Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
• Definition of Conformal Mapping
• Properties of Conformal Maps
3. Applications in Mathematics
• Complex Analysis
• Solving Laplace's Equation
4. Applications in Physics
• Electrostatics
• Fluid Dynamics
5. Example Problems and Solutions
• Example 1: Mapping the Upper Half-Plane to the Unit Disk
• Example 2: Electrostatic Potential in a Complex Geometry
6. Computational Methods
• Numerical Conformal Mapping
• Software Tools and Libraries
7. Conclusion
8. References
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report titled “Conformal Mapping As A Tool In Solving
Some Mathematic And Physical Problems ” is an independent work of Vishal
Kumar of B.Sc(PCM) (2021-2024). The report has been prepared under my
Guidance and supervision.

Date:- Mr. Shubham Dhiman

Place: Saharanpur Assistant Professor
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “Effect Of

Sunlight On Paints Emulsious” submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc.
(PCM) to Indraprastha Institute of Management &
Technology, at Saharanpur has not been submitted for
any other degree/ diploma or similar title or prize

Date:- Vishal Kumar

Place: Saharanpur B.Sc (PCM), Sem- 6
Roll No. 210474302155
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report has been made possible with the cooperation of many persons
express my gratitude and appreciation. I am very grateful to the supported me
to transform the report in the Mathematics form

whom I wish to people who I am thankful to Mr. Shubham Dhiman.

Assistant Professor at Indraprastha Institute of Management &
Technology, at Saharanpur, for his gratitude during my project and giving
me full co- operation and also valuable information and guidance, without
which it would not be possible for me to complete the manuscript

I would like to express my gratitude towards Mrs. Kalpana Sharma (Head

of Department) for his guidance and support.

Vishal Kumar
ROLL N O. 210474302155
Abstract
Conformal mapping, a profound mathematical technique, has proven to be a powerful
tool in solving complex problems in both mathematics and physics. This method
involves transforming one domain into another in such a way that angles are preserved,
making it particularly useful in various applications such as fluid dynamics,
electromagnetism, and complex analysis. By converting intricate geometries into
simpler ones, conformal mapping facilitates the solution of partial differential equations
that are otherwise intractable. In mathematical contexts, it aids in the study of analytic
functions, potential theory, and the behavior of harmonic functions. In physics,
conformal mapping is instrumental in addressing problems involving heat conduction,
electrostatic potential, and fluid flow around objects. This abstract highlights the
significance of conformal mapping in transforming and simplifying complex problems,
providing a foundation for more efficient and elegant solutions in both theoretical and
applied sciences.
 Project Title
“Conformal Mapping As A Tool
In Solving Some Mathematics
And Physical Problems ”
 Introduction to Conformal Mapping
Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical technique used in various fields such as
complex analysis, fluid dynamics, electromagnetic s, and engineering. The core concept
involves mapping one complex plane onto another such that the angles between
intersecting curves are preserved. This property makes conformal mappings particularly
useful for solving problems where the geometric shape and the relationships between
angles are critical.

Definition and Basic Concepts

A conformal map, also known as an angle-preserving map, is a function f that locally
preserves angles. Mathematically, a function f is conformal at a point z0z_0z0 if it is
holomorphic (complex differentiable) in a neighborhood of z0z_0z0 and its derivative f′
(z0)≠0f'(z_0) \neq 0f′(z0)=0. Holomorphy ensures that the function is complex
differentiable at every point in its domain, which is a stronger condition than real
differentiable.

Applications in Mathematics
1. Complex Analysis:

• Riemann Mapping Theorem: One of the foundational results in complex

analysis, the Riemann Mapping Theorem, states that any simply connected,
non-empty open subset of the complex plane can be conformally mapped
onto the open unit disk. This theorem has profound implications for the
study of complex functions and their properties.
• Solving Laplace's Equation: Conformal mappings are often employed to
solve Laplace's equation in different coordinate systems. Since Laplace's
equation is invariant under conformal mappings, solutions can be
transformed to simpler domains where boundary conditions are easier to
handle.
2. Potential Theory:

• Conformal mapping simplifies the process of finding potentials in

electrostatics and fluid flow problems by transforming complex boundary
geometries into simpler ones while preserving the nature of the potential
functions.
Applications in Physics
1. Fluid Dynamics:

• Conformal mappings are used to analyze and solve problems involving

ideal fluid flow. By mapping complex flow regions to simpler geometries,
one can easily apply boundary conditions and derive solutions that describe
the fluid behavior.
• For instance, the flow around airfoils can be studied using the Joukowski
transformation, which maps the exterior of a circle to the exterior of an
airfoil shape.
2. Electromagnetic s:

• In electromagnetic, conformal mapping techniques are utilized to solve

problems involving electric and magnetic fields. These mappings help in
converting complex geometrical configurations of conductors and dielectric
interfaces into simpler ones, making it easier to apply Maxwell's equations
and boundary conditions.
3. Heat Transfer:

• Problems involving heat conduction in complex geometries can be

addressed using conformal maps to transform these geometries into simpler
domains where the heat equation can be solved more easily.

Historical Context and Development

The concept of conformal mapping has its roots in the work of mathematicians like Carl
Fried rich Gauss and Bern hard Riemann. Gauss's contributions to differential geometry
laid the groundwork for understanding mappings that preserve local angles. Riemann
extended these ideas to the complex plane, leading to the development of the Riemann
Mapping Theorem and further exploration of complex functions.
In the 20th century, mathematicians such as Hermann Weyl and Lars Ahlfors advanced
the theory of conformal mappings, particularly in relation to Riemann surfaces and quasi
conformal mappings. Their work has provided the mathematical rigor and framework
that underpin modern applications of conformal mapping in both theoretical and applied
contexts.
Conclusion
Conformal mapping is an essential tool in both mathematics and physics, offering
elegant solutions to complex problems involving differential equations, potential theory,
and boundary value problems. By preserving the angles and local structures of the
original geometries, conformal maps facilitate the transformation of intricate domains
into simpler ones, enabling more straightforward analysis and solution derivation. The
continued study and application of conformal mappings promise to yield further insights
and advancements across various scientific and engineering disciplines.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used extensively in complex

analysis, which has applications in various fields of mathematics and physics. This tool
involves functions that preserve angles locally. Here, we explore the theoretical
background of conformal mapping and its applications.

