MODERN HISTORY ANSWER WRITING COMPETITION (9 June)

Q1. Why is the period of 1775 to 1782 regarded as a dark hour for British power in India?

Approach
1. Introduction: Briefly state that the period of 1775 to 1782 was challenging for British power in India due to multiple internal
and external pressures.
2. Body: In the first part discuss the challenges faced by the British, including regional powers like the Marathas and Mysore,
economic strain, military conflicts, administrative issues, and local revolts. Then in the second part, explain how the British
refocused efforts post-American War of Independence, implemented administrative reforms, formed strategic alliances, and
conducted targeted military campaigns to reassert control.
3. Conclusion: Conclusion: Summarize how these solutions helped the British reassert control and secure their dominance in
India by the mid-1780s.
Ans: Between 1775 and 1782, the British Empire in India hit a bit of a rough patch. It wasn't just one thing; a bunch of internal issues
within the East India Company and external pressures were piling up. New regional powers like the Marathas, Sikh Confederacy, and
Hyderabad were on the rise, directly challenging British dominance. The First Anglo-Maratha War and Second Anglo-Mysore War
drained British resources and resulted in some serious losses. To top it off, the American Revolution was happening simultaneously,
splitting British attention and military forces. The East India Company was also dealing with its own issues: financial strain, rampant
corruption, and administrative chaos. Add to this the growing popularity of charismatic Indian leaders like Mahadji Scindia and Hyder Ali
and the outbreak of local rebellions, and it becomes a headache for the British.

Body:

But the British were not about to give up. They came back with a strategic game plan:

1. India First: With the American Revolution finally over, Britain could refocus its attention and resources on consolidating its power
in India.
2. Company Cleanup: The Act of Settlement (1781) and Pitt's India Act (1784) were passed to correct the administrative chaos and
curb corruption within the East India Company.
3. Divide and Conquer: The British realized they couldn't fight everyone at once. They adopted a clever strategy of dealing with their
regional rivals one by one, preventing them from forming a united front.
4. Profit Motive: The Company shifted its focus towards maximizing revenue extraction from India. By 1785, they were raking in the
cash, which gave them a stronger economic foothold in the region.
5. Centralized Control: The East India Company tightened its grip on power. They limited the authority of local offices to negotiate
treaties, centralizing decision-making and preventing potential conflicts of interest.

Conclusion:

The period from 1775 to 1782 was undoubtedly tumultuous for the British in India. However, their response demonstrated their flexibility
and adaptability. By implementing strategic reforms, refocusing their efforts, and consolidating power, they were able to overcome these
challenges. By the mid-1780s, the British emerged from this difficult period stronger than ever, setting the stage for their continued
dominance in India in the years to come.

Q2. The Britishers learnt several lessons from the French governors in India and the Carnatic wars, which helped them to establish
their rule in India. Discuss.

Approach:

Introduction: Introduce the topic of how the British learned from French governors and the Carnatic Wars to establish
their rule in India.

Body : Discuss specific lessons learned and explore their impact such as military tactics, administrative strategies, and
diplomatic alliances.

Conclusion: Summarize the main points and emphasize the significant role of French influence and the Carnatic Wars in
shaping British rule in India.

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The Carnatic Wars (1746-1763) were a series of three battles between the British and French East India Companies in south India that led
to British dominance in India. However, the British learned crucial lessons from the French and these conflicts shaped British strategy for
their control and dominance over India.

1. Political strategy : Strategies like subsidiary alliance, Lord Wellesley introduced introduced by Wellesley in 1799 were inspired from
Dupleix policy in India wherein British military protection to Indian states was offered in exchange for control over their foreign
affairs
2. Military Tactics: Learned guerrilla warfare of French governors like Bussy and Dumas, and siege tactics from French commanders
during the Carnatic Wars, enhancing British military prowess.
3. Diplomatic Alliances: Utilized French alliances, like with the Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey in 1757, to strengthen
strategic partnerships and increase influence.
4. Administrative Strategies: Incorporated French governance models, like revenue collection and judicial procedures, to streamline
British administration. For example, the "Permanent Settlement" in Bengal mirrored French land revenue practices.
5. Trade and Commerce: Studied French trading routes, leading to a significant increase in British trade revenue by 1760, with exports
from India reaching £2.6 million.
6. Cultural Exchange: Adopted French cuisine, fashion, and language among British officials in India, evident in the rise of French-
inspired cafes and restaurants in British settlements.
7. Infrastructure Development: Utilized French engineering expertise to construct landmarks such as Fort William in Calcutta and
St. George's Fort in Madras, enhancing British control.
However, it should be noticed that though the French did influence British military tactics, diplomacy, operations, strategies, economic
policies, and other colonial governance aspects in India, the British success was also attributed to naval dominance, technological
superiority, and adept leadership.

