjunctivitis 691 community-acquired pneumonia 581t
Trichomonas vaginalis 736 Microsporum canis 771, 773 healthcare-associated pneumonia 583
CSF penetration 636b Midazolam, interactions 69, 71t hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t
as enzyme inhibitor 74t Midecamycin 286 keratitis 679
hemodialysis 63t antimicrobial activity 277t leprosy 747
interactions 72t, 76t Milbemycin 20 pneumonia 526
mutagenicity/carcinogenicity 297 Milker’s nodule 620 tuberculosis 758t, 762
pharmacokinetics 295–296, 295t Miltefosine 422–423 eye drops 670
absorption 295 antimicrobial activity 422 M. genitalium 724
distribution 295–296 clinical uses 423 metabolism and excretion 323
excretion 296 leishmaniasis 825–826 pharmacokinetics 323, 323t
metabolism 296 pharmacokinetics 422 preparations and dosage 323b
precautions 296 preparations and dosage 423b toxicity/side effects 323
pregnancy/breastfeeding 704 resistance 422 MRSA 7, 35, 473
preparations and dosage 297b toxicity/side effects 423 β-lactam resistance 201
renal failure 62t Minimal inhibitory concentration see MIC eye infections 684
 Index 885

MRSA (Continued) Mycobacterium avium intracellulare 766t Nalidixic acid (Continued)

geographical distribution 36f Mycobacterium bovis 754 clinical uses 310, 310b
intensive care patients 533 BCG 759 cellulitis 627t
MecA gene 30 Mycobacterium chelonae 766t pharmacokinetics 310, 310t
Mucocutaneous lymph node (Kawasaki) Mycobacterium fortuitum 766t preparations and dosage 310b
syndrome 623t, 626 Mycobacterium gordonae 766t toxicity/side effects 310
Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) 782 Mycobacterium kansasii 766t Natamycin (pimaricin) 379
Mucosa Mycobacterium leprae see Leprosy clinical uses
fungal infections 774 Mycobacterium malmoense 766t keratitis 679
leishmaniasis 826 Mycobacterium marinum 766t oculomycosis 687
Mucosal candidiasis 774 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 13, 105 eye drops 669t
oropharyngeal 774 antibiotic resistance 43–44 preparations and dosage 380
vulvovaginal 774–775 susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t Nebramycins, discovery and source 5t
Multidrug efflux system see Efflux system see also Antituberculosis agents; Necator americanus 843t, 844–845
Multidrug resistance/multiple resistance Tuberculosis Necrotizing retinopathies 688, 688b
(MDR) 26 Mycobacterium xenopi 766t Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 294, 297, 298
Chlamydia 720–721 Mycophenolate mofetil Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) 719t, 721
leprosy 745–747 infection risk 515b antibiotic resistance 28t, 38, 110t
malaria 814–816 transplant patients 512–513 conjunctivitis 674
Streptococcus pneumoniae 37–38 Mycoplasma genitalium 719t, 723 conjunctivitis/keratoconjunctivitis,
tuberculosis 43–44, 385f, 758, 758t diagnosis 724 neonatal (ophthalmia neonatorum),
Multidrug therapy (combination therapy) epidemiology 723–724 675, 708
aspergillosis 781t investigations 724 diagnosis 722
eye drops and ointments 669t management 724 epidemiology 721
hepatitis C 604 pathogenesis 724 investigations 722
leprosy 745–747 pregnancy/breastfeeding 724 management 722–723
malaria 814–816 sexual partners 724 disseminated infection 723
resistance see Multidrug resistance/ Mycoplasma hominis 719t pharyngeal infection 723
multiple resistance chorioamnionitis 706 uncomplicated infections 722–723
tuberculosis 759–760 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 172 pathogenesis 721–722
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion Mycoses see Antifungal agents; penicillin-binding proteins 30
(MATE) family 28, 28t Fungal infections pregnancy 708–709, 723
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 488–489 Myelodysplasia syndrome 502 sexual partners 723
Multiple organ failure 488–489 Myeloid bodies 64 susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t
Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid) 290–291 Myelotoxicity see Bone marrow toxicity Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
antimicrobial activity 290–291, 290t 623t, 630
clinical uses 291 antibiotic resistance 38, 110t
folliculitis 623t N conjunctivitis 674
impetigo 623t Nadifloxacin 325 penicillin-binding proteins 30
mode of action 10t, 16 preparations and dosage 325b susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t
pharmacokinetics 291 Nafcillin 201t, 212 Nelfinavir 445
preparations and dosage 291b antimicrobial activity 208, 208t, 212 antiviral activity 445
resistance 32, 290 clinical uses 209, 212 clinical uses 445
topical 629t cellulitis 623t as enzyme inhibitor 74t
toxicity/side effects 291 erysipelas 623t as enzyme substrate 74t
Murein 13 impetigo 621t interactions 86t
Murine typhus 805 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome mode of action 21
Musculoskeletal infections see bone and 623t pharmacokinetics 445, 445t
joint infections toxic shock syndrome 623t absorption and distribution 445
Mutagenicity, metronidazole 297 hemodialysis 64t metabolism and excretion 445
Mutational resistance 33–34 pharmacokinetics 209, 212, 212t pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Mycobacterial infections 752–770 absorption and distribution 212 preparations and dosage 445b
leprosy see Leprosy metabolism and excretion 212 resistance 445
Mycobacterium bovis 754 preparations and dosage 212b toxicity/side effects 445
opportunist mycobacteria 765–767, 766t resistance 208–209 Nematodes (roundworms) 842–846, 843t
treatment 754 toxicity/side effects 209, 212 anthelminthics 8, 395–405
short-course chemotherapy 752–754, Naftifine 366 filarial see Filariasis
753t mode of action 19 Nemonoxacin 306t, 325
tuberculosis see Tuberculosis preparations and dosage 366b Neomycin 145t, 163–164
Mycobacterium abscessus 766t Nail disease, fungal 773 antimicrobial activity 163
Mycobacterium avium, susceptibility, Nalidixic acid 306t, 309–310 clinical uses 164
aminoglycosides 146t antimicrobial activity 307–308, 310 discovery and source 5t
886 Index

Neomycin (Continued) Neutropenia 502–523 Nitazoxanide (Continued)

eye drops 669t causes 502 Clostridium difficile infection 603
MIC 146t cefazolin 175 cryptosporidiosis 836
modifying enzymes 148t fludarabine 502 fascioliasis 853
pharmacokinetics 164, 164t non-malignant 502b giardiasis 836
preparations and dosage 164b penicillins 203 microsporidiosis 837
resistance 163 chemoprophylaxis 503–507, 507t T. vaginalis infection 836
topical 629t, 669b bacterial 504–505 pharmacokinetics 423
toxicity/side effects 164, 164t fungal 505–506 resistance 423
Neonates viral 506–507 toxicity/side effects 423, 843t
histoplasmosis 786 febrile 509–510, 510f Nitrimidazine see Nimorazole
meningitis 644–645 infections in 502 Nitrocefin test 120
ophthalmia neonatorum 675, 708 see also causative organisms 503, 504b Nitrofuran(s) 356
Chlamydia trachomatis predisposing factors 503, 503t antimicrobial activity 357t
trichomoniasis 836 treatment chemistry 356
Nephrotoxicity 64 empirical 507–509, 508b, 509t mode of action 10t, 17
aminoglycosides 64–65, 65t, 150–151 granulocyte transfusions 512 Nitrofurantoin 358–359
amikacin 158 growth factors 512 antimicrobial activity 357t, 358
gentamicin 153–154 immunoglobulins 512 chemistry 358
kanamycin 160 Nevirapine 438–439 clinical uses 359
tobramycin 161–162 antiviral activity 439 pharmacokinetics 358, 358t
amphotericin B 65–66 clinical uses 439, 559–560 absorption 358
β-lactams 65 HIV/tuberculosis co-infection 564 distribution 358
glycopeptides 65 as enzyme substrate 74t metabolism and excretion 358
polymyxin B 65 interactions 72t, 84t, 439, 762t pregnancy 704
Nerve damage in leprosy 743–745, 744f, mode of action 21 preparations and dosage 359b
744t pharmacokinetics 439, 439t resistance 33, 358
Netilmicin 7, 145t, 154–156 absorption and distribution 439 toxicity/side effects 358–359
antimicrobial activity 155 metabolism and excretion 439 Nitrofurazone (nitrofural) 360
MIC 146t pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t antimicrobial activity 357t
clinical uses 156 preparations and dosage 439b topical 629t
peritonitis 492 resistance 439 Nitrofurol see Nitrofurazone
hemodialysis 63t toxicity/side effects 439, 559–560 Nitroimidazoles/5-nitroimidazoles
modifying enzymes 148t New World cutaneous leishmaniasis 826 292–300
pharmacokinetics 155, 155t Newborns see Neonates antimicrobial activity 292, 293t
distribution 155 Niclosamide 401 bacteria 292
excretion 155 anthelminthic activity 401 factors affecting 292
preparations and dosage 156b clinical uses 401 protozoa 292
resistance 155 cestode infection 847 clinical uses 294
toxicity/side effects 155–156 pharmacokinetics 401 amebiasis see Amebiasis
Neuraminidase inhibitors 455, 456 preparations and dosage 401b giardiasis see Giardiasis
mode of action 22 toxicity/side effects 401, 843t mode of action 10t, 17
Neurobrucellosis 798 Nifedipine, interactions 69 pharmacokinetics 293
Neurocysticercosis see Taeniasis Nifuratel 359 resistance 292
Neuromuscular blockade, streptomycin preparations and dosage 359b Bacteroides and Clostridium
167 Nifurtimox 359–360 spp. 293
Neurotoxicity (peripheral and CNS) clinical uses Helicobacter spp. 293
amantadine 453 T. brucei gambiense infection 830–831 protozoa 292–293
cephalosporins 172 T. cruzi infection 832, 833 toxicity/side effects 294
didanosine 430 preparations and dosage 360b Nocardiosis 623t
eravirenz 437, 560, 561 Nifurtoinol 360 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
ganciclovir 460 Nilvadipine, interactions 69 inhibitors (NNRTIs), 435–436
isoniazid see Isoniazid Nimorazole (nitrimidazine) 299 choice of 559–560
melarsoprol 407 preparations and dosage 299b combined therapy 561
metronidazole 296–297 Niridazole 405 as enzyme substrate 74t
nitrofurantoin 358–359 Nisin 360 interactions 82–84, 84t, 762t
polymyxins 362–363 Nitazoxanide 423, 423b mode of action 21
quinolones 309 antimicrobial activity 423 monotherapy 563
tetracyclines clinical uses 423 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
minocycline 351 amebic dysentery 834–835 treatment failure 562–563
tetracycline 353 ascariasis 844 see also individual drugs

