Sirte Basin

Map of Libya
The Sirte Basin is a late Mesozoic and Tertiary triple junction continental rift (extensional basin) along northern Africa that was
initiated during the late Jurassic Period. It borders a relatively stable Paleozoic craton and cratonic sag basins along its southern
margins. The province extends offshore into the Mediterranean Sea, with the northern boundary drawn at the 2,000 meter (m)
bathymetric contour.[1] It is bordered on the north by the Gulf of Sidra.

Characteristics

The Sirte Basin ranks 13th among the world’s petroleum provinces, having proven oil reserves estimated at 43.1 billion barrels
(6.85×109 m3) of oil equivalent (36.7 bbl, 37.7 tcf of gas, 0.1 bbl of NGL), an amount that constitutes 1.7% of the world’s known oil
reserves. The basin consists of one dominant total petroleum system, known as the Sirte-Zelten.
The Late Cretaceous Sirte Shale is the primary hydrocarbon source bed.[2] Reservoirs range in rock type and age from fractured
Precambrian basement, clastic reservoirs in the Cambrian-Ordovician Gargaf sandstones, and Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone to
Paleocene Zelten Formation and Eocene carbonates usually in the form of bioherms.
Hydrocarbon generation commenced about 50 million years ago (Ma) in the deeper basins, about 40 Ma in many other areas, and may
continue to the present day. Geothermal gradients generally range from 1 °F/100 ft to 1.8 °F/100 ft; horsts and grabens generally have
roughly equivalent thermal regimes relative to the primary source rock. Along the southwest and west margins of the province are
extrusive igneous deposits that tend to diminish the hydrocarbon potential of these areas. The Gialo High is a relatively small horst
block in the eastern Sirte Basin. It is most important and primarily known for the stacked oil fields in rocks ranging from the Early
Cretaceous to Oligocene age. There are several billion barrels of oil reserves associated with the structure both over the crest of the
horst as well as flanking the high in the adjacent graben.[3]

Characteristics
 Statistic Amount
Formation Late Mesozoic-Tertiary
Land area ≈230,000 km²
Source rock Sirte Shale
Dominant trap style Structural
Rift Type Triple junction
System Tethyan Rift System

Land area

Topography of Libya
The land area in the Sirte basin is characterized by desert steppes and includes eolian deposits from the Rebiana and Kalansho Sand
Sea of the Sahara Desert. In a relatively narrow, northern coastal strip, some land areas are as much as 47 m below sea level. The
basin is floored by a northwest-southeast-trending mosaic of narrow horsts and grabens, an important structural characteristic that
distinguishes it from the adjacent intracratonic Kufra, Murzuk, and Ghadames basins.[4]
The area of the Sirte Basin occupies about 230,000 km², with a wildcat drilling density of one new field wildcat per 145 km². Overall
drilling density of the basin is 3.3 wells per 100 km², with an average field depth of 2,100 m. Recent indications of hydrocarbons
within grabens suggest that these areas have potential as well as clastic reservoirs beneath the carbonate reservoirs in the Central Sirte
Basin. The offshore area beyond 200 m depths is largely unexplored.

Geologic setting

The Sirte Basin province is considered to be a type locality of a continental rift (extensional) area and is referred to as part of the
Tethyan rift system.[5] According to the designation scheme of Bally and Snelson, it is classified as 1211; a cratonic basin located on
earlier rifted grabens on a rigid lithosphere and not associated with formation of megasutures.[6] Clifford terms it as an interior fracture
basin near the tectonic plate margin, which characteristically has an axis at an angle to that margin.[7]
The area's structural weakness is exemplified by alternating periods of uplift and subsidence originating in the Late Precambrian,
commencing with the Pan-African orogeny that consolidated a number of proto-continental fragments into an early Gondwanaland.
Rifting commenced in the Early Cretaceous, peaked in the Late Cretaceous, and ended in the early Tertiary, resulting in the triple
junction within the basin. The Late Cretaceous rifting event is characterized by formation of a sequence of northwest-trending horsts
and grabens that step progressively downward to the east; the Sirte Trough represents the deepest portion of the basin. These horsts
and grabens extend from onshore areas northward into a complex offshore terrane that includes the Ionian Sea abyssal plain to the
northeast. This plain is underlain by oceanic crust that is being subducted to the north and east beneath the Hellenic arc. The Pelagian
province to the west, particularly the pull-apart basins of the Sabratah Basin and extending along the South Cyrenaica Fault Zone
(SCFZ) and the Cyrenaica Platform to the east, is strongly influenced by extensional dextral strike-slip faulting. To the south, the
Nubian Swell is the stable continental basement for this rifted basin.[8]