Conclusion:

While the degree of French influence on the British during Carnatic wars in India remains debated, the undeniable long-lasting impact of
French strategies on British India cannot be ignored, highlighting the complex dynamics of colonial history.

Q3. Discuss the factors which helped the English East India company to establish an empire in India.

Approach:-
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the answer acknowledging the fact given in question and mention that the English East India Company's
establishment was influenced by various factors.

Body :
Write various factors that had helped the English east India company to establish an empire. For each factor, provide a
concise explanation. Support each point with relevant examples or evidence to strengthen the argument.
Conclusion:
Summarize the main points discussed in the body and emphasize the significance of these factors in the English East India
Company's establishment of its empire in India.

The establishment of the English East India Company's empire in India was facilitated by a combination of strategic factors that enabled
its expansion and consolidation of power in the region.

Following are the factors:

1. Military Superiority: Utilized advanced military tactics like musket volleys and bayonet charges to defeat local rivals and establish
dominance.
2. Diplomatic Alliances: Formed alliances with Indian rulers like the treaty of Allahabad 1765 etc to gain support and expand territorial
control.
3. Economic Exploitation: Leveraged trade monopolies and economic policies, such as the use of Dastak, to extract wealth from Indian
resources.
4. Administrative Efficiency:Implemented efficient administrative systems like the Zamindari system to govern acquired territories.
5. Cultural Adaptation: Embraced local customs and traditions, respecting religious and cultural sensitivities to foster effective control.

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6. Technological Advancements: Introduced new technologies like the steam engine and telegraph lines to improve communication and
transportation.
7. Political Fragmentation: Exploited divisions among Indian states, such as backing rival claimants in succession disputes like the
Carnatic and Hyderabad, to undermine resistance and expedite conquest.
8. Naval Power: Established naval supremacy, exemplified by victories like the Battle of Swally, to control maritime trade routes and
strengthen territorial hold.
9. Propaganda and Ideology:Utilized propaganda and ideology, such as the white man burden, evangelicalism and evangelicalism etc
to justify colonial expansion and legitimize their rule.
10. Mercantilist Policies: Implemented mercantilist economic policies, like the East India Company's exclusive trade rights, to prioritize
their interests.
11. Infrastructure Development: Invested in infrastructure projects like the Ganges Canal and railway networks, facilitating trade and
governance.
Conclusion:

In sum, the English East India Company's empire in India was constructed through a strategic combination of military dominance,
diplomatic partnerships, economic exploitation, administrative effectiveness, cultural adaptation, and strategic alliances, profoundly
shaping the trajectory of Indian history.

Q4. The principle of rule of law and equality before law was introduced by Britishers in India.Critically analyze.

Approach:-
Introduction: The introduction should highlight the importance of the British induction of the rule of law and equality
before the law in colonial India,
Body: To critically examine the British introduction of the rule of law and equality before law in India, provide arguments
both in support and opposition to assess the degree to which the rule of law was established on various structures and
institutions.
Conclusion - Summarise the main points to conclude the answer.

The British introduced the rule of law and equality before it in India, shaping its legal system. However, its impact is debated due to
instances of colonial exploitation and conflicts with indigenous traditions:

Arguments In Favor:

1. Introduction of Uniform Legal Framework: Britishers introduced a uniform legal framework, exemplified by the Indian Penal
Code, fostering fairness and justice.
2. Establishment of Structured Judicial System: The British set up structured judicial systems, like the High Courts etc ensuring
impartial justice.
3. Legal Precedents for Consistency: Introduction of legal precedents like the Rakhma Bai case of 1884 built consistency, enhancing
credibility.
4. Protection Against Arbitrary Actions: Equality before the law, seen in cases like Sarojini Naidu v. The King-Emperor in 1917
ensured equal treatment.
5. Codification of Laws: Codified laws, such as the Indian Contract Act, provided clarity and certainty.
6. Professionalization of Legal Profession: British legal education and law schools like Calcutta University Law College paved the
way for legal profession in India.
7. Infrastructure Development: Investment in courthouses, like the Bombay High Court, facilitated justice administration.
8. Standardization of Legal Language: English as the language of law standardized communication.

Against:

1. Selective Implementation: Discriminatory practices persisted, as in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

2. Colonial Exploitation: Legal system served colonial interests, exemplified by laws like the Public Safety Bills etc.
3. Limited Access: Poor and marginalized faced barriers, hindering access to justice.
4. Cultural Insensitivity: Disregard for Indian cultural practices and institutions like undermining traditional Indian education system
etc.