Norfloxacin 7, 306t, 314
antimicrobial activity 307t, 314
clinical uses 314, 314b
cystitis 698t
donovanosis 731
as enzyme inhibitor 74t
pharmacokinetics 314, 314t
absorption and distribution 314
metabolism and excretion 314
preparations and dosage 314b
toxicity/side effects 314
Normothermia, perioperative 486–488
Nortriptyline, interactions 69
Nosocomial pneumonia see Hospital-
acquired pneumonia
Novobiocin (cathomycin; streptonivicin)
discovery and source 5t
mode of action 10t, 17
Nucleic acids
amplification tests 720
synthesis inhibitors 10t, 16–17
Nucleoside analogs (anti-HIV/nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors;
NRTIs), 428
choice of 559
interactions 82, 82t, 762t
mode of action 21
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Nucleoside analogs (non-HIV) 457, 464–465
hepatitis B 599–604
Nucleotide analogs 434, 465
choice of 560–561
clinical uses, hepatitis B 599–604
mode of action 21
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
interactions 82, 82t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
O-Nucleotidyltransferases 147
NXL103 336
antimicrobial activity 334t
Nystatin 379
clinical uses
chemoprophylaxis 505, 517
vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t
discovery and source 5t
mode of action 19
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
preparations and dosage 380
O preparations and dosage 299b
Obesity, reduced immunity in 484
Ocular see Eye
Oculomycosis 686–687, 686f
Oerskovia turbata 30
Ofloxacin 7, 306t, 315
antimicrobial activity 307t, 315
clinical uses 315, 315b
cellulitis 627t
chlamydia 720
diarrhea 598t
Index 887
Ofloxacin (Continued) Oseltamivir (Continued)
enteric fever 599t mode of action 22
leprosy 746–747 pharmacokinetics 455, 455t
shigellosis 599t preparations and dosage 456b
tuberculosis 758t resistance 455
eye drops 669t, 670 toxicity/side effects 455
hemodialysis 63t Osler’s nodes 542
pharmacokinetics 315, 315t Osteomyelitis
absorption and distribution 315 classification 659
metabolism and excretion 315 foot 661–662
preparations and dosage 316b fungal 779–780
resistance 720 treatment 778t
toxicity/side effects 315 hematogenous 659–661, 660t
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis osteosynthesis-associated 661
825–826 Otitis media, acute 570
Oleandomycin 285 antibiotic treatment 570–571
antimicrobial activity 277t diagnosis 570
discovery and source 5t prevention of mastoiditis 571
intracellular concentration 279t Otitis externa see Otomycosis
Oligonucleotides 467 Otomycosis (otitis externa) 775
Onchocerca volvulus 685–686, 843t, 855 Ototoxicity/auditory toxicity (incl. hearing
Onchocerciasis 855–856 loss/deafness)
ocular 685–686, 855–856 aminoglycosides 150
Onchodermatitis 855 amikacin 158
Onychocola canadensis 773 gentamicin 153
Onychomycosis 773 kanamycin 160
distal subungual and superficial 773 neomycin 164
totally dystrophic 773 sisomicin 157
OPC-67683 763 streptomycin 167
Ophthalmia neonatorum (neonatal tobramycin 161
conjunctivitis) 675, 708 Oxacephem, structure 226f
see also Chlamydia trachomatis Oxacillin 201t, 212–213
Opisthorchis sinensis 843t, 853 antimicrobial activity 213
Opisthorchis viverrini 843t, 853 clinical uses
Opportunistic infections cellulitis 623t
HIV see HIV disease (and AIDS) erysipelas 623t
mycobacterial 765–767, 766t see also folliculitis 623t
Immunodeficiency impetigo 621t, 623t
Oral contraceptives, interactions 69 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Oral rehydration 595, 596t 623t
solutions for 597, 597t toxic shock syndrome 623t
Orbifloxacin 307 pharmacokinetics 213, 213t
Orbital cellulitis 684 absorption and distribution 213
Orf 620 metabolism and excretion 213
Organ transplantation see Transplants preparations and dosage 213b
Organometals 406 resistance 213
Oritavancin 270–271 toxicity/side effects 213
antimicrobial activity 267t Oxamniquine 401–402
Ornidazole 299 anthelminthic activity 401t, 402
antimicrobial activity 293t clinical uses 402
schistosomiasis 852
Oropharyngeal candidiasis 774 pharmacokinetics 402
Oroya fever 802 preparations and dosage 402b
Orthopedic implants see Prosthetic joint toxicity/side effects 402, 843t
infections Oxapenem see Clavam
Oseltamivir 455–456 Oxazolidinones 301–305
antiviral activity 455 investigational 304–305
clinical uses 456 Oxiconazole 373
healthcare-associated pneumonia preparations and dosage 374
583 Oxolinic acid 306t, 312
interactions 94t preparations and dosage 312b
888 Index

Oxygenation, supplemental perioperative Penciclovir (Continued) Pentamidine (Continued)

488 pregnancy/breastfeeding 710 interactions 101t
Oxytetracycline 351–352 preparations and dosage 462b transplant patients 518t
antimicrobial activity 347t, 351 resistance 461 mode of action 20
clinical uses 352 toxicity/side effects 462 pharmacokinetics 414, 414t
discovery and source 5t Penems 226, 231 preparations and dosage 414b
pharmacokinetics 351–352, 351t structure 226f resistance 414
preparations and dosage 352b Penicillanic acid sulfones 226 toxicity/side effects 414
toxicity/side effects 352 Penicillin(s) (penams) 3, 4–5, 200–225, 226 Peptide antibiotics 360
classification 200–201 Peptidoglycan 11
clinical uses Peptidoglycan hydrolases 13
P chemoprophylaxis 505 Peramivir 456
P-glycoprotein, drugs affecting 74t diptheria 569 Pericardial tuberculosis 755
P450 enzymes see Cytochrome P450 endocarditis 590t, 591t Periocular injection 670
PA-824 763 group A streptotoccus 569 Peripheral blood stem cell transplant 502
Pacemaker infections 543–544 impetigo 621t Peritoneal dialysis (incl. continuous
diagnosis 543–544 scarlet fever 623t ambulatory) 62–63
microbiology 543 surgical prophylaxis 487t catheter infection 549–550
prevention 544 syphilis 707–708 diagnosis 550
prophylaxis 490–491 CSF penetration 636b microbiology 549–550
treatment 544 group 1 201, 201t, 204 prevention 550
Paecilomyces spp., resistance 774t group 2 201, 201t, 207 treatment 550
Paludrine, hemodialysis 63t group 3 201, 201t, 208 Peritonitis 491–493
Pan-drug resistance 26 group 4 201, 201t, 214 continuous ambulatory peritoneal
Pancreatitis 494–495 group 5 201, 201t, 220 dialysis 524t
Panipenem 237 group 6 201, 201t, 224 intensive care patients 527–528
Panton-Valentine leukocidin 35, 582 hemodialysis 63t, 201t peritoneal dialysis catheter-associated
Paracoccidioidomycosis 788 interactions 76t 549
Paragonimus spp. 843t, 853 mode of action 10t, 201 primary 491–492
Paragonimus westermani 853 pregnancy 704 secondary 492, 492b
Paranasal sinus infection see Sinusitis resistance 201–202, 580 tertiary 492–493
Parasitic infections 631 β-lactamases and see β-lactamases Peritonsillar abscess 568
see also Anthelminthics; Antiprotozoal agents efflux-mediated 202 PF-00422602 305
Paromomycin (aminosidine) 145t, 165 impermeability 202 Phaeohyphomycoses 790
clinical uses 165 toxicity/side effects 202 Phagocytosis 105
giardiasis 836 hypersensitivity 202–203 Pharmacodynamic indices 49–50
leishmaniasis 825–826, 827 structure 226f Pharmacodynamic targets 50–53
discovery and source 5t toxicity/side effects animal vs human infections 53, 54t
preparations and dosage 165b allergens 203 attainment of 54, 54f
topical 629t cross-reactions with cephalosporins 203 dose regimen selection 56
Paronychia 622–625, 623t, 773 detection and control 203 probability of attainment 54–56, 55f,
Candida 773 see also β-lactams 55t
Pasteurella multocida 631 Penicillin G see Benzylpenicillin binomial outcome 52
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Penicillin V see Phenoxymethylpenicillin delineation of 57
(PAMPs) 474 Penicillin-binding proteins 13, 29–30 optimization of therapy 53–56
Pattern recognition receptors 474 Penicillinases see β-lactamases (semi)-continuous outcome 52–53, 53f
Paucimycin 165 Penicilliosis 788–789 variance in exposure 53
Pazufloxacin 306t, 317 Penicillium spp. 4 Pharmacodynamics 49–59, 111
preparations and dosage 317b resistance 774t animal models 50–51
Peak concentration 49–50 Penicillium chrysogenum 5–6 breakpoints 57
Pediculosis 632 Penicillium funiculosum 5–6 exposure-response relationships 49–50
Pefloxacin 306t, 317–318 Penicillium griseofulvin Dierckx 5t serum concentration vs infection site
antimicrobial activity 307t Penicillium janczewski 5t concentration 58, 58f
preparations and dosage 318b Penicillium marneffei 788 population to be treated 57
Pelvic inflammatory disease 724–725, 725b Penicillium notatum 4–5, 5t, 200 toxicity 58
Penams see Penicillin(s) Pentamidine 414 Pharmacokinetic interactions 69–74
Penciclovir 461–462 antimicrobial activity 414 absorption 69
antiviral activity 461 clinical uses 414 drug metabolism 70, 70f, 71, 71t,
clinical uses 462 chemoprophylaxis 506 72t, 74t
mode of action 21 leishmaniasis 826 excretion 73–74
pharmacokinetics 462, 462t T. brucei gambiense infection 829 protein binding 69
 Index 889

