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;xof]u / ;dGjo x'g] pNn]v ub}{ Pd;L;L sDKofS6sf cfof]hgf / k|ltkmnsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f u/L
;dod} ;Sg]df ;/sf/sf] k|lta4 ePsf] / Tof] /lx/xg] atfP . ;d'b;| Dd cfˆg} kmfOa/ ln+s :yfkgf
h'g b]z / hgtfsf] nflu lgs} b'vb ljifo eg] of] pgsf] /fi6« ug]{ jf l5d]sL b]zx¿af6 AofG8ljy
/ hg3ftL sfo{ xf] . vl/b ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf yk cWoog
cfd:jfledfgL hgtf, qmlGtsf/L, /fi6«jfbL, k|ultzLn, ;Rrf ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
nf]stGqjfbL /fhgLlts bn / g]tfx¿n] ;bg / ;8sjf6 OG6/g];gn OG6/g]6 Joj:yfkg
lj/f]w ubf{ ub}{ ;/sf/n] @)&* kmfu'g !% ut] /fi6«3ftL Pd;L;L k|0ffnL ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ;DaGwdf
;Demf}tf ;+;b\af6 kf; u/]/ b]zdf k'gM åGåsf] lahf/f]k0f u/]sf] ;'emfj
lyof] . cfd:jfledfgL hgtf, /fi6«jfbL bn, g]tfnufot != cGt/f{li6«o:t/df Psflwsf/
cfda'l4hLljn] Pd;L;Ldfkm{t\ cd]l/sfn] g]kfndf cfˆgf] ;}Go df] 8 ] n (Monopoly Model),
/0fgLlt nfu" ug{ vf]h]sf] eGb} To;sf] rsf]{ lj/f]w ub}{ cfO/x]sf cf+ l zs k| l t:kwf{ T ds df] 8 ] n
(Partial Competition Model) /
5g\ / pgLx¿n] Pd;L;LnfO{{ lkmtf{ k7fpg'kg]{ dfu ub}{ ;8s k"0f{ k|ltikwf{Tds df]8]n (Full
;+3if{;d]t rsf{pFb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/, ;/sf/n] pgLx¿sf] dfu, Competition Model) u/L tLg
;Nnfx, ;'emfjnfO{{ ;d]t gh/cGbfh ub}{ jnft\ 9Ën] ;+;b\af6 j6f OG6/g];gn OG6/g]6 AofG8ljy
Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf kf; u/]sf] lyof] . cfdhgtfdfq xf]Og, ;/sf/n] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfossf] /x]sf ;'emfj o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ – ;'lgg] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ …Osf]gldS; ckm cfoft ug]{ df]8]n k|rngdf /x]sf]
;Qf;Lg bnleqs} sltko /fi6«jfbL g]tfn] ;d]t Pd;L;Lsf] e"ldsf v'DRofpg] ;+s]t u/]sf] xf] . …g]kfn lelqg] AofG8ljynfO{ :s]nÚsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k OG6/g];gn b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pko'Qm
lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] ;+;b\df klg clwsf+z /fi6«jfbL ;~rf/dGqL /]vf zdf{n] @# kmfu'g Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj OG6/g]6 AofG8ljysf] d"No 36fpg, ;f] df] 8 ] n sf] 5gf} 6 , gLltut tyf
;f+;b\n] Pd;L;L kfl/t ug{' gx'g] eGb} cfˆgf] c8fg /fv]sf @)*) df bf];|f]k6s dGqLdf kb != b" / ;~rf/ P] g , @)%# / afkt g]kfnaf6 aflxl/g] ljb]zL d'bf| ;+ / rgfut Joj:yf nufotsf
lyP . t/, ;/sf/n] s;}sf] s'/f g;'gL ;+;b\af6 Pd;L;L cg'df]bg jxfnL ubf{ g] k fndf JofG8ljy b" / ;~rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$ sd ug{ / u'0f:t/Lo OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ljifodf yk cWoog u/fpFbf pko'Qm
u¥of] . ;/sf/sf] o:tf /fi6«3ftL / hg3ftL xs{tsf] clxn] Kn]6kmd{ -cGt/f{li6«o OG6/g]6 u]6– adf]lhd Pp6} JolQm–;+:yfn] g]6js{ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu xfnsf] cj:yfdf x'g] b]lvG5 .
rf}tkmL{ lj/f]w x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . j]_ sf] ;Defjgfsf] cWoog ug{ ;]jf k|bfos / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos slDtdf %)) hLaLkLP; kl/df0fsf] @= g]kfn aflx/af6 cfPsf]
Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf slt /fi6«3ftL 5 eGg] s'/f …Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf dGqfno ;x;lrj uf}/j lu/Lsf] b'a}sf] cg'dltkq lng] u/]sf] sf/0f OG6/g]6 AofG8ljy cfoft ug{ kfpg] g]6js{ 6«flkmsnfO{ plrt ¿kdf
/ g]kfnsf] sfg"g aflemPdf Pd;L;L ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g], ;+of]hsTjdf Ps ;ldlt u7g u/]sL g]6js{ ;]jf k|bfos / OG6/g]6 ;]jf nufotsf cGo Joj:yf ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yfkg ug{, 8f6f Kofs]6x¿nfO{
cd]l/sfsf] ljBdfg / kl5 aGg] sfg'gx¿ Pd;L;L kl/of]hgfdf lyOg\ . ;ldltn] d+unaf/ dGqL;dIf k|bfos km/s–km/s agfO{ ahf/nfO{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ s' z n / ;' / lIft ¿kdf cGo
k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;dfg w/ftndf k| l tikwf{ ug] { u/L pko'Qm lg0f{o x'g cfjZos b]zx¿df k|jfx ug{, 8f6f uf]kgLotf,
nfu" x'g], Pd;L;L;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿sf ultljlwx¿ / k|bfossf] e"ldsf v'DRofpg] u/L jftfj/0f agfpg sl7gfO /x]sf] 5 . b]lvPsf] 5 . sG6] G 6 lkmN6l/ª (Content
To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljjfbx¿ cd]l/sfdf dfq sfg"gL k'k{Ifdf ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ lbOPsf] 5 . pQm ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o OG6/g]6 AofG8ljy #= b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# tyf Filtering) sf] ;fGble{stf, ;fOa/
hfg], g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pd;L;L kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ Pd;LPb ;ldltn] k]; u/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ vl/b d"No a9L b]vfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgodjfnL, @)%$ adf]lhd g]kfn ;'/Iff nufotsf ljifodf lgodg
/ g]kfn u7g ug]{ h'g cfkm}F lg0f{o ug{ :jtGq x'g], Pd;L;Ldf cfwf/ agfpFb} dGqL zdf{n] OG6/g]6 /fh:j–s/ sd ltg{;Sg] ;Defjgf ;/sf/ Pjd\ b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 ug{ tyf cg'udg ug{ cfjZos kg]{
x'g] /f]huf/x¿af/] g]kfnsf] sfg"g gnfUg], Pd;L;L kl/of]hgfsf] ;]jf k|bfosdfly sl;nf] gLlt lng /x] s f] n ] g] 6 js{ ;] j f k| b fos / lbOg] lgb]z { gx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ gLltut, sfg"gL Pj+ ;+/rgfut
n]vf k/LIf0f g]kfnn] ug{ gkfpg] / Pd;L;L kl/of]hgfcGtu{t nfluPsf] ;Í]t lbPsL x'g\ . k|ltj]bg OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ aLr …r]s ;Sg] u/L g]6js{ ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf yk cWoog
lgdf{0f / k|fKt x'g] af}l4s ;DklQdf ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf cd]l/sfsf] xs a' ‰ b} dGqL zdf{ n ] g] k fndf P08 Aofn] G ;Ú gx' F b f ahf/df cfjZos k|aGw ul/Psf] ;'lgZrttf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy},
sfod x'g]Ú h:tf k|fjwfgn] k'li6 ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o AofG8ljysf] Joj:yfkg ;]jfu|fxLn] ltg]{ OG6/g]6 dxz'n tyf ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . gful/ssf] uf]klgotf;Fu hf]l8Psf]
t;y{ /fi6«, /fli6«otf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ dxTjk" 0 f{ ePklg o;;DaGwL u'0f:t/df Ps¿ktf x'g g;s]sf] $= OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ b]zleq ljifo /x]sf] x'gfn] OG6/g];gn
Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf vf/]h ug{'sf] ljsNk 5}g . cGoyf, oxL cfjZos cWoog gePsfn] ;ldlt b] l vG5 . t;y{ OG6/g] 6 ;] j f cj/f]w x'g glbg j}slNks Joj:yf OG6/g]6 Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL g]kfn
Pd;L;Lsf sf/0f b]z k'gM åGådf km:g] lglZrt 5 . /fi6«, u7g ul/Psf] atfOg\ . k|ltj]bgn] k|bfosaLr :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds ;d]tsf] nflu g]6js{ ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] ;/sf/sf] dftxt /xg] Joj:yf ug{'
/fli6«otf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] efjgfdfly s'7f/f3ft ub}{ Pd;L;L lbPsf] ;'emfjsf cfwf/df tTsfn ug{ jftfj/0f, n]en Kn]Oª lkmN8 tof/ slDtdf b'O{ j6f OG6/g];gn OG6/g]6 ;d]t pko'Qm x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
sfof{Gjog u/]/ b]z / hgtfnfO{ k'gM åGådf km;fpg] sfo{ u/] ;lsg] sfdsf nflu k|lqmof cl3 ug{ Pp6} ;+:yfnfO{ g]6js{ ;]jf AofG8ljy ljqm]tfaf6 AofG8ljy vl/b #= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df OG6/g]zgn
a9fpg / cGo ;jfndf cfjZos k|bfos / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfossf] ug{k' g],{ o;/L AofG8ljy vl/b ubf{ OG6/g]6 Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] lj:t[t
cfd :jfledfgL hgtfnfO{ Tof] dfGo x'g] 5}g . To:tf] /fi6«3ftL sfg" g agfpg pgn] ;DalGwt bf]x/f] e"ldsfdf g/xg] u/L tTsfn Pp6f ljqm] t faf6 clwstd\ ^) k|md
] js{, :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf]
/ hg3ftL sfo{sf] hgtfn] ;8saf6 k|ltjfb ug]{ 5g\ . ;fy} lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbOg] hfgsf/L Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltzt eGbf a9L vl/b ug{ gkfpg] df]8fln6L, gLltut sfg"gL Pj+
Pd;L;Lsf gfddf /fi6« / hg3ft ug]{ /fhgLlts bn / g]tfnfO{ klg lbOg\ . @= g] 6 js{ ;] j f k| b fossf] ;fy} ;f] JofG8ljy g]kfn leq\ofpFbf ;+ / rgfut Joj:yf nufotsf
bl08t ug]{ 5g, r]tgf eof . clxn] ljleGg OG6/g]6 ;]jf cg'dltkq k|fKt ;+:yf s/La @# j6f km/s–km/s gfsfaf6 Jof08ljy ljifox¿df yk lj:t[t cWoog u/L

Hjfnfva/n] e|dk"0f{ ;dfrf/ x6fof]

sf7df8f} F . g] k fnuGhaf6
atfPsf 5g\ . ljZjsdf{n] cfk"m pQm
k|bfos sDkgL cfkm}n + ] g]6js{ ;]jf
k|bfdossf ¿kdf ef/t / rLgsf
/x]sf]df s;}n] sd s;}n] a9L
OG6/g]zn OG6/g]6 AofG8ljy vl/b
cfoft ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ug{ pko'Qm
x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;dofg's'n pko'Qm k|aGw ug{
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .Ú

;~rfng ul/Psf] Hjfnfva/ gfds

:yfgLo cgnfOgn] e|dk"0f{ ;dfrf/
x6fPsf] 5 . s]xL lbg cufl8 ;f]
cgnfOgn] hgkqfs/ ;+u7gn] u/]sf]
lg0f{olj?4 e|dk"0f{ / ablgotk"0f{
skf]slNkt ;dfrf/ k|sfzg u/L
hgkqsf/ ;+u7g / qmflGtsf/L kf6L{
tyf g]t[Tjsf] abgfd u/]sf] lyof]] .
pQm cgnfOgn] cgnfOg ;fO6af6
;dfrf/ x6fpg' s f] ;fy} ;f] x L
cgnfOgsf ;Dkfbs a;Gt ljZjsdf{n]
cfk"m pQm cgnfOgdf cfa4 g/x]sf]
sfdkåf/f c:ktfnx¿nfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf
hnjfo'hGo ljkb\sf 36gfx¿df pNn]Vo j[l4 Û ljZjsf] cf};t tfkqmd j[l4 !=% l8u|L ;]lN;o; Û
sf7df8f}F . hnjfo' lj1x¿n]
ljkb\hGo xfgL tyf gf]S;fgLsf sf/0f
g]kfnn] ljut * jif{df sl/j ;f9] !*
s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] gf]S;fgL
cgnfOgaf6 cf}krfl/s ;+nUgtfaf6
k[ys /x]sf] ;d]t atfPsf 5g\ .
hnjfo'hGo ljkb\sf sf/0f dfgjLo /
cfly{ s Ifltsf ;fy} ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts If]qdf klg a9L c;/ k/]sf]
atfpFb} eg]– …ca cfpFbf lbgx¿df
PlS:6«d SnfOd]6 Oe]06sf 36gfx¿
a9\b} hfg]5g\ eGg] vfnsf] Pp6f lg:sif{
lgsflnPsf] 5 . af9L, klx/f], ;d'Gb|L
cfFwL jf To:tf 36gfx¿ a9\b} hfg] /
To; 36gfx¿n] k|fs[lts dfgjLo
k|0ffnLdf c;/ kb{5 . eGg]vfnsf] s'/f
cfOkLl;;Ln] lgsfn]sf] lg:sif{ xf] .
o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f d]nDrLsf]
sf7df8f}F . ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] df};d
lj1fg Ph]G;L -8ANo"Pdcf]_n] ljZjsf]
jflif{s cf};t tfkqmd !=% l8u|L ;]lN;o;
k'Ug] ;Defjgf *) k|ltztn] a9]sf]
hgfPsf] 5 . Ph]G;Ln] a'waf/ ljZjsf]
tfkqmdsf] cj:yfaf/] gofF ljZn]if0f hf/L
u/L k"j{ cf}Bf]lussfnsf] t'ngfdf jflif{s
cf};t tfkdfgsf] ;Ldf gf£g] ;Defjgf
*) k|ltzt a9]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] xf] .
8ANo"Pdcf]sf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@$
b]lv ;g\ @)@* ;Ddsf] cjlwdf
ljZjsf] cf};t tfkqmd ;g\ !*%)–
!()) sf] cjlwsf] t'ngfdf !=! l8u|L
sf/0f x'g\ . o:tf 36gfsf sf/0f
tfkqmd a9\bf lxdfn klUng], cltj[li6
x'g,] v8]/L kg]{ nufotsf ;d:of l;h{gf
x'bF f g]kfnh:tf ;fgf, ul/a / 6fk'
b]z df/df kl//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] wgL
b]zsf sf/0f cgfxsdf r/d df};dL
36gfsf] ;fdgfaf6 kLl8t ;fgf
b]zx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ cfjfh
p7\b} cfPsf] 5 .
ljutdf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] !))
ca{ 8n/ hnjfo' ljQLo ;xof]u lbg]
jfrf u/] klg pgLx¿n] !) s/f]8
klg kl/rfng gu/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

cfk\mg} cf}iflw k;n ;~rfng ug{ lgb]z{ g

sf7df8f} F . sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfn] dxfgu/ If]qdf
;~rflnt ;a} c:ktfnnfO{ !%
lbgleq cfˆg} cf}iflw k;n ;~rfng
ug{ lgb] { z g lbPsf] 5 .
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] :jf:Yo ljefun]
a'waf/ Ps ;"rgf hf/L ub}{ dxfgu/
If] q leq ;~rflnt ;a}
c:ktfnx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf
cfˆg} cf}iflw k;n ;~rfng ug{
lgb]z{ g lbPsf] xf] . dxfgu/ If]qleq
;~rflnt clwsf+z c:ktfnx¿n]
cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf cf}iflw k;n
;~rfng u/]sf 5}gg\ .
c:ktfnx¿n] cGo JolQmx¿nfO{
cf}iflw k;n ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt
lbFbf pkef]Qmfx¿ u'0f:t/Lo kmfd]; { L
;] j faf6 al~rt eO/x] s f]
dxfgu/kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 .
…cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ cf}iflw k;n
;~rfng ug{ cg' d lt lbF b f
pkef]Qmfx¿ u'0f:t/Lo kmfd];{ L ;]jfaf6
al~rt eO/x]sf] tyf rsf]{ d"Nodf
cf}iflw / cf}iflwhGo ;fdu|Lx¿ laqmL
eO/x]sf] u'gf;f] k|fKt ePsf] 5,Ú
sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;"rgfdf
elgPsf] 5, …c:ktfnx¿n] clgjfo{
¿kdf cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf kmfd]; { L ;]jf
;~rfng ug{k' g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .Ú
dxfgu/n] @)&$ ;fndf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntn] c:ktfnx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
:jfldTjdf clgjfo{¿kdf kmfd]; { L ;]jf
;~rfng ug{k' g]{ eg]/ u/]sf] cfb]zsf]
klg ;"rgfdf :d/0f u/fPsf] 5 .
ef]u]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . d+unjf/
sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf
lj1x¿n] cfpg] lbgdf hnjfo'hGo
ljkb\sf 36gfx¿df pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g]
atfPsf x'g\ . pgLx¿n] af9L, klx/f],
;d'Gb|L cfFwL nufotsf 36gfx¿ a9L
eGbf a9L j[l4 x'g] atfPsf x'g\ .
pQm sfo{qmddf hnjfo' lj1 Pj+
k|sl[ t l/;f];{ ;]G6/sf lgb]z
{ s k|ljgdfg
l;+xn] cfufdL lbgdf af9L, klx/f]
nufotsf 36gfx¿df j[l4 x'g] /
ljkb\hGo 36gfn] dfgjLo / k|fs[lts
k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] c;/ k'Ug] atfP . pgn]
af9LnfO{ x]g;{ S5f}F . n; P08 8\ofd]hsf]
s'/f ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt
o'PgPkml;l;;Ln] s:tf vfnsf n;
P08 8\ofd]h x'g;S5g\ eGbf b'O{ j6f
Sof6fuf]/Ldf n; P08 8\ofd]hnfO{
5'6o\ fPsf] 5 . Pp6f cfly{s xfgL tyf
gf]S;fgL 5 . csf]{ u}/ cfly{s xfgL
tyf gf]S;fgL 5 .Ú
lgb]z
{ s l;+xn] d]nDrLsf] af9Lsf
sf/0f k|fs[lts >f]t, Osf]l;:6d,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts c;/x¿
a9L ePsf] / o;sf sf/0f k|fs[lts
;f}Gbo{df klg c;/ k/]sf] atfP . pgn]
af9Lsf sf/0f a;fOF;/fOsf] ;d:of;d]t
a9]sf] atfpg'eof] . af9Ln] 3/fo;L
sfddf dlxnfx¿sf] af]em emg} ylkPsf]
atfP .
;]lN;o;b]lv !=( l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd
k'Ug] ;Defjgf 5 .
;g\ @)!% df ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf]
jflif{s hnjfo' ;Dd]ng -sf]k–@!_df
ljZjsf] tfkdfgsf] j[l4nfO{ ;g\ @)#)
leq !=% l8u|L ;]lN;o;df ;Lldt /fVg
ljz]if kxn ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
!(^ kIf /fi6«n] !* l8;]Da/ @)!% df
x:tfIf/ u/]sf] of] lg0f{o $ gf]eD] a/
@)!^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] lyof] . t/
ljZje/ tfkqmd j[l4 x'g] qmd /f]lsPsf]
5}g . ;g\ @)@# n] xfn;Dds} ;a}eGbf
a9L udL{ jif{sf] /]s8{ /f]vs ] f] 5 . To;}n]
k[YjLdf udL{ a9\b} hfg' lrGtfsf] ljifo
ag]sf] 5 . wgL / ljsl;t b]zx¿af6
a9L pT;h{g x'g] xl/tu[x UofF;nfO{
tfkqmd j[l4sf] d'Vo sf/0f dflgPsf]
5 . k]6f« n] –l8hnaf6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwg,
h+undf nfUg] 89]nf] klg tfkqmd j[l4sf
;+oQ' m /fi6« ;+3sf j}1flgsx¿sf
cg' ; f/ ;g\ @)!% b] l v g}
ljZjJofkL¿kdf tfkqmd j[l4df p5fn
cfpg] cfz+sf lyof] . ;g\ @)!& b]lv
@)@! sf] aLrdf o:tf] ;Defjgf @)
k|ltzt lyof] . hasL ;g\ @)@# b]lv
@)@& sf] cjlwdf To:tf] ;Defjgf
a9]/ ^^ k|ltzt k'lu;s]sf] 5 .
tfkdfg j[l4nfO{ 36fpg g]kfn
cfkm}Fn] ;g\ @)$% ;Dd sfa{g
pT;h{g …g]6 lh/f]Ú cyf{t\ pT;h{g
ug]{ xl/t u[x UofF; / To;nfO{ ;f]:g]
UofF;sf] kl/df0f a/fa/ agfpg] nIo
/fv]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf klg ljutsf]
t'ngfdf udL{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
lxdfnodf lxpF kg{ sd ePsf] 5 /
lxpF kg]{ 7fpFdf jiff{ ePsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ uDeL/ lrGtfsf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 .