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5. Suppression of Indigenous Legal Systems: British suppression of indigenous legal systems like the panchayat led to the
displacement of traditional dispute resolution methods, replaced by British courts due to conflicting norms.
6. Legacy of Inequality: Colonial legacy perpetuated inequalities, especially in legal aid and representation.
7. Legal Imperialism: Legal system served colonial interests, suppressing dissent and resistance.
8. Legacy of Institutional Bias: Colonial legacy persists in biases within the legal system. Example- Execution of Nand Kumar in 1775

Conclusion:

While the introduction of the principle of the rule of law and equality before the law by the British in India brought certain benefits such
as the establishment of a formal legal framework and the principle of legal equality, it was also marked by selective implementation,
repressive laws, and the maintenance of colonial control, which undermined its overall impact on justice and fairness in Indian society.

Q5. Highlight the factors which changed the policy of non-intervention to that of intervention to transform Indian society and
culture by Britishers after 1813.

Approach

Introduction : Give a brief introduction by acknowledging the fact of British intervention after 1813.

Body : In the first part provide evidence of British intervention and their respective causes with relevant examples in the
second part
Conclusion: Conclude the argument summarizing the above arguments.

Ans. British rule was the catalyst for social and cultural change in colonial India. Britishers proactively intervened in the Indian society
and culture after 1813 to transform it at various realms such as -

1. Education: The Act of 1813 allocated one lakh rupees for education, followed by various initiatives like Wood's Dispatch in 1854.
2. Social Practices: Abolition of practices like sati, infanticide, and child marriage (e.g., Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829).
3. Legal System: Introduction of English common law and establishment of British-style courts (e.g.Indian High Courts Act, 1861).
4. Economic Policies: Ryotwari revenue settlements, deindustrialisation, commercialisation of agriculture etc.
5. Infrastructure Development: Construction of railways and telegraph networks for efficient communication and transportation (e.g
Great Indian Peninsular Railway, 1853).
6. Public Health: Establishment of sanitation measures and healthcare reforms to combat diseases like cholera and plague (e.g., Public
Health Act, 1875).
7. Cultural Preservation: Preservation and documentation of Indian heritage and languages by British scholars and institutions (e.g.
Archaeological Survey of India, 1861).

The transition from non-intervention to intervention by the British in reshaping Indian society and culture post-1813 was propelled
by various factors such as -

1. Economic Imperatives: Industrial Revolution drove the need for raw materials and markets, leading to British intervention in India’s
economy.
2. Evangelical Influence: Rise of evangelicalism spurred missionary endeavors, influencing interventions in education, healthcare, and
cultural practices.
3. Intellectual Movements: Ideologies like utilitarianism shaped policies like ryotwari etc towards promoting Western values and
institutions.
4. Orientalism : Orientalism justified British colonial rule in India by promoting cultural superiority, leading to exploitative and
controlling policies.
5. Administrative Requirements: Anglicisation of administration at lower levels necessitated reforms like Indian Civil Service exams.
6. Social Engineering: British reforms in education and legal systems were necessary to align Indian society with Western norms.
7. Strategic Considerations: British military interventions evident from various battles fought were necessary to uphold colonial
supremacy and suppress mdissent.
8. Technological Advancements: Introduction of railways and telegraph networks was necessary to facilitate British control and
communication across vast territories.

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Conclusion -

In conclusion, the transition from non-intervention to intervention by the British in transforming Indian society post-1813 was shaped by
economic, evangelical, intellectual, administrative, social, and strategic factors. Despite claims of benevolent intervention, the British
ultimately prioritized their own interests, perpetuating inequalities and impoverishing India

Q6. Commercialisation of agriculture in India during the 19th century was to support theIndustrial Revolution in England.
Comment.

Approach:
Introduction: Start the answer by defining commercialisation of agriculture.
Main body: Give evidence how commercialisation supported Industrial Revolution in England. Also discuss its impact
on India in short.
Conclusion: Conclude the arguments contextually.

Definition:

Commercialization of agriculture refers to the phenomenon where agriculture is governed by commercial considerations. It favors
differentiation within the peasantry, capital accumulation, and production for the market. However, in India, it did not benefit peasants as
commercialization was forced in nature and meant to serve English needs during the Industrial Revolution at home, such as :

1. Raw Material Supply: Export of raw materials like cotton, jute from India fueled British textile industries, such as the mills in
Manchester.
2. Market for British Goods: India served as a captive market for British manufactured goods, ensuring continuous demand. For
example, British textiles replaced Indian handwoven fabrics.
3. Capital Accumulation: Profits from Indian commercial agriculture and trade, such as those from the East India Company, were
invested in British industrial expansion.
4. Infrastructure Development: Indian resources like agriculture and labor financed infrastructure like railways, benefiting British
commercial interests. The railways primarily facilitated the export of raw materials from the hinterlands to ports.
5. Technological Advancements: Access to cheap raw materials from India allowed British industries to experiment and innovate,
leading to technological advancements in sectors like textile manufacturing.
Impact on India