Pharmacokinetics 111 Piperacillin-tazobactam (Continued) Pneumonia (Continued)

main classes of antibiotics P. aeruginosa infection 623t Pneumocystis jirovecii see Pneumocystis
aminoglycosides 149 peritonitis 492, 528 jirovecii
cephalosporins 171–172 hemodialysis 63t Pseudomonas aeruginosa 584
macrolides 278 pharmacokinetics 243, 243t Pneumonic plague 802
sulfonamides 337–338 absorption and distribution 243 Pneumonitis, cytomegalovirus 511
tetracyclines 344 metabolism and excretion 243 Polyenes 377
see also individual drugs preparations and dosage 243b mode of action 19
Phenethicillin (phenoxyethylpenicillin) 201t toxicity/side effects 243 Polyhexamethylene biguanide 413, 669t,
Phenoxyethylpenicillin see Phenethicillin Piperaquine 413 672, 677
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) 201t, Piperaquine-dihydroartemisinin see Polymerase chain reaction 117, 148, 579,
207–208 Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine 745
antimicrobial activity 204t, 207 Piperazine 402 B. malayi 854
clinical uses 208 anthelminthic activity 396t, 402 chlamydial infection 720
actinomycosis 623t clinical uses 402 conjunctivitis 675
blistering distal dactylitis 623t ascariasis 844 CSF 634–635
cat bite 623t enterobiasis 846 hepatitis C virus 516
diphtheria 623t interactions 101t HPV 620
folliculitis 623t pharmacokinetics 402 pneumonia 583
gangrene 623t preparations and dosage 403b Strep. moniliformis 801
impetigo 621t, 623t toxicity/side effects 402, 843t T. cruzi 832–833
pharmacokinetics 207–208, 207t Piromidic acid 306t, 312 W. bancrofti 854
absorption 207 Pityriasis versicolor 772 Polymyxins 361–363
metabolism and excretion 208 Pivampicillin 218 antimicrobial activity 362
preparations and dosage 208b Plague 623t, 631, 802 clinical uses 363
toxicity/side effects 208 pneumonic 802 CSF shunt infections 548
Phenytoin, interactions 72t prophylaxis 802 selective decontamination of digestive
Phialophora verrucosa 790 treatment 802 tract 531
Phosphonic acids 467 Plasmapheresis, infection risk 515b CSF penetration 636b
mode of action 21 Plasmids 34 mode of action 10t
Phosphonomycin see Fosfomycin Plasmodium falciparum 8, 20, 813–814 pharmacokinetics 362, 362t
O-Phosphotransferases 147 chloroquine-resistant 814 absorption 362
Pimaricin see Natamycin multidrug-resistant 814–816 distribution 362
Pimozide, interactions 71t Plasmodium malariae 812–813 metabolism and excretion 362
Pinworm see Enterobius vermicularis Plasmodium ovale 812–813 preparations and dosage 363b
Pipemidic acid 306t, 311 Plasmodium vivax 812–813 resistance 362
antimicrobial activity 307–308 Pleconaril 469 topical 629t
preparations and dosage 311b Plesiomonas spp. 602 toxicity/side effects 362–363
Piperacillin 7, 201t, 221 Pleuromutilins 364 Polymyxin B
antimicrobial activity 220t, 221 mode of action 10t, 16 clinical uses
clinical uses 221 Pneumococcus see Streptococcus pneumoniae chemoprophylaxis 517
erythema gangrenosum 623t Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis multiresistant Acinetobacter
impetigo 621t carinii) 8, 19 baumannii 534
surgical prophylaxis 487t ocular infection 691 septic shock 478t
eye drops 669t Pneumocystosis 790–791 discovery and source 5t
hemodialysis 63t Pneumonia eye drops 669t
pharmacokinetics 221, 221t chronic cavitary 785t interactions 76t
preparations and dosage 222b community-acquired see Community- mode of action 18
resistance 221 acquired pneumonia nephrotoxicity 65
toxicity/side effects 221 cryptococcal 783, 783t topical 629t, 669b
Piperacillin-tazobactam 243 healthcare-associated see Healthcare- Polyomavirus, transplant patients 516
antimicrobial activity 243 associated pneumonia Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion
clinical uses 243 hospital-acquired see Hospital-acquired 538
cholecystitis 494 pneumonia Porins 10
community-acquired pneumonia intensive care patients 525 Posaconazole 371–372
581t diagnosis 526–527 antimicrobial activity 371
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t treatment 526, 527 antiprotozoal activity 425
hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t, ventilator-associated 526, 532 clinical uses 372
587t nosocomial 526–527 aspergillosis 781t
human bites 623t treatment 527 candidiasis 778t, 779t
impetigo 621t pneumocystis 790–791 chemoprophylaxis 506, 507t
890 Index
Posaconazole (Continued)
fungal infections 511
zygomycosis 782
as enzyme substrate 74t
interactions 80t, 372
pharmacokinetics 371–372, 371t
absorption 371
distribution 371
metabolism and excretion 371–372
preparations and dosage 372b
renal failure 62t
resistance 371
toxicity/side effects 372
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative
disorder 517–518
Postnatal period see Puerperium
Postoperative infection see Surgical site
infection
Postpartum period see Puerperium
Potassium antimony tartrate 405
Poxviruses 620
Praziquantel 8, 403
anthelminthic activity 401t, 403
clinical uses 403
cestode infection 847
cysticercosis 848
hydatidosis 849
intestinal flukes 852
liver flukes 853
lung flukes 853
schistosomiasis 852
interactions 72t, 101t
pharmacokinetics 403, 403t
preparations and dosage 404b
renal failure 62t
resistance 403
toxicity/side effects 403, 843t
Prednisolone
leprosy 748
loiasis 855
Prednisone, interactions 518t
Pregnancy, infections in 702–717
bacterial vaginosis 732
brucellosis 798
chancroid 730
Chlamydia trachomatis 708–709
Chlamydophila abortus 709
genital herpes 734
gonorrhea 708–709, 723
group B streptococci 709
hepatitis 714
HIV 710–714
listeriosis 709
lymphogranuloma venereum 726
malaria 715, 819
Mycoplasma genitalium 724
outcomes 703t
physiological changes 704t
prescribing 702, 703t
antibacterial agents 702–705,
720
Pregnancy, infections in (Continued) Prontosil 3
antifungals 705 antibacterial action 4
antiretroviral agents 563 synthesis of 3
preterm labor/rupture of membranes Propafenone, interactions 69
706–707 Propamidine 415
syphilis 707–708, 728 eye drops 669t
therapeutic problems 705 Propicillin 201t
toxoplasmosis 714 Propionibacterium acnes 623t, 628
trichomoniasis 714–715 Prostatitis 695
tuberculosis 755 treatment 700
vaginal candidiasis 715 see also Urinary tract infection
viruses 709–714 see also Fetus; Prosthetic joint infections 539–542,
Puerperium 663–665, 664f
Prescribing (antibacterials and other classification and staging 540
antibiotics) 111 diagnosis 540
cost decisions 127 microbiology 540
interventions 128, 129f prevention 541–542
evaluation of interventions 129, 132t treatment 540–541
tactics for intervention 128–129, 130t Prosthetic valve endocarditis 542–543,
type of intervention 129, 131t 590
pregnancy/breastfeeding 703t classification 542
antibacterial agents 702–705, 720 diagnosis 542
antifungals 705 prevention 543
antiretroviral agents 563 treatment 542–543
quality and safety 127–128 Protease inhibitors, HIV 439–440
Preterm labor/rupture of membranes choice of 559
706–707 combined therapy
Prevention of infection see NNRTRIs 561
Chemoprophylaxis NRTIs 559
Prevotella melaninogenica, hospital-acquired as enzyme substrate 74t
pneumonia 584 interactions 72t, 85–92, 86t, 762t
Primaquine 411–412 mode of action 21
antimicrobial activity 411 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
clinical uses 412 treatment failure 562
malaria 812–813 see also individual drugs
malaria prophylaxis 820t Protein binding, interactions 69
as enzyme inhibitor 74t Protein C, activated, in sepsis
interactions 97t reduced levels 475
mode of action 20 replacement therapy 478t, 479
pharmacokinetics 411, 411t Proteus spp.
preparations and dosage 412b conjunctivitis 674
renal failure 62t UTI 696t
resistance 411 Proteus mirabilis 39
toxicity/side effects 412, 813 hospital-acquired pneumonia 584
Prion diseases see Transmissible spongiform Proteus vulgaris, hospital-acquired
encephalopathies pneumonia 584
Pristinamycin 336 Protionamide (prothionamide) 393
antimicrobial activity 334t clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t
preparations and dosage 336b preparations and dosage 394b
Pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis 474 resistance 384t
inhibition 479 targets 384t
Procaine penicillin 201t, 207 Protozoal infections 823–841
preparations and dosage 207b drugs used see Antiprotozoal
Proguanil (chlorguanide) 415–416 agents
antimicrobial activity 415 gastrointestinal 604–605
clinical uses 416 Providencia stuartii 148
interactions 97t Prulifloxacin 306t, 318
pharmacokinetics 415, 415t preparations and dosage 318b
preparations and dosage 416b Pseudallescheria boydii see Scedosporium
resistance 415 apiospermum
toxicity/side effects 415 Pseudomonas spp., UTI 696t
 Index 891

