EEE-201 Circuits Theory I - Fall 2021

Sample Problems 2

Q-1: Assume an ideal model for the op-amp in the below circuit.

200 kΩ 2i

400 kΩ
i +Vcc

+
+
6V - vo
Ri 200 kΩ
-Vcc
-
100 kΩ

a) Derive an expression for the output voltage vo in terms of the input resistor Ri, assuming the values of
Vcc and Ri are set such that the op-amp is operating in its linear region.
b) What is the value of vo, if Vcc=10V and Ri = 200 kΩ.
c) What is the value of vo, if Vcc=5V and Ri = 200 kΩ.
d) Draw out the equivalent of the above circuit using an improved op-amp model with Rin = 1 MΩ, Ro=10
Ω, and gain, A=105.
e) Identify all of the necessary equations, based on the new circuit model in (d), which need to be solved
in order to derive an expression for vo in terms of Ri. You do not need to solve the equations.

Soln:
a) No current flows into the + terminal of an ideal op-amp. Therefore, can do voltage division to find v+
(voltage at + terminal), which is also equal to v- due to negative feedback topology:
Ri 6 Ri
v  6V    v
Ri  400k Ri  400k
No current flows into the - terminal of an ideal op-amp. Therefore, by KCL:
 v  6Ri
i 
100k 100k Ri  400k 
 6 Ri 24Ri
By Ohm’s Law: vo  2i  200k  400k  
100k Ri  400k  Ri  400k
6  200k
b) By voltage division: v   2 V  v
200k  400k
2 400k
By KCL: i  A  By Ohm’s Law: vopamp _ output  v  200k  i  2  6V
100k 100k
Since Vcc=10 V, -Vcc < 6 V < +Vcc holds. There is no saturation at the op-amp, and we can apply the
equation from (a), which was derived for the linear region.
24Ri 24  200k
vo   8V
Ri  400k 200k  400k
c) In this case Vcc=5 V. We can see from (b) that for Ri = 200 kΩ, vopamp_output = 6 V.
-Vcc < 6 V < +Vcc does not hold in this case. The opamp outputs saturates at 5 V.
5 5
Back-calculating i using Ohm’s Law, get: i   A
200k  100k 300k
 5 20
By Ohm’s Law: vo  2i  200k  400k   V
300k 3
d) The equivalent circuit with improved op-amp model:

200 kΩ 2i

400 kΩ
1 MΩ i
1 2 10 Ω
+ vin - +
6V
Ri 200 kΩ vo
+
105vin -
-
100 kΩ

v1  6 v1 v1  v2
e) KCL @ 1:    0 ...(1)
400k Ri 1M
v2  105 vin v v v
KCL @ 2:  2  2 1  0 ...(2)
200k  10 100k 1M
Ohm’s Law: vo  2i  200k  i 400k ...(3)

In addition, vin  v1  v2 ...(4)

v2  105 vin
and, by Ohm’s: i  ...(5)
200k  10
Since there are 5 equations and 5 unknowns (not counting Ri as an unknown), can solve to get vo in
terms of Ri.

Q-2: f (t)

i) If a 600 mH inductor has i(t) = f(t) mA, where f(t) 2

is given in the sketch on the right hand side, find
its voltage at t = -3, 1, 3, and 7 ms. -8 -6
t (ms)
ii) Given a 1mH inductor has v(t) = f(t) mV, where 2 6 8
f(t) is given in the sketch on the right hand side,
find its current at t = -6, 0, 3, and 8 ms, if the -2
current at -8ms is 0.

Soln: ii)
i)

similarly i(3) = -4 mA
 i 4Ω

Q-3: Find i for t > 0 if the circuit is in t=0

steady state at t = 0-. 2Ω 3Ω
6Ω 2Ω 1/6 F
+ +
10 V 3V
- -

Soln:

Q-4: You have been asked to analyze a particular switching scenario for a multi-drop I/O bus in your new
position at an electronic systems company. You have setup the simulation model as below. Before you
had a chance to hit the simulator “Run” button, your project lead stopped you and asked you to hand-
analyze the circuit to determine what you should expect. Assume the circuit is initially in steady state.

50 Ω

a) Calculate vo for all t.