Theoretical Background

Complex Analysis
1. Complex Functions: A complex function f(z) is a function that takes a complex
number z as input and produces another complex number as output. Formally, if z
= x+iy, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, then f(z) can
be written as u(x,y)+iv(x,y), where u and v are real-valued functions representing
the real and imaginary parts of f(z).
2. Holomorphic Functions: A function f(z) is holomorphic if it is complex
differentiable at every point in its domain. This implies the function is smooth and
infinitely differentiable within its domain.
3. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: For f(z) to be holomorphic, the real and imaginary
parts u and v must satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations:

4. Conformal Mapping: A function f(z) is conformal if it preserves angles and the

shapes of infinitesimally small figures. This means that at any point where f(z) is
differentiable and its derivative is non-zero, f(z) is a conformal map.
Properties of Conformal Maps
1. Angle Preservation: Conformal maps preserve the angle between intersecting
curves. If two curves intersect at an angle θ, their images under a conformal map
will intersect at the same angle θ.
2. Locally Isometric: Conformal maps preserve the local structure of figures.
Infinitesimal shapes are preserved in form though they may be scaled by a factor
given by the magnitude of the derivative ∣f′(z)∣.
3. Harmonic Functions: If f(z) is a conformal map, then both the real part u(x,y)
and the imaginary part v(x,y) are harmonic functions. This means they satisfy
Laplace's equation:

Applications in Mathematics and Physics

1. Solving Laplace's Equation: Conformal mapping is particularly useful in solving
Laplace's equation ∇2ϕ=0 in two dimensions. By transforming a complicated
domain into a simpler one where the boundary conditions are easier to handle,
solutions can be found more straightforwardly and then mapped back to the
original domain.
2. Fluid Dynamics: In fluid dynamics, conformal mappings are used to solve
potential flow problems. For example, the flow around an airfoil can be analyzed
using the Joukowski transform, which maps a circle in the complex plane to an
airfoil shape.
3. Electrostatics: Conformal mapping simplifies problems in electrostatics, where
the potential function satisfies Laplace's equation. For example, determining the
electric field around complex electrode shapes can be managed through conformal
maps.
4. Heat Conduction: In steady-state heat conduction, where the temperature
distribution satisfies Laplace's equation, conformal mapping helps in finding
temperature distributions in complex geometries.
5. Elasticity: In elasticity theory, especially plane stress and plane strain problems,
conformal mapping aids in finding stress and strain distributions in complex
domains.
Example of Conformal Mapping
One classical example is the mapping from the unit disk to a more complex domain. The
function
z −a
f(z)= maps the unit disk to itself, moving the point aaa to the origin. This can be
1−a z
useful in various applications, such as in solving boundary value problems where the
domain can be transformed to a simpler form like the unit disk.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping is a versatile and powerful tool in both theoretical and applied
mathematics, providing elegant solutions to complex problems in physics and
engineering. By understanding the properties and applications of conformal maps, one
can tackle a wide range of problems involving harmonic functions, fluid flow,
electrostatics, heat conduction, and elasticity.
Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used in complex analysis and
various physical applications. It refers to a function that preserves angles locally. Here's
a detailed definition and explanation of conformal mapping:

Definition of Conformal Mapping

A conformal mapping is a function f that preserves angles between curves at every point
where the function is differentiable and the derivative is non-zero. Mathematically, a
function f: U→V (where U and V are open subsets of the complex plane C) is conformal
if it satisfies the following conditions:
1. Holomorphic (Analytic) Function: f is holomorphic on U, which means f is
complex differentiable at every point in U.
2. Non-zero Derivative: The derivative f′(z) is non-zero for all z∈U

Properties of Conformal Maps

• Angle Preservation: Conformal maps preserve the magnitude of angles and the
orientation (sense) of the angles between intersecting curves.
• Local Isometry: While conformal maps preserve angles, they do not necessarily
preserve distances. However, they preserve the shape of infinitesimally small
figures.
Applications in Mathematics and Physics

Mathematics
1. Complex Analysis: Conformal maps are extensively used to study complex
functions, allowing transformations that simplify complex integrals and
differential equations.
2. Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem states that any non-empty simply
connected open subset of the complex plane (other than the entire plane) can be
mapped con formally onto the open unit disk. This is fundamental in complex
analysis and potential theory.
3. Solving Partial Differential Equations: Conformal mappings can transform
difficult partial differential equations into simpler ones by changing the domain of
the functions involved.

Physics
1. Electrostatics: In electrostatics, the potential function in a given domain can be
found using conformal mappings, as they simplify the boundary conditions and
the shape of the domain.
2. Fluid Dynamics: Conformal mapping is used to solve problems involving in
compressible and irrational fluid flow, where it helps in visualizing and solving
the flow patterns around objects.
3. Heat Transfer: In heat conduction problems, conformal mapping can transform
complex regions into simpler ones, making it easier to solve the heat equation.

Example of a Conformal Map

A simple example of a conformal map is the function f(z)=z2 This map doubles the angle
of any curve passing through a point in the complex plane, effectively preserving the
local angles but changing their scale.