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4, 27, 623t, 630 Pyronaridine 424 Quinolones (Continued)

antibiotic resistance 28t, 42, 110t antimicrobial activity 424 epidemiology 308
biofilms 538–539 clinical uses 424 mechanisms 308
conjunctivitis 674 pharmacokinetics 424 topical infections 324
hospital-acquired pneumonia 584 preparations and dosage 424b toxicity/side effects 309
penicillins active against (group 5 resistance 424 Quinsy 568
penicillins) 220 toxicity/side effects 424 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 334–335
Pseudomonic acid see Mupirocin Pyrrole LL-3858 Sudoterb 763 antimicrobial activity 334t, 335
Puerperium Pyrvinium 405 clinical uses 335
drug use in 702 Pyuria 697 enterococcal infection 533
fever 3, 3f neutropenia 509
infection 707 as enzyme inhibitor 74t
see also Breastfeeding/lactation Q hemodialysis 64t
Pulmonary infection see Respiratory tract Q fever (Coxiella burnetti infection) 806 interactions 76t, 335
infection clinical manifestations 806 pharmacokinetics 335, 335t
Punctal plugs, biofilms 673 diagnosis 806 preparations and dosage 336b
Pyelonephritis 695t treatment 806 resistance 335
etiology 696t Qinghaosu see Artemisinin toxicity/side effects 335
treatment 699–700 Quality assurance 120–121
see also Urinary tract infection Quinacrine see Mepacrine
Pyocyanase 4 Quinidine
R
Pyrantel/pyrantel pamoate 404 clinical uses 818 Rabies, encephalitis 651, 656
anthelminthic activity 396t, 404 dose 813t Radezolid 305
clinical uses 404 interactions 69 Raltegravir 450–451
ascariasis 844 Quinine 2, 412–413 antiviral activity 450
enterobiasis 846 antimicrobial activity 412 clinical uses 451, 561
interactions 101t clinical uses 412–413, 815, 818 as enzyme substrate 74t
pharmacokinetics 404 babesiosis 837 interactions 72t, 92, 762t
preparations and dosage 404b dose 813t pharmacokinetics 451, 451t
toxicity/side effects 404, 843t as enzyme substrate 74t absorption and distribution 451
Pyrazinamide 391, 752–753 hemodialysis 64t metabolism and excretion 451
antimicrobial activity 391 interactions 72t, 97t pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
clinical uses 391 mode of action 19 preparations and dosage 451b
CSF penetration 636b pharmacokinetics 412, 412t resistance 450
interactions 95t preparations and dosage 413b toxicity/side effects 451
mode of action 13 renal failure 62t Ramoplanin, mode of action 10t, 12
pharmacokinetics 391, 391t resistance 412 Rapamycin, infection risk 515b
preparations and dosage 391b toxicity/side effects 412, 818 Rapid antigen detection tests 568, 569
renal failure 62t Quinolines 408–409 Rashes see Skin/soft-tissue infections
resistance 384t, 391 mode of action 19–20 Rat-bite fever 623t, 631, 800–801
management 757t, 758 Quinolones 7, 306–325 Ravuconazole, antiprotozoal
targets 384t antimicrobial activity 307–308, 307t activity 425
toxicity/side effects 391 classification 306–307, 307t Receptor for advanced glycation end-
Pyrexia see Fever clinical uses 309 products (RAGE) 474–475
Pyridoxine, use with isoniazid 705 chemoprophylaxis 504 Red-man syndrome 269
Pyrimethamine 251–252, 809 cholecystitis 494 Rehydration
antimicrobial activity 251 implant-associated infections 539 intravenous 597, 597t
clinical uses 252 prosthetic joint infections 541 oral 595, 596t, 597, 597t
Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 685 group 1 76t, 306t, 309 Rehydration therapy 597, 597t
toxoplasmosis 823 clinical uses 309 Relapsing fever 805
pharmacokinetics 251, 251t groups 2-4/fluorinated see treatment 805
absorption 251 Fluoroquinolones Renal drug interactions 60–67
distribution 251 interactions 308 Renal failure
metabolism and excretion 251 investigational 325 antibiotics suitable in 61, 62t
preparations and dosage 252b mode of action 10t, 16–17 antibiotics to avoid 61–62
resistance 251 pharmacokinetics 308 drug elimination 60
toxicity/side effects 251 absorption 308 hemodialysis 63, 63t, 64t
Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine distribution 308 hemofiltration/hemodiafiltration
dose 813t elimination 308–309 63–64, 64t
interactions 97t pregnancy 704 peritoneal dialysis 62–63
toxoplasmosis 824 resistance 31–32, 308 Renal function and age 60
892 Index
Renal transplantation, toxoplasmosis 824
Resistance 24–48, 110t, 128
biofilms 538–539
biological cost of 33–34
co-resistance 26
in community-acquired pneumonia
579–580
control and prevention 45–46
cross-resistance 26
definition of 24–25
detection of 116
developing countries 126
emergence of 57
epidemiology 44–45, 44f
extensive 26
gene detection 120
genetic basis 33
intrinsic resistance 33
mutational resistance 33–34
mechanisms of 25–26
alterations in target molecules
29–33
bacterial cell envelope permeability
27–28
drug efflux 28–29, 28t, 29f
drug-modifying enzymes 26–27
target protection 33
multidrug 26
pan-drug 26
public health and social impact 45
therapeutic problems 34–35
plasmids 34
staphylococcal cassette chromosome
35
transferable, transposons 34–35
see also individual drugs and classes
Resistance nodulation-cell division family
(RND) 28
Respiratory syncytial virus 574
Respiratory tract infections
blastomycosis 787–788
coccidioidomycosis 786–787
histoplasmosis 784, 785
intensive care patients 524t
lower respiratory tract 574–588
neutropenia 511
sporotrichosis 789
transplant patients 517
tuberculosis see Tuberculosis
upper respiratory tract 567–573
Retapamulin 364
preparations and dosage 364b
topical 629t
Retinal surgery, explants for 673
Retinochoroiditis, Toxoplasma 685
Retinopathy, necrotizing herpetic 688,
688b
Reversal reactions in leprosy 747–749
treatment 748
Rheumatic fever 568
Rhinocladiella aquaspersa 790
Ribavirin (tribavirin) 21, 462–463
antiviral activity 462
clinical uses 463
hepatitis C 605
lassa fever 807
interactions 564
pharmacokinetics 463, 463t
absorption 463
metabolism and excretion 463
preparations and dosage 463b
resistance 462
toxicity/side effects 463, 564
Ribosomal modification
aminoglycoside resistance 31
linezolid resistance 32
Ribosomes, antibacterials acting
on 10t
Ribostamycin, discovery and source 5t
Rickamicin see Sisomicin
Rickettsia spp. 105
Rickettsia prowazekii 805
Rickettsia rickettsii 631
Rickettsioses 805
diagnosis 805
prevention 806
treatment 806
Rifabutin (ansamycin) 326, 327–328
antimicrobial activity 327, 327t
clinical uses 327–328, 327b
HIV/tuberculosis co-infection 564
tuberculosis 758t
as enzyme inducer 74t
hemodialysis 64t
interactions 71t, 95t, 327, 762t
pharmacokinetics 327
absorption and distribution 327
metabolism and excretion 327
preparations and dosage 328b
resistance 327
toxicity/side effects 327
Rifalazil 720
Rifamide 326, 333
preparations and dosage 333b
Rifampicin (rifampin) 326, 328–330,
752–753
antimicrobial activity 327t, 328, 328t
clinical uses 330, 330b
bacterial meningitis 640t
cannula-associated infections 530
chemoprophylaxis 505
community-acquired pneumonia 582
CSF shunt infections 547, 548
endocarditis 590t
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t
HIV/tuberculosis co-infection 564
implant-associated infections 539
leprosy 745t, 746
MRSA 533
prosthetic joint infections 541
prosthetic valve endocarditis 543
CSF penetration 636b
Rifampicin (rifampin) (Continued)
as enzyme inducer 74t
hemodialysis 64t
immunomodulatory effects 108
interactions 72t, 95t, 330, 518, 762t
antimicrobial 329
transplant patients 518t
mode of action 10t, 17
pharmacokinetics 329–330, 329t
absorption 329
distribution 329
excretion 329–330
metabolism 329
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705, 755
preparations and dosage 331b
renal failure 62t
resistance 32, 329, 756
management 757t, 758
topical 669b
toxicity/side effects 330
daily/intermittent therapy 330
intermittent therapy 330
Rifampicin-minocycline see Minocycline-
rifampicin
Rifampin see Rifampicin
Rifamycin(s) (in general) 326–333
discovery and source 5t
Rifamycin SV 326, 333
preparations and dosage 333b
Rifapentine 326, 331–332
antimicrobial activity 331
clinical uses 332, 332b
as enzyme inducer 74t
interactions 332
pharmacokinetics 331–332, 331t
absorption 331
distribution 331
excretion 332
metabolism 331
preparations and dosage 332b
toxicity/side effects 332
Rifater® 759–760
Rifaximin 326, 332–333
antimicrobial activity 332
clinical uses 333
pharmacokinetics 332
preparations and dosage 333b
toxicity/side effects 332
Rimantadine 453–454
antiviral activity 453
clinical uses 454
interactions 94t
mode of action 22
pharmacokinetics 453, 453t
absorption and distribution 453
excretion 453
metabolism 453
preparations and dosage 454b
toxicity/side effects 453–454
Ringworm see Tinea
Ritipenem acoxil 698t