1. Industry Decline:British imports devastated local industries, causing unemployment and dependence on British goods.
2. Peasant Debt and Land Loss: High taxes and cash crop cultivation increased debt and land loss, notably in Punjab and Bihar.
3. Famines: Cash crop shift led to famines and poor health, like the Bengal Famine of 1943.
4. Economic Drain: Wealth drained to Britain, depleting India's resources, noted by Dadabhai Naoroji.
5. Infrastructure Neglect: Railways served British interests, neglecting local needs for roads and irrigation.
6. Social Disruption: Forced commercialization led to unrest, as seen in the Indigo Rebellion.
7. Environmental Degradation: Monoculture farming exhausted soil and led to deforestation, notably in Assam.

Conclusion:

The commercialization of agriculture under British colonial rule underscores the pivotal role of economic exploitation in fueling the
Industrial Revolution, while also highlighting the lasting repercussions of colonialism on development efforts.

Q7. Discuss the methods used by the social religious reformers of the 19th century in India and also highlight the limitations of
these reform movements.

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 Approach:

1. Introduction: Highlight the socio religious condition of India in the 19th century that led to the emergence of
reformers.
2. Body: In the first part describe different methods used by reformers. Include names of reformers, institutions where
ever needed.
3. In the second part describe the limitations of these reform movements.
4. Conclude: Finally conclude by highlighting that despite limitations, reforms movements played an important role in
nation building.

Ans: In the 19th century, India faced significant socio-religious challenges. Practices such as Sati (widow immolation), child marriage,
caste discrimination, and rigid gender roles were prevalent. The arrival of British colonial rule exposed Indian society to Western education
and ideas, sparking a desire for reform among educated Indians. This period saw the emergence of social religious reformers who sought
to address these issues and modernize Indian society.

Methods Used by Social Religious Reformers

1. Establishment of Reform Organizations

Reformers set up various organizations to promote their ideas and work towards societal change.

● Brahmo Samaj: Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, it aimed at eradicating social evils like Sati and promoting widow
remarriage, education, and monotheism.
● Arya Samaj: Established by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, it focused on Vedic teachings, opposed idol worship, and
promoted education and women's rights.

2. Advocacy and Campaigns

Reformers actively campaigned against social injustices and promoted new ideas through speeches, writings, and public meetings.

● Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Campaigned against Sati, polygamy, and child marriage through petitions to the British government,
leading to the abolition of Sati in 1829.
● Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Advocated for widow remarriage and women's education, significantly influencing the Widow
Remarriage Act of 1856.

3. Educational Reforms
Reformers emphasized education as a means to enlighten and empower society.
● Jyotirao Phule: Founded schools for girls and lower-caste children, challenging the caste-based educational restrictions.
● Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: Established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, which later became Aligarh Muslim
University, promoting modern education among Muslims.

4. Use of Print Media

The reformers used newspapers, journals, and books to spread their ideas and reach a wider audience.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Published "Sambad Kaumudi" in Bengali to propagate his reformist ideas.
● Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Used newspapers like "Kesari" and "Maratha" to mobilize public opinion against social and political
injustices.

5. Social and Religious Reinterpretation

Reformers reinterpreted religious texts to align with modern values and humanitarian principles.
● Swami Vivekananda: Promoted the idea of universal brotherhood and spiritual humanism, emphasizing the practical application
of religious teachings.
● Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Preached the unity of all religions and the essential oneness of humanity.
Limitations of These Reform Movements
1. Limited Reach: Many reforms primarily affected urban, educated, and upper-caste communities, often neglecting rural and lower-
caste populations. For example, the Brahmo Samaj's influence was mostly confined to the urban elite in Bengal and did not
significantly impact the rural masses.

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2. Dual nature of movement: Some movements like Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj were reformist in tendency, willing to accept
the best from the West while rooting their initiatives in our own culture. Other movements, like the Dharma Sabha of Radhakant
Deb, were revivalist in tendency and were not willing to accept the flaws in Indian society.
3. Resistance from Orthodox Elements: Orthodox sections of society strongly opposed the reforms, sometimes leading to the alienation
of reformers. Raja Ram Mohan Roy faced severe criticism from orthodox Hindus for his campaigns against Sati and idol worship.
His reformist activities were seen as a threat to traditional Hindu practices.
4. Colonial Constraints: The reform movements were often constrained by colonial policies, which had their own agenda and sometimes
hindered comprehensive societal change. For instance, while the British supported certain reforms like the abolition of Sati, their
overall colonial policies did not favor a complete transformation of Indian society, as maintaining social divisions served their
interests.
5. Fragmented Efforts: The reform movements were often fragmented and localized, lacking a unified national approach, which limited
their overall impact. The Brahmo Samaj was active in Bengal, while the Arya Samaj had a stronger presence in northern India,
leading to regional rather than national reforms.
6. Gender Bias: While many reformers championed women's rights, their efforts were sometimes limited to specific issues like widow
remarriage and education, without addressing broader gender inequalities. For example, while widow remarriage was promoted,
broader issues like the economic independence and political rights of women were often neglected.

