Population

Importance:

POPULATION STRUCTURE

Population structure- refers to the composition of a population in terms of various demographic

characteristics. These characteristics can include age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status,
education level, and more. Understanding population structure is important for a variety of reasons,
including:
Age Distribution: Population structure often includes an analysis of age groups within a population.
This can be crucial for understanding issues such as healthcare needs, retirement planning, and
workforce availability. A population with a high proportion of elderly individuals may require more
healthcare services and social support, while a youthful population might have different needs, such
as education and job opportunities.
Gender Distribution: Analyzing the gender composition of a population is essential for addressing
issues related to gender equality, workforce dynamics, and social policies. It can also impact family
structures and fertility rates.
Ethnic and Racial Composition: Understanding the ethnic and racial composition of a population is
important for assessing issues related to diversity, inclusion, discrimination, and cultural dynamics. It
can also inform policies related to affirmative action and representation.
Socioeconomic Status: Population structure can also include data on income levels, employment
status, education levels, and other socioeconomic indicators. This information is vital for designing
policies aimed at reducing income inequality, improving access to education, and addressing poverty.
Geographic Distribution: The geographic distribution of a population is another aspect of population
structure. It can help policymakers allocate resources, plan infrastructure development, and address
regional disparities in terms of healthcare, education, and economic opportunities.
Understanding population structure is essential for governments, organizations, and
researchers because it provides insights into the unique needs and challenges of different population
groups. This information can be used to develop targeted policies and programs to address these
specific needs and promote social, economic, and demographic well-being. Additionally, changes in
population structure over time can have significant implications for a country's or region's
development and sustainability.
Population Structure: Population structure primarily focuses on the composition and distribution of
individuals within a population. It tends to be more static and emphasizes the current state of the
population. Key categories under population structure include:
Age Structure: Examines the distribution of people across various age groups, such as children,
working-age adults, and the elderly.
In
absolute figures (estimate):

● 39,533,747 young people under 15 years old ( 20,166,787 males / 19,366,961 females)
● 69,692,078 persons between 15 and 64 years old ( 34,850,033 males / 34,842,046 females)
● 4,871,976 persons above 64 years old ( 2,102,822 males / 2,769,154 females)

Gender Structure: Categorizes the population by gender, taking into account the number of males
and females.

57,953,190 Current male population

(50.1%)

57,610,408 Current female population

(49.9%)

Urban vs. Rural Structure: Distinguishes between the population living in urban and rural areas to
understand geographic distribution.

Urbanization urban population: 47.7% of total population (2021)

rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Dependency Ratio: Analyzes the proportion of dependents (e.g., children and the elderly) to the
working-age population.

Age dependency ratio

Dependency ratio of population is a ratio of people who are generally not in the labor force (the
dependents) to workforce of a country (the productive part of population). The dependent part
includes the population under 15 years old and people aged 65 and over. The productive part of
population accordingly consists of population between 15 and 64 years.

This ratio shows the pressure on productive population produced by the dependent part of population.

The total dependency ratio of population in Philippines is 63.7 %.

What does this value mean? It shows that the dependent part of population is more than a half of the
working part. It means that the working population (labor force) in Philippines must provide goods for
itself and cover expenditure on children and aged persons (this population is more than a half of
working population). The value of more than 50% shows that the pressure on productive population in
Philippines is relatively high.

Child dependency ratio

Child dependency ratio is a ratio of people below working age (under 15) to workforce of a country.

Child dependency ratio in Philippines is 56.7 %.

Aged dependency ratio

Aged dependency ratio is a ratio of people above working age (65+) to workforce of a country.

Aged dependency ratio in Philippines is 7 %.

Source: The estimation data for section "Philippines age dependency ratio" is based on the latest
demographic and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division
Geographic Distribution: Categorizes populations by specific geographic regions or areas to study
regional variations.

Population population concentrated where good farmlands lie; highest

distribution concentrations are northwest and south-central Luzon, the
southeastern extension of Luzon, and the islands of the Visayan
Sea, particularly Cebu and Negros; Manila is home to one-eighth of
the entire national population

Family and Household Structure: Examines the composition of households, family types (nuclear,
extended, single-parent), and household size.
-The average household size in Philippines in 2022, in a multiscale map (Country, Region, Province,
and Municipality). Nationally, the average household size is 4.1 people per household.

Migrant and Immigrant Structure: Includes data on migrants, immigrants, and their origins.
● The current net migration rate for Philippines in 2023 is -0.593 per 1000 population, a 1.33%
decline from 2022.