Visual Representation
To illustrate, consider the mapping f(z)=ez. This map transforms vertical lines in the
complex plane into circles and horizontal lines into radial lines. It is widely used to
understand the exponential function's behavior and its implications in various domains.
Conclusion
Conformal mapping is an essential concept in complex analysis with broad applications
in mathematics and physics. By preserving angles and simplifying complex domains,
conformal maps facilitate the solution of various theoretical and applied problems.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used in various fields, including

complex analysis, engineering, and physics, to simplify and solve problems by
transforming complex geometries into simpler ones. Here are the fundamental properties
and applications of conformal maps:

Properties of Conformal Maps

1. Angle Preservation (Conformality):

• Conformal maps preserve the angles between curves. If two curves intersect
at a certain angle in the original domain, their images under the conformal
map will intersect at the same angle in the transformed domain.
• This property is critical in applications where the preservation of
geometrical structures is essential, such as fluid dynamics and
electromagnetic field theory.
2. Locally Isometric:

• In small regions, conformal maps preserve the shapes of infinitesimally

small figures, although they may change the size. This local preservation of
shapes makes conformal maps useful for detailed local analysis of complex
systems.
3. Holomorphic Functions:

• A function is conformal if and only if it is holomorphic (complex

differentiable) and its derivative is non-zero. This ensures that the function
locally behaves like a scaling and rotation.
4. Harmonic Functions:

• The real and imaginary parts of a holomorphic function are harmonic

functions. This relationship links conformal mapping with potential theory
and the solutions of Laplace's equation, which is ubiquitous in physics.
Applications of Conformal Maps
1. Complex Analysis:

• Conformal maps simplify the integration of complex functions and the

solution of complex differential equations. They help in finding analytic
continuations and solving problems in function theory.
2. Engineering and Physics:

• Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Conformal maps can transform

complex boundary shapes into simpler ones, making it easier to solve
problems involving electric or magnetic fields.
• Fluid Dynamics: In potential flow theory, conformal maps are used to
transform complicated fluid flow problems into simpler geometries where
solutions are more accessible.
• Aerodynamics: The mapping of airfoil shapes to simpler geometries helps
in analyzing the flow of air and predicting lift and drag.
3. Heat Transfer:

• Conformal mapping is used in the study of heat conduction, where it can

transform complicated heat flow problems into simpler ones by mapping
the physical domain to a more manageable shape.
4. Structural Mechanics:

• Stress analysis in complex structures often uses conformal mapping to

transform stress fields into simpler configurations, facilitating easier
computation and analysis.

Examples of Conformal Maps

1. Linear Fractional Transformations (Mobius Transformations):
az +b
• These are mappings of the form f(z) = , where ad-bc = 0. They map
cz +d
circles and lines in the complex plane to circles and lines and are used
extensively in various applications.
2. The Exponential Map:
 • f(z)=ez maps vertical strips in the complex plane to annular regions. This is
useful in problems involving periodic potentials or fields.
3. The Logarithmic Map:

• f(z)=log⁡(z) maps the punctured plane to a strip, which is useful in solving

problems with radial symmetry or in potential theory.

4. The Joukowsky Transform:

1
• f(z)=z+ maps the exterior of the unit circle to the exterior of an ellipse or
z
airfoil shape, which is widely used in aerodynamics.

Summary
Conformal mapping is an indispensable tool in both pure and applied mathematics,
providing elegant solutions to complex problems by transforming difficult geometries
into simpler, more manageable forms. Its properties of angle preservation and local
isometry make it particularly useful in fields ranging from complex analysis to fluid
dynamics, heat transfer, and structural mechanics.

Conformal mapping, a powerful technique in complex analysis, is used extensively to

solve various mathematical and physical problems. Below are some of its key
applications in both fields:

Applications in Mathematics
1. Complex Analysis:

• Function Theory: Conformal mappings are used to study holomorphic

functions, providing insights into their properties by transforming complex
functions into simpler ones while preserving angles and shapes locally.
• Riemann Mapping Theorem: This fundamental theorem states that any
non-empty simply connected open subset of the complex plane can be
conformally mapped onto the unit disk, facilitating the study of complex
domains.
2. Geometry:
 • Differential Geometry: Conformal mappings help in studying geometric
properties that are invariant under angle-preserving transformations, such as
conformal structures on surfaces.
• Hyperbolic Geometry: They are used to transform and understand
hyperbolic surfaces, particularly in the context of the Poincaré disk model
and the upper half-plane model.
3. Partial Differential Equations (PDEs):

• Laplace's Equation: Conformal mappings are used to transform complex

boundary conditions in solving Laplace's equation, a fundamental equation
in potential theory and electrostatics.
• Harmonic Functions: These mappings simplify the study of harmonic
functions, which are solutions to Laplace's equation, by transforming
complex regions into more manageable ones.
4. Potential Theory:

• Green's Functions: Conformal mappings help construct Green's functions

for various domains, which are used to solve boundary value problems for
the Laplacian.

Applications in Physics
1. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics:

• Field Mapping: Conformal mappings are used to solve problems involving

electric and magnetic fields by transforming complex geometries into
simpler ones where the field equations are easier to solve.
• Capacitance Calculation: These mappings assist in calculating the
capacitance of complex conductor configurations by mapping them to
simpler configurations.
2. Fluid Dynamics:

• Potential Flow Theory: Conformal mappings are employed to study

incompressible, irrotational flows. They simplify the solution of the
potential flow equations around obstacles by transforming complex
boundaries into simpler shapes.
• Airfoil Theory: The Joukowski transform is a famous conformal mapping
used to model and analyze the flow around airfoils, which is crucial in
aerodynamics.
3. Heat Conduction:
 • Steady-State Heat Transfer: Conformal mappings simplify the solution of
heat conduction problems by transforming complex geometries into simpler
ones where the steady-state heat equation can be solved more easily.
4. Quantum Mechanics:

• Wave Functions: In some problems, conformal mappings help simplify the

Schrödinger equation, especially in two-dimensional systems with complex
potential landscapes.