50 Ω 50 Ω
+
t=0 1 mF vo
b) Sketch vo.
-
5u(t+2)
50 mA
V

Soln:
a) For t < -2 s: 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟎 𝑽 since all the sources have been off for a long time (steady-state).
For -2 s < t < 0 s (voltage source on, current source unconnected):
𝒗𝒐 −𝟓 𝒅𝒗𝒐 𝒅𝒗𝒐
KCL @ the top right node: + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 =𝟎 ⇒ + 𝟏𝟎𝒗𝒐 = 𝟓𝟎 ...(1)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 Characteristic equation: 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒗𝒐𝒏 = 𝑲𝟏 𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒕
Assume 𝒗𝒐𝒇 = 𝑨 ⇒ Substituting into (1): 𝟏𝟎𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎 ⇒ A=5 ⇒ 𝒗𝒐 = 𝑲𝟏 𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝟓 V ...(2)
But by the principle of continuity for capacitive voltage:
𝒗𝒐 (−𝟐+ ) = 𝒗𝒐 (−𝟐− )=0=𝑲𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝟎 + 𝟓 ⇒ 𝑲𝟏 = −𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝟎 ⇒ From (2): 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟓[𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟏𝟎(𝟐+𝒕) ] V
For 0 s < t (voltage source on and current source connected to the circuit):
Let’s call the top left node Node 1, and top right node Node 0.
𝒗𝒐 −𝒗𝟏 𝒅𝒗𝒐 𝒅𝒗𝒐
KCL @ Node 0: + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 =𝟎 ⇒ + 𝟐𝟎𝒗𝒐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 ...(3)
𝟓𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝟏 −𝟓 𝒗𝟏 −𝒗𝟎
KCL @ Node 1: + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 + = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 ...(4)
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
𝒅𝒗𝒐
Substitute for 𝟐𝟎𝒗𝟏 from (4) into (3): + 𝟏𝟎𝒗𝒐 = 𝟐𝟓 ...(5)
𝒅𝒕
Solving for homogeneous and forced responses as before: 𝒗𝒐 = 𝑲𝟐 𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝟐. 𝟓 V ...(6)
But by the principle of continuity for capacitive voltage:
𝒗𝒐 (𝟎+ ) = 𝒗𝒐 (𝟎− ) =𝟓[𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝟎 ] = 𝑲𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟓 ⇒ 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝟎
⇒ From (6): 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟓[𝟏 − 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝟎 ]𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝟐. 𝟓 V

b) Sketch: vo (V)

2.5
t (s)
0
-2

Q-5: If the circuit is in steady-state at t=0- : e) Find i for t > 0.

a) Find the characteristic equation for t > 0;

2Ω 1H 1H i
b) Find the natural frequency, t=0
c) Find the damping ratio.
40 V 2Ω 3Ω
d) Is the system overdamped, underdamped, or
critically damped?

Soln:
a)

Characteristic equation: s2 + 7s + 6 = 0

b) Natural frequency, 0  a 0  6 rad/s

 a1 7
c) Damping ratio:   
2 a0 2 6
d) Overdamped (real and distinct roots)

e)

t=0
Q-6: The switch in the following circuit has been closed 2Ω
for a long time before it is opened at t=0.
a) What are the values of vC(t) and iL(t) when t < 0? +
1F
b) Find iL(t) for all t. vC 2Ω
8V
c) Write down an equation for vc(t) in terms of iL(t). iL -
d) Solve the equation you derived in part (c) to find
vc(t). 1H

Soln:
a) The capacitor is an open circuit and the inductor is a short circuit under DC steady state.
𝟖
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝟎: 𝒊𝑳 (𝒕) = =𝟐𝑨 𝒗𝑪 (𝒕) = (𝟐)(𝟐) = 𝟒 𝑽
𝟐+𝟐
𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝑳
b) 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝟎 𝑲𝑽𝑳: − 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒊𝑳 + ∫𝟎 𝒊(𝝉) 𝒅𝝉 + 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎) + =𝟎
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒊𝑳 𝒅𝒊𝑳
Differentiate: +𝟐 + 𝒊𝑳 = 𝟎 …(1)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟐
Homogenous equation: 𝒔 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 → 𝒔𝟏 = −𝟏, 𝒔𝟐 = −𝟏 (roots real and equal)
Critically damped: 𝒊𝑳𝒏 (𝒕) = 𝑲𝟏 𝒆−𝒕 + 𝑲𝟐 𝒕𝒆−𝒕
Forced equation: 𝑮𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝑳𝒇 (𝒕) = 𝑨 → 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝟏), 𝑨 = 𝟎
Total solution: 𝒊𝑳 (𝒕) = 𝑲𝟏 𝒆−𝒕 + 𝑲𝟐 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 …(2)
𝒊𝑳 (𝟎) = 𝑲𝟏 = 𝟐 … (𝟑)
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
KVL at t=0: −𝟖 + 𝟐(𝟐) + 𝟒 + 𝑳 ] = 𝟎 → 𝑳] = 𝟎 = −𝑲𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 … (𝟒)
𝒅𝒕 𝒕=𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒕=𝟎
Using (3) and (4): 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟐 … (𝟓)
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 (𝟐): 𝒊𝑳 (𝒕) = 𝟐𝒆−𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝑨 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒊𝑳 (𝒕) = 𝟐 𝑨 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 ≤ 𝟎