Religious Affiliation: Focuses on the religious affiliations and practices of the population.

Religion Roman Catholic 80.6%, Protestant 8.2% (includes Philippine

s Council of Evangelical Churches 2.7%, National Council of
Churches in the Philippines 1.2%, other Protestant 4.3%), other
Christian 3.4%, Muslim 5.6%, tribal religion 0.2%, other 1.9%, none
0.1% (2010 est.)
DEMOGRAPHICS

Demographics: Demographics, on the other hand, is a broader field that encompasses the study of
various characteristics and attributes of a population, with a focus on changes and trends over time. It
is more dynamic and may include additional categories such as:

Marital Status: Categorizes individuals as single, married, divorced, separated, widowed, or in

various other relationship statuses.
Around 42.7% of households were composed of single men, while 36.7% were composed of single
women. There were also a statistically equal number of married women (39.4%) and men (39%).
There were more divorced, separated, and annulled women at 2.3%, while their male counterparts
were at 1.5%.
Among the 86 million Filipinos included in the 2020 census, around 34.3 million were never married –
slightly higher than the 33.9 million married Filipinos. The PSA also found a decline of four
percentage points in single or never-married persons from 2015 to 2020.

Education: Considers the distribution of individuals based on their educational attainment, including
levels of education completed and literacy rates.
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with
understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

● Philippines literacy rate for 2019 was 96.28%, a 1.9% decline from 2015.
● Philippines literacy rate for 2015 was 98.18%, a 1.78% increase from 2013.
● Philippines literacy rate for 2013 was 96.40%, a 0.98% increase from 2008.
● Philippines literacy rate for 2008 was 95.42%, a 2.83% increase from 2003.

Occupation and Employment: Analyzes the types of jobs and industries in which people work, as
well as employment status (e.g., full-time, part-time, unemployed).

The top five (5) industry sectors according to the number of MSMEs in 2022 were: (1) Wholesale and
Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles (546,863); (2) Accommodation and Food
Service Activities (158,113); (3) Manufacturing (133,504); (4) Other Service Activities (71,145); and (5)
Financial and Insurance Activities (50,782). These industries accounted for about 86.90% of the total
number of MSME establishments.
The unemployment
rate in the Philippines fell
to 4.4% in August 2023
from 5.3% in the same
month the prior year. It
was the lowest jobless
rate since May, as the
number of unemployed
persons came in at
2.21 million, down from 2.68 million in August of 2022. Meanwhile, the number of employment was
posted at 48.07 million, up from 47.87 million the year before. The services sector (57.3%) accounted
for the largest share of employment, followed by agriculture (24.5%) and industry (18.2%) sectors.
The labor force participation rate dropped to 64.7%, from 66.1% a year earlier.
Related Last Previous Unit Reference

Unemployment Rate 4.40 4.80 percent Aug 2023

Employed Persons 44630.02 48058.08 Thousand Sep 2023

Unemployed Persons 2273.39 2256.14 Thousand Sep 2023

Labor Force Participation Rate 64.70 60.10 percent Aug 2023

Race and Ethnicity: Looks at the racial and ethnic composition of the population, including groups
like White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, and others.
About one in every four (26.0%) of the 108.67 million household population in 2020 reported Tagalog
as their ethnicity. Other major ethnicities were Bisaya/Binisaya (14.3%), Ilocano and Cebuano (8.0%
each), Ilonggo (7.9%), Bikol/Bicol (6.5%), Waray (3.8%), Kapampangan (3.0%), and Maguindanao
and Pangasinan (1.9% each). (Figure 1 and Table 1)
Income and Socioeconomic Status: Examines the distribution of income and wealth within the
population, as well as other socioeconomic factors like poverty rates.
The latest Family Income and Expenditure Survey[1] by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
shows that majority (58.4%) of Filipinos belong to the low-income class, while the middle class
comprises around 40% of the population. Only 1.4% fall in the high-income class.

Health and Disability: Focuses on aspects of health, including disability rates, life expectancy, and
the prevalence of chronic diseases.

1.57 percent
In the Philippines, it is estimated that about 1.44 million persons or 1.57 percent of the population has
a disability, and is highest among the 15-49 years of age, based on the 2010 Census of Population
and Housing. Persons who are classified as working age is from 15 years old and above.
Fertility and Birth Rates: Examines the number of children born to women, birth rates, and factors
affecting family planning.
● The current fertility rate for Philippines in 2023 is 2.454 births per woman, a 1.01% decline
from 2022.
● The fertility rate for Philippines in 2022 was 2.479 births per woman, a 1% decline from 2021.
● The fertility rate for Philippines in 2021 was 2.504 births per woman, a 1.03% decline from
2020.
● The fertility rate for Philippines in 2020 was 2.530 births per woman, a 0.98% decline from
2019.