Specific Examples
1. Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation:

• This specific conformal mapping transforms the upper half-plane onto the
interior of a simple polygon, which is particularly useful in solving
problems involving polygonal domains.
2. Mapping Between Annulus and Disk:

• Used in problems where boundary conditions are easier to handle in a disk

geometry, such as in some electrostatics and fluid dynamics problems.
3. Joukowski Transform:

• This conformal mapping is particularly famous in aerodynamics for

transforming a circular cylinder in a flow into an airfoil shape, aiding in the
analysis of lift and drag forces.
Conformal mapping's utility lies in its ability to transform complex problems into
simpler ones while preserving essential properties such as angles, making it a powerful
tool across various branches of mathematics and physics.

Conformal mapping is a powerful tool in complex analysis with significant applications

in solving mathematical and physical problems. Let's delve into its theory and
applications.

Theory of Conformal Mapping

A conformal mapping is a function f that preserves angles locally. More formally, a
function f is conformal if it is holomorphic (complex differentiable) and its derivative f′
is non-zero in the domain of interest. This implies that f preserves the shape of
infinitesimally small figures, although it may scale them.
Mathematically, if f maps a domain D in the complex plane to another domain D′, and
z1,z2 are two points in D close to each other, the angle between the lines connecting z1
and z2 with any third point z in D is the same as the angle between the images
f(z1),f(z2) and f(z) in D′.

Properties of Conformal Maps

1. Angle Preservation: As stated, conformal maps preserve angles.
2. Local Isometry: They locally resemble a scaled rotation.
3. Complex Derivative: The existence of a non-zero complex derivative is essential.
4. Mobius Transformations: A subclass of conformal maps is given by Mobius
az +b
transformations, f(z) = , which map the extended complex plane to itself.
cz +d

Applications in Mathematics
1. Solving Laplace's Equation: Many physical problems reduce to solving
Laplace's equation ∇2ϕ=0. Conformal maps can transform complex domains
where this equation is defined into simpler domains where the solution is more
easily obtained.
2. Complex Potential Theory: In fluid dynamics and electrostatics, the potential
function often satisfies Laplace's equation. Conformal maps can simplify the
geometry of the problem, transforming complicated boundaries into simpler ones.
3. Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem states that any simply connected
open subset of the complex plane (not the entire plane) can be conformally
mapped onto the unit disk. This is a powerful result for theoretical investigations
in complex analysis.

Applications in Physics
1. Electrostatics: The electric field in two dimensions can often be described by a
complex potential Φ, which is a holomorphic function. Conformal mapping can
simplify the geometry of electrodes and boundaries, making the problem solvable
analytically.
2. Fluid Dynamics: In two-dimensional incompressible flow, the velocity field can
be described by a complex potential. Conformal mapping can simplify the
problem of flow around objects by transforming the geometry into a more
tractable form.
 3. Heat Transfer: Similar to electrostatics, steady-state heat conduction in two
dimensions can be treated using conformal mapping, as the temperature
distribution satisfies Laplace's equation.

Example Problems
1. Flow Around a Cylinder: To solve for the flow of an incompressible fluid around
a circular cylinder, one can use the Joukowsky transformation, a specific
conformal map that transforms a circle into an airfoil-like shape. This simplifies
solving the boundary conditions.
2. Electrostatic Potential: For a problem involving a point charge near a conducting
plane, the method of images combined with a conformal map can simplify the
computation of the potential field.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping is a crucial technique in both complex analysis and applied
mathematics. By transforming complex geometric domains into simpler ones, it
facilitates the solution of differential equations governing physical phenomena. Whether
in fluid dynamics, electrostatics, or heat transfer, conformal maps offer a method to
obtain exact solutions and gain deeper insights into the nature of the problems.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used in complex analysis and

applied mathematics to solve a variety of problems, particularly those involving
Laplace's equation. Here’s an overview of how conformal mapping can be used in
solving Laplace's equation and other mathematical and physical problems:

Conformal Mapping Overview

Conformal mappings are functions that locally preserve angles and shapes. They are
holomorphic (complex differentiable) functions with non-zero derivatives, and they map
small figures to similar (but not necessarily the same size) figures. Common examples
include the exponential function, logarithmic function, and Möbius transformations.

Laplace's Equation
Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation given by: Δu=0 where
2
∂ 2u ∂u
Δ is the Laplace operator. In two dimensions, it takes the form: 2
+ 2
=0
∂x ∂y
Using Conformal Mapping to Solve Laplace's Equation
In many physical problems, solving Laplace's equation directly in complicated domains
is challenging. Conformal mapping simplifies this by transforming the complex domain
into a simpler one where the solution is easier to find. Here are the steps typically
involved:
1. Identify the Complex Domain: Determine the complicated domain D in which
you need to solve Laplace's equation.
2. Choose a Conformal Map: Find a conformal map f that transforms the
complicated domain D to a simpler domain D′ (often a unit disk or a half-plane).
3. Transform the Boundary Conditions: Apply the conformal map to transform the
boundary conditions of the problem in D to the corresponding boundary
conditions in D′.
4. Solve the Problem in the Simpler Domain: Solve Laplace's equation in the
simpler domain D′ with the transformed boundary conditions.
5. Transform Back to the Original Domain: Use the inverse of the conformal map
to transform the solution back to the original domain D.

Example Problems and Applications

1. Electrostatics: In electrostatics, potential functions often satisfy Laplace's
equation. Conformal mapping can be used to find the potential in complicated
geometries, such as regions with boundaries consisting of circles or other curves.
2. Fluid Dynamics: In fluid dynamics, the velocity potential and stream function of
in compressible, irrational flows satisfy Laplace's equation. Conformal mapping
helps in finding these functions in complex geometries, such as flow around
airfoils.
3. Heat Conduction: Steady-state temperature distributions in two-dimensional
regions can be found using conformal mappings to transform complicated regions
into simpler ones.