Despite their limitations, the social religious reform movements of the 19th century played a crucial role in laying the foundation for a
modern and progressive Indian society. They challenged deeply entrenched social evils, promoted education, and fostered a spirit of rational
inquiry and humanism. These movements not only initiated social change but also contributed significantly to the national awakening and
the eventual struggle for independence.

Q8. The Social religious reform movement helped in the development of national consciousness and modern nationalism in India
during the 19th century. Examine.

Approach:
5. Introduction: Highlight status of nationalism in India in the pre 19th century period.
6. Body: Describe how socio religious reform movements created national consciousness including suitable examples.
7. Conclude: Finally conclude by highlighting how congress completed the task that was started by socio religious
reform movements.

Ans: Before the 19th century, India was a collection of diverse and fragmented states, with local identities taking precedence over any
sense of a unified national identity. The concept of nationalism was almost non-existent. People identified more with their religion, caste,
region, or language rather than with India as a single nation.

The socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century played a crucial role in shaping national consciousness and laying the foundation
for modern Indian nationalism. Here’s how they contributed:

1. Critique of Social Evils: Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Jyotirao Phule highlighted and
criticized social evils such as sati, child marriage, caste discrimination, and the plight of widows. By addressing these issues, they
promoted a sense of moral and social awakening among Indians, encouraging them to think beyond regional and caste barriers.
2. Revival and Reform of Religion: Movements like the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and Prarthana Samaj aimed to purify and
modernize Hinduism. By advocating a return to the 'true' essence of religion, free from superstitions and rituals, these movements
fostered a sense of unity among Hindus. This unity was crucial for developing a broader national identity.
3. Education and Rationalism: Reformers stressed the importance of modern education, rational thinking, and scientific temper.
Organizations like the Aligarh Movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, promoted Western education among Muslims. This focus on
education helped in creating an informed and critical population that could engage with ideas of nationalism and democracy.
4. Women’s Rights: The push for women’s education and rights by reformers like Savitribai Phule and Pandita Ramabai played a
significant role in changing societal attitudes. The upliftment of women and their increased participation in public life added to the
broader sense of community and national identity.
5. Inter-religious Harmony: Efforts were made to bridge gaps between different religious communities. Reformers promoted values of
tolerance and coexistence, which were essential for building a unified national movement. For example, the Theosophical Society, led
by Annie Besant, worked to find commonalities between different religions.
6. Creation of a Middle Class: The spread of English education and the reforms led to the rise of an educated middle class. This new
class of lawyers, teachers, journalists, and bureaucrats became the leaders of the national movement. They used their knowledge and
position to articulate and spread the ideas of nationalism.

The socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century were instrumental in creating a sense of national consciousness by addressing
social issues, promoting education, and fostering unity among diverse communities. These movements laid the groundwork for modern
Indian nationalism, which was further strengthened and carried forward by the Indian National Congress in the late 19th and early 20th

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centuries. The Congress, founded in 1885, united various groups under the common cause of independence, completing the task that the
reform movements had started by turning social and religious awakening into a political struggle for freedom.

Q9. Compare the peasant revolts in India before and after 1857. What were the reasons for the changes witnessed after 1857?

Approach:
Introduction: Highlight general socio economic profile of peasants in India in 19th century.
Body: In the first part compare the peasant revolts before and after 1857 in a tabular form and using different dimensions.
In the second part highlight the reason for changes witnessed after 1857.
Conclude: Summarize the body part giving some future trends and analysis related to post independence India.

Ans: In the 19th century, Indian peasants were primarily poor and heavily burdened by high taxes, oppressive landlords, and exploitative
revenue systems imposed by colonial authorities. The majority of peasants lived in rural areas and depended on agriculture for their
livelihood. Their socio-economic conditions were often dire, leading to widespread discontent and sporadic uprisings.