 @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/ 3

Pd;L;Lsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg

g]kfndf hg:t/af6 lj/f]w x'bF fx'bF } ePsf] dflgFbg} . t]>f] s'/f To;lbgsf] 5 . %) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/sf] cfof] h gfcGtu{ t g' j fsf] 6 sf]
bnfn ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn
sf7df8f}F . g]kfnL sDo'lg:6
kf6L{ s f kf] l n6Ao' / f] ;b:o tyf
:yfkgf u/]/ kf6L{ hgtfsf] ;]jfdf
nfu]sf] atfP .
ha/h:t nfu" u/fpg vf]lhPsf] ;+;b\sf] a}7sdf Pd;L;L;Fu} PsLs[t Pd;L;L kl/of] h gf cGtu{ t a] n sf] 6 u9L gu/kflnsfl:yt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf OGrfh{ dfOnf ;Ln] pQm pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf g]skf
lajfbf:kb cd]l/sL of]hgf Pdl;;L ;dfhjfbL / dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf] laz]if d'Vo¿kdf laB't k|;f/0f nfOg / /ftdf6] , tgx' F s f] bdf} n L / bnfn ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn 7f]sj' f s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
l56f] ;Sg cd]l/sL bafj a9]sf] ;f}hGodf !@ a'bF ] JofVofTds 3f]if0ff ;8s lgdf{ 0 fsf sfdx¿ x' g ] gjnk/f;L klZrdsf] e"dxLdf ;j– ub}{ o;sf] ljsNkdf g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;lrj lr/GhLlj ;L, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
b]lvPsf] 5 . ut;ftf g]kfnsf] ;d]t k]z u/]/ kfl/t ePsf] elgPsf] elgPklg ljleGg kf6L{ / hg:t/af6 :6]zg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;dfhjfb nfu" ug{ kf6L{ :yfgLotxnfO{ wd{ ;L, s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;ldlt ;b:o
e|d0fdf /xg'ePsf ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh lyof] . g]kfnsf kf6L{x¿leq e'Or F fnf] ;d]t tLa| lj/f]w ePsf sf/0f g]kfnsf clwsf/Lx¿n] ;f] sfd alnof] agfpg] of]hgfdf /x]sf] atfPsf tyf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf OGrfh{
skf]{/]zg -Pdl;;L_ sf pkfWoIf Nofpg] Pd;L;L kl/of]hgf;Fu} kfl/t xfn;Dd To;sf] sfof{Gjogn] ult k|f/De eO;s]sf] eGg]u/]klg vf;df
hf]gfyg a|'S;n] cy{dGqL jif{dfg ePsf] elgPsf] ;f] JofVofTds 3f]if0ff lng;s] s f] 5} g . cd] l /sfn] hg:t/af6 cj/f]w sfod} /x]sf]
k'gnfO{ e]6/] zL3| sfof{Gjogsf nflu xfn s'g /l4sf] 6f]s/Ldf 5eGg] lbg]eg]sf] %) s/f]8 8n/ a/fa/sf] 5 . To;}u/L g'jfsf]6sf] /ftdf6]af6
bafj lbPsf] / k'gn] klg k|lta4tf v'Ng;s]sf] 5}g . Tolta]nf ;f] 3f]if0ff cg'bfg /sddWo] xfn;Dd Ps 8n/ sf7df8f} + s f] nK;Lkm] b Ldf g] k fn
hgfpg' ePsf s'/fx¿ aflx/ cfPsf tof/ ug] { k| l qmofdf dfcf] j fbL klg k|fKt x'g;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn laB't k|flws/0fåf/f lgdf{0ffwLg
lyP . pkfWoIf a|S' ; g]tT[ jsf] 6f]nLn] s]Gb|sftkm{af6 s]xL g]tf k|ToIf ;+nUg ;/sf/n] vr{ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] $)) s] e L ;a–:6] z g /
dsjfgk' / sf] x] 6 f} + 8 fdf /x] s f]
k|flws/0fsf] $)) s]eL ;a–:6]zg
8f= s]zj b]jsf]6f b'j}df /ftdf6]af6 laB'tk|jfx ug]{
sfo{qmd klg 5 . $)) lsnf]ef]N6
g]kfn / cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] Pd;L;LaLr ;g\ Ifdtfsf] laB't k|jfx ug{;Sg] ;f]
;j–:6]zg b]zsf] xfn;Dds} 7"nf]
@)!& df cfof]hgf;DaGwL x:tfIf/ ePklg b'O{ k| ; f/0f nfOg dflgG5 . pQm
jif{cl3dfq g]kfnsf] ;+;b\af6 ;Demf}tf cg'df]bg cfof]hgfcGtu{t *%^ j6f 6fj/ 5g\ . cfOtaf/ g]skf rGb|flu/L l8cf/ ;L, c=g]=d=;+3 qmflGtsf/L
aGg] elgPsf] 5 . sf7df8f} + , gu/kflnsfsf] gu/ sfof{nosf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
u/]sf] gf6sLo 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ca olb g' j fsf] 6 , l;Gw' k fNrf] s , wflbª, pb\3f6g ub}{ pgn] ;f] s'/f atfPsf OGrfh{ lalgtf ;L, s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw
g]kfndf Pd;L;L kl/of]hgf nfu" u/fpg] xf] eg] dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, tgx'F, kfNkf, x'g . OGrfh{ dfOnf ;Ln] ToxL of]hgf ;ldlt ;b:o k|tfk ;L nufotsf
gjnk' / / klZrd gjk/f;L cg';f/ rGb|flu/Ldf klg sfof{no g]tf sfo{stf{sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
km]/L ;+;b\df k]z u/]/ 5nkmn rnfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfndf cfly{s ;+s6 a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ut h]7 !% ut] ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]
lhNnfnfO{ k|;f/0fnfOgn] 5'g'kg]{
x'G5 . ;f] kl/of]hgfcGtu{t #)%
lsnf] l d6/ /0fgLlts ;8s
cleofg n3'ljQsf sd{rf/L sfof{no 5f8]/ efu]
sf7df8f}F . cleofg n3'ljQ ;+:yf tfdfª / cf:yf tfdfª nufotsf /x]sf]
cfa )*!–)*@ sf] ah]6;d]t Pd;L;Lsf af/]df df}g /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;~hfnsf] dd{t;Def/ / u'0f:t/ wg'iffsf sd{rf/L sfof{no 5f8]/ efu]sf a'lemPsf] 5 .
hasL rfn' cfasf] ah]6df Pd;L;Lsf af/]df yf]/} ePklg rrf{ ul/Psf] ;'wf/sf]] sfd x'g] elgPsf] 5 . 5g\ . ;f] ;+:yfsf] wg'iff 9Ns]j/l:yt cfOtaf/ k6s–k6s n3'ljQaf6
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{cGtu{t bfªsf]
/ ah]6 lalgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . casf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] ;+;b\n] g} efn'jfªaf6 klZrdtkm{ wfgvf]nf–
lg0f{o u/]/ ;f] kl/of]hgf h;/L leq\ofOPsf] lyof] To;}u/L lkmtf{ ug'{ ndxL ;8s v08sf] $) lsnf]ld6/
;8s gofF k|ljlwdfkm{t\ lj:tf/ tyf
pko'Qm x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu Pdl;;Lh:tf] ;f]xL /fhdfu{sf] bfª / c3f{vfFrLdf
kl/of]hgf 3fts x'g] s'/f o;cl3 klg k|;:t AofVof / ljZn]if0fx¿ kg]{ ndxL–lzjvf]nf v08sf] #&
lsdL ;8s dd{ t sf] sfd klg
e};s]sf 5g\ . sltkon] Pdl;;L g]kfnaf6 lkmtf{ eP PlzofnL ljsf; ;xL¿kdf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
a}+s, ljZj a}Fsh:tf cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfon] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u gug]{eGb} hxfF ef/tLo / lrlgofF :jfy{x¿
aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf
k|rf/ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ pQm lgsfox¿n] eg] To;af/] s]xL klg af]n]sf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cfpg] hldgsf]
5} g g\ . Pd;L;Ln] g] k fn / cd] l /sfaLrsf] bzsf} + nfdf] s' 6 gLlts d'cfAhf, jg If]qsf] k|of]uh:tf
;d:of Pd;LP g]kfndfkm{t\ ;xh}
;DaGwdf;d]t b/f/sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cfly{ssf ;fy} ;dfwfg x'g] s'g} ;+efjgf 5}g .
j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg;d]t p7]sfn] Pd;L;Lsf] emd]nfaf6 g]kfn hlt;Sbf] Pd;L;Laf6 g] k fnn] k| f Ktug] { zfvfdf :yfgLo n3'ljQ kLl8tx¿ bafa cfPsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 g]skfsf
elgPsf] cg'bfgdWo] clwsf+z /sd ;fd'lxs¿kdf hDdf x'g nfu]sf] b]vk] l5 :yfgLo g]tf dlGh/f nfdf nufotsf]
l56f] d'Qm x'g'sf] csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . g]kfn–ef/t cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f sd{rf/Lx¿ sfof{no 5f8]/ efu]sf x'g\ . 6f]nLn] HofbtL ug]{ n3'ljQsf] 6f]nL
ut @@ ut] l;+ x b/af/l:yt ePsf] / To;sf] d:of}bf n08gdf elgPsf] /sddWo] ut ebf}d} ;f] nfOg lgdf{0fdf vr{ ul/g] nIf /x]sf] ldlynf gu/kflnsf & rfa]8fF8fsL ;+of]hs tyf C0f c;'nL k|dv ' dlgif
cy{dGqfnodf dGqL k'g;Fu e]6u/]sf] tof/ eP/ Od]ndfkm{t\ g]kfndf sDKofS6sf] sfof{ G jogsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] cGo hltklg vr{ tf/f du/n] @)&* ;fndf pQm /fO{nufotnfO{ sfnf]df];f] bn]/ nv]6g\ ]
lyof] . To;;Fu} cGo sf], sf];Fu e]6 cfPsf] elgPsf] lyof] . ;f] d:of}bfsf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu 5 ca{ ¿k}ofFeGbf g]kfnn] Aoxfg'{kg]{ x'G5 . n3'ljQaf6 ! nfv ¿k}of C0f lnPsL tof/L u/]sf] va/ kfPkl5 efu]sf] g]skf
ul/of]eGg] v'n]sf] 5}g . pQm e]6df sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg /x]sf PshgfnfO{ a9L vr{ ul/;lsPsf] elgPsf] g] k fn / cd] l /sL ;/sf/sf] lyOg\ . du/n] lnPsf] ! nfv C0f lgs6 ;|ft] n] atfPsf] 5 .
dGqL k'gn] klg Pdl;;L kl/of]hgfsf] )&* h]7 !% ut]kl5 s]xL dlxgf lyof] . To;otf !) dlxgfsf] Pd;L;LaLr ;g\ @)!& df dWo] k6s–k6s u/]/ ! nfv !& xhf/ cfqmf]lzt dlxnfx¿sf] ;d'xn]
sfd k"jl{ gwf{l/t ldltd} ;DkGg ug{ dGqLsf] k'/:sf/;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . cjwLdf em08} Toltg} /sd vr{ cfof]hgf;DaGwL x:tfIf/ ePklg b'O{ ( ;o ltl/;Sbf ;d]t ;+:yfn] cem} 9Ns]a/ zfvfsf sfof{no k'Ubf zfvf
;/sf/ k|lta4 /x]sf] atfpg'ePsf] To;}u/L xfn sltkonfO{ pmhf{s} e} ; s] s f] cg' d fg ul/Psf] 5 . jif{ c l3dfq g] k fnsf] ;+ ; b\ a f6 8]9 nfv lng ePsf] eGb} k6s–k6s k|dv' df]xgf s'df/L u'df{ufg] ;lxtsf]
elgPsf] lyof] . elgG5 pxfF n ] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] Pd;L;L;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tf cg'df]bg u/]sf] gf6sLo 3/df cfpg], dfgl;s tgfa lbg] h:tf sd{rf/L 6f]nL sfof{no aGb ;d]t gu/L
cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ cfˆgf] ;+ ; b\ a f6 Pd;L;L kfl/t ;Demf}tfcg';f/ OG6«L OG6' kmf];{ elgg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ca olb ultljlw n3'ljQn] lbFb} cfPsf] lyof]] . efu]sf x'g\ .
dGqfnosf]tkm{af6 ;Dkfbg x'gk' g]{ ul/Psf] gf6sLo 3f]if0ff ul/Pkl5 kfFrjif{sf] cjlwdf sfd k"/f geP g]kfndf Pd;L;L kl/of]hgf nfu" n3'ljQn] ckl/lrt u'08fx¿ nufP/ g]skf dw]; k|bz ] sf] klxnf] a}7sn]
sfddf ;xof] u / ;dGjo ug] { ;+;b\df /x]sf sltko kf6L{df pT;j To; cGtu{t k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] u/fpg] xf] eg] km]/L ;+;b\df k]z ;d]t wfswDsL lbPsf] kLl8t du/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;'bvf]/L lj?4
k|lta4tf klg JoQm ug'e { Psf] lyof]] . dgfOPsf] lyof] eg] To;sf] lj/f]w /sd cfpg aGb x' g ] cd] l /sL u/]/ 5nkmn rnfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . atfOg\ . of] ;d:ofdf tf/f dfq} xf]Og k|lt/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5 hgk|lt/f]wsf
t/ ;f] kl/of]hgf g]kfndf ;xh} ug]n{ fO{ kf6L{ 5f8]/ uPklg x'G5;d]t clwsf/Lx¿n] o;cl3 g} g]kfndf cfly{s ;+s6 a9\b} uPsf] k'ikf du/, u+uLdfof tfdfª, kfj{tL 36gfx¿ a9]sf] g]skf ;|ft] n] atfof] .
sfof{Gjog x'g] s'gk} lg ;+efjgf /x]sf] elgPsf] lyof] . To;}n] Tolta]nfg} atfO;s]sf lyP . To;}n] cd]l/sf 5 . ut h]7 !% ut] ;fj{hlgs
5}g . h;sf] d"nsf/0f ;f] kl/of]hgfg}
xfn;Dd klg cj}w / hgrfxgf
Pd;L;L g]kfndf leq\ofpg'sf k5fl8
7" n f] :jfy{ / if8\ o Gq /x] s f]
s'g}klg a]nf g]kfnaf6 Pd;L;L
lkmtf{nfg afWo x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ul/Psf] cfa )*!–)*@ sf]
ah]6;d]t Pd;L;Lsf af/]df df}g
clvn -;dfhjfbL_ lrtjgn]
lakl/t /xFb}cfPsf] 5 . ca}w o;
dfg]dfls ;f] kl/of]hgf )&* kmfu'g
l6sfl6Kk0fL klg ePsf] lyof] . ut
ebf} !# ut] Pd;L;Lsf]
To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf Pd;L;L
leq\ofpg / xfn;Dd l6sfpg ePsf]
/x]sf] kfOG5 . hasL rfn' cfasf]
ah] 6 df Pd;L;Lsf af/] d f yf] / }
z}lIfs dflkmoflj?4 ;+3if{ rsf{pg]
!% ut] /flt g]kfnsf] ;+;baf6 kfl/t sfof{ G jogsf nflu cfjZos caf}{sf] vr{ s;n] Aoxf]g]{ < eGg] ePklg rrf{ ul/Psf] / ah] 6 sf7df8f}F . clvn -;dfhjfbL_ a}7sn] lrtjgsf] ;a} SofDk;x¿sf]
ePsf] gf6sLo k|rf/ ul/P klg tf]lsPsf cfwf/x¿;d]t tof/ gx'bF } u+le/ k|Zg /xFb}cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf lalgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . casf] lrtjgn] nfu" cf}ifw a]rlavg tyf OGrfh{ tf]Sb} gofF 9Ën] ;Ë7gnfO{ cufl8
k|ydt To;lbg ;+;b\df s'g–s'g l;+ x b/af/l:yt cy{ d Gqfnodf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] Pdl;;L cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] ;+;b\n] g} lg0f{o s/ 5nL u/L ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/df /f]s a9fpg] lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
kf6L{sf slthgf ;f+;bn] x:tfIf/ g] k fnsf tTsfnLg cy{ d GqL kl/of]hgfcGtu{tsf cfof]hgfsf] u/]/ ;f] kl/of]hgf h;/L leq\ofOPsf] nufpg] / z}lIfs dflkmoflj?4 ;+3if{ c;f]h !! ut] lrtjgdf xhf/f}+
u/]sf lyPeGg] xfn;Dd klg :ki6 8f=k|sfzz/0f dxt / ldn]lgod sfd v08, v08df eO/x]sf] eGb} lyof] To;}u/L lkmtf{ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . bf]>f] s'/f ;+;b\af6 Rofn] G h skf] { / ] z g Pd;L;Lsf cd]l/sL clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfZj:t b] l vPsf] 5 . g] k fnh:tf]
kfl/t ePsf x/] s k| : tfjx¿ pkfWoIf Sofd/g PNkm8{ n ] kfg] { u/] s f] b] l vPsf] 5 . t/ ljsf;f] G d' v b] z sf nflu
/fi6« k ltaf6 k| d fl0ft ul/Psf] cf} k rfl/s¿kdf sfof{ G jog cd]l/sfsf] sf7df8f}l+ :yt b"tfjf;n] Pdl;;Lh:tf] kl/of]hgf 3fts x'g]
x'g'kg]{df ;f] kl/of]hgf ;+;b\af6 z'?ePsf] ;Demf}tfkq cfbfg–k|bfg oyfy{ t faf/] glhsaf6 cWoog s'/f o;cl3 klg k|;:t AofVof /
kfl/t ul/Psf] eGg] s' / f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;f] ;Demf}tf ul//x]sf] / sfd cufl8 ga9]sf] ljZn] i f0fx¿ e} ; s] s f 5g\ .
k| d fl0fs/0fsf nflu tTsfnLg ePsf] !) dlxgfx'Fbf klg ;xL¿kdf :ki6 x'Fb}uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] sltkon] Pdl;;L g]kfnaf6 lkmtf{
/fi6«klt laBfb]jL e08f/L ;dIf sfd x' g g;s] k l5 Pd;L;Lsf ;f] kl/of]hgf ;dod} ;lsg] s'g} eP PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, ljZj
nluPs} lyPg . To;}n] ;f] k|:tfj pkfWoIf hf]gfyg a|S' ;n] g]kfn cfP/ ;+ e fjgf /x] s f] 5} g . Pdl;;L a}Fsh:tf cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfon]
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL¿kdf kfl/t km]/L bafj l;h{gf ug'k{ /]sf] b]lvPsf] ;Demf}tfcGtu{t )*) ebf} !# sf] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u gug]{eGb} k|rf/
ldltn] kfFrjif{leq #!% lsnf]ld6/ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ pQm lgsfox¿n]
nfdf] laB't k|;f/0f nfOg / && eg] To;af/] s]xL klg af]ns ] f 5}gg\ .
;fj{hlgs :yfgdf lsnf]ld6/ ;8s lgdf{0f ul/;Sg'kg]{
x'G5 . ;f] cfof]hgfsf nflu g]kfnsf]
Pd;L;Ln] g]kfn / cd]l/sfaLrsf]
bzsf} + nfdf] s' 6 gLlts
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;+u7gsf] laxLaf/
;DkGg k|yd a}7sn] s]Gb|Lo of]hgfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ub}{ ;+u7gfTds cleofgnfO{
ljBfyL{;lxt lhNnf ;Dd]ng ug]{
lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
a}7sdf g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf
w"d|kfg u/]df sfg'gL a'6jnaf6 ef/tsf] uf]/vk'/;Dd
;Ldfkf/ k|;f/0f nfOg klg lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{ sfo{ef/ /x]sf] 5 . #!%
;DaGwdf;d] t b/f/sf] cj:yf
l;h{gf ug]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cfly{ssf
;fy} j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg;d]t p7]sfn]
hf]8 lbg] lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}
a}7sn] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf bf]xg /f]Sg] /
lrtjg lhNnf OGrfh{ pT;j ;Lsf]
k|dv
' cfltYotf, ;]qm]6/L ?b| ;Lsf] ljz]if
r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{df h'6g\ ] / ;dfhdf cltYotf / clvn -;dfhjfbL_ sf
sf/jfxLdf kl/G5 . lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] 8an ;ls{6 $))
lsnf]ef]N6 k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug]{
Pd;L;Lsf] emd] n faf6 g] k fn
hlt;Sbf] l56f] d'Qm x'g'sf] csf]{
JofKt ;fdflhs ljs[lt, lj;+ult /
?9LjfbL k/Dk/f lj?4 ;r]tgf cleofg
s]Gb|Lo ;lrj tyf gf/fo0fL–dw]; k|bz
OGrfh{ c6n ;Lsf] ljz]if cfltYotf
]

s' / fx¿ klg /x] s f 5g\ . ;f] ljsNk 5}g . ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . /x]sf] lyof] .