Example
Suppose we need to solve Laplace's equation in an annulus, which is the region between
two concentric circles of radii R1and R2
1. Identify the Domain: The domain D is the annulus R1 <∣z∣<R2.
 2. Choose a Conformal Map: A common choice for transforming an annulus to a
simpler domain is the map w=log⁡(z), which transforms the annulus to a vertical
strip in the w-plane.
3. Transform the Boundary Conditions: Suppose the boundary conditions are
u(R1)=U1 and u(R2)=U2 In the w-plane, these become boundary conditions on the
vertical lines.
4. Solve in the Simpler Domain: Solve the transformed Laplace's equation in the
strip with the new boundary conditions, often using separation of variables or
other techniques.
5. Transform Back: Use the inverse map z=ew to transform the solution back to the
original annulus.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping simplifies the process of solving Laplace's equation in complex
domains by transforming them into simpler ones where the solution is more
straightforward. This technique is widely applicable in various fields of physics and
engineering, particularly in problems involving electrostatics, fluid dynamics, and heat
conduction.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used to solve problems in both

mathematics and physics. It leverages the properties of analytic functions in complex
analysis to transform complex geometries into simpler ones, preserving angles but not
necessarily distances. This technique is particularly useful in solving problems related to
fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, and heat conduction. Here are some specific
applications of conformal mapping in physics:

1. Electrostatics
Conformal mapping simplifies the solution of Laplace's equation, which governs the
potential in electrostatic fields. For example, if the potential distribution in a
complicated domain is known, conformal mapping can transform this domain into a
simpler one (e.g., a circle), making it easier to solve the problem and then transform
back to the original domain.
2. Fluid Dynamics
In fluid dynamics, conformal mapping is used to solve problems involving potential
flow, where the velocity potential and stream functions satisfy the Laplace equation. For
instance, the flow around airfoils, cylinders, or other shapes can be analyzed using
conformal mappings to transform these shapes into simpler ones, such as circles, where
the solutions are known.

3. Heat Conduction
Conformal mapping is also useful in heat conduction problems, particularly in two
dimensions. It helps in solving the heat equation in domains with complex geometries by
mapping them to simpler geometries. This technique is used to find temperature
distributions and heat fluxes in various materials.

4. Magneto statics
Similar to electrostatics, conformal mapping can be applied to magneto statics. The
magnetic field distribution in complicated geometries can be determined by
transforming the problem into a simpler geometry. This is particularly useful in
designing magnetic devices and understanding the behavior of magnetic fields in
complex structures.

5. Aerodynamics
In aerodynamics, conformal mapping is used to study the flow of air over wings and
other aerodynamic shapes. The Joukowski transformation, a specific type of conformal
mapping, is particularly famous for transforming a circle into an airfoil shape. This
allows for the calculation of lift and drag forces on the airfoil.

6. Geophysics
Conformal mapping techniques are used in geophysics to model potential fields, such as
gravitational and magnetic fields, over complex geological structures. This helps in
interpreting data and understanding subsurface features.

Examples of Conformal Mappings

Here are some specific examples of conformal mappings used in these applications:
• Joukowski Transformation: Transforms a circle in the complex plane into an
airfoil shape, used extensively in aerodynamics.
 • Schwartz-Christopher Mapping: Transforms the upper half-plane into the
interior of a polygon, used in problems involving polygonal boundaries.
• Logarithmic Transformation: Transforms radial flow problems into linear ones,
simplifying the analysis of potential flow in wedges and corners.

Mathematical Background
Conformal mappings are based on functions that are holomorphic and bijective, with
non-zero derivatives. The preservation of angles and local shapes makes them suitable
for a wide range of physical problems where the geometry can be complex, but the
physical laws remain consistent under transformation.
By leveraging these transformations, physicists and engineers can solve complex
boundary value problems more easily, gain insights into the behavior of physical
systems, and design more efficient devices and structures.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used to solve problems in various

fields, including electrostatics. In electrostatics, it is particularly useful for solving
problems involving complex geometries where direct analytical solutions are difficult to
obtain. Here’s an overview of how conformal mapping is used in electrostatics:

Basics of Conformal Mapping

Conformal mapping is a technique in complex analysis where one complex plane is
mapped onto another using a function that preserves angles. If f(z) is an analytic
function that maps a complex variable z to a new complex variable w, the mapping
w=f(z) is conformal if it preserves the angles between curves.

Application in Electrostatics
In electrostatics, we often deal with potential functions ϕ that satisfy Laplace’s equation
∇2ϕ=0. Conformal mapping can be used to transform complex geometries into simpler
ones where the potential problem is easier to solve. The steps typically involve:
1. Identify the Complex Potential: The electrostatic potential ϕ and the stream
function ψ can be combined into a single complex potential function F(z)=ϕ(x,y)
+iψ(x,y) where z = x + iy
2. Find an Appropriate Mapping: Determine a conformal mapping function f(z)
that transforms the complex plane geometry into a simpler geometry. Common
transformations include:
 • Linear transformations: w=az+b
1
• Inversions: w=
2
• Logarithmic transformations: w=log⁡(z)
3. Solve the Problem in the Simpler Geometry: In the transformed plane, solve the
electrostatic problem using the simpler geometry.
4. Transform Back to the Original Geometry: Use the inverse of the conformal
mapping to transform the solution back to the original geometry.

Example: Cylinder Near a Conducting Plane

Consider the problem of finding the potential around a cylinder near a conducting plane.
Directly solving this problem can be challenging due to the boundary conditions and
geometry.
1. Original Geometry: Place a cylinder of radius R at a distance d from a
conducting plane.
2
r
2. Mapping Function: Use the Joukowski transformation w=z+ to map the
z
exterior of the cylinder to the exterior of a unit circle.
3. Solve in Transformed Geometry: In the transformed plane, the problem
becomes one of finding the potential outside a unit circle with simple boundary
conditions.
4. Inverse Transformation: Transform the solution back to the original plane to get
the potential around the cylinder.