Comparison of Peasant Revolts Before and After 1857:

Dimension Before 1857 After 1857

Nature and Scale Localized and sporadic e.g., Sanyasi More organized and widespread e.g., Indigo
Rebellion (late 18th century), Paika Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Riots (1875)
Rebellion (1817)

Leadership Local leaders and traditional elites Emergence of new leadership from peasant
e.g., Zamindars in Paika Rebellion classes and educated middle class e.g.,
Leaders from peasant communities in Deccan
Riots

Causes High taxes, forced labor, land revenue Continued exploitation, new economic
policies e.g., Bengal famine due to pressures, and changing land policies e.g.,
heavy taxation Exploitation by indigo planters in Bengal,
rising debts in Deccan

Participation Primarily peasants and rural populace Involvement of diverse groups, including
e.g., Local peasants in Sanyasi tenants and tribal communities e.g., Tribes in
Rebellion Munda Rebellion (1899-1900)

Methods Violent resistance, fleeing the area Both violent uprisings and non-violent
e.g., Armed resistance in Paika protests, petitions e.g., Non-violent protests
Rebellion in Indigo Rebellion, violent protests in
Deccan Riots

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 Response by Immediate suppression using force Suppression with force, but also some policy
Authorities e.g., Harsh suppression of Sanyasi reforms to prevent unrest e.g.,
Rebellion Implementation of Bengal Tenancy Act
(1885) after widespread revolts

Outcomes Short-lived, limited impact on Greater impact on colonial policies, leading

policies e.g., Brief changes post Paika to reforms e.g., Permanent changes in tenant
Rebellion rights after Bengal Tenancy Act

Reasons for Changes After 1857:

1. Impact of the 1857 Rebellion: The Revolt of 1857 marked a significant turning point. The British were now more cautious and sought
to avoid large-scale uprisings. They introduced reforms to placate the rural population, though exploitation continued.
○ Example: Following the rebellion, the British government implemented some agrarian reforms to mitigate discontent, although
these were often inadequate. For instance, the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 aimed to protect tenants from eviction and excessive
rents.
2. Economic Changes: Post-1857, the commercialization of agriculture increased. The introduction of cash crops, the expansion of
railways, and integration into the global market created new economic pressures on peasants, leading to more organized resistance.
○ Example: The Indigo Rebellion (1859-60) in Bengal was driven by the exploitation of peasants by European planters who forced
them to grow indigo instead of food crops, leading to severe economic hardships.
3. Changes in Land Revenue Policies: The British modified land revenue systems, such as the Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems, which
sometimes worsened the conditions of peasants. This led to new grievances and more structured revolts.
○ Example: The Deccan Riots (1875) were a reaction to the Ryotwari system in Bombay Presidency, where peasants were burdened
with high taxes and debt from moneylenders.
4. Emergence of New Leadership: Educated individuals from rural areas, influenced by modern political ideas and the rising nationalist
movement, began to lead and organize peasant protests. This brought a new level of organization and strategy to the revolts.
○ Example: The leadership during the Deccan Riots included local leaders who were more systematically organized in their
resistance, petitioning the British government and coordinating actions among villages.
5. Communication and Organization: Improved communication and transportation (railways, telegraphs) allowed for better
coordination among peasant groups across regions, making revolts more widespread.
○ Example: The spread of news about the success of initial protests in the Indigo Rebellion helped to inspire similar actions across
the region.
6. Nationalist Influence: The growing nationalist movement also influenced peasants, who started seeing their struggles as part of the
larger fight against colonial rule. Nationalist leaders supported peasant causes, bringing more attention and resources to their
movements.
○ Example: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi later drew upon the history of these revolts to mobilize peasants in movements such as
the Champaran Satyagraha (1917) against indigo planters in Bihar.

The nature of peasant revolts in India transformed significantly after 1857, becoming more organized and widespread due to changes in
economic pressures, leadership, and better communication. The reasons for these changes included the direct impact of the 1857 rebellion,
changes in land revenue policies, and the influence of the nationalist movement. Post-independence, peasant movements continued to
evolve, addressing issues of land reform, agricultural policies, and rural development, contributing to the shaping of modern India’s agrarian
landscape.

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Q10. Discuss the causes which made Awadh, one of the most prominent centres of revolt of 1857. Also highlight the features of the
revolt.

Approach:

Introduction: Highlight the geographical location of Awadh and its socio economic importance.
Body: In the first part discuss different reasons that made Awadh a prominent centre of revolt of1857. In the second part,
highlight the main features of the revolt of 1857.
Conclude: Finally conclude by highlighting the consequences of the 1857 revolt in Indian modern history.
Ans: Awadh, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, was a region of great socio-economic and cultural significance in pre-colonial India. Its
fertile lands and strategic location made it a crucial center of trade and administration under the Nawabs of Awadh.