 4 @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/
b]z s+ufn agfp“b} pBf]uLM pkef]Qmf 7u]/ cfk"m gfkmf sdfpg], /fHonfO{ s/rf“lx gltg]{ Û
pBf]u Joj;foLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]/
ahf/df k7fPsf] ;fdfgsf] d"No hlt
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u5{g\ . ;/sf/nfO{ ltg{'kg]{ /fhZj,
sfdbf/sf] tna, 9' j fgL vr{ /
gfkmf;lxt hf]8]/ pBf]u Joj;foLn]
;fdfgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ .
h;n] ahf/af6 ;fdfg vl/b u5{,
p;}n] /fHonfO{ /fhZj lt5{ .
p;}n] sfdbf/sf] tna, 9'jfgL vr{
/ ;fx'sf] gfkmf Joxf]5{ . h;n] ;fdfg
agfpF5, p;}nfO{ ;fdfgsf] d"No /fVg
kfpg] clwsf/ ;/sf/n] lbPsf] 5 .
Joj;foLsf] lha|fd] /]6 x'G5 t/ ;/sf/n]
dtna ub}{gg\ . u'0f:t/xLg, Dofb
;lsPsf] ;fdfg a]Rg' Joj;foLsf nflu
gf}+nf s'/f xf]Og\ .
pgLx¿sf] wGbf To;/L rn]sf] 5 .
ahf/df cf}ifwLb]lv vfBfGg;d]t Dofb
;lsPsf] a]r]sf] va/x¿ cfO/x]sf]
x'G5 . pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodfly v]naf8
ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . dFxuf] z'Ns lt/]/
pkef]Qmf ;fdfg vl/b ug{ afWo 5g\ .
oBlk, Tof] klg u'0f:t/o'Qm gx'Fbf
pkef]Qmf dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ .
vfg] s ' / fdf dfq xf] O g\ , cGo
;fdfgdf klg To:t} 5 . olta]nf
ah]6sf] rrf{ 5 . ;/sf/n] cfufdL
cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 k]z ul/;s]sf] 5 .
ah]6df l:6nx¿df s/ a9fpg] pNn]v
5 . s/ a9fpg] ePkl5 l:6n
pBf]uLx¿ HjnGt ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿
;/sf/nfO{ rfaL a'emfpg] r]tfjgL
‘cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;xL lx;fa u/]/ dfq shf{ pkof]u u/’
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn /fi6« a}s
+ n] cfˆgf]
cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;xL lx;fa u/]/dfq
shf{ pkof]u ug{ lgb]z { g lbPsf] 5 . /fi6«
a}s
+ n] d+unaf/ Ps ljQLo r]tgfsf nflu
Pp6f ;"rgf hf/L ub}{ ;f] cfu|x u/]sf] xf] .
a}s+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0fLsf] shf{
e'QmfgL ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{
C0fLsf] cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf shf{ e'QmfgLsf]
bfloTj slt 5 eg]/ u0fgf ug]{ ub{5g\ .
C0fLsf] shf{ e'QmfgL bfloTjnfO{ s'n cfon]
efu u/]kl5 cfpg] cg'kftnfO{ …C0f e'QmfgL
cfDbfgL cg'kftÚ eGg] ul/G5 .
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] JolQmut
k|sl[ tsf cfjlws shf{ tyf xfo/ kr]h { vf;u/L a}s
shf{nufotsf ls:tf e'QmfgLdf cfwfl/t
u}/Jofj;flos shf{ tyf JolQmut
clwljsif{ shf{df C0f e'QmfgL cfDbfgL
cg'kft clwstd %) k|ltzt x'gk' g]{
Joj:yf 5 . 3/–hUuf vl/b–lgdf{0f
k|of]hgdf k|jflxt shf{df eg] o:tf]
cg'kft clwstd &) k|ltzt;Dd x'g]
u/L shf{ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /fi6«
a}s + n] u/]sf] 5 .
o;}aLr, nufgLstf{ e'mSofpg] u/L
km/s ljQLo ljj/0f /fVg] !^ jfl0fHo
a}+s g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]IfsLo
sf/afxLdf kg]{ ePsf 5g\ . af;]n–#
l8:snf]h/ / /fi6« a}+sdf k]z ug]{
l/kf]l6{ªdf leGg ljQLo ljj/0f b]lvPkl5
clwsf+; a}+sx¿nfO{ …Soflk6n rfh{Ú
nufOg] ePsf] xf] . af;]n–# k|fjwfgcg';f/
a}s + x¿n] x/]s q}dfl;s ljQLo ljj/0f
q}dfl; ;lsPsf] !% lbg leq cfGtl/s
n]vf kl/If0f u/fP/ cfˆgf] j]j;fO6dfkm{t\
;fj{hlgs ug{k' 5{ . t/, /fi6« a}s + df k]z
ubf{ eg] klxnf], bf];f| ] / t];f| ] q}dfl;s
cjlw ;lsPsf] & lbgleq / rf}yf] q}df;sf]
xsdf q}dfl;s ;lsPsf] @! lbgleq
cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If0f u/fP/ ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefudf l/kf]l6{ª ug{' k5{ .
lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/n] klxn]b]lv g} pgLx¿nfO{
5'6 lbO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] ;/sf/n] s/sf]
bfo/fdf Nofpg nfu]sf] xf] . lxhf]
;/sf/n] s/ 5'6 lbPklg Joj;foLn]
pkef]QmfnfO{ t k};f lnP/} ;fdfg
a]r]sf lyP . ;fdfgdf s]xL ;x'lnot
lyPg\ . gfkmf hlt hDd} cfˆgf] uf]hLdf
cg';f yfkf
xfNg], /fHonfO{ s/ gltg]{ clg /fHon]
s/ lng vf]Hg]lalQs} lj/f]w hgfpg] .
hasL pBf]u Joj;foLn] xf]Og\,
pkef]Qmfn] s/ lt5{g\ . pkef]Qmfn] s/
ltg]{, Joj;foL cfˆgf] vNtLdf xfNg] .
/fHon] xfdLnfO{ s/ 5'6 lbPsf] 5,
xfdLn] ;:tf]df ;fdfg a]Rg'k5{ eGg]
t pgLx¿n] ;f]r]gg\ . a?, hlt ;Sbf]
n'6] . s'g}klg JolQmn] Jofkf/ Joj;fo
u5{ eg] p;n] /fHosf] P]g sfg"g
dfGg'k5{ .
P] g sfg" g leq a;] / Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{'k5{ . klxn] t ;DalGwt
;'kl/j]If0f ljefun] a}s+ x¿af6 k|fKt
tYof+snfO{ k'g hfFr -qm; r]s_ u/]/
tYof+ s df s] x L q' 6 L eP ;Rofpg
nufpF5 . ;lRrP/ cfPsf] …k|dv ' ljQLo
;'rsÚ ;fj{hlgs ug{k' g]{ ePsfn] /fi6«
a}s
+ dfkm{t\ k|sfl;t x'bF f sl/a @ dlxgf
l9nf x'g] ub{5 .
/fi6« a}s
+ n] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ljQLo
;'rseGbf a}+sx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ug]{
l8:Snf]h/df km/s k/]df af;]n–# sf]
k|fjwfgcg';f/ /fi6« a}s + n] # k|ltzt;Dd
…Soflk6n rfh{Ú nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6« a}s
+ sf] :ynut lgl/If0f
6f]nL -;'kl/j]Ifs_n] cf}lrTosf cfwf/df
Soflk6n rfh{ nufpg] ub{5 .
/fi6« a}+s ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefun] jflif{s sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ ug]{
:ynut lgl/If0fsf qmddf af;]n–# sf]
k|fjwfg kfngf gug]{ a}s + x¿ ;'kl/j]IfsLo
sf/afxLdf k5{g\ .
/fi6« a}s+ sf] jfl0fHo a}s
+ ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefun] rfn' jif{sf] t];|f] q}dfl;s
cjlwsf] …k|dv ' ljQLo ;'rsÚ -s]PkmcfO_
h]7sf] t];f| ] ;ftf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
h;df clwsf+ z a} + s x¿n] cfˆgf]
j]j;fO6df a}zfv !% ut];Dd /fv]sf]
lgsfodf Joj;fo btf{ ug{'k¥of] . s/
ltg{'k¥of] . Jofkf/ eg]sf] Jofkf/} xf],
of] ;dfh ;]jf xf]Og\ . Jofkf/ gfkmf
sdfpgsf nflu ul/g] xf] . t/,
Jofkf/sf] gfddf oxfF n'6sf] wGbf
dlRrPsf] 5 . Ps ¿k}ofF sd eof]
eg] Jofkf/Lx¿n] ;fdfg g} lbFb}gg\ .
u' 0 f:t/xLg ;fdfg pkef] Q mfn]
dxF u f] d f lsGg' kl//x] s f] 5 . ;a}
Joj;foL s/sf] bfo/fdf cfpg}k5{ .
lxhf] gfkmf sdfPsf] a] n fdf
Joj;foLnfO{ /fHosf] Vofn cfPg\ .
pkef]Qmfsf] Vofn cfPg\ . clg s/sf]
bfo/fdf cfpg'k5{ eGg]lalQs} xfdL
w/f;foL aG5f}+, xfd|f] pBf]u aGb x'G5
eGg ldN5 <
;/sf/n] s/ 5'6 lbPsf] a]nfdf
pkef]QmfnfO{ ;x'lnotdf ;fdfg lbPsf]
eP pgLx¿n] Joj;foLsf] kIfdf
af] N y] . t/, Joj;foLx¿n] t
pkef]QmfnfO{ 8Nnf] kf/]/ 7u]sf 5g\ .
/fHonfO{ klg r':g], hgtfnfO{ klg
7Ug] sfd Joj;foLx¿n] u/] . /fHoaf6
s/ 5'6 lnO/xg] otf pkef]QmfnfO{
dFxuf] d"Nodf ;fdfg a]Rg] .
lbgbxf8} n'6sf] wGbf dlRrPsf]
5 . k;n]x¿n] pkef]QmfnfO{ clxn]klg
Eof6 lan lbFb}gg\, lsg < lsg ls
Eof6 lan lbPkl5 t s/ ltg{'k5{ .
clxn] klg w]/} Joj;foL lagf btf{
;~rfngdf 5 . pBf]u Joj;foLx¿
;s];Dd /fhZj 5Ng] . s/ ltg}{ gk/f];\
h:tf] ug]{ .
l8:Snf]h/sf] ljj/0feGbf leGg 5 . /fi6«
a}s
+ n] …k|dv
' ljQLo ;'rsÚ df a}s + x¿sf]
…;Ne]G;LÚ, t/ntfcGt/u{tsf tYof+s,
Jofhsf] cfwf/ b/ -a]; /]6_, Jofhb/
cGt/ -:k|8] /]6_ b/, s'n tyf v'b lgis[o
shf{ / k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf k|jflxt
shf{x¿sf] tYof+s ;d]6g\ ] u5{ .
/fi6« a} + s n] ;fj{ h lgs u/] s f]
tYof+scg';f/ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}s + sf]]
;Ne]G;L cGt/ut{sf] k|fylds k'h F Lsf]if /
k'/s k'hF Lsf]ifdf km/s k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
s[lif ljsf; a}s + sf] k|fylds k'hF Lsf]ifsf]
tYof+sdf @=)$ k|ltzt laGb'sf] km/s
k/]sf] 5 . o;cjlwdf !^ a}s + sf] s'n
lglis[o shf{ -g]6 PglkPn_ )=)!
k|ltztb]lv )=%^ k|ltzt laGb';Dd km/s
k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, s[lif ljsf; a}s+ sf] s'n
lglis[o shf{ -u|; PglkPn_df )=!#
k|ltzt laGb'sf] km/s 5 .
/fi6« a}+s ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefun] jflif{s sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ ug]{
:ynut lgl/If0fsf qmddf af;]n–# sf]
k|fjwfg kfngf gug]{ a}s+ x¿ ;'kl/j]IfsLo
sf/jfxLdf k5{g\ . a}s + x¿df b]lvPsf]
hf]lvd / eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt
hf]lvdsf] lgofdsLo k'g/fjnf]sg -
k;n] x ¿ btf{ gul/sg k;n
rnfOlbg] . 3/wgLx¿ 3/ axfn s/
gltg]{ . s/ ltg{ eg]kl5 ;a}sf] bfFtaf6
kl;gf cfpF5 . clg b]z s;/L rN5
< s/ gp7]kl5 ;/sf/L vr{ sxfFaf6
NofP/ wfGg] < /fhgLlts bnx¿
ef]6sf] nf]eL 5g\ . b]zeGbf ltgnfO{
ef]6 Kof/f] 5 .
pBf] u Joj;foLx¿nfO{ s/
nufpg' x ' F b } g \ eg] kqsf/ ;Dd] n g
u5{g\ . ;+f;bx¿ /f]i6ddf pleP/ s/
lkmtf{ lng'k5{ eGg] . a? ;/sf/n] s/
p7fpg ;s] g \ , xfdL tnaeQf /
;]jf;'ljwf lnb}gf}+ eg] . s/ g} gp7]kl5
;/sf/n] sxfFaf6 NofP/ tnaeQf
b]cf];\ < g]tfx¿ b'O{ lha|] eP .
:yfgLo hgk|ltlglw klg To:t}
eP . cfˆgf] If]qsf afl;GbfnfO{ s;/L
s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] < ltgLx¿;Fu
s]xL of]hgf g} 5}g\ . cfˆgf] If]qsf]
afl;Gbf l/;fpF5g\, csf]{rf]l6 r'gfj
xfl/G5 eg]/ s/ p7fpg 8/fpg] . clg,
cg'bfg sf6\of] eGb} cy{ dGqfno 3]g{
hfg] .
hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ klg clns
nfh gnfUbf] /x]5 . pBf]u Joj;foLx¿
;a} /fhgLlts bnsf emf]n] x'g\ . kf6L{
rnfpg k};f lbg] t/ /fHonfO{ s/
gltg]{ . /fhgLlts bnnfO{ clnslt
v'jfPkl5 v/af{+} /fhZj ltg{k' b}g{ \ . clg
kf6L{ t kfNg] eOxfn] . /fhgLlts bn
b]z / hgtfsf sn+s eP .
vfg] a]nf /fhgLlts bn vfg],
;'kl/efOh/L l/Eo'_ u/L /fi6« a}s + n] shf{
hf]lvd, ;~rfng hf]lvd, ahf/ hf]lvd,
;du| hf]lvdnufot ljleGg * zLif{sdf
…Soflk6n rfh{Ú nufpF5 .
/fi6« a}+sdf k7fpg] tYof+s /
l8:Snf]h/df /fVg] tYof+s km/s kfg]{
a}s+ nfO{ ;~rfng hf]vdcGtu{t /x]/
…l8:Snf]h/ sDKnfOG; l/:sÚ df Soflk6n
rfh{ nufpF5 . o;df ut jif{ s]xL a}s + x¿
sf/afxLsf] eflubf/ ePsf lyP .
l8:Snf] h /;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
cg'kfng gePsf] sf/0f cf}N+ ofpFb} nufOg]
Soflk6n rfh{ a}s + x¿sf] gfkmfdf nfU5 .
+ x¿n] lgIf]kstf{ / nufgLstf{nfO{
k|efljt ug]{ u/L k"h F L, ;Ne]G;L, t/ntf,
cfwf/b/, :k|8] b/, s'n tyf v'b lgis[o
shf{sf] tYof+s km/s k/]df …l8:Snf]h/
cg'kfngÚ eGb} # k|ltzt;Dd Soflk6n
rfh{ nufpg :ynut ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ clwsf/
lbOPsf] 5 .
…hf] l vddf cfwfl/t k' F h LÚ sf]
cjwf/0fcg' ; f/ a} + s x¿sf] ljQLo
ljj/0fdf kf/bzL{tf x'gk' 5{ . a}s + x¿n]
lgof]lht ¿kdf ljQLo ljj/0f e"m§f
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] eP lgIf]kstf{ /
nufgLstf{nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn]
Soflk6n rfh{ ug{'k/]sf] /fi6« a}+s
;'kl/j]If0f ljefusf k|dv ' tyf sfo{sf/L
lgb]z { s /fd' kf}8n ] atfpF5g\ .
sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s /fd' kf}8n] n] eg]–
…a}s + x¿n] clxn] l/kf]l6{ª u/]sf] tYof+s
k|fl] ehgn xf], l8:Snf]h/df /fv]sf] / /fi6«
a}s
+ df k7fPsf]df s]xL km/s kg{;S5 t/,
o:tf] km/s lgotj; kfl/Psf] xf] eg] :ynut
;'kl/j]Ifsn] x]5{ . clxn] s]kmcfO /
l8:snf]h/df km/s k/]sf] ljifo :ynut
;'kl/j]Ifsn] ulDe/tfk'js { lnP/ cfjZos
nfu]df # k|ltzt;Dd Soflk6n rfh{ nufpg
;S5 .Ú
kf}8]nn] a}+sx¿n] ljQLo ljj/0f
e'QmfgLrfFlx b]z / hgtfn] ug{'kg]{ <
s/ p7]g\ eg] ;+f;bx¿nfO{ sxfFaf6
tnaeQf lbg] < :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw
s;/L kfNg] < ;/sf/ sd{rf/Lsf] vr{
s;/L wfGg] < b]z ljsf; sxfFaf6 x'G5
< oltaf6 a' ‰ g] Ifdtf oxfF s f
/fhgLlts bn / ;f+;bx¿df ePg\ .
/fhgLlts bnx¿s} sf/0f g]kfndf
s/ 5Ng] k|j[lQ df}nfof] . kf6L{ kf];]kl5
s/ ltg}{kb}{g\ h:tf] u5{g\ . hasL b]z
rnfpg /fhZjsf] clt g} vfFrf] k5{ .
Jofkf/Ln] Ps ;o nfut nfu] s f]
;fdfgsf] d" N o kfF r ;o tf] s ] k lg
pkef]Qmfn] s]xL eg]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿
r'krfk ;fdfg lsGg afWo 5g\ .
lsg ls oxfF af]n]klg s;}n] ;'Gg]
xf]Og\ eGg] pkef]QmfnfO{ yfxf eO;s]sf]
5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfk| l t
eGbfklg Joj;foLk|lt e'msfj /fV5g\
eGg] s'/f 3fdh:t} 5n{ª\u eO;s]sf]
5 . pBf]u Joj;foLx¿n] olta]nf
/fhgLlts bnsf] cf8df gofF v]n z'?
u/]sf 5g\ .
l:6n pBf]udf a}+s tyf ljlQo
;+:yfsf] nufgL 5 . rfaL a'emfpF5'
eg]/ 3'sL{ nufpg], ;/sf/n] gdfg]sf]
v08df pBf]u aGb ug]{ . To;f] u/]kl5
;/sf/n] ls s/ 5'6 lbG5 ls a}+s
tyf ljlQo ;+:yf 8'A5 . hlt klg
pBf]u 5, Tof] ;a} a}+s tyf ljlQo
;+:yfsf] k};fdf ;~rflnt 5 .
a}s
+ sf] k};f eg]sf] hgtfsf] k};f .
pBf]u aGb ePkl5 dsf{ a}s + nfO{ k5{ .
;fj{hlgs ul/;s]kl5 klg /fi6« a}s + df
ePsf] l/kf]l6ªdf ;'wf/ -s/]S;g_ u/fpg]
;do /xg] ePsfn] tTsfn b]lvPsf]
km/ssf cfwf/df a}s + n] unt u/]sf] eg]/
Soflk6n hfr{ tTsfn} gnufOg] atfP .
;fdfGotof a}+sx¿n] k|sflzt ug]{
q}dfl;s ljQLo ljj/0f jf af;]n
l8:Snf]h/sf cfwf/df lgIf]kstf{n]
lgIf]k /fVg] / nufgLstf{n] cfˆgf]
hf]lvdsf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ ;]o/df nufgL
ub{ 5 g\ . t/, a} + s x¿n] ;dod}
;fj{hlgs ug{'kg]{ tYof+snfO{ tf]8df]8
u/]/ k|sflzt ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nufgL
hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5 .
o;}u/L, o;}u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}s + n]
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] tYof+s cg';f/ h]7 @)
ut];Dd a}l+ sª k|0ffnLdf ^@ va{ @^ ca{
¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] lgIf]k ;+sng ePsf] 5 .
ut h]7 !( ut];Dd eg] a}l+ sª k|0ffnLdf
^@va{ @# ca{ ¿k}ofFa/f/asf] lgIf]k
;+sng /x]sf] lyof] .
jfl0fHo a}s + x¿sf] lgIf]k klg & ca{
¿k}ofFn] a9]sf] 5 . s'n lgIf]kdf jfl0fHo
a}s
+ x¿sf] lgIf]k %% va{ !) ca{ ¿k}ofF
/x]sf] 5 . h]7 !( ut];Dd jfl0fHo
a}s+ x¿sf] s'n lgIf]k %% va{ & ca{
/x]sf] lyof] .
o:t} cGo ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]k eg]
l:y/ /x]sf] 5 . cGo ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]k
& va{ !^ ca{ ¿k}ofF /x]sf] 5 . lgIf]k
;+sng;Fu} shf{ k|jfx klg a9]sf] 5 . ut
h]7 !( ut] %! va{ @@ ca{ /x]sf] shf{
k|jfx @ ca{n] a9]/ %! ca{ @$ s/f]8
¿k}ofF k'us ] f] k'us] f] 5 .