Example: Potential Between Parallel Plates

Consider the potential problem between two parallel conducting plates:
1. Original Geometry: Two parallel plates at y=0 and y=h with different potentials
ϕ1 and ϕ2
2. Mapping Function: Use a logarithmic transformation w=log⁡(z)), which maps the
strip 0<y<h to a semi-infinite strip in the w-plane.
3. Solve in Transformed Geometry: Solve Laplace’s equation in the semi-infinite
strip with the boundary conditions.
4. Inverse Transformation: Map the solution back to the original geometry.
Advantages
• Simplification of Geometry: Complex boundaries can be transformed into
simpler shapes.
• Analytical Solutions: Enables the use of known solutions in simpler geometries.
• Angle Preservation: Preserves the physical properties of the problem, such as
angles between electric field lines.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping is a valuable method in electrostatics for handling problems with
complex geometries. By transforming these problems into simpler domains, it allows for
analytical solutions that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The process involves
finding a suitable mapping function, solving the problem in the transformed domain, and
then mapping the solution back to the original domain.

Conformal mapping is a powerful tool in both mathematics and physical fluid dynamics,
particularly in the study of potential flows and other problems involving complex
variables. Here’s a detailed explanation of how conformal mapping is used in these
fields:

Conformal Mapping in Mathematics

Conformal mapping refers to a function that locally preserves angles and shapes,
though not necessarily sizes. These mappings are often used in complex analysis and can
transform complex functions while preserving the structure of the problem.
1. Complex Analysis: Conformal maps are holomorphic functions with non-zero
derivatives. They are essential in complex analysis for transforming complex
plane regions in a way that preserves the angles between intersecting curves.
2. Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem states that any non-empty simply
connected open subset of the complex plane (except the entire plane) can be
mapped con formally onto the open unit disk. This is a foundational result in
complex analysis.

Conformal Mapping in Fluid Dynamics

In fluid dynamics, conformal mapping is used to solve problems involving ideal
(inviscid and incompressible) fluid flow, particularly in two dimensions. The main
advantages are simplifying boundary conditions and transforming complex geometries
into simpler ones.
1. Potential Flow Theory: For ideal fluids, the flow can be described by a complex
potential function, which is analytic. Conformal mapping can transform complex
boundary shapes into simpler shapes, where the potential flow solutions are easier
to find.
2. Laplace's Equation: Many problems in fluid dynamics reduce to solving
Laplace's equation, ∇2ϕ=0. Conformal mapping can be used to transform this
equation into a simpler domain where the solution is more straightforward.

Applications in Fluid Dynamics

1. Flow around Airfoils: Conformal mapping, such as the Joukowski transform, is
used to map the exterior of a circle to the exterior of an airfoil shape. This
simplifies the complex problem of calculating the flow around an airfoil.
2. Flow in Channels: Problems involving flow in channels with complex cross-
sections can be transformed into flows in simpler domains. For instance, flow in a
slit can be mapped to flow in a simpler geometric domain where potential flow
solutions are well-known.
3. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Similar principles apply in electrostatics and
magnetostatics, where the governing equations are also Laplace's equations.
Conformal mapping can simplify the solution of electric or magnetic fields around
complex geometries.

Example Problems
1. Flow around a Cylinder: Consider the potential flow around a circular cylinder.
The complex potential for this flow can be written as w(z)=U(z+R2z)w(z) = U \
left( z + \frac{R^2}{z} \right)w(z)=U(z+zR2), where U is the uniform flow speed
and R is the radius of the cylinder. This flow can be mapped to flow around more
complex shapes using suitable conformal maps.
2. Joukowski Airfoil: The Joukowski transformation z′=z+a2z maps a circle in the
z-plane to an airfoil shape in the z′-plane. By solving the potential flow around the
circle, one can determine the flow around the airfoil.
Mathematical Techniques
1. Mapping Functions: Common conformal mappings include the exponential
function, logarithmic function, and Möbius transformations. These can be
composed to create more complex mappings.
2. Numerical Methods: For more complicated shapes and flows, numerical
techniques such as the boundary element method (BEM) and finite element
method (FEM) can be used in conjunction with conformal mapping to obtain
solutions.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping is a versatile and powerful tool in both mathematics and fluid
dynamics. By transforming complex geometries into simpler ones, it allows for the
analytical and numerical solution of problems that would otherwise be intractable. This
technique has wide applications in various fields, including aerodynamics,
hydrodynamics, and electromagnetic, making it a cornerstone of theoretical and applied
fluid dynamics.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used in complex analysis to solve

various problems in mathematics and physics. Conformal maps preserve angles and the
shapes of infinitesimally small figures, making them useful for transforming complex
shapes into simpler ones for easier analysis. Here are some example problems and their
solutions demonstrating the application of conformal mapping.

Example 1: Mapping the Upper Half-Plane to the Unit Disk

Problem:
Map the upper half-plane H={z ∈ C ∣ℑ (z) > 0} to the unit disk D = { z ∈ C ∣∣ z ∣ < 1}.

Solution:
z−i
The Möbius transformation f(z) = maps the upper half-plane to the unit disk.
z+ i

1. Verify Mapping:

• For z ∈ H, ℑ(z)>0.
• Under f(z):
z−i
∣f(z)∣= | |
z +i
 To verify ∣f(z)∣<1, we compute the magnitude:
z−i
∣f(z)∣= | | =
z +i √ (x 2+( y−1 )2)
2 2
(x +( y +1 ) )
¿

Since y>0, (y−1)2 < (y + 1)2, thus ∣f(z)∣ < 1.