Mortality and Death Rates: Explores causes of death, life expectancy, and other mortality-related
data.

Birth rate 22.66 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate 5.99 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Maternal mortality 121 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

rate

Infant mortality rate total: 20.55 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 23.49 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 17.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.32 years

male: 66.78 years

female: 74.03 years (2021 est.)

Language: Studies the languages spoken within a population, including primary and secondary
languages.

Sexual Orientation: Addresses the sexual orientations of individuals, including heterosexual,

homosexual, bisexual, and others.
Political Affiliation: Includes data on the political affiliations and beliefs of the population.
Generation and Cohort: Classifies people into different generational cohorts, such as Baby
Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.
 In summary, population structure focuses on the current composition and distribution of a
population in a more static manner, while demographics encompass a broader range of
characteristics and changes over time. Demographics often delve deeper into socioeconomic, health,
and cultural aspects of a population, in addition to basic demographic factors like age and gender.

RELATED ISSUES

Age Structure:

● Population Aging: Concerns related to an increasing proportion of elderly individuals in the

population, which can have implications for healthcare, social services, and pensions.

● Youth Demographics: Issues related to the population of children and young people, including
education, childcare, and youth employment.

● Working-Age Population: Employment opportunities, labor force participation, and economic

productivity of the working-age population.

● Generational Shifts: Understanding shifts in age cohorts and their impact on consumer
behavior, politics, and societal norms.

Gender Structure:

● Gender Equality: Addressing gender disparities in education, employment, and political

representation.

● Gender-Based Violence: Issues related to domestic violence, harassment, and gender-based

discrimination.

● Gender Identity and Inclusivity: Recognition and inclusion of gender identities beyond the
binary (male/female).

● Workforce Gender Composition: Understanding gender ratios in various industries and

addressing gender pay gaps.

Urban vs. Rural Structure:

● Urbanization: Challenges and opportunities associated with the rapid growth of urban areas.

● Rural Development: Strategies for improving infrastructure, education, and healthcare in rural
regions.

● Urban Planning: Topics related to urban sustainability, transportation, and housing in urban
areas.
 ● Access to Services: Disparities in access to healthcare, education, and other essential
services between urban and rural areas.

Dependency Ratio:

● Economic Burden: Addressing the economic challenges posed by a high dependency ratio,
including social welfare and pension systems.

● Aging Population: Coping with the increasing number of elderly dependents and the need for
long-term care services.

● Youth Dependency: Ensuring adequate educational and childcare resources for a young,
dependent population.

Geographic Distribution:

● Regional Disparities: Addressing economic, social, and healthcare disparities between

different geographic regions.

● Resource Allocation: Fair allocation of resources and public services to regions with varying
needs.

● Urban-Rural Migration: Understanding migration patterns and their impact on regional

demographics.

● Infrastructure Development: Planning for infrastructure, transportation, and utilities based on

geographic distribution.

Family and Household Structure:

● Changing Family Norms: Evolution of family structures, including non-traditional family types
and their legal recognition.

● Single-Parent Households: Support systems and challenges faced by single parents and their
children.

● Aging Population's Living Arrangements: Consideration of housing and care options for the
elderly.

● Household Size and Housing Demand: Housing market dynamics, affordable housing, and
living space preferences.

Migrant and Immigrant Structure:

 ● Integration and Assimilation: Challenges and opportunities for immigrants to integrate into the
host society.

● Immigrant Rights: Immigration policies, protection of immigrant rights, and pathways to

citizenship.

● Labor Migration: Issues related to labor migration, including worker rights, remittances, and
brain drain.

● Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Addressing the needs and legal status of refugees and asylum
seekers.

Religious Affiliation:

● Religious Freedom: Issues surrounding religious tolerance, discrimination, and the right to
practice one's faith.

● Religion and Politics: The intersection of religious beliefs and political decision-making.

● Interfaith Dialogue: Promoting understanding and cooperation among different religious

groups.

● Religious Demographics: Changes in religious demographics, such as the growth of non-

religious or secular populations.