Ritonavir 446, 559 Salmonella enterica
antiviral activity 446 chemoprophylaxis 124
clinical uses 446 enteric fever 600
as enzyme inducer 74t Salmonellosis 601
as enzyme inhibitor 74t treatment 599t
as enzyme substrate 74t Salvarsan 3
interactions 86t Saquinavir 446–447
mode of action 21 antiviral activity 447
pharmacokinetics 446, 446t clinical uses 447, 559
absorption and distribution 446 as enzyme substrate 74t
metabolism and excretion 446 interactions 86t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t mode of action 21
preparations and dosage 446b pharmacokinetics 447, 447t
renal failure 62t absorption and distribution
resistance 446 447
toxicity/side effects 446, 561 metabolism and excretion 447
Ritonavir-tipranavir see Tipranavir-ritonavir pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
Rituximab, infection risk 515b preparations and dosage 447b
RNA III inhibiting peptide 539 renal failure 62t
RNA polymerase, modification 32 resistance 447
Rochalimaea quintana see Bartonella quintana toxicity/side effects 447
Rocky Mountain spotted fever 623t, 805 Sarafloxacin 307
Rod-shaped bacteria see Bacillus Scabies 631–632
Rokitamycin 286–287 Scalded skin syndrome, staphylococcal
intracellular concentration 278t 623t, 625
Rolitetracycline 355 Scarlet fever 617, 617t, 623t, 627
preparations and dosage 355b Scedosporiosis 790
Rosacea 623t Scedosporium apiospermum 790
blepharitis 674 aspergilloma 782
Rosaramicin, discovery and source 5t resistance 774t
Roseola see human herpesvirus-6 Scedosporium prolificans 790
Roth’s spots 542 resistance 774t
Roundworms see Nematodes Schistosoma spp. 843t
Route of administration 111 Schistosoma haematobium 851
Roxithromycin 283–284 Schistosoma intercalatum 851
antimicrobial activity 277t, 283 Schistosoma japonicum 851
interactions 284 Schistosoma mansoni 851
intracellular concentration 278t Schistosomiasis 851–852
respiratory tissue 279t praziquantel see Praziquantel
pharmacokinetics 283, 283t Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 773
absorption 283 Screening
distribution 283 agar disk diffusion test 117
metabolism and excretion 283 chlamydia 721
preparations and dosage 284b tuberculosis, pretreatment 760
toxicity/side effects 284 Scrub typhus 805
Rubella 617, 617t Scytalidium dimidiatum 773
Rubeola (measles) 617, 617t Scytalidium hyalinum 773
Rufloxacin 306t, 318 Seborrheic dermatitis 772
antimicrobial activity 307t Secnidazole 300
preparations and dosage 318b clinical uses
RWJ-416457 305 amebic dysentery 834
T. vaginalis infection 836
preparations and dosage 300b
S Selamectin 20
Saccharomyces boulardii 603 Sepsis 472–482
Safety 127–128 abdominal, intensive care patients
prescribing 127–128 527–528
see also Toxicity catheter-associated see Cannula-
Sagamicin see Micronomicin associated infections
Salmonella spp. 105 clinical signs 476b
antibiotic resistance 41, 110t diagnosis 476–477
Index 893
Sepsis (Continued)
epidemiology 472
pathophysiology 474–476, 475f
superantigens 474, 623t
treatment 477
Sepsis modulators 531
Septic arthritis 662–663
see also Bone and joint infections
Septic shock, treatment 478t
Septicemia 473–474
shock in see Septic shock
Serous fluids/exudates, gentamicin in 153
Serratia spp., antibiotic resistance 39–40
Serratia marcescens 39, 148
hospital-acquired pneumonia 584
Sertaconazole nitrate 373
preparations and dosage 374
Sertraline, interactions 69
Sesquiterpene lactones see Artemisinin
Sexual partners/contacts 730
Sexually transmitted diseases 718–742, 719t
bacterial vaginosis 719t, 731
candidiasis 719t, 736
chancroid 719t, 728
chlamydia 718
donovanosis 719t, 730
epididymo-orchitis 725
genital herpes 618, 719t, 732
genital warts 719t, 734
gonorrhea 719t, 721
lymphogranuloma venereum 719t, 725
molluscum contagiosum 620, 719t, 735
Mycoplasma genitalium 719t, 723
non-specific urethritis 724
pelvic inflammatory disease 724–725, 725b
syphilis 719t, 726
Trichomonas vaginalis 719t, 735
see also Hepatitis
Shigella spp. 105
antibiotic resistance 40–41, 110t
bacterial endocarditis 594t
chemoprophylaxis 124
Shigella dysenteriae 40–41, 600
Shigella flexneri 40–41
Shigella sonnei 40–41
Shigellosis 600–601
treatment 599t
Shingles see Herpes zoster; Varicella zoster
virus
Shock in sepsis see Septic shock
Shunts, CSF see Cerebrospinal fluid shunt
infections
Sildenafil, interactions 71t
Silver sulfadiazine 343
clinical uses, cannula-associated
infections 530, 546
preparations 343b
topical 629t
Silver-platinum, cannula-associated
infections 546
Simvastatin, interactions 71t
894 Index
Sinusitis 530
acute 569
antibiotic treatment 569–570
Sirolimus, interactions 71t
Sisomicin (sillomicin; rickamicin) 145t,
156–157
discovery and source 5t
modifying enzymes 148t
Sitafloxacin 306t, 324
preparations and dosage 324b
Site of action see Mode of action
Skeletal infections see Bone and joint
infections
Skin/soft-tissue infections 617–632
childhood exanthems 617, 617t
cutaneous larva migrans 845
fungal 774
Gram-negative organisms 630
Gram-positive organisms 621
herpesviruses 618
human papillomavirus 620–621, 620t
intensive care patients 524t
parasites 631
poxviruses 620
Sleeping sickness see Trypanosomiasis
Small bowel overgrowth 604
Small multidrug resistance family
(SMR), 28
Smallpox 620
Sodium antimony tartrate 405
Sodium fusidate
clinical uses
endocarditis 590t
prosthetic joint infections 541
Sodium stibogluconate 407–408
antimicrobial activity 407
clinical uses 408
leishmaniasis 825–826, 827
pharmacokinetics 408
preparations and dosage 408b
resistance 407–408
toxicity/side effects 408
Soft-tissue infections see Skin/soft-tissue
infections
Solid organ transplants 505f, 530–531
Sore throat 568
antibiotic treatment 568, 569
diptheria 569
epiglottitis 569
quinsy 568
rheumatic fever 568
streptococcal infection 568–569
South American trypanosomiasis see
Trypanosomiasis
Sparfloxacin 306t, 320–321
antimicrobial activity 319t
clinical uses, cellulitis 627t
preparations and dosage 321b
Spectinomycin 145t, 167–168
antimicrobial activity 168
clinical uses
Spectinomycin (Continued)
chancroid 729
gonorrhea 723
P. aeruginosa infection 630t
discovery and source 5t
hemodialysis 64t
MIC 146t
mode of action 15
pharmacokinetics 168, 168t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 723
preparations and dosage 168b
resistance 168
toxicity/side effects 168
Spine/vertebral column
brucellosis 798
epidural abscess 647
tuberculosis 755
Spiramycin 285–286
antimicrobial activity 277t, 285
clinical uses, toxoplasmosis 823
discovery and source 5t
intracellular concentration 279t
pharmacokinetics 285, 285t
preparations and dosage 286b
toxicity/side effects 286
Spirillum minus 800–801
Splenectomy 496, 503t
Spongiform encephalopathies,
transmissible see Transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies
Sporothrix schenckii 789
Sporotrichosis 789
lymphocutaneous 789
meningeal 789
osteoarticular 789
pulmonary 789
Spotted fevers, Rocky Mountain 623t, 805
Sputum, gentamicin in 153
Staphylococcal cassette chromosome 35
Staphylococcal endocarditis 590–591, 590t
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 623t,
625
Staphylococcus spp.
coagulase-negative 36
skin/soft-tissue infections 621–626
Staphylococcus aureus 105, 602
antibiotic resistance 28t, 35–36, 110t
biofilms 538
blepharitis 673
chemoprophylaxis 124
conjunctivitis 674
meningitis 643–644
methicillin-resistant see MRSA
susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t
vancomycin-intermediate see VISA
Staphylococcus epidermidis, biofilms 538
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, UTI 695, 696t
Stavudine (d4T) 432–433
antiviral activity 433
clinical uses 433
hemodialysis 63t
Stavudine (d4T) (Continued)
interactions 82t
mode of action 21
pharmacokinetics 433, 433t
absorption and distribution 433
metabolism and excretion 433
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
preparations and dosage 433b
resistance 433
toxicity/side effects 433, 561
Stem cell transplantation 503
toxoplasmosis 825
see also Bone marrow transplantation
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 26
antibiotic resistance 43
Sternotomy wound infection 489–490
Steroids see Corticosteroids
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
cefalexin 179
sulfonamides 338
Stibogluconate sodium see Sodium
stibogluconate
Stomach see Gastrointestinal tract
Streptobacillus moniliformis 623t, 631,
800–801
Streptococcal endocarditis 591, 591t
Streptococcus spp., skin/soft-tissue
infections 626–627
Streptococcus agalactiae, meningitis 645
Streptococcus gallolyticus (bovis),
endocarditis 591
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
antibiotic resistance 110t
conjunctivitis 674
endocarditis 591
multidrug resistance 37–38
penicillin susceptibility 202t
penicillin-binding proteins 29–30
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A
streptococci)
antibiotic resistance 44, 110t
conjunctivitis 674
susceptibility, aminoglycosides 146t
Streptococcus suis, meningitis 644
Streptogramins 334–336
antimicrobial activity 334t
mode of action 15–16
see also Quinupristin-dalfopristin
combination
Streptomyces ambofaciens 5t
Streptomyces antibioticus 5t
Streptomyces aureofaciens 5t
Streptomyces erythreus 5t
Streptomyces flavopersicus 5t
Streptomyces fradiae 5t
Streptomyces gaeryphalus 5t
Streptomyces griseus 5t
Streptomyces kanamyceticus 5t
Streptomyces lavendulae 5t
Streptomyces lincolnensis 5t
Streptomyces mediterranei 5t