;L8L /]l;of] *)=!! k|ltztaf6 36]/
*)=)( k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 .
cGt/a}s + Aofhb/ eg] cf}ift ljGb' cyf{t
# k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 . h]7 !( ut]
cGt/a}s + Aofhb/ @=(& k|ltzt sfod
lyof] .
a}s
+ n] shf{ p7fpg ;Sb}g\ . clg sf]
8'A5, artstf{ . cfˆgf] kmfObfsf nflu
pBf]uLx¿n] s/f]8f}+ artstf{ 8'afpg]
v]n v]ns ] f 5g\ . Psflt/ a}s
+ tyf ljlQo
;+:yf cfkm}+ w/f;foL x'g k'us ] f] 5 .
hyfefjL u/]sf] shf{ nufgL a}+s
tyf ljlQo ;+:yfnfO{ p7fpg wf}+–wf}+
k/]sf] 5 . ca clxn] pBf]uLx¿ klg
pBf] u aGb ug{ t km{ nfu] k l5 a} + s
lrlGtt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]
5 . pBf]u Joj;foLx¿ ls s/ lkmtf{
lnO{ ls xfdL a}+s 8'afOlbG5f}+ eg]/
kfls{ª ul//x]sf 5g\ .
pBf]usf] gfddf /fhgLlt z'? ePsf]
5 . dxf;+3 vf]Ng], ;/sf/ / a}+s
8'afpg] . ;/sf/n] s/ lkmtf{ lnof] eg]
b]z} 8'A5 . /fhZj p7fpg g;s]/
ljb]zL C0f lnPsf] lno} 5f}+ . ljb]zL
C0fn] b]z ;sfpg] eO;Sof] . otf,
;/sf/n] s/ lkmtf{ glng] xf] eg] a}+s
8'A5 .
;/sf/ d' l :snsf] 38Ldf 5 .
/fhgLlts bnsf] sf/0fn] hgtf 8'as ] f]
w] / } pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf
artstf{ 8'a] . ;/sf/L hUuf btf{ ug]{
/fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, km;] ;Lwf;fwL
JolQm /fhgLlts bn / Jofkf/L cfˆgf]
kmfObf dfq x]g,{] hgtf kLl8t aGg'kg]{ .
of] qmd slxn];Dd rln/xG5 <
b]znfO{ of] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg tLg
hgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 . b]z
s+ufn agfpg'df g]tf, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L
/ Jofkf/Lsf] 7"nf] xft 5 .
o;}u/L, g]kfn /fi6« a}s + sfcg';f/ s"n
hg;+Vofsf] ^)=( k|ltzt hg;+Vof cem}
a}l+ sª kx'r F af6 6f9f cyf{t\ cgf}krfl/s
If]qdf /dfO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6«
a}s + kmfOgfG; Pl;;\ Og g]kfn, @)&*
cWoog k|ltj]bgcg';f/ @)&& c;f/
d;fGt;Dd sDtLdf Ps JolQm Ps vftfsf]
cfwf/df ^&=# k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] a}s +
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf -s, v / u ju{df_
vftf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] .
s]Gb|Lo a}s
+ sf] @)&^ sf] ;+lIfKt cWoog
k|ltj]bgdf eg] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf]
^)=( k|ltzt hg;+Vof cf}krfl/s ljQLo
;]jfdf ;dfj]z ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . kl5
g]kfn /fi6« a}s + n] lj=;=@)&( df k|sfzg
u/]sf] a];nfOg ;j]{ cg kmfOgflG;on
n]6; ]« L Og g]kfndf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ljQLo
l:yltdf eg] g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf]
sl/a *^=^$ k|ltztn] lgoldt a}s + df
art tyf nufgLsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ u/]sf]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
o:t}, &#=&* k|ltztn] e'QmfgL
pks/0f, $^=#$ k|ltztn] C0f pks/0f
/ #)=)@ k|ltztn] dfq aLdf ;]jf k|of]u
u/]sf] kfOPsf] s]Gb|Lo a}s + n] hgfPsf] 5 .
tyflk, ;j]I{ f0fdf $^=#$ k|ltzt jo:s
hg;+Vofn] shf{ k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPsf]df s"n
hg;+Vofsf] hDdf !&=^) k|ltztn] dfq
a}s
+ shf{ pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] /fi6« a}s + n]
hgfPsf] 5 . afFsL &!=*# k|ltzt hg;+Vof
eg] cem} a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] shf{
eGbf aflx/ cgf}krfl/s Ifqdf g} lge{/
/x]sf] b]lvPsf] xf] . o;sf] dtna cem} klg
&! k|ltzteGbf a9L ;j{;fwf/0fn] JolQm;Fu
g} C0f lnP/ cfˆgf] uhf]{ 6fl//x]sf 5g\ .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, @)*! cg';f/
@)*) c;f/ d;fGt;Dd &%# j6}
:yfgLotxdf jfl0fHo a}Íx¿sf] zfvf k'u;] uF }
a}s+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] zfvf ;~hfn !!
xhf/ % ;o *( k'us ] f] 5 .
 @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/
k':ts k"hfsf] lj/f]w u/
!= cWoog–cg';Gwfg gul/sg
af]Ng' x'b“ g}
olb tkfO{n
{+ ] s'g} klg ;d:ofsf]
af/]df cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{ ePsf]
5}g eg] tkfO{+{nfO{ To;af/] af]Ng]
clwsf/ 5}g . s] of] lgs} s7f]/ s'/f
ePg/ < k6Ss} xf]Og . ha;Dd tkfO{{+
s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO{df k'Ug'
x'Fb}g, jt{dfgsf tYox¿ / To;sf
ljutsf] Oltxf;sf] hfgsf/L lng'
x'bF g} / To;sf cfwf/e"t rLhx¿l;t
ckl/lrt x'g'x'G5, Tolta]nf;Dd
tkfO{+{ h];s ' } af]n] tfklg cjZo e"m7f]
g} x'g]5 . e"m7f] af]Ngfn] ;d:of
;dfwfg x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ yfxf 5 . olb To;f] xf] eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ af]Ng] clwsf/af6 al~rt
ul/lbg' cGofok"0f{ x'Fb}g / < s]xL
sfd/]8 ;w}e F l/ cfFvf aGb u/]/ e"m7f]
s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . of] t Pp6f
sDo'lgi6sf] nflu nfhdbf]{ s'/f xf] .
Pp6f sDo'lgi6n] cfFvf aGb u/]/
e"m7f] s'/f af]ln/xg s;/L ;S5 <
of] x'bF g} Û
of] x'bF g} Û
tkfO{n + ] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug}{
k5{ .
tkfO{n + ] e"m7f] af]Ng 5f8\g} kb{5 .
@= s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] cWoog–
cg';Gwfg ug's { f] cy{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug'{ xf] .
s] tkfO{+{ s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ ;ls/xg' ePsf] 5}g < 7Ls} 5,
nfUb} hfg'xf];,\ jt{dfg tYox¿ / Tof]
;d:ofsf] laut Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog–
–cg';Gwfg ug'x{ f];\ . olb tkfO{n {+ ] k"0f{
¿kn] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{ eof] eg]
To;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f
a'‰g' x'g5 ] . lglj{jfb ¿kdf cWoog–
cg';Gwfg u/]kl5 g} kl/0ffd yfxf
x'G5, klxn] x'bF g} .
cWoog–cg' ; Gwfg gul/sg
æ;dfwfg vf]Hg]Æof æs'g} ljrf/
ljsl;t ug{Æ sf] nflu, PSn} cfˆg}
v'§fdf pleP/ jf s'g} ;d"xl;t ldn]/
cfˆgf] lbdfu lVofpg] sfd s]jn d"vn { ]
dfq ub{5 . o;df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 ls
o; lsl;daf6 s'g} k|efjsf/L ;dfwg
jf ;xL ljrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Dej x'g]
5} g . csf] { zAbdf eGg' k bf{ ,
To;vfnsf] JolQm unt lgZsif{ of
unt ljrf/df km:g afWo x'g5 ] .
cg';Gwfg–sfo{df nfu]sf / s]xL
lbg klxn] sfd ;Dxfn]sf o:tf 5fkfdf/
g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿sf] sdL 5}g, h;n]
s'g} klg :yfgdf k'Ug] lalQs} /fhgLlts
ukm 5fF6g\ dg k/fpF5g\ / Pp6f
rLhsf] cfnf]rgf, csf]{ rLhsf] eT;{gf
ub}{ emu8f ub}{ lxF85 \ g\ .
g]tT[ jbfoL kbx¿df y'k}| o:tf
JolQmx¿ 5g\ , h;n] sl7g
;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ubf{ To;nfO{ xn
ug]{ Ifdtf xfl;n gul/sg} nfdf–nfdf
ukm ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿ w}ot{ f u'dfpF5g\
/ o;sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] ;¿jfsf]
dfu ub{5g\ ls pgLx¿–cIfd 5g\ /
;'lDkPsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\Æ . of]
sfo/x¿sf] efiff xf] . 7Ls} 5, tkfO{{+
cfˆg} v'§fn] cufl8 a9\g ;'¿ ug'; { \.
tkfO{s{+ f] dftxtdf hlt ljefux¿ 5g\,
To;sf] lg/LIf0f ug'x{ f];\ . sGˆo"lzo;n]
h:t} æx/]s rLhsf] af/]df ;f]wk'5
ug'x{ f];Æ\ . tadfq tkfO{{ + ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{;Sg] of]Uotf xfl;n ug'{ x'g5 ] . rfx]
tkfO{s {+ f] Ifdtf hlt;'s} sd lsg gxf];\
lsgls tkfO{s {+ f] lbdfu vfnL g} lsg
gxf];\ ha tkfO{{+ kmls{g' x'g5 ] , Toltv]/
of] vfnL x'bF g} a¿ ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{sf]
lglDt cfjZos tdfd ;fdu|Ln] el/Psf]
x'g5] / oxL g} Tof] tl/sf xf], h;af6
;d:of xn x'G5 .
s] tkfO{{+ aflx/ lg:sg cfjZos5
< of] clgjfo{ 5}g . h;nfO{ tkfO{+{n]
Pp6f sl7g ;d:of dfGg' x'G5, Tof]
;d:ofsf] k'Ugsf nflu / To;sf
jt{dfg cj:yf;DaGwL hfGgsf nflu
tkfO{n +{ ] kl/l:ylt–ljz]ifl;t kl/lrt
tyf tYofGj] i fL (factfinding)
JolQmx¿sf] a}7s af]nfpg ;Sg'xG' 5 .
To;/L tkfO{s +{ f] sl7g ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5 .
cWoog–cg';GwfgnfO{
uef{j:yfsf] nfdf dlxgfx¿l;t /
;d:of ;dfwfgnfO{ hGdsf] lbgl;t
t' n gf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:ofsf]
cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{, jf:tjdf,
To;sf] ;dfwfg ug'{ xf] .
#= ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] lk5l8Psf
lrlgofF ls;fgx¿df clxn] klg
lstfadf h] n]lvPsf] x'G5, Tof] ;xL
x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stf /x]sf] 5 .
lgs} cgf}7f] s'/f t s] 5 eg]
sDo'lgi6 leq klg o:tf dflg;x¿
5g\, h;n] 5nkmnsf] qmddf k|fozM
s] eGg] ub{5g\ eg] …dnfO{ b]vfpm t,
lstfadf To:tf] s'/f n]lvPsf] 5Ú .
olb xfdLn] g]t[Tjsf] s'g} pRr
lgsfosf] lgb]z { g ;xL 5 eg] To;nfO{
…g]tT[ jsf] s'g} pRr lgsfoÚaf6 cfPsf]
lgb]{zg eg]/ ;lhn}l;t lng' x'Fb}g .
a¿ To;sf] cGt/j:t' ;ª\3if{sf]
j:t' u t tyf dgf] u t kl/l:ylt
cg'¿k 5 jf 5}g / To;n] g]tT[ jsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ub{5 jf ub}{g
eGg] hfFr ug'k{ b{5 . s'g} dflyNnf]
lgsfoaf6 cfPsf] eg]/ lgb]z { gx¿sf]
;Gbe{df cf}krfl/s ¿v ckgfpg'
/ To;nfO{ TolQs} ljrf/ljdz{ /
gul/sg jf:tljstfsf] cfnf]sdf
hfFra'em gul/sg cfFvf lrlDnP/
nfu' ug' { unt x' G 5 . o:tf]
cf}krfl/stfjfbsf] b'ikl/0ffd of]
x'G5 ls kf6L{sf] gLlt / /0fsf}znn]
hg;d'bfosf] aLrdf ulx/f] h/f
uf8\g kfpFb}g . dflyNnf] lgsfosf]
s'g} klg lgb]z { gnfO{ cfFvf lrlDnP/
jf b]vfj6L ¿kdf lagf s'g} c;xdlt
nfu' ug'{ jf:tjdf To;nfO{ nfu' ug'{
xf]Og a¿ To;nfO{ lj/f]w of Wj+;
ug]{ ;a}eGbf rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sf xf] .
t;y{ s]jn lstfadf dfq ;fdflhs
lj1fgsf] cWoog ug' { cToGt
vt/gfs x'G5 / To;n] s;}nfO{
k|ltqmflGtsf] af6f]lt/ n}hfg;Dd
;Sb5 . of] tYoaf6 klg pQm s'/fsf]
k| d fl0ft x' G 5 ls lrlgofF
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] Pp6f o:tf] hTyf
lyof], h;n] ;fdflhs lj1fgsf]
cWoog ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ s]jn lstfadf
dfq ;Lldt /fVof] , tof] hTyf
k|ltqmflGtsf/L hTyfdf kl/0ft x'g
k'Uof] . xfdLn] dfS;{jfb ;xL eGb5f}+
t/ lglZrt ¿kn] dfS;{ s'g} æO{Zj/Æ
lyP, To;n] dfS;{jfb ;xL 5 eGb}gf}F .
a¿ s] eGb5f}F eg] dfS;{sf] l;4fGt
xfd|f] Jojxf/ / ;ª\3if{df ;xL ;fljt
ePsf] 5 To;}n] dfS;{jfb ;xL 5 .
olb xfdLn] pgsf] l;4fGt :jLsf/
ub{5f}+ jf a'‰b5f}F eg] xfd|f] lbdfudf
pgsf] af/]df æO{Zj/Lo plQmÆ h:tf
s'g} cf}krfl/s jf /x:ojfbL a'emfO{
x'bF g} . w]/} dflg;x¿, h;n] dfS;{jfbL
lstfa kl9/x]sf 5g\, qmflGtk|lt
u2f/L ul/;s]sf 5g\ Û hals lg/If/
dhb'/n] dfS;{jfbnfO{ ;xL lsl;dn]
a' ‰ b5 . xfdLn] a9LeGbf a9L
dfS;{ j fbL lstfax¿sf] cWoog
ug'k{ b{5 . t/ Tof] cWoognfO{ cfˆgf]
b] z sf] jf:tljs l:yltl;t
clgjfo{¿kn] hf]8\g'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{
lstfasf] cfjZostf 5 . t/ xfdL
lstfa k"hf ug]{ k|j[lQaf6 d'Qm
x'g'kb{5 . jf:tljs kl/l:ylt /
lstfa k"hf ug]{ k|jl[ Qsf] aLrdf s'g}
;fOgf] x'bF g} .
k':ts k"hfaf6 xfdLn] s;/L d'QmL
kfpg ;Sb5f}F+ < To;sf] Pp6f dfq
pkfo jf:tljs kl/l:yltsf] hfFra'em
cyf{t\ cWoog ug'{ xf] .
$= jf:tljs kl/l:yltsf]
hfFra'em gug]{ xf] eg] ljleGg juL{o
zlQmx¿sf] cfbz{jfbL d"Nofª\sg jf
sfddf cfbz{ j fbaf6 clgjfo{
lgb]{lzt x'g'kg]{ 5, h;n] xfdLnfO{
of t cj;/jfbdf k'¥ofpg] 5, of
t ljb|f]xjfbdf .
s] tkfO{n {+ fO{ of] kl/0ffdk|lt zª\sf
5 < tYon] tkfO{n {+ fO{ of] :jLsfg{
ljjz agfpg] 5 . hfFra'em ug]{
sf]l;; gul/sg s'g} klg /fhgLlts
kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'; { ,\ of s'g}
klg ;ª\3if{sf] g]t[Tj ug'{;\, clg
tkfO{n {+ ] yfxf kfpg' x'g5 ] ls o:tf]
d"Nofª\sg of g]tT[ j cfwf/xLg jf
cfbz{xLg x'G5 jf x'Fb}g / o;n]
cj;/jfbL jf ljb|f]xjfbL ulNtdf
k'¥ofpF5 jf k'¥ofpFb}g . lglZrt
¿kdf o:tf] x'g5 ] . o:tf] x'gs ' f] sf/0f
sfd–sf/jfxLdf hfg'eGbf klxn]
;ts{tfk"js { of]hgf agfpg c;kmn
eP/ xf]Og, a¿ of]hgf agfpg'eGbf
klxn] ljlzi6 ;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf]
;ts{tfk"js { cWoog ug{ c;kmn
x'g'n] xf] . xfd|f] nfn;]gfsf 5fkfdf/
OsfO{x¿df k|foM o:tf] x'g] ub{5 .
tL s'PO{ h:tf clws[tx¿nfO{ p;sf]
ck/fwcg';f/sf] ;hof lbFbf s'g}
km/s kb}{g . kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eg]
bf]ifL dflg;x¿n] p;dfly cGofo eof]
eGg] 7fGb5g\, lgs} lajfb alg/xG5 .
g] t fn] cfˆgf] ;Dk" 0 f{ cfh
u'dfpFb5g\ . s] nfn;]gfdf k|foM o:tf]
x'bF g} / <
hg;d'bfosf] ljZjf; lhTg /
zq'nfO{ k/flht ug{ xfdL ;kmn x'g5 ] f}+ .
To;sf] lglDt k| y dtM xfdLn]
cfbz{jfbsf] h/f]dn " f] g} vtd kfg'k{ g]{
cfjZostf 5 / ;Dk"0f{ cj;/jfbL /
ljb|f]xjfbL ulNtx¿k|lt ;ts{tf
ckgfpg' kb{5 . cfbz{jfbnfO{ ;d"n
cGTo ug{ k|oTg ug}k{ 5{ / jf:tljs
kl/l:yltsf] hfFra'em ug'{kb{5 .
cfbz{jfbnfO{ ;d"n cGTo ug]{ of] g}
Psdfq af6f] xf] .