2. Mapping Specific Points:

• f(i) = 0
• f(∞) = 1
• f(0) = −i

Example 2: Solving Laplace's Equation in a Semi-Infinite Strip

Problem:
Solve Laplace's equation ∇2u=0 in the semi-infinite strip 0 < x < π, y>0, with boundary
conditions u(0,y)=0, u(π,y)=0, and u(x,0)=f(x).

Solution:
Use the conformal map w=ez=ex+iy to transform the strip to the upper half-plane.
1. Mapping:

• The strip 0 < x < π, y>0 maps to the upper half-plane under w=ez.
• Boundary conditions transform as follows:
• x=0→w=1
• x=π→w=−1
• y=0→∣w∣=1
2. Solving in the Upper Half-Plane:

• Use the fact that u is harmonic.

• Solve using the Poisson integral formula for the upper half-plane.

Example 3: Electrostatic Potential in a Wedge

Problem:
Find the electrostatic potential inside a wedge of angle α with conducting boundaries
held at different potentials.

Solution:
Use the conformal map w=zπ/α to transform the wedge to the upper half-plane.
 1. Mapping:

• The wedge 0 < arg⁡(z) <α maps to the upper half-plane ℑ(w)>0 under w=zπ/α
• The potential problem transforms accordingly.
2. Solving Laplace's Equation:

• The transformed boundary conditions are u(0)=V1 and u(∞)=V2 on the real
line in the w-plane.
• Solve using the method of separation of variables or integral transforms.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping transforms complex geometries into simpler ones where standard
techniques can be applied more easily. This method is essential for solving boundary
value problems in areas such as fluid dynamics, electrostatics, and heat conduction. By
converting challenging regions to canonical forms like the upper half-plane or the unit
disk, the complexity of the problem is significantly reduced, enabling more
straightforward analytical or numerical solutions.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical technique used extensively in various

fields such as complex analysis, fluid dynamics, and electromagnetics. It involves the
use of functions that preserve angles and the shapes of infinitesimally small figures,
which can simplify complex problems into more manageable forms. Here’s an overview
of how conformal mapping is applied in solving mathematical and physical
computational methods:

1. Complex Analysis and Function Theory

In complex analysis, conformal mappings are utilized to transform complex functions
into simpler ones. This is particularly useful for solving boundary value problems.
• Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem states that any simply connected,
non-empty open subset of the complex plane can be mapped con formally onto the
unit disk. This is fundamental for solving problems on arbitrary domains by
transforming them into problems on the unit disk, which is easier to handle.
• Schwartz-Christoffel Transformation: This specific conformal mapping
transforms the upper half-plane into polygonal regions, which is useful in solving
problems with polygonal boundaries.
2. Fluid Dynamics
Conformal mapping is extensively used in fluid dynamics to solve potential flow
problems.
• Airfoil Design: Conformal mapping helps in analyzing the flow around airfoils.
The Joukowski transform is particularly famous for transforming a circle into an
airfoil shape, allowing the computation of flow patterns around the airfoil.
• Complex Potential: The potential flow around various objects can be studied
using complex potentials. Conformal mapping can simplify the geometry of the
flow domain, making the solution of the potential flow equations more tractable.

3. Electromagnetic Theory
In electromagnetic, conformal mapping is used to solve problems involving complex
boundary conditions.
• Electrostatics: Conformal mapping can simplify the computation of electric fields
around complex geometries by transforming them into simpler geometries where
the field equations are easier to solve.
• Wave guides and Transmission Lines: The analysis of wave-guides and
transmission lines often involves solving the Laplace equation. Conformal
mapping can transform the cross-sectional geometries of these structures into
simpler shapes.

4. Heat Transfer and Diffusion

Problems involving heat transfer and diffusion can also benefit from conformal
mappings.
• Steady-State Heat Conduction: The steady-state heat conduction equation in two
dimensions can be solved using conformal mapping. By transforming complex
geometries into simpler ones, the heat distribution can be analyzed more easily.
• Diffusion Problems: Similar to heat conduction, diffusion problems in irregular
domains can be simplified using conformal mappings.

5. Numerical Methods and Computational Techniques

Conformal mapping is also applied in numerical methods to improve computational
efficiency and accuracy.
 • Finite Element Method (FEM): In FEM, conformal mappings can be used to
map complex physical domains into simpler computational domains, facilitating
mesh generation and improving solution accuracy.
• Boundary Element Method (BEM): For BEM, conformal mappings simplify the
computation of boundary integrals by transforming complex boundaries into
simpler ones.

Practical Example
Consider solving Laplace’s equation ∇2ϕ=0 in a complex geometry. Using a conformal
map w=f(z), the complex potential ϕ can be transformed into a simpler domain. For
instance:
1. Define the Mapping: Use a conformal mapping w=f(z) to transform the complex
geometry into a unit disk.
2. Solve in the Simplified Domain: Solve Laplace’s equation in the unit disk, where
the boundary conditions are easier to apply.
3. Transform Back: Use the inverse mapping z=f−1(w) to transform the solution
back to the original domain.

Conclusion
Conformal mapping serves as a versatile tool in mathematical and physical
computational methods. By transforming complex geometries into simpler ones, it
allows for more straightforward analytical and numerical solutions to problems across
various fields. Whether dealing with fluid flows, electromagnetic fields, or heat transfer,
the application of conformal mapping can greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of
the solutions obtained.