Streptomyces narvonensis var.
josamyceticus 5t
Streptomyces niveus 5t
Streptomyces noursei 5t
Streptomyces orchidaceus 5t
Streptomyces orientalis 5t
Streptomyces ribosidificus 5t
Streptomyces rimosus 5t
Streptomyces spheroides 5t
Streptomyces tenebraeus 5t
Streptomyces venezuelae 5t
Streptomycin 145, 145t, 165–167, 752–753
antimicrobial activity 165–166
clinical uses 167
endocarditis 591t
P. aeruginosa infection 630t
plague 623t
tuberculosis 758t
tularemia 623t
discovery and source 5t
MIC 146t
mode of action 15
pharmacokinetics 166, 166t
absorption 166
distribution 166
excretion 166
pregnancy/breastfeeding 755
preparations and dosage 167b
resistance 166, 756
combined 758
management 757, 757t
toxicity/side effects 164t, 166–167
allergy 167
neuromuscular blockade 167
ototoxicity 167
Streptonivicin see Novobiocin
Streptovaricins 326
Strongyloides füllebomi 845
Strongyloides stercoralis 845
Strongyloidiasis (S. stercoralis) 845–846
diagnosis and treatment 846
hyperinfection syndrome 845–846
Styes 674
Sulbactam 241–242
antimicrobial activity 241
β-lactamase inhibition 241–242
structure 226f
Sulbenicillin 224
Sulconazole 373
clinical uses, tinea cruris 772t
preparations and dosage 374
Sulfacetamide 341
eye drops 669t
topical 669b
Sulfadiazine 4, 339–340
antimicrobial activity 338t, 339
clinical uses 340, 340b
paracoccidioidomycosis 788
Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 685
toxoplasmosis 823
pharmacokinetics 339, 339t
Index 895
Sulfadiazine (Continued) Superantigens in sepsis 474, 623t
absorption and distribution 339 Suramin 404, 424–425
metabolism and excretion 339 antimicrobial activity 425
preparations and dosage 340b clinical uses 425
toxicity/side effects 339 T. brucei gambiense infection 829
see also Silver sulfadiazine T. brucei rhodesiense infection 831t
Sulfadimethoxine 341 mode of action 20
Sulfadimidine 341 pharmacokinetics 425, 425t
antimicrobial activity 338t preparations and dosage 425b
Sulfadoxine 340 resistance 425
antimicrobial activity 340 toxicity/side effects 425
clinical uses 340 Surgery
pharmacokinetics 340, 340t appendicectomy 496
preparations and dosage 340b biliary tract 494
toxicity/side effects 340 cardiac 490
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine see colorectal 495
Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine dental 123–124, 541–542, 543
Sulfafurazole 342 eye
Sulfaguanidine 342 explants for retinal surgery 673
Sulfaloxate 342 keratitis 678–681, 679b
Sulfamerazine 342 toxoplasmosis 690, 823
Sulfamethizole 342 gastroduodenal 493
Sulfamethoxazole 341 gastrointestinal 491
antimicrobial activity 338t, 341 head and neck 489
clinical uses 341 implanted devices see Prosthetic joint
CSF shunt infections 548 infections
as enzyme inhibitor 74t liver 493
hemodialysis 63t peripheral vascular 491
pharmacokinetics 341, 341t splenectomy 496
toxicity/side effects 341 thoracic 489
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim see trauma 496–497
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Surgical site infection 483, 623t
Sulfamethoxydiazine 342 bacterial contamination
Sulfamethoxypyridazine 342 483–484
Sulfametopyrazine 342 definition 485
Sulfamezathine see Sulfadimidine incidence and surveillance 484–485
Sulfanilamide 4 patient-related factors 485
Sulfapyridine 4 post-discharge surveillance 484–485
Sulfasalazine (sulfapyridine-5-aminosalicylic prevention of 484
acid; salicylazofulfapyridine) 343 antibiotic prophylaxis 485–486,
preparations 343b 487t
Sulfathiazole 4, 342 perioperative normothermia
Sulfazecins see Monobactams 486–488
Sulfisomidine 342 perioperative supplemental
Sulfisoxazole oxygenation 488
antimicrobial activity 338t selective decontamination of digestive
hemodialysis 63t tract 484
α-Sulfobenzylpenicillin see Sulbenicillin sternal wounds 489–490
Sulfonamides 3–4, 337–343 Susceptibility
antimicrobial activity 337, 338t bacteria 24
clinical uses 339 categorization of 115–116
CSF penetration 636b testing 115
interactions, transplant patients 518t breakpoints 57
mode of action 10t, 17 see also Resistance individual organs
pharmacokinetics 337–338 Sutures, biofilms on 673
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 Swimmer’s itch 851
renal failure 62t Synercid see Quinupristin-dalfopristin
resistance 32–33, 38, 337 Synthetic compounds 3
toxicity/side effects 338–339 Syphilis (T. pallidum infection) 719t, 726
Sulfonylureas, interactions 72t congenital 728
Sulpha- see entries under Sulfa- diagnosis 727
896 Index