%= ;fdflhs tyf cfly{ s
hfFra'emsf] nIo ju{zlQmx¿sf]
;xL d"Nofª\sg;Dd k'Ug' / km]l/
;ª\3if{sf] nflu ;xL o'4 sf}znsf]
;'qLs/0f ug'{ xf] .
xfdLn] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
kl/l:yltx¿sf] hfFra'em lsg ug{
k/]sf] xf] M of] k|Zgsf] oxL g} /fd|f]
pQ/ xf] . Tof] k|Zgsf] pQ/cg';f/,
cnu–cnu ljeflht ;fdflhs
kl/36gfx¿sf] x} g , a¿ ;a}
;fdflhs ju{ xfd|f] hfFra'emsf] ljifo–
j:t' aGb5 . ljutdf, nfn;]gfsf]
rf}yf] ;]gfsf sd/]8x¿n] cfd ¿kdf
hfFra'emsf] sfddfly Wofg lbP t/
pgLx¿dWo] s}of}Fn] h'g k2lt nfu'
u/] Tof] unt lyof] . To;/L pgLx¿sf]
hfF r a' e msf] kl/0ffd Jofkf/Ln]
vftfh:t} l3;]lk6] x'G5, of t b'u{d
kxf8L Onfsfaf6 3gf a:tL ePsf]
;x/df cfPsf] s'g} ;fdfGo ;f]emf]
ls;fgn] ;x/sf] ;DaGwdf h] a'‰b5
jf b]Vb5, 7Ls ToxL lsl;dsf]
ljlrqsf] sxfgLh:tf] aGb5 . o;
lsl;dsf] hfFr a'emsf] s'g} pkof]lutf
x'bF g} . o;af6 xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo k"/f
x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo ljleGg
;fdflhs ju{x¿sf] /fhgLlts tyf
cfly{s l:ylt a'‰g' xf] . k|To]s ju{sf]
jt{dfg l:ylt / p;sf] ljsf;sf]
ptf/ r9fjsf] t:jL/ xfd| f ]
hfF r a' e msf] glthf x' g ' k b{ 5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s[lif ;+/rgfsf]
hfFra'em ubf{ xfdLn] s]jn dflns
ls;fg, wd{–dflns, ls;fg / v]t
dh'b/sf] ;+Vof dfq hfGg'x'Fb}g, h'g
sfZtsf/Lsf] ;DaGw cg' ; f/
ljeflht x'G5g\, a¿ a9LeGbf a9L
ljz]if lsl;dn] wgL ls;fg, dWod
ls;fg / ul/a ls;fgx¿sf] ;+Vof
hfGg' kb{5, h'g ju{ of ;fdflhs
:t/cg';f/ ljeflht x'G5g\ . Jofkf/
;+/rgfsf] hfFra'em ubf{ xfdLn] cGg
sk8f, h8La'6Lh:tf rLhx¿sf]
Jofkf/df nfu]sf] ;+Vofsf] hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug' { e Gbf a¿ a9LeGbf
vf;ul/sg ;fgf Jofkf/L, dWod
Jofkf/L / 7"nf Jofkf/Lsf] ;+Vofsf]
af/]df hfGg'kb{5 . xfdLn] s]jn k|To]s
Jofkf/sf] l:yltsf] hfFra'em ul//xg'
kb}g{ , a¿ Tof] eGbf a9L vf;ul/sg
To; leqsf] ju{–;DaGwsf] hfFra'em
ug'k{ b{5 . s]jn ljleGg Jofkf/x¿sf]
aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] dfq geP/
al9eGbf al9 ljz]if ¿kn] ljleGg
ju{x¿sf] aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] hfFra'em
ug'{ kb{5 . hfFra'emsf] nflu xfd|f]
d' V o k2lt ljleGg
;fdflhsju{x¿nfO{ j]Unfa]Un} ¿kdf
a'‰g] x'g' kb{5 / xfd|f] clGtd p2]Zo
ltgLx¿sf] -ju{x¿sf]_ cGt/;DaGw
hfGg' xf] . h;n] ubf{ xfdL ju{–
zlQmx¿sf] ;xL d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg]
5f}+ . ta g} s'g–s'g ju{ qmflGtsf/L
;ª\3if{sf] d'Vo zlQm xf], s'g–s'g
ju{x¿nfO{ ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf cfˆgf]
kIfdf lng] / s'g–s'g ju{x¿sf] ;Qf
pv]n/] ˆofFSg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ kl/eflift
ub}{ ;ª\3if{sf] nflu ;xL o'4sf}zn
;"qa4 ug{ ;lsg] 5 . oxL g} xfd|f]
Ps dfq p2]Zo xf] .
tL s'g–s'g ;fdflhs ju{x¿sf]
hfFra'em ug{ cfjZos 5 < tL x'g\ M
· cf}Bf]lus ;j{xf/f
· b:tsf/ dh'b/
· v]t dhb'/
· ul/a ls;fg
· ;xl/of ul/a
· n+k6–;j{xf/f
· dflns b:tsf/
· ;fgf Jofkf/L
· dWod ls;fg
· wgL ls;fg
· e":jfdL
· Jofkfl/s k'h F Lklt
· cf}Bf]lus k'h F Lklt
hfF r a' e msf] l;nl;nfdf
xfdLn] oL ;a} ju{x¿ of ;fdflhs
:t/x¿sf] l:yltdfly Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
xfdLn] clxn] sfd ul//x] s f
Onfsfx¿sf s]jn cf}Bf]lus ;j{xf/f
/ cf}Bf]lus k'FhLkltju{sf] dfq
pkl:ylt 5}g . cGo ;a} ju{x¿sf]
;Dks{df xfdL nuftf/ /lx/s]sf 5f} .
oL ;a} ju{ tyf :t/x¿sf] ;DaGwdf
xfdLn] ckgfpg] o'4sf}zn g} xfd|f]
;ª\3if{sf] o'4sf}zn xf] .
clttdf hfFra'em;DaGwdf xfd|f]
Pp6f uDeL/ sdhf]/L s] /Xof] eg]
xfdLn] ;x/L If]qnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ / u|fdL0f
If]qdf cgfjZos ¿kdf klg dxTj
lbO/xg] u¥of}+ . ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f
clwsf+z sfd/]8x¿df ;x/L ul/a /
Jofkfl/s k'h F Lkltx¿;DaGwL xfd|f]
o'4sf}znaf/] a'emfO{ k|foM c:ki6
/lx/Xof] . ;ª\3if{sf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{
kxf8af6 d}bfgdf cfpg' kg]{ agfOlbPsf]
5 . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf t xfdL kxf8af6
tn cf]ln{of}, t/ dfgl;s ¿kdf xfdL
clxn] klg dfly kxf8df /lx/x]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn] ;x/nfO{ klg u|fld0f If]q;/x
7fGg'kb{5 cGoyf xfdL qmflGtsf/L
;ª\3if{sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{
c;dy{ x'g5 ] f}+ .
^= lrlgofF qmflGtsf/L ;ª\3if{sf]
ljho lrlgofF kl/l:ylt;DaGwL
a'emfOdfly lge{/ x'G5 .
xfd|f] ;ª\3if{sf] nIo hgjfbsf]
r/0f kf/ ub}{ ;dfhjfb xfl;n ug'{
xf] . o; sfo{ef/ cGtu{t, ax';ª\Vos
dhb'/ju{nfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf lnP/
u| f dL0f ls;fg tyf ;xl/of
ul/ax¿nfO{ hfu[t u/L e"–:jfdLju{,
;fd| f Hojfb / SjldGtfª\ u
zf;g;QfnfO{ kN6fP/ hgjfbL qmflGt
k"/f ug'{ klxnf] sbd xf] . cl3Nnf]
sbd xf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt, h'g jt{dfg
;ª\3if{sf] cu|ufdL s8L x'g5 ] . of]
dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L sfo{ef/nfO{ k"/f ug'{
g} ;fwf/0f of ;/n sfd 5}g / of]
;Dk"0f{¿kn] ;j{xf/fju{sf] kf6L{sf] ;xL
Pjd\ b[9 o'4sf}zndfly lge{/ ub{5 .
olb ;+3if{df o'4sf}zn unt
of 9'nd'n / c:tJo:t x'g] xf] eg]
lgZro g} qmflGtn] c:yfoL ¿kdf
k/fhosf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ 5 . s]
s' / f Vofn /fVg h¿/L 5 eg]
a'h'{jf kf6L{n] klg ;+3if{;DaGwL
cfˆgf o'4sf}znnfO{ lnP/ nuftf/
ljrf/–ljdz{ ul//xG5 .
dhb' / ju{ n fO{ lbUe| l dt kfg{
pgLx¿sf] aLrdf ;'wf/jfbL k|efj
s;/L km} n fpg] , pgLx¿nfO{
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjaf6 s;/L
cnu agfpg], ul/a ls;fgx¿sf]
ljb|f]xnfO{ bafpg wgL
ls;fgx¿nfO{ s;/L ;fy lng] /
qmflGtsf/L ;ª\ 3 if{ n fO{ bafpg
ck/fwL lu/f]x s;/L ;ª\ul7t ug]{
eGg] ljifodf pgLx¿n] nuftf/
ljrf/–ljdz{ ul//xG5g\ . ha
ju{;ª\3if{ a9LeGbf a9L tLa| ultdf
cufl8 a9\b5, ha n8fOF cfd'g]
;fd'Gg], x'G5, Tolta]nf
;j{xf/fju{sf] ljho cfˆgf] kf6L{
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;+3if{;DaGwL ;xL
Pjd\ b[9 o'4sf}zndfly cfwfl/t
/x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] ;+3if{;DaGwL ;xL / c6n
o'4sf}zn sfof{nodf a;]sf yf]/}
JolQmn] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . Tof]
t hg;+3if{sf] l;nl;nf cyf{t\
jf:tljs cg'ejsf] l;nl;nfdf
k|fKt x'g] s'/f xf] . To;}n] xfdLn]
x/] s ;do ;fdflhs l:yltsf]
cWoog ug' { s f] ;fy} Jojxfl/s
hfFra'em ug{ h¿/L 5 . tL s]xL
sfd/] 8 x¿, hf] nlrnf 5} g g,
¿l9jfbL, cf}krfl/stfjfbL / xjfO{
cfzfjfbL 5g\, ltgLx¿n] s] ;f]Rg]
ub{5g\ eg] ;+3if{;DaGwL jt{dfg
/0fsf}zn k"0f{tM ;xL 5, kf6L{sf]
5} 7 f} + F /fli6« o dxflwj] z gsf]
æb:tfj]hx¿sf] lstfa df :yfoL
ljhosf] Uof/]06L u/]sf] 5, oxL
:yflkt k2ltdfly cfwfl/t /x]/
lg/Gt/ ljho k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
of] ljrf/ k" 0 f{ t M unt 5 .
sDo'lgi6x¿n] ;+3if{åf/f cg's"n
gofF kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5
eGg] s'/fl;t of] ljrf/n] k6Ss}
d]n vfFb}g . To:tf] ljrf/n] k"0f{tM
¿9LjfbL sfo{lbzfsf] k|ltlglwTj
ub{5 . ha;Dd o:tf ljrf/nfO{
k"0f{¿kn] TofUg ;lsFb}g, Tof] gLltn]
qmflGtnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] 5
/ :jo+ To:tf ljrf/ af] S g]
sd/]8x¿nfO{ klg gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg]
5 . :ki6} 5 ls xfd|f] nfn;]gfdf
s]xL o:tf sfd/]8x¿ 5g\, h;n]
5
rLhnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} a'‰g 5f8]/
;Gt'i6 5g\ . tL sfd/]8x¿n] s'g}
klg rLhnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g rfxFb}gg\,
lg/fwf/ ¿kdf cfzfjfbL x'G5g\ /
æof] g} ;j{xf/f k2lt xf]Æ eg]/ e|d
km}nfpF5g\ . ltgLx¿ k]6el/ vfG5g\
/ Ps sbd klg glxFl8sg tyf
hfFra'emsf] nflu hgtfsf] aLrdf
gk'lusg cfˆg} sfof{nodf a;]/
pF 3 b\ 5 g\ . ha ltgLx¿n] d' v
vf]N5g\ . ltgsf l3;]lk6] s'/f ;'g]/
dflg;nfO{ jfSs nfUb5 . oL
sfd/]8x¿nfO{ Ao'emfpgsf nflu
xfdLn] cfjfhnfO{ rsf]{ agfpg'
kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ rsf]{ :j/df
eGg' kb{5 –
· l9nf] gul/sg cfˆgf]
¿l9jfbL ljrf/x¿nfO{ abn .
· To;sf] ;§fdf k|ultzLn /
h'emf¿ sDo'lgi6 ljrf/ ckgfpm .
· ;ª\3if{df pq Û
· hg;d'bfosf] aLrdf k'u/]
tYox¿sf] hfFra'em u/ Û
&= hf“ r a' e m ug] { ljlw
-s_tYo cGj]if0f;DaGwL a}7s
a;]/ ljrf/–ljdz{sf] dfWodaf6
hfFra'em ug]{ sfdsf] lhDdf n]pm .
;Totfsf] glhs k'Ug] / lgZsif{df
jf kl/0ffddf k'Ug] of] g} Psdfq af6f]
xf] . olb tkfO{+{ ljrf/–ljdz{sf]
dfWodaf6 hfFra'emsf] nflu tYo
cGj]if0f;DaGwL a}7s a:g' x'Fb}g /
s]jn cfˆgf] JolQmut cg'ej ;'gfpg]
Pshgf JolQmdfly e/ kg'{x'G5 eg]
;lhn}l;t uNtL x'g k'Ub5 . a}7sdf
ljrf/–ljdz{sf] nflu ;f/e"t ljifo
p7fpg'sf] ;§f olb tkfO{n +{ ] nfk/jfxL
9Ën] ljifoj:t' /fVg'x'G5 eg] ;xL
lgisif{df k'Ug ;Dejt M sl7g x'g5 ] .
-v_ tYocGj] i f0f ;DaGwL
a}7sdf s'g lsl;dsf JolQmx¿nfO{
;ª\nUg u/fpg' k5{ <
ltgLx¿ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
l:yltl;t /fd|f; ] uF kl/lrt JolQm
x'gk' b{5 . hxfF;Dd pd]/sf] s'/f 5,
pd]/sf] lx;fan] w]/} kfsf JolQmx¿
;aeGbf pko' Q m x' g ] 5 lsgls
pgLx¿l;t k|z:t cg'ej x'G5,
pgLx¿n] s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f
dfq geP/ To;sf] sf/0f / k|efj
klg a'‰g ;Sb5g\ . ;ª\3if{df cg'ej
k|fKt o'jfx¿nfO{ klg ;fd]n ug'{ kb{5,
lsgls pgLx¿l;t k|ultzLn ljrf/
/ tLI0f b[li6 x'G5 . hxfF;Dd k]zf;Fu
;DalGwt s'/f 5, dhb'/, ls;fg,
Aofkf/L, a'l4hLjL, s'g} a]nf ;}lgsnfO{
/ oxfF ; Dd ls slxn] s fxLF
3' d Gt] n fO{ ; Dd klg ;fd] n
u/fpg'kb{5 . :ki6 5 ls, olb
s;}nfO{ s'g} ljifodf s'g} ;DaGw g}
5}g eg] p;nfO{ ljrf/–ljdz{df ;fd]n
u/fpg' h¿/L 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
hfFra'emsf] ljifodf jfl0fHo 5 eg]
dhb'/, ls;fg, ljBfyL{nfO{ pkl:yt
u/fpg h¿/L x'bF g} .
-u_ tYo cGj]if0f;DaGwL a}7s
s:tf] /fd|f] x'G5, 7"nf] of ;fgf] <
of] s'/f t hfFra'em ug]{jfnfsf]
a}7s ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtfdfly lge{/
ub{5 . olb pgLx¿ To;df s'zn
5g\ eg] afx| hgf, aL; hgf of Tof]
eGbf a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ a}7sdf
af] n fpg ;lsG5 . w] / } hgfsf]
a}7saf6 tkfO{+{nfO{ g} kmfObf x'g]5,
pQ/x¿af6 tkfO{n {+ ] lgs} ;xL cfFs8f
-h:t}, s'n ls;fg a:tLdf ul/a
ls;fgx¿sf] k|ltzt hfGg_ / lgs}
;xL lgisif{ -h:t}, e"ldnfO{ ;dfg
9+un] k'gM ljt/0f ug]{ jf lje]lbs[t
k'gM ljt/0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f hfGg_
xfl;n ug{ ;Sg' x'g5 ] . cjZo o;n]
tkfO{+{nfO{ gf]S;fg klg x'G5 . olb
tkfO{+{ a}7s ;~rfng ug{ s'zn x'g'
ePg eg] a}7snfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg
sl7g x'g5 ] . To;}n] s'g} a}7sdf efu
lng] JolQmsf] ;+Vof slt x'g eGg]
s'/f hfFra'em ug]j{ fnfsf] Ifdtfdfly
e/ kb{5 . tyflk, Go"gtd klg tLg
hgfsf] ;+Vof x'g} kb{5, cGoyf k|fKt
;"rgf ;Lldt ePsf sf/0f jf:tljs
l:yltsf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-3_ hfF r ae' m ;DaGwL lj:t[ t
-af“ s L 5 k] h df_
 6 @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/
klxnf] of]hgfsf] bf];f| ] cfjlws of]hgf / af“sd] f lhDd]jf/L
kl/l:ylt lgs} k] l rnf] aGb}
lyof] . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
P]ltxfl;s gjf}+ dxflwj]zg eJo Pj+
;fgbf/ ¿kdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;+Zn]if0f
;lxt ;DkGg eP/ xfdL sfo{If]q
kmls{Psf lyof} . dxflwj]zgn] kfl/t
u/]sf gofF ;+Zn]if0f gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdnfO{ of]hgfdf AoQm ug{
x]8Sjf6/nfO{ s]xL ;do u[xsfo{sf]
;do rflxGYof] xf]nf . Tof] cjlwdf
xfdL lhNnfdf kmls{of} / s]xL ;do
kl5 s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] bf];|f] k"0f{
a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfO{of] .
bf];f| ] k"0f{ a}7ssf] ;Dks{ kfpgf ;fy
;xof] 4 fx¿ aLr cgf} k rfl/s
5nkmn x'GYof] sfo{If]qsf] ljifodf .
t/ km]l/ lgZsif{ eg] kf6L{n] k7fPsf]
h'g;'s} 7fFpdf hfg tof/ x'g} k5{
eGg] g} x'GYof] .
ha xfdL lzju9L k'Uof} ta
a} 7 s k| f /De eof] . a} 7 sdf
dxf;lrj 4f/f k|:t't /fhgLlts
b:tfj]h Jofks ;d"xut 5nkmn
kl5 kf; eof] . a}7s cfufdL
of]hgfdf k|j]z u¥of] . To;sf]
dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] ;+u7g lyof] .
;+u7gdf klg l;Ëf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf]
sfo{ljefhg lyof] . dxf;lrj / kf6L{
k|jQmfn] !@& hgf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o;Fu
jfg 6' jfg 5nkmn u/]/ /fo a'em]/
sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf]
/}5 . d]/f] kfnf] cfof] / d g]t[Tj
;fd' uP . kf6L{ n ] a' ‰ of] #–$
lhNnfsf] ljsNk lyof] . d}n] Ps rf]6L
;xl/of lhNnfsf] cg'ej lng kfP
x'GYof] eGg] wf/0ff /fv] . clg a}7sdf
dxf;lrj sd/]8n] ;du| s]Gb|Lo
;b:osf] lhDd]jf/L ;'g' fpg] ;jfndf
/0flbk afFs] lhNnf O{Grfh{ eg]/
sfgn] ;'Gg kfP . d]/f] dgdf lgs}
cg]sf} t/Ëx¿ t/lËt x'g yfn] . d
;S5' ls ;lSbg s;/L lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug]{ < cflb ljifodf cg]sf}
v'Nb'nLx¿ rln/x] . To;kl5 Ao'/f]
O{Grfh{sf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsof] . rf/
lhNnf - afFs], alb{of, hfh/sf]6 /
8f]Nkf_ sf] blIf0f s0ff{nL Ao'/f] aGof] .
xfd|f] Ao'/f]df gofF Ao'/f] O{Grfh{ ;+ud
kg{' eof] . ;a} gofF–gofF x'Fbfsf]
r'gf}tLsf] ljifo TolQs} lyof] . t/
klg gofF Ao'/f] O{Grfh{n] Ao'/f]df
sfo{/t ;L;LPd;Fu Ao'/f] a}7ssf]
nflu k/fdif{ lng' eof] / a}7ssf]
ldlt :yfg to u/L x]8Sjf6/;Fu
e]63f6 ul/ lkmN8 lt/ nfUof} .
slknj:t'af6 sl/j $ 306f
lxF8]/ afFs] k'luof] . $ lbgsf] tof/L
kl5 @)&( df3 % ut]sf] Ao'/f]sf]
k| y d a} 7 sdf h' 6 ] c f} + . ( cf} +
dxflwj] z g b] l v csf] { !) cf}
dxflwj]zg ;Ddsf] % jif{nfO{ !)
j6f cfjlws of]hgfdf ljefhg u/]sf]
lyof] . xfdL klxnf] cfjlws of]hgfsf]
k|yd a}7sdf h'6s ] f lyof} . lhNnfdf
k'uk] l5 lhNnf ;]qm]6/L s sNkgf
;lxt l8l;Pd sd/]8x¿n] sf]xnk'/
vfhf3/df :jfutsf] tof/L u/]sf]
/x]5 . ljz]ifu/LM gofF lhDd]jf/L
;lxt Ao'/f] O{Grfh{ s ;+udsf]
:jfutdf ;xefuL eOof] . :jfut
kl5 kl/ro / a}7ssf] af/] :yfg
6'Ëf] nufP/ 5'l6of} . b]z} e/Lsf]
klxnf a;]sf] Ao'/f] a}7sn] lhNnf
a}7ssf] nflu afFs]sf] nuQ} & ut]
g} ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . Ao'/f] O{Grfh{sf]
k|dv ' cfltYotfdf a}7sdf ;xefuL
eof}+ . s]xL klxnfsf s]xL yk u/]/
!! hgf sd/]8x¿ ;xefuL x'gx' G' of] .
s l8NnLnfO{ h]naf6 ev{/} 5f]8]sf]
t]nsf] yf]kfyf]kf hf]ufcf}+
OGwg vr{ 36fcf}+
lyof] . pxfF klg ;xefuL x'g'eof] /
:jfut klg ul/of] . ckl/kSs h:tf]
b]lvg] d em§ x]bf ckTofl/nf] nfUbf]
b]lvg] ePklg sflnsf]6df &( hgfsf]
lhNnf sld6Lsf] g]t[Tj u/]/ uPsf]
lyP . ToxfF a}7sdf leGg} cg'e"lt
eO/xGYof] . t/ klg a}7s ;fgbf/
¿kdf ;DkGg eof] . d}n] sflnsf]6
/0flbk ;L
lhNnfsf] # dlxgfsf] a/a'emf/t ug{
afFsL lyof] . nuQ} Ao'/f] O{Grfh{;Fu
k/fdif{ u/]/ dWos0ff{nL Jo'/f]sf] k|yd
a}7s b}nv ] df lyof] ToxfF k'u] . a}7sdf
Ao'/f] O{Grfh{ s laa]s, s la/f6,
lhNnf O{Grfh{ s anjfg\ / ;]qm]6/L
s zfxf;L;Fu a;]/ # dlxgfsf]
sf/f]af/sf] a/a'emf/t u/]/ s la/f6
/ d sflnsf]6 nfUof} . s]xLlbgsf]
a;fO{ kl5 d afFs] kmls{P . nuQ}
hgo'4 lbj; kmfu'g ! ut] cfpFb}
lyof] . tof/Ldf nfluof]
sd/]8x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{sf] sdLn]
tof/L ;f]r] h:tf] gePklg kmfu'g !
ut]nfO{ Jofks ¥ofnL ;lxt !%)
hltsf] hg;xeflutfdf v'Nnf ;ef
u/]/ z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg ul/of] .