Reasons for Awadh's Prominence in the Revolt of 1857:

1. Economic Exploitation: The British annexation of Awadh in 1856 led to widespread economic distress among the people. The British
imposed heavy taxes and introduced new revenue policies that burdened the already impoverished farmers and landlords.
2. Social Discontent: The British policies, including the Doctrine of Lapse, which annexed states with no natural heir, and the greased
cartridges controversy, which offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, created resentment among the people of Awadh.
3. Political Discontent: The annexation of Awadh by the British was seen as a betrayal by the local nobility and elite, who lost their
power and privileges. This loss of status fueled their desire to revolt against British rule.
4. Cultural Unrest: Awadh was known for its rich cultural heritage, including its vibrant poetry, music, and art. The British interference
in local customs and traditions, along with their disdain for the Nawabi culture, alienated the people and added to their grievances.

Features of the Revolt of 1857 in Awadh:

1. Leadership: The revolt in Awadh was led by local landlords, nobles, and soldiers who were disaffected by British policies. Notable
leaders included Begum Hazrat Mahal and Rani Lakshmibai, who led the resistance against British forces.
2. Mass Participation: The revolt saw widespread participation from various sections of society, including peasants, soldiers, and
artisans. The people of Awadh united against British oppression, irrespective of caste or creed.
3. Military Action: The revolt in Awadh involved both military battles and guerrilla warfare tactics. British forces faced stiff resistance
from the rebels, who used their knowledge of the terrain to their advantage.
4. Sieges and Battles: Awadh witnessed several sieges and battles between the rebels and the British, including the Siege of Lucknow,
which lasted for months and became a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.

The revolt of 1857 in Awadh was a culmination of economic exploitation, social discontent, political grievances, and cultural unrest. The
rebellion, led by local leaders and characterized by mass participation and military action, shook the foundations of British rule in India.
Although the revolt was eventually suppressed by the British, it left a lasting impact on Indian history, leading to significant changes in
colonial policies and ultimately paving the way for India's struggle for independence.

Q11. The period between 1885- 1905 is the period of rise of economic nationalism in India. Comment.

Approach:
● Introduction: Start by explaining what economic nationalism is.
● Body: Highlight the factors that led to the rise of economic nationalism between 1885-1905. Explain the impacts it
created, giving examples of leaders and organizations who played key roles in this process. Highlight the limitations
of economic nationalism with relevant examples.
● Conclusion: Summarize the answer by noting that despite its limitations, the rise of economic nationalism was
essential.

Ans. Economic nationalism refers to a nation's efforts to strengthen its economy by emphasizing domestic control over the economy,
protection of local industries, and reduction of foreign influence. In the Indian context, between 1885 and 1905, economic nationalism
emerged as a response to the exploitative economic policies of the British colonial government, aimed at fostering economic self-reliance
and reducing dependence on foreign goods.
Factors Leading to the Rise of Economic Nationalism (1885-1905)
Several factors contributed to the rise of economic nationalism in India during this period:

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1. Colonial Economic Policies: The British economic policies were designed to benefit Britain at the expense of the Indian economy.
Heavy taxation, destruction of traditional industries, and promotion of British goods led to widespread poverty and
unemployment.
2. Drain of Wealth: The continuous outflow of Indian wealth to Britain without adequate returns created a strong sentiment against
colonial exploitation. This concept was popularized by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji in his book ‘Poverty and Unbritish Rule in
India’.
3. Famines and Economic Hardships: Recurrent famines and economic distress highlighted the adverse impacts of British economic
policies, fostering resentment and a desire for self-sufficiency.
4. Intellectual Awakening: The spread of Western education and the rise of an educated middle class made Indians more aware of
their economic exploitation. Leaders like R.C. Dutt and Mahadev Govind Ranade critically analyzed and wrote about the economic
impact of British rule.
Impacts and Key Players in Economic Nationalism
Economic nationalism manifested in various ways, driven by influential leaders and organizations:
1. Swadeshi Movement: Initiated in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, the Swadeshi Movement encouraged the use of
Indian-made goods and boycotting British products. This movement marked a significant step towards economic self-reliance.
2. Indian National Congress (INC): Founded in 1885, the INC played a pivotal role in voicing economic grievances. Leaders like
Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak used the platform to advocate for economic reforms and
self-governance.
3. Formation of Indigenous Industries: Leaders like Jamshedji Tata established industries such as Tata Iron and Steel Company,
promoting indigenous enterprise and reducing dependency on British imports.
4. Economic Critiques and Theories: Intellectuals like Dadabhai Naoroji, through his "Drain Theory," and R.C. Dutt, in his
economic critiques, highlighted the adverse effects of British economic policies. Their writings fueled nationalist sentiments and the
desire for economic reforms.
5. Promotion of Cottage Industries: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi later emphasized the revival of traditional Indian cottage
industries. This focus on Khadi (hand-spun cloth) became symbolic of economic nationalism and self-reliance.
6. Educational and Economic Associations: Organizations like the Deccan Education Society, founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale
and others, aimed to educate Indians about economic self-reliance and promote indigenous entrepreneurship.
Limitations of Economic Nationalism
Despite its significant impact, economic nationalism had certain limitations:
1. Limited Reach: The movement primarily involved the educated middle class and urban elites, with limited influence on the rural
masses who constituted the majority of the population.
2. Economic Dependence: Complete economic independence was difficult to achieve due to the pervasive British control over key
economic sectors like railways, telegraphs, and major industries.
3. Lack of Unity: Economic nationalism sometimes lacked a unified approach, with divergent views among leaders on the methods
and extent of economic self-reliance.