Syphilis (T. pallidum infection) (Continued) Telbivudine (Continued) Tetracycline (specific drug) (Continued)
epidemiology 726 preparations and dosage 464b clinical uses 353
HIV-positive patients 728 resistance 464 non-specific urethritis 720
investigations 727 toxicity/side effects 464 rosacea 623t
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction 728 Telithromycin 288 eye drops 669t
management 727–728 antimicrobial activity 277t, 288 pharmacokinetics 352–353, 352t
pathogenesis 727 as enzyme inhibitor 74t absorption 352
pregnancy 707–708, 728 as enzyme substrate 74t distribution 352
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome interactions 76t excretion 353
(SIRS) 476b intracellular concentration 278t metabolism 353
respiratory tissue 279t preparations and dosage 353b
pharmacokinetics 288, 288t topical 669b
T preparations and dosage 288b toxicity/side effects 353
Tacrolimus resistance 288 Tetracyclines (the class) 344–355
infection risk 515b toxicity/side effects 288 antimicrobial spectrum 344
interactions 69, 71t, 518 Temocillin 201t, 224–225 clinical uses 346, 346t
transplant patients 513 antimicrobial activity 220t, 224–225 acne 623t
Tadalafil, interactions 71t clinical uses 225 bacillary angiomatosis 628t
Taenia asiatica 847 mode of action 13 cellulitis 623t
Taenia saginata 843t, 847 pharmacokinetics 225, 225t prosthetic joint infections 541
Taenia solium 843t, 847 absorption and distribution 225 CSF penetration 636b
Taeniasis (and cysticercosis; metabolism and excretion 225 hemodialysis 64t
neurocysticercosis), 847–848 preparations and dosage 225b interactions 76t
Tafenoquine 413 toxicity/side effects 225 mode of action 10t, 15
TAK-242, in sepsis 479 Tenofovir 434–435, 466–467 pharmacokinetics 344
Talampicillin 218 antiviral activity 435 absorption 344–345
Tamoxifen-toremifene, interactions 69 clinical uses 435, 467, 560 distribution 345
Tapeworms see Cestodes hepatitis B 602 excretion 345
Target infection 111 HIV/HBV co-infection 564 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
Target protection 33 interactions 82t resistance 344
Tazobactam 242–243 pharmacokinetics 435, 435t topical 629t
antimicrobial activity 243 absorption and distribution 435 toxicity/side effects 345–346
β-lactamase inhibition 243 metabolism and excretion 435 Tetroxoprim 255
Teicoplanin 266–268 pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t Thalidomide
antimicrobial activity 266, 267t preparations and dosage 435b, 467b leprosy 748–749, 749b
clinical uses resistance 435 microsporidiosis 837
Clostridium difficile infection 603 toxicity/side effects 435, 561 Thellazia californensis, conjunctivitis
endocarditis 590 Tenofovir disoproxil, hemodialysis 63t 674
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t Terbinafine 8, 366–367 Thellazia capillaris, conjunctivitis 674
surgical prophylaxis 487t antimicrobial activity 367 Theophylline, interactions 69
hemodialysis 63t clinical uses 367 Thiabendazole 398
mode of action 10t, 12 sporotrichosis 789 clinical uses
pharmacokinetics 267, 267t tinea capitis 771, 772t cutaneous larva migrans 845
absorption 267 tinea corporis 772t strongyloidiasis 846
distribution 267 tinea cruris 772t interactions 101t
metabolism and excretion 267 tinea pedis 772t preparations and dosage 398b
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 interactions 367 toxicity/side effects 843t
preparations and dosage 270b mode of action 19 Thiacetazone
resistance 266–267 pharmacokinetics 367, 367t clinical uses, tuberculosis 758t
toxicity/side effects 267–268 preparations and dosage 367b resistance 384t
nephrotoxicity 65 resistance 367 targets 384t
Telaprevir, hepatitis C 596 toxicity/side effects 367 2’3’-Thiacytidine see Lamivudine
Telavancin 271 Terconazole 373 Thiamphenicol 248–249
antimicrobial activity 267t clinical uses, vulvovaginal candidiasis antimicrobial activity 246t, 248–249
mode of action 10t, 12 775t pharmacokinetics 249
Telbivudine 463–464 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 preparations and dosage 249b
antiviral activity 464 preparations and dosage 374 resistance 249
clinical uses 464 Terfenadine, interactions 71t toxicity/side effects 249
hepatitis B 601 Tetrachloroethylene 405 Thiazolidinediones, interactions 72t
hemodialysis 63t Tetracycline (specific drug) 352–353 Thienamycins, structure 226f
pharmacokinetics 464, 464t antimicrobial activity 347t, 352 Thioacetazone 394
 Index 897

Thioamines Tigecycline (Continued) Topical preparations 629t

resistance 384t amebic dysentery 834 eye 668–670, 669b, 669t
targets 384t amebic liver abscess 835 Topoisomerases, alterations to 31–32
Thoracic surgery, prophylaxis 489 bacterial vaginosis 732 Tosufloxacin 306t, 321
Thoracocentesis 579 giardiasis 835 antimicrobial activity 319t
Threadworms 843t T. vaginalis infection 836 preparations and dosage 321b
Tiabendazole see Thiabendazole Trichomonas vaginalis 736 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, cefalexin 179
Ticarcillin 201t, 222–223 pharmacokinetics 298, 298t Toxic shock syndrome 623t, 625–626
antimicrobial activity 220t, 222 absorption and distribution 298 Toxicity (and adverse/unwanted/side
clinical uses 222–223 metabolism and excretion 298 effects) 58
impetigo 621t preparations and dosage 298b macrolides 279
hemodialysis 63t renal failure 62t main classes of antibiotics
pharmacokinetics 222, 222t toxicity/side effects 298 aminoglycosides 150
absorption and distribution 222 Tioconazole 373 cephalosporins see Cephalosporins
metabolism and excretion 222 clinical uses nitroimidazoles 294
preparations and dosage 223b onychomycosis 773 penicillins 203
resistance 222 vulvovaginal candidiasis 775t quinolones see Quinolones
toxicity/side effects 222 preparations and dosage 374 neurotoxicity see Neurotoxicity
Ticarcillin-clavulanate 240–241 Tipranavir 447–448, 562 see also individual drugs and classes
antimicrobial activity 241 antiviral activity 447 Toxins
clinical uses 241 clinical uses 448 endotoxins 106–107, 474
cholecystitis 494 pharmacokinetics 448, 448t exotoxins 106–107
human bites 623t absorption and distribution 448 secretion of 602
impetigo 621t metabolism and excretion 448 Toxocara spp. 843t
necrotizing fasciitis 623t pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t Toxocara canis 850
peritonitis 492 preparations and dosage 448b ocular involvement (larva migrans) 685
pneumonia 527 renal failure 62t Toxocara cati 850
pharmacokinetics 241, 241t resistance 447–448 Toxocariasis 850
preparations and dosage 241b toxicity/side effects 448 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii
toxicity/side effects 241 Tipranavir-ritonavir, interactions 86t infection) 823
Tick-borne diseases TMC-207 763 cerebral 825
Lyme borreliosis (B. burgdorferi infection) TMC-278, interactions 762t HIV co-infection 825
623t, 630, 804 Tobramycin 145t, 160–162 immunocompromised patients 824–825
relapsing fever 805 antimicrobial activity 160 bone marrow transplantation 824–825
rickettsioses 805 clinical uses 151 cardiac transplantation 824
Tigecycline 354 erythema gangrenosum 623t hematopoietic stem cell
antimicrobial activity 347t, 354 hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t, 587t transplantation 825
clinical uses 354 P. aeruginosa infection 623t, 630t hepatic transplantation 824
implant-associated infections 539 peritonitis 492, 528 renal transplantation 824
multiresistant Acinetobacter selective decontamination of digestive ocular 690, 823
baumannii 534 tract 531 pregnancy 714
E. coli inhibition zone diameter 119f discovery and source 5t retinochoroiditis 685, 685b
interactions 76t eye drops 669t Trachoma 675–676
pharmacokinetics 354, 354t hemodialysis 63t treatment 676
distribution and excretion 354 MIC 146t Transferable resistance 34–35
preparations and dosage 354b modifying enzymes 148t Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
renal failure 62t pharmacodynamics 53f 653
toxicity/side effects 354 pharmacokinetics 160–161, 160t Transplants/grafts, solid organ 502–523
Tinea (ringworm) β-lactam inactivation 161 chemoprophylaxis 516–517
capitis 771 distribution 161 graft rejection 513
treatment 772t excretion 161 immunosuppressive therapy 512–513
corporis 772 preparations and dosage 162b infection risk 504b
treatment 772t resistance 160 and immunosuppressive regimen 515b
cruris 771–772 toxicity/side effects 161–162, 164t infections in 512, 516
treatment 772t nephrotoxicity 161–162 bacterial 513–515, 515b
pedis 772 ototoxicity 161 fungal 515, 783t
moccasin-type 772t Tocainide, interactions 69 sequence of 513–516, 514f
treatment 772t Toll-like receptors 474, 484 treatment 517
Tinidazole 298 Tolnaftate 381 viral 515–516
antimicrobial activity 293t, 298 preparations and dosage 382 lymphoproliferative disorder 517–518
clinical uses 298, 298b Tolypomycins 326 solid organ transplants 505f, 530–531
898 Index
Transplants/grafts, stem cell/bone marrow
see Bone marrow transplantation;
Stem cell transplantation
Transposons 34–35, 35f
Trauma surgery 496–497
Travelers, malaria prophylaxis 819–821,
820t, 821f
Travelers’ diarrhea 596–597
prevention 124
treatment 598t
Trematodes (flukes) 843t, 851
intestinal 852
liver 852–853
oriental 853
lung 853
Treponema pallidum see Syphilis
Triazolam, interactions 69, 71t
Triazoles, aspergillosis 511–512
Tribavirin see Ribavirin
Trichinella spp. 843t, 849–850
Trichinella spiralis 849
Trichinosis 849–850
Trichomonas vaginalis (and trichomonal
vaginitis) 719t, 735, 836
diagnosis 736
epidemiology 736
management 736
pathogenesis 736
Trichomoniasis 719t
pregnancy 714–715
Trichophyton erinacei 773
Trichophyton interdigitale 773
Trichophyton rubrum 771–772
onychomycosis 773
Trichophyton soudanense 771, 773
Trichophyton tonsurans 771, 773
Trichophyton violaceum 771, 773
Trichosporon spp., resistance 774t
Trichuriasis (T. trichiura; whipworm) 594,
843t, 844
Triclabendazole, clinical uses
fascioliasis 853
lung flukes 853
Triclosan, reduction of biofilms 548
Trifluorothymidine see Trifluridine
Trifluridine (trifluorothymidine) 464–465
Trimethoprim 252–254
antimicrobial activity 252–253, 252t
clinical uses 254
keratitis 679
prosthetic joint infections 541
CSF penetration 636b
eye drops 669t
hemodialysis 63t
interactions, transplant patients 518t
pharmacokinetics 253, 253t
absorption and distribution 253
metabolism and excretion 253
pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
preparations and dosage 254b
resistance 32–33, 253
Trimethoprim (Continued) Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis and M. bovis)
topical 669b (Continued)
toxicity/side effects 253–254 non-pulmonary 754–755
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 256–257 notification and contact tracing 760–761
antimicrobial activity 252t, 256 pericardium 755
clinical uses 257 pregnancy 755
cat-scratch disease 623t pretreatment screening 760
chemoprophylaxis 504, 506, 507t, 516 transplant patients 515
CSF shunt infections 548 treatment 756
diarrhea 598t adherence monitoring 759
dog bite 623t combination tablets 759–760
donovanosis 731 delivery 759
hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t directly observed therapy (DOT) 760
human bites 623t drugs in development 762–763
listeriosis 623t short-course 753t
nocardiosis 623t Tularemia 631, 801
rosacea 623t treatment 801–802
salmonellosis 599t Tumor necrosis factor-α, in sepsis 474–475
toxoplasmosis 824 Typhus
as enzyme inhibitor 74t epidemic 805
interactions 72t, 76t murine 805
transplant patients 518t scrub 805
pharmacokinetics 256–257, 256t Tyrothricin 4
absorption 256 discovery and source 5t
distribution 256
metabolism and excretion 257
preparations and dosage 257b U
resistance 256, 580 Ulcerative gingivitis see Gingivitis
toxicity/side effects 257 Ultra-filtered air 542
Trimetrexate 255 Unwanted effects see Safety; Toxicity
Tropheryma whipplei see Whipple’s disease Upper respiratory tract infections 567–573
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia 855 acute otitis media 570
Trovafloxacin 306t, 324 acute sinusitis 569
antimicrobial activity 319t common cold 567
clinical uses, cellulitis 627t reduced antibiotic use 571
preparations and dosage 324b sore throat 568
Trypanosomiasis 3, 829 Ureaplasma urealyticum 719t
T. brucei gambiense/African sleeping chorioamnionitis 706
sickness 20, 829–831 Ureidopenicillins 220
T. brucei rhodesiense 831–832, 831t antimicrobial activity 220, 220t
T. cruzi (S. American trypanosomiasis; clinical uses 220–221
Chagas’ disease) 832–834 pharmacokinetics 220
Tuberculoid leprosy 743, 744t, 745 resistance 220
Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis and M. bovis) 3 Urethritis, non-specific 724
bone/joint 755 Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase,
clinical trials 762–763 drugs affecting 74t
CNS 755 Urinary tract infection 694–701
drug-resistant 756 catheter-associated 548–549
combined 758 diagnosis 548–549
epidemiology 756–757 microbiology 548
molecular basis 756 pathogenesis 548
treatment 757–758, 757t prevention 549
HIV co-infection 564, 761–762 treatment 549
intestinal 604 diagnosis 696
latent, treatment 763 clinical 696
HIV-negative persons 764–765, 764b laboratory 696–697
HIV-positive persons 765 radiological 696
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 765 epidemiology and pathogenesis 695
regimens 763–765 etiology 695–696, 696t
lymph node 755 frequency of 695t
multidrug-resistant 43–44, 385f, 758, 758t host factors 695
 Index 899