;fFem lbkfjnLdf klg eAo ¿kdf
;xefuL eof}F . hf] kf6L{ k'gu{7gsf]
sfo{sfn e/Lsf] klxnf] / eAo xf]
eGg] k|ltlqmof lyof] . cGo /rgfTds
sfo{ ug{ ;Dej klg lyPg . To;kl5
;lxb ;Ktfx sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
eof} . afFs] lhNnfsf] @ 7fFpdf
;lxbkl/jf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ lgwf]
eof] . kmfu'g !* ut] sf]xfnk'/ /
@! ut] /fKtL;f]gf/Lsf] kmQ]k'/ ;lxb
ejgdf @ j6} 7fFpdf ^# hgf ;lxb
kl/jf/nfO{ sfF;f]sf] srf}/f / ;Ddfg
kq lbP/ ;Ddfg ul/of] .
;lxbkl/jf/sf] efj pHofnf] b]lvGYof]
kf6L{ 5 eGg] cg'e"lt eof] eGg]
vfnsf] k|ltlqmof kfO{of] .
To;kl5 xfdL ;+3if{sf sfo{qmddf
nfUof} . /fi6«3ftL Pd;L;L, ld6/
AofhL / rsf]{ a}lsË Aofhb/ la?4
s]Gb|Lo ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd Ao'/f] e/L
afFsn] ] ;fgbf/ ¿kdf ;DkGg u¥of] .
ha ;xsfo{ a9\ b } uof] ta
sd/]8x¿n] Ps csf{nfO{ glhsaf6
lrGg] / of]hgf jf lhDd]jf/L lbg]
;jfndf ;lhnf]kg x'Fb} uof] . afFs]
a;]/ klxnf] bf];|f] cfjlws of]hgf
e/L !% dlxgfdf !* lbg dfq d]/f]
xflh/L 5}g . afFsL ;a} ;do afFs]
d} laTof] / lg/Gt/ laTof] . To;kl5
hgtf;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ cleofg
to ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm cleofg
pb\3f6g afFss ] f] vh'/fdf ug]{ lg0f{o
eP adf]lhd v'Nnf sfo{qmd u/]/
cleofg pb\3f6g ul/of] . pb\3f6gdf
;Dk" 0 f{ lhNnfsld6L k' u ] klg
lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;jfndf g;lsPsf]
lttf] oyft{nfO{ dgdf ef/L agfP/
af]Sb} sl/j jif]{ pTkfbg afnLsf]
tof/Ldf s]xL lbg laTof] . nuQ} kf6L{
Pstfsf] ljz]if a}7s x]8Sjf6/n]
g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8
kmf]g g+=+ $@^@(&), km\ofS; M $@^#$&!
cfof]hgf u¥of] / xfdL slknj:t'
lt/ nfUof} . h]7 dlxgfsf] ;do
lyof] . udL{n] lgs} ;tfO{/x]sf] lyof] .
xfdL slknj:t' s]Gb|Lo sfo{nodf
k'Uof} . Pstfdf ;xefuL dfcf]jfbL
;dfhjfbLsf sd/]8x¿ w]/} h;f]
k'/fg} ;xsdL{ cg'xf/ / s]xL km/s
cg'xf/ klg b]lvP . Pstf cfkm}df
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ul/of] . s]Gb|Lo ;b:o sd/]8x¿df
;dfof]hgsf] k|:tfj k|:t't eof] .
Psdtn] u8u8fx6 tfnL ahfP/
cg'df]bg eof] . s]xL gofF k|:tfj /
lg0f{o ;lxt a}7sdf uuge]bL gf/f
3GsfP/ a} 7 ssf] ;dfkg ul/
sfo{If]qdf nfUof} .
nuQ} lhNnfdf Pstfsf] a}7s
a:of] . ## ;b:;Lo lhNnfsld6L
aGof] . ;dfg;xeflutfsf]
lhNnfsld6L ag]kl5 gofF pT;fx k}bf
eof] . # dlxgf;Dd k'/fg} lhNnf
g]tT[ jdf /xL # hgf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o /
^ hgf s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;ldlt
;b:osf] l6d lhNnfdf /x]/ sfddf
nfUof} . ;f]rc ] g';f/ gv6\g] ;d:ofsf]
aLraf6 /fhgLlt a}rfl/s sfdx¿
! dlxgf nluof] . To;kl5 pTkfbgsf
sfddf hf]l8of}+ . To;dWo wfgsf] a]gf{
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b'Mvu/L nfUof} . s sNkgfn] Ao'/f]sf]
Dofg]h ug{' eof] . aLp x'ls{b} uof] .
cfsf;af6 kfgLsf] yf]kf emg{g} 5f]8o\ f] .
aNn tNn >fj0f @$ ut] dfq %
s¶fdf b'Mvsf ;fy wfg /f]kfO{ ul/of] .
Ao'/f] O{Grfh{sf] ;xeflutfdf ePsf]
/f]kfO{ ljz]if :d/0f of]Uo 5 . To;kl5
slxn] udL{ t slxn] em/L;Fu n'sfdf/L
ub}{ klxnf] cfjflws of]hgf ;lsof] .
lemgf] ;+u7gfTds pknAwL ;lxt
dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / yf]/}
ePklg pTkfbgsf] ;+:sf/ klxnf]
cfalws of]hgfsf pknAwL x'g .
rf}yf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s a:g]
va/ k|Kt eof] . xfdL a}7ssf] nflu
;Dks{ l t/ nfUof] . hfF b } ubf{
lhNnfnfO{ ultlbg] ljifodf xfdL c?
sd/]8x¿ aLr cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn
rnfpb} uof}+ . lhNnfnfO{ @ j6f
lhNnfdf ljefhg ug{k' 5{ eGg] eof] .
kl5 a}7sn] klg w]/} lg0f{o dWo] afFs]
alb{of / hfh/sf]6 nfO{ @–@ lhNnfsf]
;+/rgfdf abNof] . To;/L g} g]t[Tj
;]6 u¥of} / d]/f] lhDdf pQ/ afFs]
lhNnfdf /xof] . /rgfTds k|lt:kbf{
;lxt /fhgLlts ultljlwn] lgs}
lta|tf kfof] . b]z}e/L g]t[Tjsf]
bf}8w'ksf] k|efj afFsd ] f kg]{ g} eof] .
s dxf;lrj ;lDdlnt # j6f
/fhgLlts e]63f6 t sf]xnk'/d} eP
eg] y'k|} cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿
;DkGg eP . afFs] lhNnfdf kf6L{ lgs}
:yflkt eof] . bh{ g f} k6s
Ao'/f]:t/sf kf6L{ / ha;sf a}7s
k|lzIf0fx¿ sf]xnk'/ d} ;DkGg eP .
a} r fl/s :s' l nË sfo{ q mdx¿
xKtf};Dd afFs]d} ;+rfng ul/of] .
o;sf cK7] / fx¿ t em] N g;Dd
em]lnof] . t} klg ;xh} kf/ ul/of] .
o;sf] kmfO{bf sd} ePklg afFs]n]
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bf] ; | f ] cfjlws of] h gf klg
;fgbf/¿kdf ;DkGg eof] . b'a}
cfjlws of]hgfdf ePsf pknAwLx¿
/ ;Ldfsf] ljifodf pNn]v ubf{ dnfO{
afFs] lhNnfdf d gofF eGg] s'g} klg
eg'e"lt ePg . aflx/af6} O{Grfh{
eP/ cfp5g eGg] ;fFu'/f] 3]/fnfO{
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k|foh;f] slx g slxaf6 em/]/}
a;f]af; u/]sf] lhNnf xf] . a;]{gL ^
k|ltzt hg;+Vof cfot x'G5 eGg]
tYofÍnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] s]xL k|ltzt
yf? ;d'bfo afx]s ;a} cfoltt
a;f]af;Lx¿sf] lhNnf xf] . To;}n]
klg d ToxL lhNnfs} gful/s eP/
sfd u/] / ug{'k5{ . afFs] o:tf]
lhNnf lyof] @ bh{ g h' e mf?
aufPsf] lhNnf lyof] . hgo'4sfn
b]lv y'k}| sflnsf]6] g]tfx¿n] a]nf
j]nf g]t[Tj u/]sf] lhNnf klg lyof] .
sflnsf]6 / afFs]sf];DjGw ju{;+3if{
/ /ut;Fu hf]l8Psf] lyof] . o;n]
klg dnfO{ pmhf{ lbPsf] lyof] . tyflk
d] / f] !% dlxgfsf] calwdf w] / }
cg'ejx¿ u/] . sflnsf]6af6 dfq}
afFs] lhNnfdf hgo'4sf] a]nf ;lxb
x'g] sd/]8x¿sf] ;"rL dl;gf] u/]/
s]nfpg kfP . ue{sf ;fy afFs]sf]
g]tT[ j ug]{ hfu/ klg nfUof] . afFsd
] f
/ut aufPsf ;lxbx¿sf] laa/0fnfO{
d}n] oxfF o;/L pNn]v ug{' ;fGbfle{s
7fGb5' .
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;lxb ePsf] :yfg
!_ ;'bz{g dfNsf]6 @)^)–^–#
s';d'
@_ pd]z dfNsf]6 @)^)–^–#
s';d'
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@) g]kfnuGh ;Ldfgf
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!!_ s /f]rs -k'msf]6_ @)^)–
^–@# s';'d
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@# s';d ' 6's8Lsf] g]tfb]lv lnP/
!%_ s o1 -5fk|]_ @)^!–(–!@
sf]xnk'/
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a}hfk'/
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@–!$ afFs]
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@!_ s pb\3f6g -lrnvfofF_
@)^@–!–$ /fKtLgbL
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g]kfnuGh
a]kQfdf
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( g]kfnu+Ghaf6
dfly pNn]lvt ;lxbx¿ dWo
hgo' 4 sfndf s ;d/ afF s ] s f]
l8l;P; x'g' x'GYof] . pxfF h:tf
ln8/x¿ sflnsf]6af6 uP/ g]t[Tj
ug{' ePsf] lyof] . sd/]8 kj{t, lszf]/
klg afFss ] f] lhNnf sldl6df lyP .
hgo'4df sflnsf]6n] 7"nf] of]ubfg
afFsd] f u/]sf] 5 . zflGt k|lqmof kl5
klg afFsd ] f sflnsf]6n] g]tT[ j u/]sf]
5 . g]skf k'gu{ 7g kl5 s= /0fjL/
-Jo'/f] OGrfh{_ s= ;d/ lhNnf OGrfh{,
s= cl8s lhNnf ;]qm]6/L / s=
/0flbk lhNnf OGrfh{ -cfkmF}_ u/]/
$ hgfn] k|ToIf g]tT[ j ug]{ cj;/
kfOPsf] lhNnf xf] . o;n] afFsd] f /fd|}
k|efj 5 . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ s]nfpFbf
afFs]df gofF h:tf] nfu]g . cfk"mn]
lnPsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f ug]{ c7f]6
lnP . gt d]/f] JolQmut s'/f lyof],
gt s'g} ;t{ . dfq} lhDd]jf/L k"/f
s;/L ug]{ < eGg] lrGtfsf ;fy
nfluof] . g]tf v';L kfg]{ t/ gLlt
nfu' gug]{ k|jl[ t;Fu nl8of] / ;a}nfO{
Psl9Ssf u/L sfo{ s fn ;' v b\
latfO{ o f] . tyflk s] x L lttf
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cg'zf;gsf] s'/f u5{, p;}n] Tof]
sfof{Gjog gug]{ k/Dk/fsf] ;fdgf
ub}{ O{ltxf;n] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f
ul/of] .
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k':ts=====
¿k/]vf klxn] g} tof/ ul/;Sg'
kb{5 / hfFra'em ug]{jfnfsf] To;
¿k/]vfcg';f/ k|Zg ;f]Wg' kb{5 /
a}7sdf pkl:yt JolQmx¿af6 pQ/
k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} a'Fbf :ki6
ePg jf To;df zª\sf nfUof] eg]
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ug'{kb{5 . lj:t[t ¿k/]vfdf d'Vo
ljifo tyf pkzLif{ssf] ;fy{ lj:t[t
¿kn] ljj/0f klg ;fd] n
ul/g' k b{ 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
jfl0fHonfO{ d'Vo ljifosf] ¿kdf lng]
xf] eg] sk8f, cGg, cGo cfjZos
h8La'6Lh:tf o;sf pkzLif{s x'g
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s} n Lsf] -5kfOPsf] df] 6 f] ;' t L
sk8f_, 3/ a' g f sk8f, /] z d,
;f6gh:tf lj:t[ t ljj/0f x' g
;Sb5g\ .
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;/sf/sf] cWoIf;Dd, ;} G o
;] g fWoIf;Dd, kf6L{ zfvfsf]
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k|To]s JolQm, h;sf] lhDd]jf/L
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ xf], n] ljlzi6
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s l:yltx¿sf]
hfFra'em ug]{ sfdsf] JolQmut
¿kdf lhDd]jf/L lng'kb{5 / s]jn
l/kf] 6 { k9\ g ;Dd dfq ;Lldt
x'g'x'Gg . lsgls l/kf]6{ k9\g' /
hfFra'em ug'{ lgtfGt a]Unfa]Un}
rLh x'g\ .
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u/
hfFra'em ug]{ sfddf s'g} gofF
JolQmnfO{ s'g} :yfg–ljz]if -h:t},
s'g} ;x/ jf s'g} ufpF_ of s'g}
;d:of–ljz]if -dfgf} < cGg of
d'b|fsf] ;d:of_ af/] k"/f hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{sf] nflu Ps jf b'O{
lj:t[t hfFra'em u/fpg' kb{5 . s'g}
Ps :yfg–ljz]if ;d:of ljz]ifsf]
uDeL¿tfk"j{s 5fgjLg ugf{n] csf]{
:yfg of ;d:of ;DaGwL eljiodf
hfFra'em ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ck]Iffs[t
;'ud agfOlbG5 .
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kfg'x{ f];\
hfFra'em;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{jfnfn]
s]jn tYo cGj]if0f;DaGwL a}7ssf]
cWoIftf ug]{ / pknAw JolQmx¿sf]
oyf]lrt dfu{bz{g ug]{ sfd dfq
ug'{ x'Fb}g, a¿ :jo+ cfˆgf] l6Kk0fL
agfpg'k{5 / :jo+n] lg:sif{ k|:t't
ug'{kb{5 . bf];|f] JolQmn] of] sfd
ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .
l6Kk0fL
!= x]gx{ ' f];\ – sGk'ml;o;sf] plQm
;ª\ux| , t];f| ] k':ts, ækfoLÆ æsGk'ml;o;n]
k"jh{ x¿sf] dlGb/df k|jz ] ubf{ x/]s
rLhsf] af/]df ;f]wk'5 ub{y] .Æ
lhNnfsf] ;+ª3if{sf] cfˆg} O{ltxf;
5 . k+~rfotsfndf afFs] lhNnf
lsga]rsf j:t' h:tf] eof] . v'Nnf
;Ldfn] ck/fwLs ultljlw a9g]
lhNnfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . clxn]
klg ;d:of hf/L 5 . t/ ljb|f]xL
hgtf ePsf] lhNnf xf]] . ;r]t
gful/sx¿ a:g] lhNnf xf] . ljleGg
7fFp / ljleGg ljrf/ af]s]/ j;]sf
gful/ssf] lhNnf xf] . o;nfO{
;+ul7t ug{' ;fdfGo s'/f 5}g .
ax'bnkl5 afFs] /fli6«o /fhgLltsf]
lg0ff{ o s 7fF p df pleof] .
hgo'4sfndf klZrdsf] ju{;3 + if{sf]
d' 6 ' s f] ¿kdf pleof] . PsLs[ t
hgqmflGtdf klg cfˆgf] e"ldsf k'/f
ug]{ sf]lz; ub}{5 . hlt P]ltxfl;s
e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 Tolt gsf/fTds
36gfqmd klg b]lvg' :jefljs xf] .
bnfnL, t:s/L / ld6/AofhL ef/tLo
babafx b] l v cj} w sf/f] a f/
7uLwGbf, u'6ut dgl:ylt e]luotf
tyf If]qLotf, ;+sL0f{tf o; lhNnfsf
;d:of x'g . o;nfO{ lrb}{ hfg'k5{ .
oL ;a} ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm ug{ /
;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] e"ldsf k'/f ug{
¿kfGt/0fsf] ljsNk 5}g . clxn] klg
;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] lg0ff{os s]Gb|sf]
¿kdf afFsn ] fO{ :yflkt ug{ ;lsg]df
s'g} b'O{dt 5}g .
@= nL s'PO ;'kl/lrt lrlgofF
pkGof; z'Go x'r'cfj -bnbn]sf]
gfos . sf Ps gfos lyP . o;
pkGof;df pQ/L z'+u j+z -(^) –
!!@&_ sf] clGtd lt/]sf] ls;fg
;ª\3if{sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . nL
s'PO{ ;/n, km/fl;nf /
ls;fgx¿sf] ;d:ofk|lt cTolws
;dlk{ t JolQm lyP . t/ pgL
cwsNrf] / cJojxfl/s lyP .
#= sfd/] 8 dfcf] T ;] t ' ª n]
;fdflhs hfFra'emnfO{ ;jf{lws
dxTjk"0f{ sfd / g]t[Tjsf] sfddf
gLltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ cfwf/ dfGg'
x'Fb}g af/Daf/ hfFra'em sfo{df lgs}
hf] 8 lbg' x' G Yof] . dfcf] T ;] t ' ª sf]
kxnsblddf nfn;] g fsf rf} y f]
;] g fdf hfF r a' e m;DaGwL sfd
qmdzM cufl8 a9\of] . pxfFn] s]
lgb] { z g lbg' e of] eg] ;fdflhs
hfF r a' e m ;DaGwL sfd Pp6f
lgoldt sfo{ x'g'kb{5 / nfn;]gfsf]
/fhgLlts ljefun] hg;+3if{x¿sf]
l:ylt, k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf] l:ylt,
hgtfsf] cfly{s hLjg / u|fdL0f
Onfsfdf k|To]s ju{sf dflnsx¿sf]
hldgsf] kl/df0fh:tf
ljj/0fx¿nfO{ ;d] 6 \ b } hfF r a' e m
;DaGwL lj:t[t tf}/tl/sf tof/
kfg'{kb{5 . nfn;]gf hxfF k'Uof],
p;n] To; Onfsfsf] juL{ o
kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L xfl;n u¥of]
/ ta dfq hg;d'bfosf]
cfjZostf cg' ¿ k gf/fx¿nfO{
;"qa4 u¥of] .
$= ækxf8x¿Æ sf] cy{ oxfF
Sofª\u;L / x'gfg k|fGtsf ;Ldfnufot
lrª\ u sfª\ u kxf8L If] q ;DdnfO{
atfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . æd}bfgx¿Æsf]
cy{ blIf0fL Sofª\ ; L / klZrd
k'mlsPgsf] d}bfgL If]q;Dd xf] .
hgj/L !(@( df s= dfcf] T;]t'ª
b' O { c f] 6 f 7" n f–7" n f qmflGtsf/L
cfwf/If]q :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon]
nfn;]gfsf] rf}yf] ;]gfsf] d'Vo efunfO{
cfˆgf] g]tT[ jdf lrª\usfª\u kxf8b]lv
tn blIf0fL Sofª\u;L / klZrdL
k'mlsPg lnP/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] .
%= æb:tfj] h x¿sf] lstfaÆ
df h' n fO{ !(@* df lrlgofF
sDo' l gi6 kf6L{ s f] 5} 7 f} + /fli6« o
dxflwj] z gåf/f kfl/t k| : tfj
/flvPsf] lyof] . h;df ls;fgsf]
;jfn, e"ld ;jfn / /fhgLlts
;Qfsf] ;+u7g;DaGwL k|:tfj klg
lyof] . !(@( sf] ;' ¿ cftdf
nfn;]gfsf] rf}yf] ;]gfsf] df]rf{
sldl6n] nfn;] g fsf kf6L{ –
;+u7gx¿df ljj/0fsf nflu oL
k| : tfjx¿nfO{ k' : tssf] ¿kdf
k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] .