Conclusion: The Role of Conformal Mapping in Mathematics and Physics

Conformal mapping is a powerful and versatile tool in both mathematics and physics. Its
applications range from solving complex integrals to modeling physical phenomena.
Here are some key points that summarize its importance and utility:
1. Complex Analysis and Function Theory:

• Analytic Continuation: Conformal mappings are integral in extending the

domain of analytic functions, which is crucial in complex analysis.
 • Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem asserts that any simply
connected, non-empty open subset of the complex plane can be con
formally mapped onto the unit disk, highlighting the ubiquity and
importance of conformal maps.
2. Solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs):

• Laplace’s Equation: Conformal mappings are used to transform complex

boundary conditions of Laplace’s equation into simpler ones, making the
equation solvable in otherwise difficult domains.
• Harmonic Functions: Since conformal mappings preserve angles, they are
particularly useful in transforming problems involving harmonic functions,
which are solutions to Laplace’s equation.
3. Electrostatics and Fluid Dynamics:

• Electrostatics: In electrostatics, conformal mapping can be used to solve

problems involving electric fields and potentials, particularly in complex
geometries.
• Fluid Flow: For ideal, in compressible, and irrational fluids, conformal
mappings help visualize and solve flow problems, such as those around
airfoils or through porous media.
4. Engineering Applications:

• Aerodynamics: In aerodynamics, conformal mapping simplifies the

analysis of air flow around objects by transforming complex boundary
shapes into simpler ones.
• Heat Transfer: Conformal mapping aids in solving heat conduction
problems in irregular domains by transforming them into more manageable
geometries.
5. Computational Techniques:

• Numerical Conformal Mapping: With the advent of modern

computational methods, numerical techniques for finding conformal maps
have become an important tool in applied mathematics and engineering.
6. Potential Theory:

• Gravitational and Magnetic Fields: In potential theory, conformal

mappings help in solving problems related to gravitational and magnetic
fields, especially in complex geometries.
Practical Implications
• Simplification of Complex Geometries: By transforming complex shapes into
simpler ones, conformal mapping makes the mathematical analysis of physical
problems more tractable.
• Preservation of Angles: This property is crucial in maintaining the physical
integrity of modeled phenomena, such as fluid flow and electric fields.
• Analytic and Numerical Solutions: Conformal mapping bridges the gap between
theoretical and practical problem-solving, enabling both analytic and numerical
approaches.

Future Directions
The ongoing development in computational tools and numerical methods will further
enhance the applicability of conformal mapping. Potential areas of growth include:
• Advanced Computational Algorithms: Improved algorithms for more efficient
and accurate conformal mappings.
• Interdisciplinary Applications: Broader applications in interdisciplinary fields,
such as medical imaging and complex systems modeling.
In conclusion, conformal mapping remains a cornerstone in both theoretical and applied
mathematics, providing elegant solutions to a wide array of problems in physics and
engineering. Its ability to simplify complex problems and provide deep insights into
various phenomena underscores its enduring significance.

Conformal mapping is a powerful mathematical tool used extensively in solving

problems in both mathematics and physics, particularly in areas dealing with complex
functions, fluid dynamics, and electromagnetic theory. Here is an overview of how
conformal mapping is applied in various fields, along with some references:

Mathematics
1. Complex Analysis:

• Theory of Complex Functions: Conformal mappings preserve angles and

are holomorphic functions with non-zero derivatives. They are used to
transform complex functions to simpler domains where they are easier to
analyze.
 • Riemann Mapping Theorem: This theorem states that any non-empty
simply connected open subset of the complex plane can be conformally
mapped onto the open unit disk. This is a foundational result in complex
analysis.
References:
• Ahlfors, L. V. (1979). Complex Analysis. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Conway, J. B. (1978). Functions of One Complex Variable. Springer-Verlag.
2. Geometric Function Theory:

• Schwarz-Christoffel Mapping: Used to map the upper half-plane onto

polygonal regions. This is crucial in solving problems related to polygonal
domains.
• Koebe's Distortion Theorem: Provides bounds on the size and shape of
images of disks under conformal mappings, which is useful in estimating
conformal maps.
References:
• Pommerenke, C. (1992). Boundary Behaviour of Conformal Maps.
Springer.
• Nehari, Z. (1975). Conformal Mapping. Dover Publications.

Physics
1. Fluid Dynamics:

• Potential Flow: Conformal mapping is used to solve problems in potential

flow, where the flow is irrotational and incompressible. It helps in
transforming complex flow domains into simpler ones, such as mapping an
airfoil shape to a circle (Joukowski transformation).
References:
• Batchelor, G. K. (2000). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge
University Press.
• Milne-Thomson, L. M. (1968). Theoretical Hydrodynamics. Macmillan.
2. Electromagnetic Theory:

• Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Conformal mapping aids in solving

Laplace's equation in two dimensions, which appears in problems of
 electrostatics and magnetostatics. It transforms complicated boundary
conditions into simpler ones.
References:
• Jackson, J. D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley.
• Smythe, W. R. (1968). Static and Dynamic Electricity. McGraw-Hill.
3. Quantum Mechanics:

• Schrödinger Equation: In two-dimensional potential problems, conformal

mapping can simplify the domain of the problem, making it easier to solve
the Schrödinger equation.
References:
• Griffiths, D. J. (2018). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge
University Press.
• Sakurai, J. J., & Napolitano, J. (2017). Modern Quantum Mechanics.
Cambridge University Press.

Applications in Engineering
1. Aerospace Engineering:

• Airfoil Design: Conformal mappings like the Joukowski transformation are

used to design airfoil shapes that optimize aerodynamic properties.
References:
• Anderson, J. D. (2010). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill.
• Katz, J., & Plotkin, A. (2001). Low-Speed Aerodynamics. Cambridge
University Press.
2. Electrical Engineering:

• Microstrip and Waveguides: Conformal mapping techniques are

employed to design and analyze the properties of microstrip lines and
waveguides.
References:
• Pozar, D. M. (2011). Microwave Engineering. Wiley.
• Collin, R. E. (2001). Foundations for Microwave Engineering. Wiley-IEEE
Press.
Conclusion
Conformal mapping is a versatile and powerful tool that finds applications across
various fields of science and engineering. Its ability to transform complex problems into
simpler ones makes it indispensable for both theoretical investigations and practical
applications. For a deeper understanding, the provided references are excellent starting
points for exploring the theoretical foundations and diverse applications of conformal
mapping.
THANK
YOU