Marital Status:

● Marriage Trends: Changes in marriage rates, such as delayed marriage and the rise of
cohabitation.
● Divorce and Separation: Legal, social, and economic implications of divorce and separation.
● Single-Parent Households: Challenges and support systems for single parents.
● Widowhood: Coping with the emotional and financial consequences of losing a spouse.
Education:
● Educational Inequality: Disparities in access to quality education and academic achievement.
● Literacy Rates: Promoting literacy and addressing low literacy rates, particularly among
marginalized groups.
● Access to Higher Education: Affordability and accessibility of higher education, student loan
debt, and its impact.
● Skills Mismatch: The alignment of education and skills with labor market demands.
Occupation and Employment:
● Unemployment: Addressing high unemployment rates, especially among youth and certain
demographic groups.
● Job Precarity: The rise of part-time, gig, and contract work, and its effects on job security.
● Occupational Safety and Health: Ensuring safe working conditions and addressing workplace
hazards.
 ● Gender Pay Gap: Strategies to close the gender wage gap in different industries and
occupations.
Income and Socioeconomic Status:
● Income Inequality: Addressing disparities in income and wealth distribution.
● Poverty Alleviation: Social welfare programs, minimum wage policies, and efforts to reduce
poverty rates.
● Social Mobility: Facilitating opportunities for individuals to move up the socioeconomic ladder.
● Wealth Disparities: Strategies to reduce wealth disparities, particularly related to assets and
inheritance.
Race and Ethnicity:
● Racial Discrimination: Combating racism and addressing discrimination in various sectors,
including employment and criminal justice.
● Ethnic Conflicts: Issues related to ethnic conflicts, tensions, and reconciliation efforts.
● Ethnic Identity: Promotion of cultural preservation and identity among minority groups.
● Minority Representation: Increasing political representation and addressing
underrepresentation of minority groups.
Health and Disability:
● Healthcare Access: Access to healthcare services, healthcare disparities, and healthcare
reform.
● Disability Rights: Ensuring equal opportunities and rights for people with disabilities.
● Mental Health: Promoting mental health awareness and reducing the stigma surrounding
mental health issues.
● Chronic Diseases: Prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart
disease, and cancer.
Fertility and Birth Rates:
● Family Planning: Access to family planning services, contraception, and reproductive health.
● Fertility Trends: Changes in fertility rates, including delayed childbearing and declining birth
rates.
● Teen Pregnancy: Reducing teenage pregnancy rates and supporting young parents.
● Infertility and Assisted Reproduction: Issues related to infertility treatment and assisted
reproductive technologies.
Mortality and Death Rates:
● Causes of Death: Addressing major causes of mortality, such as infectious diseases, non-
communicable diseases, and accidents.
● Life Expectancy: Factors influencing life expectancy and strategies to improve it.
● Epidemics and Pandemics: Preparing for and responding to health crises, such as pandemics
and outbreaks.
Language:
● Language Preservation: Efforts to preserve endangered languages and cultural heritage.
● Bilingual Education: Promoting bilingual and multilingual education to support language
diversity.
● Language Access: Ensuring that language does not create barriers to accessing essential
services.
Sexual Orientation:
 ● LGBTQ+ Rights: Advancing LGBTQ+ rights, including anti-discrimination laws and marriage
equality.
● Mental Health and Well-being: Addressing mental health disparities and discrimination faced
by LGBTQ+ individuals.
● Safe Spaces and Inclusivity: Creating safe and inclusive environments for individuals of all
sexual orientations.
Political Affiliation:
● Political Polarization: Challenges related to increasing political polarization and its impact on
governance.
● Voter Engagement: Encouraging voter participation and civic engagement.
● Political Representation: Increasing diversity and representation in politics.
Generation and Cohort:
● Generational Conflicts: Understanding and addressing conflicts and differences between
generations.
● Generational Economic Disparities: Examining economic challenges faced by specific
generations.
● Generational Impact on Policy: How generational perspectives influence policy decisions.

POPULATION CONTROL

What is Population Control?

Population control is the method or the practice used to limit the growth in numbers of a
population.

We Need to Control Population?

The population has rapidly increased due to overproduction of food sources, unawareness of
sex education, etc.

Negative Effects of Population Bloom

• The depletion of natural resources like forests, agricultural lands, etc.
• Unemployment will rise due to the increase in the birth rate.
• The cost of living will automatically increase due to the increase in population.

Population Control Methods

1. Education

2. Age of Marriage

3. Contraceptive Methods

Temporary Methods

● Natural Method
 ● Rhythm Method

• Coitus Interruptus

•Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

● Mechanical/Barrier Methods:

•Condoms: Condoms are made up of thin rubber/latex sheath used to cover the penis in the
male or vagina and cervix in the female just before coitus (intercourse) so that the ejaculated semen
is not released in the female reproductive tract.