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tyf ;Dkflbt k':ts …dfcf]T;]t'ªsf
k|d'v n]vx¿Ú af6_
 @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/
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sf7df8f}F . . g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ljj]s ;Ln]
bnfn ;+;bLo Joj:yf k"0f{ c;kmn
ePsf] / u0ftGqsf] gfddf n'6tGq
df}nfPsf] 7f]sj' f u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]daf/
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ sflnsf]6sf]
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k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
pgn] ;f] 7f]s'jf u/]sf x'g\ .
pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ g]tf
ljj]s ;Ln] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
ld;g ;+;b\jfb geP/ ;dfhjfb
ePsf] atfpFb} eg]– …g]kfndf bnfn
;+;bLo Joj:yf k"0f{ c;kmn eof],
u0ftGqsf] gfddf n'6tGq cfof], o;n]
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] lgsf;
lbg ;Sb}g To;sf nflu g]kfndf
g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfhjfb Ps dfq
ljsNk xf] .Ú
g]tf ljj]sn] kf6L{sf] ld;g *$
g]skfåf/f a'6jn pkdxfgu/ ;dIf !# a'b“ ] dfukq k];
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
a' 6 jn pkdxfgu/ ;ldltn]
gu/k|d'v v]n/fh kf08] ;dIf !#
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g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;/b ;Lsf]
g]t[Tjdf uPsf] Ps 6f]nLn] ;f]
dfukq a'emfPsf] xf] .
a' 6 jn pkdxfgu/ leqsf
ljljw ;d:ofnfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/
kf/]sf] dfukq k]; ub}{ kf6L{sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ gu/ OGrfh{ ;/b
;Ln] g]skfn] p7fPsf hg;/f]sf/sf
dfux¿nfO{ oyfzL3| ;Daf]wg ug{
cg' / f] w u/] s f lyP . hjfkmdf
hg;/f] s f/sf ;a} dfux¿df
gu/kflnsf u+le/ ePsf] / qmdzM
sfof{ G jogdf hfg] gu/k| d ' v
v]n/fh kf08]n] atfPsf lyP .
ltgfpbfgj gbL sl/8f] /
;d:of, e'ldlxg ;'sD' af;L nfnk'hf{
ljt/0f, gu/kflnsfsf] ;]jfk|jfx Pj+
;/sf/L ;]jf z'Ns, glbhGo kbfy{sf]
pTvgg\ / lgsf;L, nIdLgu/
Hof]ltgu/ klx/f], t6aGw, ;8s
lgdf{0f nufotsf hg;/f]sfsf !#
a' F b ] dfukq a' e mfpF b } g] s kfn]
cfjZos k|s[of k'¥ofO{ clanDa
dfux¿df ;Daf]wg ug{ clkn u/]sf]
lyof] . dfux¿ ;Daf] w g geP
;+3if{df hfg afWo x'g] ;d]t g]skfn]
hgfPsf] 5 .
g]skf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ gu/
OGrfh{ ;/b ;L / gu/ ;]qm]6]/L
lj1fg ;Låf/f x:tfIfl/t dfukq
a'‰b} gu/ k|d'v v]n/fh kf08]n]
;a}sf ;femf d'4f / ;/f]sf/sf d'4f
eg]sf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgfsf
nflu ePsf] atfP . pgn] g]skf
r' g fjdf uP/ ;+ ; bjfbdf hfg
nfu]sf] eGg] e|ddf gkg{ cfu|x ub}{
g]skfn] s'gk} lg af6f]af6 ;dfhjfb
:yfkgf ug]{ ljZjf; lbnfP .
g]tf ljj]sn] @)%& ;fn k'; @&
ut] yf]Nd xTofsf08df cfk"m uDeL/
3fOt] d[To'af6 ar]sf] :d/0f ub}{ cfk"mn]
gfkmfsf] hLjg kfPsf] / cem} klg
;lxbx¿n] b]vfPsf] af6f]df lg/Gt/
nflu /xg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/] .
sfo{ q mddf g] s kfsf s] G b| L o
k|ltlglw ;ldlt ;b:o tyf /f:sf]6
gu/ sld6L OGrfh{ ;du| ;L, s]Gb|Lo
k|ltlglw ;ldlt ;b:o e"sDk ;L,
;lxb kl/jf/, a] k Qf kl/jf/
nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]skf gu/sld6L ;lrj lgb]{zg
;Lsf] cWoIftfdf a}7s tyf k|lzIf0f
p7fPsf]df g]skfnfO{ wGojfb 1fkg
ub} { ;a} s f] ;femf ;xsfo{ /
kxnsbdLdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf
hfg] pNn]v u/]sf lyP .
g]skf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ gu/
OGrfh{ ;/b ;L / gu/ ;]qm]6/] L lj1fg
;L;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] a'6jn pkdxfgu/
kflnsf;dIf k]; u/]sf] dfukq
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5– pk/f]Qm ljifodf
xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ ljut nfdf] ;dob]vL /fli6«o
:jfwLgtf, hgtGq, hghLljsf ;lxt
hgtfsf tdfd ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
ug{ lg/Gt/ ;+3if{sf] k|so[ fdf 8l6/x]sf]
5 . ;fy} PsLs[t hgqmflGtdfkm{t\
jt{dfg bnfn k'h F LjfbL Joj:yfsf]
cGTo u/] / g] k fnL ljz] i ftfsf]
;dfhafb :yflkt ug]{ p2]Zodf s]lGb|t
eP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg
;dodf a'6jn pkdxfgu/ ;ldltsf]
tkm{af6 hg;/f]sf/sf tklznsf
dfux¿ ;d]6L o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf
sfof{no gu/k|dv ' ;dIf oL dfux¿
k]; ub{5f}+ .
!= ltgfp bfgj gbL sl/8f]/n]
k| e fljt kfg] { If] q sf ;Dk' 0 f{
hgtfx¿sf] plrt Joj:yfg
ul/of];\ .
@= a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf
leqsf cJojl:yt, ;' s ' D af;L
nufot ;a} c:yfoL k| s [ l tsf
hUufx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L nfnk'hf{
ljt/0f ul/of];\ .
#= nfnk'hf{ ljt/0fsf gfddf
hUufsf] d"No ;/x lnO{g] cTolws
sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L, g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ljj]s ;Ln] >dhLjLx¿sf]
nflu ;dfhjfb clgjfo{ ePsf] atfPsf
5g\ . cg]d ;+3 -qmflGtsf/L_ / >lds
;d'bfo df]rf{ g]kfn sflnsf]6sf]
d+unaf/ v'nfn'df a;]sf] ;+o'Qm
a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ pgn] ;f] s'/f
atfPsf x'g\ .
g]tf ljj]s ;Ln] >dhLjLx¿sf]
nflu ;dfhjfb clgjfo{ ePsf] eGb}
ld;g *$ nfO{ ;dfhjfb :yfkgfsf
nflu kf6L{n] r'gfjL df]rf{sf] k|of]u
ug]{ atfP . pgn] kf6L{sf eft[
;+u7gx¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g]
ePsf] eGb} ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] df]rf{df
lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{k' g]{ atfP .
pQm a}7sdf g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo
;b:o tyf sflnsf]6 lhNnf ;]qm]6/L
anjfg\ ;Ln] g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfh
:yfkgf ug{ ufpF–ufpFdf ;+u7g
lj:tf/ ub}{ hgtfnfO{ ;fydf lnP/
sfd ug{ sfo{stf{nfO{ cfu|x u/] .
cg]d;+3 sflnsf]6sf cWoIf gljgf
;Lsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn]
lhNnfsf ;a} kflnsfdf e]nf ;Dd]ng,
5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
5 . a}7sn] wd]G{ b| ;Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
!% ;b:oLo >lds ;d'bfo df]rf{
g]kfnsf] lhNnf ;Dd]ng cfof]hs
sld6L ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . df]rf{n] efb|;Dd
;a} kflnsfdf e]nf ;Dd]ng ul/;Sg]
/ efb|sf] clGtd;Dd lhNnf ;Dd]ng
ug]{ ePsf] 5 .
a}7sdf z'esflnsf ufpF sld6L
OGrfh{ t'kmfg ;L, s0ff{nL d'lQm
df]rf{ g]kfnsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 5fof
nufotsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
s/ lgoGq0f u/L ;j{;'ne s/
lgwf{/0f ul/of];\ .
$= a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf
sfof{noaf6 lbO{g] ;a} ;]jf ;'lawf
kf/bzL{, l56f]5l/tf] Pj+ ;xh¿kdf
agfpg'sf ;fy} cgfjZos¿kdf lnO{g]
sltko bf]xf]/f] s/sf] cGTo Pj+
;/sf/L s/x¿sf] z'Ns 36fO{of];\ .
%= gbLhGo kbfy{sf] pTvgg\ /
lgsf;Ldf ePsf clgoldttf Pj+
b'¿kof]u t'?Gt aGb u/L pTvgg\ /
lgsf;LnfO{ lgoGq0f Pj+ Jojl:yt
ul/of];\ .
^= :jf:Yo / lzIff cfd
;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿nfO{ ;xh
¿kdf pknAw x'g] Jofj:yf ul/of];\ .
;fy} :jf:Yo / lzIffdf x'g] ;j}vfn]
las[lt / la;+ultsf] cg'udg u/L
lgoGq0f ul/of];\ .
&= b}lgs¿kdf x'g] d"No j[l4
lgoGq0f u/L d'No;"rL lagfsf] j:t'
laqmLljt/0f sfo{ aGb ul/of];\ .
*= nfu'cf}ifw Pj+ b'Jo{zg lgoGq0f
ul/of];\ .
(= nIdLgu/ / Hof]tLgu/ If]qsf]
klx/f] lgoGq0f sfo{ cuf8L al9/x]sf]
5 . o;sf] lb3{sflng ;dfwfgsf nflu
7f]; of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/of];\ .
!)= a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]q
leq ltgfp gbLn] s6fg u/]sf afFsL
7fpFx¿df cljnDa t6aGbsf] Joj:yf
ul/of];\ .
!!= /fhdfu{ rf} 8 fxf b] l v
uf]nkfs{;Ddsf] ;8s l56f] lgdf{0f ug{
kxn ul/of];\ . ;fy} gu/ leqsf ;8s
vfN8fv'N8L dd{tu/L ;8s Jojl:yt
ul/of];\ .
!@= a'6jn pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf
;a} jf8x¿df :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf]
Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
!#= zlxb–j]kQf :d[tL k|lti7fg,
a'6jnsf nflu cfjZos ejg lgdf{0ffy{
hUuf tTsfn pknAw u/fO{of];\ .
xfd|f] kf6L{n] /fv]sf pk/f]Qm
hg;/f]sf/sf dfux¿k|lt ulDe/
agL cfjZos k| s [ o f ldnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf hfg'xg' 5 ] eGg]df xfdL
k"0f{ ljZj:t 5f}+ . cGoyf xfd|f
dfux¿k|lt a]jf:tf ul/Pdf xfdL
;+3if{df hfg afWo x'g] 5f}+ .Ú
ç ;dfh z}lIfs k|lti7fg sn]hnfO{ & lbg] clN6d]6d
sf7df8f}F . clvn -;dfhjfbL_
CTEVT pkTosf lhNnf ;ldltn]
sf7df8f}s + f] sn+sLl:yt ç ;dfh
z}lIfs k|lti7fg sn]hnfO{ ( a'bF ] dfux¿
/fv]/ & lbg] clN6d]6d;lxt 1fkgkq
a'emfPsf] 5 . clvn -;dfhjfbL_sf
s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o tyf CTEVT
pkTosf lhNnf ;ldlt OGrfh{ /d]z
;L ljqmfGtsf] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] 6f]nLn]
;f]daf/ lzIffno ;'wf/sf nflu ( a'bF ]
dfux¿ /fv]/ & lbg] clN6d]6d ;lxt
1fkgkq a'emfOPsf] xf] .
clvn -;dfhjfbL_ CTEVT
pkTosf lhNnf ;ldltn] ç ;dfh
z} l Ifs k| l ti7fg sn] h sn+ s L
sf7df8f}d+ f ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;d:of
/x]sfn] To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{k' g],{ lgoldt
o'lgs g]kfn n3'ljQsf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
s~rgk'/n] o'lgs g]kfn n3'ljQsf]
sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL u/]sf] 5 . pQm
n3'ljQn] C0fLx¿sf] gfd sfnf] ;"rLdf
/fv]/ lwtf] ;d]t lnnfd ug]{ wDsL
lbFb} 8/ qf; lbg] u/]sf] sf/jfxL u/]sf]
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ s~rgk'/n]
hgfPsf] 5 .
;f] kf6L{n] o'lgs g]kfn n3'ljQsf]
sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL ug{s ' f ;fy} o:tf
vfnsf xs{t bf]x¥ofP yk sf/jfxL ug{
afWo hgfPsf] 5 . g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{åf/f ;+~rflnt ;+u7g lj:tf/ tyf
hg ;DaGw ;'b9[ cleofgsf qmddf
a]nf}/L gu/kfnLsfsf] bf];f| ] gu/ e]nf
;DkGg ub}{ o'lgs g]kfn n3'ljQnfO{
sf/jfxL ul/Psf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 .
bf];f| ] gu/ e]nfn] gu/ OGrfh{ /
;]qm]6/Ldf qmdz nId0f ;L / /fdnfn
;LnfO{ rog u/]sf] 5 eg] !& ;b:oLo
gu/ sld6L ;d]t rog u/]sf] 5 .
s=nIfd0f ;Lsf] cWoIftfdf / lhNnf
OGrfh{ la/f6 ;Lsf] k|dv ' cfltYodf
;DkGg ePsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng
l;tn ;Ln] u/]sf lyP eg] cGo
cltlyx¿df lhNnf ;rLj lbjf/ ;L,
lgjf{rg If]qsf OGrfh{ /d0f ;L, uug
;L / clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 ls lhNnf
cWoIf lalgtf ;Lnufotsf] pkl:yt
/x]sf] lyof] .
otf, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ gjnk'/n]
7uL ug]{ Ps ;xsf/Lsf] e08fkmf]/ u/]sf]
5 . lhNnfsf] sfjf;f]tLdf /x]sf]
g]skfåf/f u'7L kLl8tdfyLsf] bdgsf/L
/j}ofk|lt s8f ;+3if{ ug]{ 3f]if0ff
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
bfªn] u'7L kLl8tdfyLsf] bdgsf/L
/j}of g/f]s] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n]
s8f ;+3if{ ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . g]skf
bfªsf ;]qm]6/L ltns ;Ln] bfªsf u'7L
kLl8tdfyL k|bz{gsf] qmddf ePsf]
k|x/L bdgsf] la/f]w ub}{ pQm 3f]if0ff
k7gkf7g x'gk' g],{ sIffsf]7fdf ;/;kmfO
x'gk' g]{ nufotsf dfu;lxtsf] 1fkgkq
a'emfPsf] clvn -;dfhjfbL_ CTEVT
pkTosf lhNnf ;ldltn] sf7df8f}s + f]
sn+sLl:yt ç ;dfh z}lIfs k|lti7fg
sn]hnfO{ a'emfPsf] 1fkgkq o; k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 – …g]kfnsf] jt{dfg /fHoJoj:yf
/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsNkdf cgj/t
cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf] xfd|f] lk|o ;+u7g
clvn -;dfhjfbL_ ljut nfdf]
;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ljs[lt, lj;+ultsf
lj?4 ;8s ;+3if{df s]lGb|t g} 5 .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{sf xs / clwsf/sf]
kIfdf ax; ub}{ /fi6«3ft, hg3ftsf
lj?4df xfd|f] ;+u7g lg/Gt/ va/bf/L
ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df CTEVT
cGt/ut{ ç ;dfh z}lIfs k|lti7fg
l5kl5k] pkef]Qmf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
sfo{nodf e08fkmf]/ ub}{ ;xsf/Ln]
hgtfnfO{ u/]sf] HofbtL / 7uLsf]
lj?4df ;‹if{ u/]sf] xf] .
uf]kL zdf{ cWoIf / of]uG] b| kf08]
Joj:yfks /x]sf] pQm ;xsf/Ln] !^
s/f]8 7uL u/]sf] tYo aflxl/Psf] lyof] .
@$)) ;]o/ ;b:o /x]sf] pQm
;xsf/Ln] cfd hgtfsf] kl;gfsf] sdfO{
7uL u/]sf] eGb} ph'/L / d'2f;d]t rn]sf]
lyof] . #% hgfnfO{ ;xsf/Lsf] k};f
ckrn u/]sf] eGb} d'2f rn]sf] lyof]
eg] ;xsf/L 7u u/]sf] sf/0f !) hgf
k'kI{ fsf] nfuL h]n rnfg ePsf 5g\ .
l5kl5k] ;xsf/L 7uL k|s/0fdf
/fk|kfsf ;dfg'kflts ;f+;b lutf
a:g]t;lxt @% hgf km/f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
;xsf/Ln] ;xsf/L gLlt ljkl/t
!$) hgf ;xsf/L ;b:o gePsfnfO{
ljgflwtf] nufgL u/]sf] sf/0f v/fa
shf{sf] b/ pRr /x]sf] / To;df cWoIf,
u/]sf x'g . ;]qm]6/L ltns ;Låf/f
x:tfIfl/t lj1lKtdf :ju{åf/L uf]/If
nufPt u'7L kLl8t ls;fgx¿n] /fHosf]
tkm{af6 ul/Psf ljleGg ;xdlt
;Demf}tfx¿ oyfzL3| sfof{Gjogsf] dfu
ub}{ dfnkf]t sfof{no / gfkL sfof{no
3f]/fxLdf zflGtk'0f{ ;+3if{sf] qmddf !)
7
sn]h sn+sL sf7df8f}df xfd|f] ;+u7gsf]
ælzIffno ;'wf/ tyf ;+u7g lj:tf/
cleofg–@)*!Æ sf] qmddf sn]hdf
hfFbf ljBfyL{n] sn]hdf b}lgsL
ef]Ug'k/]sf lgDg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿
/x]sf]n] xfd|f] ;+u7g & lbg] clN6d]6d
;lxt tTsfn ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
sn]h k|zf;gnfO{ hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
dfux¿ M
!_ ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;d:of 5,
;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
@_ lgoldt k7gkf7gdf ;d:of
5, ;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
#_ sIffsf] 7 fdf ;/;kmfOsf]
;d:of 5, ;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
$_ cfh;Dd ljBfyL{ n fO{
v] n s' b , cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf
;+ n Ug u/fOPsf] 5} g , clgjfo{
ul/of];\ .
%_ vfg] k fgLsf] ;d:of 5,
;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
^_ zf}rfno cJojl:yt tyf
cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|Lsf] cefj 5,
Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
&_ SoflG6gdf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿
b]lvPsf 5g\, ;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
*_ xf]:6]ndf ePsf ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
(_ k|oflS6sndf cfjZos kg]{
;fdu|Lsf] cefj / Nofa, nfOa|]/L
h:tf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ /x]sfn]
;dfwfg ul/of];\ .Ú
Joj:yfks;lxt ;~rfns ;ldltsf
;b:oxsf] ldnf]dtf]df ;xsf/L 7uL
ePsf] cfd ;]o/ ;b:o / artstf{sf]
cf/f]k 5 .
;f]xL ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L 7uL / To;
ultljlwdf ;+nUg /x]sfx¿sf] e08fkmf]/
ub}{ sfof{nodf k'uL lj/f]w sfo{qmd u/]sf]
lyof] . sfo{qmddf kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
Pj gjnk'/ OGrfh{ kbd ;Lsf] pkl:ylt
/x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;Daf]wg ub}{
g]skfsf ;]qm]6/L ;'dg ;Ln] ;xsf/L
7unfO{ /fHon] ;+/If0f u/]sf] eGb}
;xsf/Lsf] gLltk|lt /fHo s8fO{kj" s {
nfUg'kg]{ atfP . pgn] l5kl5k]
;xsf/Lsf] artstf{x¿sf] k};f lkmtf{
gu/] cfk"mx¿n] ;‹if{ rsf{pg] r]tfjgL
;d]t lbPsf lyP .
g]skf u08sL k|bz ] n] k|bz] JofkL
¿kdf ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd agfPsf] lyof] .
;f]xL cg'¿k gjnk'/ lhNnfn] ;xsf/L
7uL lj?4 e08fkmf]/ u/]sf] lyof] .
hgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf]
36gfsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf]
hgfOPsf] 5 .
lj1lKtdf hldgsf] :jfldTj
dflu/x]sf ls;fgx¿dfyL ul/Psf]
bdg / HofbtLsf] lgGbf / eT;gf{
ub}{ 3fOt]x¿sf] e/kbf]{ lgz'Ns
Joj:yf ldnfpg uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f
u/fOPsf] 5 .
lj1lKtdf ls;fgx¿n] rnfO/x]sf]
;+3if{df kf6L{sf] lautb]lv g} ;xof]u /
;dy{g /xFb} cfPsf] / cfhb]lv ls;fgn]
yfn]sf] cfGbf]ngdf klg k"0f{ ;dy{g
;lxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
o:t} k| r 08–s] k L ;/sf/n]
ls;fgnfO{ hldgsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj oyfzL3|
pknAw u/fpg hf]8bf/ dfu ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} ls;fgdfyLsf] bdgsf/L /j}of
g/f]s] kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 s8f ;+3if{ ug{
afWo x'g] r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5 .