Urinary tract infection (Continued) Vancomycin (Continued) Viral infections (Continued)

intensive care patients 524t, 528–529 endophthalmitis 684 pathogenesis 651–652
microbiology 528–529 enterococcal infection 533 treatment 653–654
pregnancy 707 eye infections 671t drugs used see Antiviral agents
prophylaxis 529, 697, 698t, 700 gangrene 623t eye 687
antibiotic efficiency 697–698, 698t hematogenous osteomyelitis 660t CMV 689–690
choice of antibiotic 697 hospital-acquired pneumonia 586t, HSV 674, 687–689
long-term 700 587t gastrointestinal 604
pharmacokinetics 697 implant-associated infections 539 liver see Hepatitis
treatment, safety 697 MRSA 533 neutropenic patients 506–507
virulence factors 695 neutropenia 508 ocular 687
Urolithiasis 66 prosthetic joint infections 541 pregnancy 709–714
UTI see Urinary tract infection solid organ transplantation 530 prophylaxis, neutropenia 506–507
surgical prophylaxis 487t transplant patients 515–516
CSF penetration 636b zoonotic 797–808
V discovery and source 5t Virginiamycin 336
Vaccines eye drops 669t VISA 31
anthrax 799 hemodialysis 63t Visceral larva migrans see Toxocara
hepatitis A 593–594 interactions 76t, 269 Visceral leishmaniasis 826–828
hepatitis B 603 transplant patients 518t Vitreous injection 670–671
Lyme borreliosis 804 mode of action 10t, 12 Volume replacement in sepsis 477–478
Q fever 806 nephrotoxicity 65 see also Fluid replacement
tuberculosis 759 pharmacokinetics 268–269, 268t Voriconazole 372–373
Vaginal candidiasis see Vulvovaginal absorption 269 antimicrobial activity 372
candidiasis distribution 269 clinical uses 373
Vaginitis, trichomonal see Trichomonas metabolism and excretion 269 aspergillosis 512, 780–781, 781t
vaginalis pregnancy/breastfeeding 705 candidiasis 511, 778t, 779t
Vaginosis, bacterial 719t, 731 preparations and dosage 268b chemoprophylaxis 506, 507t
diagnosis 731 resistance 37, 268, 508 endocarditis 592
epidemiology 731 toxicity/side effects 269 fungal infections 511
investigations 731 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci 508 paracoccidioidomycosis 788
management 732 Vardenafil, interactions 71t peritoneal dialysis catheter-related
pathogenesis 731 Varicella zoster virus 618–619, 654 infection 550
pregnancy/breastfeeding 706, 732 see also Herpes zoster as enzyme inhibitor 74t
prophylaxis 732 Vascular access device-associated infections as enzyme substrate 74t
test of cure 732 see Cannula-associated infections interactions 72t, 80t, 373, 518
Valaciclovir Vasculature, surgery 491 pharmacokinetics 372–373, 372t
clinical uses 458 Vasopressor agents in sepsis 478 absorption 372–373
chemoprophylaxis 506 Ventilator-associated pneumonia 526 distribution 373
genital herpes 733, 734 prevention 532 metabolism and excretion 373
herpes simplex virus 620t Verapamil, interactions 69 pregnancy/breastfeeding 705
hemodialysis 63t Verruga peruana 802 preparations and dosage 373b
interactions 93t Vibrio spp., ocular infection 691 renal failure 62t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 710 Vibrio cholerae resistance 372
preparations and dosage 458 bacterial endocarditis 594t toxicity/side effects 373
Valganciclovir chemoprophylaxis 124 Vulvovaginal candidiasis 774–775, 775t
hemodialysis 63t cholera 599
interactions 93t Vibrio parahaemolyticus 602
mode of action 21 antibiotic resistance 28t W
Valley fever 786 Vibrio vulnificus 623t, 631 Warts, viral see Human papillomavirus
Van genes 30 Vinblastine, interactions 71t WCK771 306t
Vancomycin 268–269 Vincent’s angina 294, 297, 298 Weil’s disease 803
antimicrobial activity 267t, 268 Vincristine, interactions 71t, 518t Whipple’s disease (Tropheryma whippelii
clinical uses 269 Viomycin 392 infection) 603
bacterial meningitis 634t, 640t resistance 384t ocular involvement 684–685
brain abscess 646t targets 384t Whipworm see Trichuriasis
Clostridium difficile infection 603t Viral infections Wolbachia spp. 854
community-acquired pneumonia CNS (meningitis/encephalitis) Woolsorter’s disease 799
581t 650–658 Wound infection, surgical see Surgical site
CSF shunt infections 547 diagnosis 652–653 infection
endocarditis 590, 590t, 591t epidemiology 650–651 Wuchereria bancrofti 843t, 854
900 Index

Y Zanamivir (Continued) Zidovudine (AZT; azidothymidine)

interactions 94t
Yersinia spp. 602 mode of action 22
Yersinia pestis 623t, 631, 802 pharmacokinetics 456
preparations and dosage 456b
Z renal failure 62t
resistance 456
Zabofloxacin 306t, 325 toxicity/side effects 456
Zalcitabine (ddc; 2’3’-dideoxycytidine), Zidovudine (AZT; azidothymidine)
mode of action 21 433–434
Zanamivir 456 antiviral activity 433
antiviral activity 456 clinical uses 434, 561
clinical uses 456 as enzyme substrate 74t
healthcare-associated pneumonia interactions 82t
583 mode of action 21
(Continued)
pharmacokinetics 434, 434t
absorption and distribution 434
metabolism and excretion 434
pregnancy/breastfeeding 711t
preparations and dosage 434b
resistance 434
toxicity/side effects 434, 561, 564
Zolpidem, interactions 69
Zone diameter breakpoints 117–119, 118f,
119f
Zoonoses 797–808
see also Bites
Zygomycosis (mucormycosis), 782