MINE SURVEY

HMIE205
SURVEYING AND MAPPING OF
UNDERGROUND MINES PART II
T. G. HOVE
Dept. Of Geoinformatics and Surveying
University of Zimbabwe
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND: TAPE
OFFSETS
 Traditionally,
the method of chains and offsets
was used to perform detail surveys. The
procedure is as follows:
 Stretch a reference tape between traverse
stations.
 Measure offsets to the right and left walls at
regular intervals (2-3m) with a short tape (or
laser distance meter).
 Measure vertical distances to the roof and floor.
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND: TAPE
OFFSETS

 Rectangular offsets
 The length and direction of the line AB is known.
The distance d along the line AB and the right
angle offset h are measured.
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND: TAPE
OFFSETS
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND: TAPE
OFFSETS
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND:
MASSIVE DEPOSITS
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND:
MASSIVE DEPOSITS
 Today total stations with reflectorless EDM
devices are used almost exclusively to perform
detail surveys. The procedure is as follows
 Survey a few lines (strings of points) running at
different elevations
 Download the collected data from the instrument
memory to a computer for processing and plotting ,in
some cases, creation of a3-D model
 The newest surveying technologies use laser
scanning devices for fast, collection of detailed and
accurate profile
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND:
MASSIVE DEPOSITS
 Mines extracting massive deposits are surveyed
almost exclusively in 3-D.
 Total stations are used to survey access and
development drives; laser-based monitoring
systems are used to survey cavities and stopes-in
the latter case, with the instrument inserted into
the stope by means of a boom.
 The motorized surveying head scans the opening
with the help of a laser rangefinder. A total
station can determine the position of a device by
tying it with positions of existing control stations.
DETAIL SURVEYS UNDERGROUND:
TABULAR DEPOSITS
 Relatively thin tabular deposits are traditionally
surveyed in two dimensions, with the projection
plane parallel to the deposit. Such surveys should
be performed in coal mines or mines from which
metalliferous reef-type deposits are extracted (as
in the gold mines of South Africa), using chain
readings and orthogonal offsets to provide detail.
SETTING OUT SURVEYS
 Setting-out surveys provide direction and grade
for mine drives, extensions, and tunnels, and are
crucial to mine development. The following are
common methods for performing this type of
survey:
 Grade sticks. Two spads are placed at a set
distance in the backs, and wooden poles are
suspended from the spads. Marks are placed on
the poles in such a way that, when lined up, the
marks indicate the direction and gradient. The
gradient is transferred to the development face.
QUESTIONS??