ACHIEVERS HOME

PUBLIC SCHOOL

Session-2023-24
Physics Investigatory
Project
LDR MODEL

ROLL NO-
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
ANSHUMAN GHILIDIYAL (XII ‘A’) MR. VIPIN SHARMA
 Index
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPRATUS REQUIRED
7. WORKING
8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Certificate
This is to certify that ANSHUMAN
GHILIDIYAL, a student of class XII-A has
successfully completed his Physics Project
on the Topic- LDR MODEL under the
guidance of Mr. Vipin Sharma

External Examiner: Internal Examiner:

…………………………….. …………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I would like to express my special thanks to my
teacher as well as our principal who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project in
PHYSICS, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research on LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). I
came to know about many new things.
This project couldn’t have been satisfactorily
completed without the support and guidance of
my parents.

I would like to thank my parents who helped me

in gathering diverse information, collecting data
and guiding me from time to time in making this
project, despite their busy schedule. They gave me
different ideas in making this project unique.
 Aim of Project
The aim of the project is to demonstrate the underlying
principles of electrical conduction under the influence of
light. Various applications are possible by employing this
simple principle such as (a) Automatic Street Light, (b)
Intruder’s alarm, (c) Morning wake up alarm, (d) Fire
alarm, (e) Laser Security Alarm, (f) Automatic elevator
doors etc. to name a few.

In this project, I have demonstrated the Automatic

Street Light Model & Laser Security Alarm in a simple
manner which is easy to understand. The heart of the
project is an LDR or Light Dependent Resistor. This
project could have been done using a photo-voltaic cell
in place of LDR but the circuit would have become
complicated in the case of photocell.

Introduction
A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR)
is a light-controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words,
it exhibits Photoconductivity. A photoresistor can
be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and
light and dark activated switching circuits. These
resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or
germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then
the electrons get excited by the incident photons
and move from the valence band to the conduction
band and therefore the number of charge carriers
increases. In other words, the conductivity goes up.

Distinction needs to be made here between

photocells and LDRs. In a photocell, when it is
excited by light (photons), electricity is generated.
Unlike photocells, LDRs, do not generate electricity
but only change their conductivity.

Theory
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of
photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an electro-
optical phenomenon in which the material’s conductivity
is increased when light is absorbed by the material.
Modern light dependent resistors are made of materials
such as lead sulphide, lead selenide, indium antimonide
and most commonly cadmium sulphide (CdS) and
cadmium selenide (CdSe).

When light
falls i.e.
when
the
photons fall on the material,
the electrons in the valence
band of the semiconductor material are excited to the
conduction band. These photons in the incident light
should have energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons jump
from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence
when light having enough energy strikes on the device,
more and more electrons are excited to the conduction
band which results in large number of charge carriers.
The result of this process is more and more current
starts flowing through the device when the circuit is
closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the
device has been decreased. This is the most common
working principle of LDR.

This can be clearly seen from the graph. The resistance

of the LDR falls rapidly with the increasing intensity of
the incident light.

The converse is also true when light intensity is reduced

or cut off.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
The project consists of the following apparatus for:
 (LDR MODEL)
&
(LASER SECURITY ALARM)

1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

2. Transistors (BC547)

3. Bread Boards

4. Connecting wires

5. LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)

6. Resistors (1k ohm)

7.Buzzer

8. Batteries (9 volt)

1. Light Dependent Resistor

 2. Transistor (BC547)

3. Bread Board 4.Connecting wires

5. LEDs 6. Resistor 1k ohm

7. Buzzer
WORKING 8. Battery (9 volt)

# Working of an Automatic Street Light System

Introduction:

Automatic street light systems are designed to provide

efficient illumination during dark hours and conserve
energy during daylight. These systems use Light-
Dependent Resistors (LDRs) or other light sensors to
detect ambient light levels and control streetlights
automatically. In this explanation, we'll delve into the
principles and operation of an automatic street light
system using LDR technology.

Principles of Operation:

Automatic street light systems using LDRs work based

on the following principles:

LDR Sensing: LDRs are semiconductor devices whose

electrical resistance changes with variations in ambient
light intensity. When exposed to light, their resistance
decreases, and in darkness, their resistance increases.

Threshold Detection: The system is programmed with a

preset resistance threshold. When the LDR resistance
crosses this threshold, it signals a change in light
conditions, such as the approach of dusk or darkness.