The period between 1885 and 1905 marked the rise of economic nationalism in India, driven by the exploitative British economic policies.
Despite its limitations, economic nationalism was crucial in laying the foundation for a broader struggle for independence. It awakened a
sense of economic self-reliance and highlighted the importance of indigenous industries, setting the stage for future economic and political
movements aimed at achieving full independence.
Q12. The Swadeshi movement brought a revolution in the Indian freedom struggle. Examine.

Approach:

● Introduction: Start by giving a picture about the national movement prior to the beginning of the Swadeshi
movement and connect it to the launch of this movement.
● Body: In the first para, briefly describe the course of the movement. In the main part, explain how the movement can
be considered to have brought a revolution in the Indian freedom struggle.
● Conclusion: Briefly summarise the answer, reemphasising the importance of the Swadeshi movement.
Ans: Before the Swadeshi Movement, the Indian national movement was primarily focused on petitions and moderate political reforms
through the Indian National Congress (INC). The leaders mainly sought constitutional reforms and administrative changes from the British.
However, the partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon triggered widespread anger and marked a shift towards more assertive actions,
leading to the launch of the Swadeshi Movement.

Course of the Swadeshi Movement

The Swadeshi Movement began in 1905 as a response to the partition of Bengal. It involved boycotting British goods and promoting
Indian-made products. The movement spread from Bengal to other parts of India, involving students, women, and various sections of
society. Key activities included organizing protests, establishing swadeshi (indigenous) enterprises, and promoting national education.
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How the Movement Brought a Revolution in the Indian Freedom Struggle
1. Shift from Moderate to Extremist Methods: The Swadeshi Movement marked a shift from moderate, petition-based methods to
more aggressive and direct actions like boycotts and strikes. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat
Rai (known as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio) advocated for more radical approaches.
2. Mass Participation: For the first time, the movement saw widespread participation from various sections of society, including
students, women, and workers. This mass involvement created a stronger, more united front against British rule. For example,
students boycotted British schools and colleges to join national educational institutions, and women like Sarala Devi and Basanti
Devi organized and led protests and picketing of foreign goods.
3. Economic Self-Reliance: The emphasis on swadeshi goods encouraged the development of local industries and reduced dependence
on British products. This economic strategy aimed to hurt British economic interests in India and foster self-reliance. Leaders like
Jamshedji Tata played a significant role by setting up industries such as Tata Iron and Steel Company. The establishment of Swadeshi
enterprises like the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works by Prafulla Chandra Ray also highlighted this trend.
4. Cultural Revival: The Swadeshi Movement also focused on reviving Indian culture and traditions. Festivals, songs, and literature
celebrating Indian heritage were promoted to instill a sense of pride and unity among Indians. Rabindranath Tagore wrote patriotic
songs like "Amar Sonar Bangla" to inspire people, and public celebrations of traditional festivals such as Ganapati and Shivaji
festivals were popularized by Bal Gangadhar Tilak to unify people and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
5. National Education: The movement led to the establishment of national schools and colleges, promoting education that was free from
British influence. Institutions like the Bengal National College were founded to provide an alternative to British-run educational
institutions. Aurobindo Ghose, a prominent leader, was one of the key figures involved in setting up these institutions to offer
nationalist education.
6. Political Awareness: The movement significantly increased political awareness and consciousness among the Indian populace. It
educated people about their rights and the exploitative nature of British rule, fostering a stronger national identity. Newspapers like
"Kesari" edited by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and "Bande Mataram" edited by Aurobindo Ghose played critical roles in spreading
nationalist ideas and mobilizing public opinion against British rule.
Conclusion
The Swadeshi Movement was a revolutionary phase in the Indian freedom struggle. It marked a shift towards more active resistance against
British rule, promoted economic self-reliance, and involved a broad spectrum of Indian society. Despite facing repression, the movement
laid the groundwork for future struggles and emphasized the importance of unity and self-reliance in the fight for independence. The
Swadeshi Movement thus played a crucial role in transforming the Indian national movement into a mass movement.

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