𝒅𝒊𝑳
c) KVL: 𝒗𝑪 = 𝟖 − − 𝟐𝒊𝑳
𝒅𝒕

d) 𝒗𝑪 (𝒕) = 𝟖 − (−𝟐𝒆−𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕𝒆−𝒕 + 𝟐𝒆−𝒕 ) − 𝟒𝒆−𝒕 − 𝟒𝒕𝒆−𝒕 = 𝟖 − 𝟐𝒕𝒆−𝒕 − 𝟒𝒆−𝒕 𝑽 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 > 𝟎
𝒗𝑪 (𝒕) = 𝟒 𝑽 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 < 𝟎
Q-7: i
2H 1Ω
a) Assuming the circuit on the right is initially in
steady-state, calculate i(t) for all t. 1F 1Ω

b) What is the energy stored at the inductor at

1Ω 6u(-t)
t=0? V

Soln:
a) t < 0 (voltage source on):
Since the circuit is in steady-state, the capacitor is open-circuit.
Let i0: Current delivered by the voltage source:
𝟔 𝒊
𝒊𝟎 = = 𝟒 A ; 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎− ) = 𝒊𝑳 (𝟎+ ) = 𝑶 = 𝟐 A ; 𝒗𝑪 (𝟎− ) = 𝒗𝑪 (𝟎+ ) = 𝒊𝑳 ∙ 𝟏Ω = 𝟐 V
𝟏+𝟎.𝟓 𝟐

t > 0 (voltage source off):

𝒗𝑪 𝒅𝒗𝑪
KCL @ top node: 𝒊 + + = 𝟎 ...(1)
𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊
KVL @ the loop including the inductor and the capacitor: 𝒗𝑪 = 𝒊 + 𝟐 ...(2)
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒊 𝟓 𝒅𝒊 𝟑
Substitute for 𝒗𝑪 from (2) into (1): + + 𝒊=𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑
Characteristic equation: 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔 + = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒔𝟏 = − , 𝒔𝟐 = −𝟏 (overdamped)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
− 𝒕
𝒊 = 𝑲𝟏 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 𝒆−𝒕 ...(3)

KVL @ the loop including the inductor and the capacitor at time 0+:
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒗𝑪 (𝟎+ ) = 𝒊(𝟎+ ) + 𝟐 (𝟎+ ) ⇒ (𝟎+ ) = 𝟎 A/s
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Using (3), 𝒊(𝟎+ ) = 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟐 ...(4)

𝒅𝒊 + 𝟑
(𝟎 ) = − 𝑲𝟏 − 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟎 ...(5)
𝒅𝒕 𝟐

𝟑
Add (4) and (5): 𝑲𝟏 = −𝟒 ⇒ 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟔 ⇒ 𝒊 = 𝟔𝒆−𝒕 − 𝟒𝒆−𝟐𝒕 A

𝟏 𝟏
b) Energy = ∙ 𝑳 ∙ 𝒊(𝟎)𝟐 = ∙ 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒 𝑱
𝟐 𝟐
Q-8: For the three coupled coils, calculate the total inductance.

Q-9: For the coupled coil, find the Leq in terms of L1, L2 and M.

For the series connection shown in Figure, the current I enters each coil from its dotted terminal.
Therefore, the mutually induced voltages have the same sign as the self-induced voltages. Thus,
Q-10: For v for t>0 if i1(0)=-1, and i2(0)=0.
Q-11: Find v(t) for t>0.
Q-12: For the circuit below, if the initial conditions are i(0+)=0 and vc(0+)=0. Write differential equation for
vc(t). Solve for vc(t) if R=80 Ω.

t=0
L R

2 mH +
C
50 V 5 μF vc(t)
i(t)
-