Streetlight Control: When the control circuit detects the

LDR resistance exceeding the preset threshold, it sends a
signal to activate the streetlights. This ensures that the
area remains well-lit during low-light conditions.

Circuit Components:
LDR: Positioned to sense ambient light levels.

Control Circuit: Processes LDR resistance readings and

controls streetlights.

Streetlights: Controlled by the control circuit based on

LDR readings.

Operation Steps:

Light Detection: The LDR continuously monitors the

ambient light levels in the surroundings.

Threshold Comparison: The control circuit compares the

LDR's resistance to the preset threshold.

Streetlight Control: When the LDR resistance crosses the

threshold due to decreasing light levels (e.g., at sunset or
on cloudy days), the control circuit activates the
streetlights, ensuring proper illumination.

Advantages of LDR-Based Streetlights:

Energy Efficiency: Streetlights are activated only when

necessary, minimizing energy consumption.

Low Maintenance: Reduced operating hours lead to less

wear and tear on lighting infrastructure.
Environmental Benefits: Energy conservation contributes
to lower carbon emissions and a reduced environmental
footprint.

Safety: Automatic streetlights improve safety by

ensuring well-lit streets during low-light conditions.

# Working of a Laser Security Alarm System

Introduction:

Laser security alarm systems are employed to create a

virtual boundary or security perimeter using laser
beams. These systems work by emitting a laser beam
from a transmitter to a receiver. When an object or
person interrupts the laser beam, it triggers the alarm
by breaking the connection. This explanation outlines the
principles and operation of a laser security alarm
system.

Principles of Operation:

Laser security alarms operate on the following

principles:

Laser Emission: A laser transmitter emits a focused laser

beam across a designated area to create a secure
boundary.

Laser Detection: A laser receiver is positioned to detect

the presence of the laser beam.

Alarm Triggering: When an object or person crosses the

laser beam and interrupts it, the laser receiver senses
the interruption and triggers an alarm or activates a
security system.

Circuit Components:

Laser Transmitter: Emits the laser beam.

Laser Receiver: Detects the laser beam and

interruptions.

Alarm System: Activates when the laser beam is

interrupted.
Operation Steps:

Laser Emission: The laser transmitter continuously emits

a focused laser beam, creating an invisible security
boundary.

Laser Detection: The laser receiver is positioned to

monitor the laser beam and any interruptions.

Alarm Triggering: When an intruder or object crosses

the laser beam and interrupts it, the laser receiver
detects the interruption, signaling the alarm system to
activate.

Advantages of Laser Security Alarm Systems:

Invisible Barrier: Laser security alarms create an invisible

security boundary that intruders may not easily detect.

Quick Response: The system provides immediate

detection of intrusions, triggering rapid responses.

Customization: The laser beam can be adjusted for

different security needs and coverage areas.

Reliability: Laser beams are less prone to false alarms

caused by environmental factors like wind or animals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CONCLUSION
Automatic streetlight control systems and laser security
alarms exemplify the ingenious applications of
technology in our modern world, providing enhanced
safety and efficiency. While each serves a distinct
purpose, they share a common goal of making our lives
safer, more convenient, and more sustainable.

Automatic streetlight systems, employing LDRs and

intelligent control circuits, showcase how technology can
optimize energy usage while ensuring well-lit streets
during low-light conditions. This not only conserves
energy but also contributes to reduced maintenance
costs and a safer urban environment. These systems
epitomize the synergy between electronics and urban
infrastructure, highlighting the potential for smart
solutions in addressing contemporary challenges.

On the other hand, laser security alarm systems

underscore the importance of innovative security
measures. By creating an invisible boundary with laser
beams, they offer quick intrusion detection, enabling
swift responses to potential threats. Laser alarms
exemplify how technology can provide reliable security
while remaining discreet, adaptable, and highly
responsive to real-world security needs.

In summary, the worlds of automatic streetlights and

laser security alarms converge on the shared principle of
enhancing our surroundings and well-being. They
represent a testament to human ingenuity,
demonstrating how technology can make our lives safer,
more efficient, and more secure. As we continue to
harness the power of electronics, we can expect even
more ingenious and versatile solutions to address the
evolving challenges of our interconnected world.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For Successfully completing of my
project file, I have taken help from
this websites:
1. www.google.com
2. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/
3. www.wikipedia.org
4. www.circuiteasy.com