 8 sf= lh= k|= sf= b= g+= !^#÷@)^#÷^$ @)*! ;fn h]7 @& ut] cfOtaf/

uf]/vsfnL 6fo/ pBf]u k'gM ;~rfng ug{ dfu o'jf ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fsf d]?b08
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ;Lsf] g]t[Tjsf] 6f]nLn] uf]/vfsf hgtfsf] rfxgfsf] nflu cfjZos sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 ;b:o cfhfbn] /fHosf] pbflzgtfsf uf]vf{ lhNnf OGrfh{ slkn ;L,
uf]/vfn] uf]/vsfnL 6fo/ pwf]u k'gM k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/L ef] n f k/] /a/ pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu kf6L{sf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o tyf sf/0f o'jfx¿df lg/fzf 5fPsf] eGb} :ofª\hf lhNnf OGrfh{ pef/ ;L,
;~rfngsf] dfu ub}{ pBf]u cufl8 bfxfndfkm{t\ k|wfgdGqL k|r08nfO{ cfd/0f cg;g ;d]t a:g ;Sg]
k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 . ;f] kf6L{n] z'qmaf/ Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfPsf] xf] . r]tfjgL lbPsf lyP . u08sL k|bz] OGrfh{ pdf ;L -lzn'_ o'jfx¿nfO{ pT;fx hufpg ;dfhjfb tgx'F lhNnf OGrfh{ lgzfg ;L, kj{t
n] o'jf ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fsf d]?b08 cfjZos /x]sf] atfP . lhNnf OGrfh{ ;'zLnf ;L nufotsf]

pBf] u k' g M ;~rfngsf nflu
k|wfgdGqLsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ pBf]u
cufl8 k|bz{g u/]sf] xf] .
g]skf uf]/vfn] ljut !) jif{
b]lv k"0f{¿kdf aGb pBf]u vf]Ng'kg]{
dfu /fv]/ k|bz{g;Fu} uf]/vfaf6
lgjf{ l rt k| w fgdGqL k| r 08nfO{
Wofgfsif{0f kq;d]t a'emfPsf] 5 .
g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;ldlt
;b:o tyf lhNnf ;]qm]6/L sfhL
ljBfyL{=====
kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj uf]vf{ OGrfh{
slkn ;L, sfof{no ;lrj ljls/0f
;L, :ofªhf OGrfh{ k'0f{lht ;L, kj{t
OGrfh{ ;' l znf ;L nufotsf
g]tfx¿sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
clvn -;dfhjfbL_ sf u08sL
k|bz
] OGrfh{ k|sfz ;Lsf] cWoIftfdf
a;]sf] a}7sn] ljleGg dxTjk'0f{
lg0f{ox¿ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . a}7sn]
:jljo' x'g] SofDk˜; tyf sn]hx¿df
afFsL /x]sf] ;Ë7g lj:tf/sf] sfd
cufl8 a9fpg], ljBfyL{sf dfux¿
/fVb} ljleGg sn]hx¿df 1fkgkq
a' e mfpg] , g] k fnL ljz] i ftfsf]
;dfhafbaf/] ax; tyf v' n f
cGt/lqmof ug],{ pTkfbgsf] sfdnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg] / ;Ë7g ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf]
nflu cleofg ;Grfng ug]{ Pj+ ljleGg
lhNnfx¿df sfo{ljefhg nufotsf
lg0f{ox¿ u/]sf] k|bz] OGrfh{ k|sfz
;Ln] hfgsf/L lbP .
ut clwj] z gaf6 clvn -
qmflGtsf/L_ /x]sf] ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf]
gfdnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/ clvn -
;dfhjfbL_ gfdfs/0f u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn=====
!@= b]zsf] :jflwgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf
/ /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ug{ Pjd hgtfsf]
;d[l4sf nflu ;+oQ' m /fi6«;‹sf] j8fkq
/ k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/dfgL
:jtGq, c;+nUg / ;Gt'lnt k//fi6«
gLlt canDjg ug],{
!#= ljutsf ljleGg sfnv08df
ePsf cfGbf]ngx¿sf sf/0f ljleGg
bnsf g]tf– sfo{stf{x¿dfly nufOPsf
d'2fx¿sf] vf/]hL / /fhaGbL l/xfO{sf
nflu cfjZos sfg"gL / /fhgLlts kxn
ug]{ . ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu ePsf
;xdlt / ;Demf}tfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
!$= ;dfhsf] ljljwtfo' Q m
rl/qcg'¿k /fli6«o, nf]stflGqs /
j}1flgs ;+:s[lt k|j4{g ug]{ . hflt,
efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf /x]sf
;Dk"0f{ e]befjx¿sf] cGTo u/L /fli6«o
Pstf k|j4{g ug]{ . k|ultzLn snf,
;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;nfO{
k|fT] ;flxt ug]{ .
!%= ;dfhdf ljBdfg juL{o,
hftLo, If]qLo, lnËLo ;a} k|sf/sf
zf]if0f, pTkL8g / lje]bx¿sf] cGTo
u/L ;dtf, :jtGqtf Pjd\ Gofodf
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
>d–;+:s[ltnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
>dhLjL hgtfsf] kxnsßLdf cfly{s
;d[l4sf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs
/ ;fF:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ .Ú
o;}u/L cfh} g]kfn sDo'lg:6
kf6L{ uf] / vfn] uf] / vsfnL /a/
pBf]udf Jofg/ /fv]/ k|bz{g u/]sf]
5 . /a/ pBf]u cuf8L ljleGg
gf/f;lxt ePsf] k|bz{g sf]0f;efdf
kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] . sf]0f;efnfO{
k|d'v g]t[Tjsf] ¿kdf ;]qm]6/L sfhL
;Ln] ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP, ;efnfO{
;Daf]wg ub}{ cfk"mx¿ uf]/vfnL
hgtfsf] efjgf / l;Ëf] g]kfnL
dfgjnfO{ ug]{ zf]if0fsf] cGTo klg xf] .
g]kfndf eO/x]sf hflto pTkL8gx¿sf]
;dfwfg ;L hfltaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g]
5 . ;L hfltnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbg
lgDg a'bF fnfO{ Wofg lbO{ cfjZos sfd
cufl8 a9fpg ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5f}+ .
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@
n] a+ z Lo cfwf/ tyf n} Ë ls
klxrfg;lxtsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; wf/fdf
æJolQmn] OR5fPsf] y/Æ /fVg ;Sg]5
eGg] Joj:yf /flv ;+zf]wg ul/of];\ .
@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
n] ægful/stfsf] k|flKt, k'gMk|flKt /
;dflKt;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo
sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 ! ;f]xL wf/f jdf]lhd g]kfn
gful/stf P]g @)^# sf] bkmf * -s_
df æcfdf jf afa'sf] y/ / 7]ufgfdWo]
lghn] /f]h]sf] y/ 7]ufgf /fVg kfpg]5Æ
eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L æcfdf
jf afa' jf lghn] ;fdflhs ¿kdf
dflg;x¿sf] aLrdf ;dfgtf sfod
ug]{ p2]Zon] OR5fPsf] y/ jf s'g} cIf/
/fVg kfpg]5Æ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/of];\ .Ú
o;}u/L, o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn afudtL
k|b]zn] afudtL k|b]zsf d'VodGqL
zflns/fd hDd/ s§]nnfO{ @) xhf/
x:tfIf/ a' e mfPsf] 5 . d+ u naf/
;+u7gn] ;L hfltnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf
lbg bafa lbg] p2] Z on] ;+ s lnt
x:tfIf/ d'VodGqLsf :jsLo ;lrj
ljho a'nf{sf]6Ldfkm{t\ a'emfPsf] xf] .
h]7 !% b]lv !* ut];Dd lhNnfdf
rn]sf] cleofgaf6 ;+slnt x:tfIf/
/ 1fkgkq d+unaf/ o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn
s]Gb|Lo ;lrj clgn ;Lsf] g]t[Tjdf
uPsf] 6f]nLn] x:tfIf/ a'emfPsf] xf] .
x:tfIf/ a'emfpg] qmddf ;lrj clgnn]
;L hfltsf] af/]df JofVof u/]sf lyP .
o' j f ;+ u 7gs} tkm{ a f6 s] G b| L o
;lrj clgn ;Lsf] g]t[Tjdf x:tfIf/
a' e mfpg kf6L{ s] G b| L o ;b:o tyf
dsjfgk'/ lhNnf OGrfh{ jf6/ ;L,
s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o af;' ;L,
czf]s ;L ;+u7gsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿
;' l dt ;L, ;Gtf] i f ;L, kf/; ;L
nufot g]tf sfo{stf x:tfIf/ ;+sng
/ 1fkgkq lnP/ d'VodGqL sfof{no
k'u]sf lyP . pQm 6f]nLn] o'jf ;+u7g
g] k fn afudtL k| b ] z sf OGrfh{
ljZn] i f0f ;Låf/f x:tfIfl/t ;L
hfltnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbg dfu ub}{
1fkg kq;d]t afudtL k|b]zsf d'Vo
dGqLnfO{ a'emfPsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L, o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn n'lDagL
;a} a' l 4hLjL, Joj;foL,
;dfh;]jL, /fhgLlt kf6L{x¿;Fu g}
cGt/lqmof ub}{ cfk"mx¿ yk sbd
rfNg] g]tf sfhL ;Lsf] egfO{ lyof] .
sf]0f;efsf] ;~rfng lhNnf
;b:o k|sfz ;Ln] u/]sf lyP eg]
sfo{qmddf kf6L{sf uf]/vf gu/kflnsf
OGrfh{ of]uG] b| ;L, ;dfh;]jL k|tfk
e08f/L nufPtn] klg ;Daf]wg u/]sf
lyP .–zfx; e§
sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg'kg]{ eGb} lhNnfe/
;+ s ng u/] s f] x:tfIf/nfO{ a' w af/
d' V odGqLsf] sfof{ n od} k' u ] /
d'VodGqLnfO{ 1fkgkq a'emfPsf] xf] .
;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmd cg';f/
;+ u 7gn] n' l DagL k| b ] z sf !@ j6}
lhNnfdf dfgj hflt Pp6} hflt xf]
eGg] ;a}df ;dfg a'emfO x'g'kg]{ eGb}
;L hfltsf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] nflu h]7
!% ut]bl] v !* ut];Dd x:tIf/ ;+sng
cleofg ;~rfng u/] s f] lyof] .
cleofg cjlwe/ !% xhf/ a9L
x:tfIf/ ;+sng ePsf] / cleofgaf6
;+slnt ePsf] x:tfIf/nfO{ d'VodGqL
;dIf a'emfPsf] ;+u7gn] hgfPsf] 5 .
;L hfltnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbg
;~rfng ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ ;+sng
cleofgdf b] z e/sf gful/sx¿
pT;fxsf ;fy x:tfIf/ cleofgdf
;xefuL ePsf] ;+u7gn] atfPsf] xf] .
;+u7gsf] of]hgf c'g;f/ & j6} k|b]zsf
d'VodGqLnfO{ x:tfIf/ / ;+u7gsf]
1fkgkq a'emfPsf] xf] .
kf6L{ s L s] G b| L o ;b:o tyf
n' l DagL k| b ] z sf ˆofS;g O~rfh{
;Demgf ;Lsf] g] t [ T jdf ;+ u 7gsf
s]Gb|Lo sf]iffWoIf hLjgL ;L, ;+u7gsf
s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o tyf n'lDagL
k|b]zsf O~rfh{ bLks ;L, ;+u7gsf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf bfª lhNnf O~rfh{
kbd ;L, ;+ u 7gsf s] G b| L o ;b:o
cbLk ;Lnufotsf] 6f] n Ln] ;+ o ' Q m
¿kdf d' V odGqL dx/fnfO{ ;L
hfltsf] sfg" g L dfGotfsf] nflu
;+slnt x:tfIf/;Fu} 1fkgkq
a'emfPsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L, o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn u08sL
k|b]z ;ldltn] æ;LÆ hfltnfO{ sfg"gL
dfGotfsf nflu rnfPsf] cleofg
cGtu{t ;+slnt !) xhf/ x:tfIf/
;f]daf/ u08sL k|b]zsf d'VodGqLnfO{
a'emfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;+u7gsf] kfrf}+ s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] bf];|f] k"0f{ a}7sn] lnPsf
dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{
hflto lje] b sf sf/0f ljleGg
lsl;dsf xTof, lx+;f ljs[lt, lj;Ëlt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ cfh u08sL
k|bz] n] æ;LÆ hfltnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotfsf
nflu rnfPsf] cleofg cGtu{t !)
xhf/ x:tfIf/ u08sLsf d'VodGqLnfO{
a'emfPsf] xf] . o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn u08sL
k| b ] z OGrfh{ ljj] s ljqmd ;Lsf]
g] t [ T jdf a' e mfOPsf] pQm x:tfIf/
d'VodGqLdfkm{t\ k|wfgdGqL k7fOg]5 .
pQm x:tfIf/ lnFb} u08sL k|b]zsf
d'VodGqL ;'/]Gb|/fh kf08]n] ;L hflt
agfpg slt ;Dej 5 < ;L hflt s]
ePsf] 7f]sj' f u/]sL 5g\ . cfOtaf/ o:t} g]skfsf kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o ljz]if pkl:tly /x]sf] lyof] .
o'jf ;ªu7g g]kfn u08sL k|bz ] sf] cf:yf ;Ln] o'jfx¿n] ;kgf b]Vg'kg]{ a}7sn] ;Ë7gsf] sfo{ljefhg ;d]t
k|yd a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;f] / Tof] k"/f ug{ nfUg'kg]{ eGb} o'jfx¿ u/]sf] 5 eg] ;Ë7g lgdf{0fdf cleofgnfO{
7f]s'jf u/]sL x'g\ OGrfh{ lzn' ;Ln] kl/jt{gsf jfxs ePsf] atfOg\, tLa|tfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg], ;‹if{
o'jfx¿n] b]zsf] Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf pgn] o'jfn] g} b]z lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L cl3 a9fpg] / pTkfbg sfo{df kf6L{;uF }
nflu v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] k|z+;f ub}{ lng'kg]{ eGb} ;dfhjfb Nofpg cu|0fL ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{o u/]sf] k|bz ]
g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfhjfb Nofpg df]rf{df o'jf /xg'kg]{ atfOg\ . OGrfh{ ljj]s ;Ln] hfgsf/L lbP .
klg o'jfx¿sf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'g] /o' j f ;+ u 7g g] k fn u08sL o'jf ;Ë7gn] kf6L{ / ;Ë7g
atfOg\ . pgn] o'jf hgzlQm b]zaf6 k|bz
] sf] a}7s ljj]s ljqmd ;Lsf] s]Gb|n] lbPsf sfdx¿ ;d]t cufl8
knfog ePsf]kl| t lrGtf JoQm ub}{ cWoIftf a;]sf] a}7sdf o'jfsf a9fO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL lbg cufl8 dfq}
o'jfnfO{ b]zd} /f]huf/L lbg] / b]zleq} ˆofS;g Pj+ gjnk'/ OGrfh{ h'emf? o'jf ;Ë7g g]kfn u08sL k|bz ] n] ;L
cl8g] jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ atfOg\ . ;L, o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn cWoIf lbg]z hfltsf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] nfuL !)
o:t} g]skfsf kf6L{ kf]ln6 Ao'/f] ;L, k|bz
] sfo{no ;lrj ljls/0f ;L, xhf/ x:tfIf/ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] .
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o o'j/fh ;L, dx]Gb| ;L, 1fkgkq ;d]t d'VodGqLnfO{ a'emfPsf] kIfdf /x]sf] atfpb} ;'s'Daf;Lsf
ldng ;L / sf:sL lhNnf ;ldltsf] o'jf ;+u7g g]kfn s0ff{nL k|b]zn] ;+3if{df kf/Lsf] PSoa4tf /x]sf]
pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . hgfPsf] 5 . hgfP . pgn] ;'sD' af;LnfO{ Pstfa4
s]xL lbg cufl8 dfq} o'jf ;Ë7g o' j f ;+ u 7gsf s0ff{ n L k| b ] z eP/ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf h'6g\ cfu|x
g]kfn u08sL k|bz ] n] ;L hfltsf] sfg"gL OGrfh{ ldg]z ;Lsf] g]t[Tjdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/] .
dfGotfsf] nflu !) xhf/ x:tfIf/ a' e mfpg ;+ u 7gsf ;' v ] { t lhNnf pQm cj;/df e' l dxLg
;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . OGrfh{ pk]Gb| ;L, clvn -;dfhjfbL_ ;'sD' af;L cJojl:yt a;f]af;L gu/,
o;} u /L, o' j f ;+ u 7g g] k fn sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o /f]if0f ;L, lrg axfb'/ gu/ ;dGjo ;ldlt l6sfk' /
s0ff{nL k|b]zn] ;L hfltnfO{ sfg"gL ;L, ;fu/ ;L, snfsf/ pd] z s}nfnLsf cWoIf k'0f{ ;Ln] e'ldxLg
dfGotf lbg rnfPsf] x:tfIf/ ;Lnufotsf] g] t fx¿ x:tfIf/ / ;'s'Daf;Lsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
cleofgaf6 ;+ s lnt x:tfIf/ 1fkgkq lnP/ d'VodGqL sfof{no g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ ljz]if kxn
d'VodGqL sfof{nodf a'emfPsf] 5 . k'u]sf lyP . ul/lbg cfu|x u/]sf lyP .
h]7 !% b]lv !* ut];Dd s0ff{nLsf ;'s'Daf;Lsf===== g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{lgs 6 o'jf
;a} lhNnfdf rn] s f] cleofgaf6 ePsf] atfpb} ;'s'Daf;Lsf ;d:of ;+u7g g]kfnsf s]Gb|Lo cWoIf lbg]z
;+ s lnt x:tfIf/ d+ u naf/ o' j f ;Lsf] ljz]if kxndf ePsf] pQm
;dfwfg ug{ /fHo g} ;'s'Daf;Lsf
;+u7g g]kfn s0ff{nL k|b]z OGrfh{ k'Ug' kg]{ t/ oxfF ;'sD' af;Ln] ;d:of sfo{ q mddf e' l dxLg ;' s ' D af;L
ldg]z ;Lsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] 6f]nLn] cJojl:yt a;f]af;L gu/, gu/
phfu/ ubf{ ;d]t /fHo df}g a:g'
d'VodGqLnfO{ a'emfPsf] xf] . uDeL/ ljifo ePsf] atfP . ;dGjo ;ldlt l6sfk'/ s}nfnLsf
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnfaf6 cWoIf k'0f{ ;Lsf] g]t[Tjdf 6f]nL
k| j Qmf k| s f08 ;Ln] g] s kf
;+ s lnt !% xhf/ x:tfIf/;lxt ;'s'Daf;Lsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] sf7df8f}F cfPsf lyP .
n}lªus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] xsclwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/f}+
;+ljwfgn] n}lª\us tyf of}lgs cNk;+VosnfO{ ;fdflhs
Gofosf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
n} l ª\ u s tyf of} l gs cNk;+ V os ;d' b fosf] M
Ø dfgjclwsf/ / df}lns xssf] /Iff u/f}+ .
Ø ljsf; lgdf0f{ / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/f}+ .
Ø pgLx?k|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; u/f}+ .
Ø n}lª\us tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos d}qL jftfj/0f lgdf0f{ u/f}+ .
Ø j}olQms :jtGqtf, cfTd;Ddfg / Gofosf] kIfdf jsfnt u/f}+ .
g] k fn ;/sf/

lj1fkg af]8{
k|b]zn] ;L hfltsf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] xf] < nufotsf ljifodf lh1f;f ;d]t
;L hftLsf]===== nflu ;+ s ng u/] s f] x:tfIf/;F u } /fv]sf lyP .
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{' xfdL
/fhg}lts r]t ePsf ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] ;+u7gsf] 1fkgkq n'lDagL k|b]zsf sfo{qmddf kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
st{Jo xf] . ;L hflt ;dfg–;fDo hflt d' V odGqL hf] v axfb' / dx/fnfO{ gjnk'/ lhNnf OGrfh{ h'emf? ;L, uf]vf{
xf] / ;Eotf xf] . Ps dfgjn] csf]{ a'emfPsf] 5 . ;+u7gn] ;L hfltsf] lhNnf OGrfh{ slkn ;L, ;+u7gsf
If]Kof:q k|sfzg s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt, ;Dkfbs M /fh]Gb|k|;fb lrdf}l/of, sfof{no M yfkfufpF, sf7df8f}F, df]afOn M (*$!$)#*%!,
E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com,website: www.janakhabar.com d'bs
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