Advantages of Population Control

● Reduces the number of births

● It helps in enhancing the lives of humans with a healthy quality of food, water and shelter.

● Population controls can have a major advantage of proper treatment for children.

● It helps in having more job opportunities for women.

POVERTY

Population Growth: Rapid population growth can put pressure on resources and infrastructure,
potentially leading to increased poverty. In many cases, high population growth rates outstrip
economic and social development, making it challenging to provide essential services, such as
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for everyone.

Income Distribution: The distribution of wealth and income within a population can significantly
affect poverty rates. High levels of income inequality can lead to a situation where a small portion of
the population enjoys a disproportionate share of wealth, while a large segment remains in poverty.

Demographic Dividend: While high population growth can strain resources, it can also offer a
demographic dividend when managed effectively. A young and growing population can contribute to
economic growth, innovation, and a productive labor force, which, in turn, can reduce poverty.

Education and Employment: The relationship between education, employment, and population is
critical. Access to quality education and employment opportunities are vital for reducing poverty. An
educated and skilled workforce can improve economic productivity and reduce the poverty rate.

Dependency Ratio: The dependency ratio, which measures the proportion of dependents (e.g.,
children and the elderly) to the working-age population, is a key demographic factor affecting poverty.
A high dependency ratio can strain resources and social safety nets, potentially leading to increased
poverty.

Access to Healthcare: A growing population can strain healthcare systems, particularly in

developing countries. Lack of access to healthcare services can lead to poor health outcomes,
resulting in lost income and increased poverty.

Urbanization: The process of urbanization, which involves population migration from rural to urban
areas, can have mixed effects on poverty. Urban areas often offer more employment opportunities
and access to services, but they can also be associated with high living costs and urban poverty.

Gender Dynamics: Gender is an important demographic dimension in the poverty-population

connection. Gender disparities in education, employment, and access to resources can lead to higher
poverty rates for women and girls, particularly in patriarchal societies.

Environmental and Resource Constraints: A rapidly growing population can exert pressure on
natural resources, potentially leading to environmental degradation and resource scarcity, which can
contribute to poverty.

Government Policies and Programs: Government policies and programs play a critical role in
mitigating the impact of population growth on poverty. Effective social safety nets, education and
healthcare systems, and poverty reduction programs can help address poverty despite population
growth.

SOLUTION AND PROGRAMS

1. Quality education - Education provides children with the knowledge and life skills to realize their
full potential. Plan International helps children access quality education by training teachers, building
new schools and breaking down barriers that prevent many children – girls in particular – from
attending and staying in school.
Programs :
● Scholarship Programs
● Expanded Tertiary Education
● Equivalency and Accreditation Program
● Free Medical Education
● Tulong-Dunong Program
● Payapa at Maganang Pamayanan
● Education Assistance Programs

2. Access to Health care - Access to health care is essential. Plan International helps communities
build health clinics, train health care workers and invest in equipment and medicine, so children can
grow up healthy and strong.
Programs :
● Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
● Department of Health (DOH) Hospitals and Health Centers
 ● Botika ng Bayan (People's Pharmacy)
● Government Hospitals and Health Centers
● Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO)

3. Water & sanitation - Water and sanitation are also essential for every child's survival. Plan
International helps communities build school latrines and community water points. We also help
establish organizations to ensure water points' continued management and maintenance.
Program :
● RA 9275, otherwise known as the “Philippine Clean Water Act”
● The Safe Water activity
● Water management program
● Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) - UNICEF
● Clean Water program

4. Economic security - Economic security means people have the skills and resilience to withstand
hard economic times and grow their incomes. Plan International works to overcome poverty by
helping communities around the world gain the financial security they need to thrive. We work with
partners to provide skills training and education to help people secure a livelihood and support their
families.
Program :
● Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
● Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP)
● Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
● Community-Based Programs
● Government Internship Program (GIP)

https://pia.gov.ph/news/2023/08/09/ph-employment-rate-up-at-955-percent-in-june-2023#:~:text=The%20PSA
%20report%20said%2C%20this,June%20of%20the%20previous%20year.

https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemployment-rate
https://www.dti.gov.ph/resources/msme-statistics/
https://pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/understanding-social-classes-in-the-philippines-which-class-do-
you-belong-to
https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing
https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Uploads/File/LMIR%202020/LMIR%20Issue%20No.%201,%20s.%202020%20-
%20Enabling%20the%20Disabled.pdf
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PHL/philippines/death-rate