Trap style

In geology, "trap" refers to the stratigraphic or tectonic structural feature that ensures the juxtaposition of reservoir and seal such that
hydrocarbons remain trapped in the subsurface, rather than escaping (due to their natural buoyancy). Oil and gas trapped within the
porous rock unit migrate to a high point in the structure because of their low density. In the Sirte Basin the dominant trap style is
structural (84 percent), with the remainder considered stratigraphic or a combination of the two. As examples of combined traps,
bioherm developments in the Paleocene Zelten Group are found on horst blocks, and clastic stratigraphic traps such as at Sarir or
Messla field are superimposed on structures.[9]

Petroleum history

The first reported petroleum occurrence in the Sirte Basin was observed in a coastal water well drilled by Italian colonists during the
Italian-occupation. The Italian government embarked on geologic investigations of the area and produced a geologic map in 1934.
Shows of natural gas were observed in the late 1930s, but World War II interrupted exploration efforts. Competitive bidding for
concessions was subsequently permitted by two mineral laws passed in 1953 and 1955, and exploration by Esso, Mobil, Texas Gulf,
and others commenced with seismic, magnetic, and gravity data being collected. From 1956 to 1961 giant oil fields were discovered.
Libya started exporting oil in 1961 and by 1966 it was the 7th largest oil-producing nation in the world. During 1969, output from the
Sirte Basin had even exceeded production from Saudi Arabia (3 Mmbpd). Libya nationalized its oil industry in 1973, and some
American oil companies began withdrawing in 1982, following a 1981 US trade embargo. By 1986, the US government ordered
remaining US companies to cease activities in Libya. In 1992, the United Nations sanctioned Libya in response to the 1988 bombing
of Pan Am Flight 103. Additional sanctions applied by the US Sanctions Act of 1996 were relaxed in 1999. Since then, American and
other foreign oil companies have returned to resume their operations in Libya, led by AGIP (Italy), OMV(Austria), Veba (Germany),
Total (France), Nimir (Saudi Arabia), WOC (National Oil Corporation, Conoco, Marathon, Amerada Hess), and ETAP of Tunisia.[10]

 Petroleum occurrence
In 2007, the Energy Information Administration estimated that the Sirte Basin Province contains approximately 80% of Libya's total
proven oil reserves (41.5 billion barrels as of January 2007) and accounted for roughly 90% of the country's total oil output, which
was 1.80 million bpd in 2006.[11] Over twenty-three large oil fields and sixteen giant oil fields occur in the province. [12] Libya's onshore
oil has historically been discovered mainly within the confines of three major geological trends occurring in the Sirte Basin:
1. Western fairway
2. North-central Libya
3. Easterly trend

Basin petroleum data: selected fields

Field Geological Trend Annual Production Reserves Discovery Operator(s)

Samah field Western NA Gof NA WOC
Beida field Western NA Gof NA NOC
Dahra-Hofra field Western NA Gof NA WOC
Raguba field Western NA Gof 1961 SOC
Bahi field Western NA NA 1958 NOC
Waha field Northcentral 350,000 bbl/d (56,000 m3/d) Gof 1961 ConocoPhillips
Nasser field Northcentral NA 2.5 Bbbl 1956 SOC
Hateiba gas field Northcentral NA NA 1960 SOC
Sarir field Eastern NA 12.0 Bbbl 1961 Agoco
Messla field Eastern NA Gof 1984 Agoco
Gialo field Eastern NA Gof NA WOC
Bu Attifel field Eastern 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m3/d) Gof 1968 Agip
Intisar field Eastern NA Gof NA ZOC
Nafoora-Augila field Eastern 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) Gof 1965 Agoco
Amal field Eastern Gof 1959 PetroCanada
An-Naga field Western 24,000 bbl/d (3,800 m3/d)[13] 100 Bbbl 1998 Lundin[14]

Notes:
1. USGS 2002 (Bbbl = "billion barrels of oil"). 2. LOF = large oil fields (>100 million barrels of oil equivalent): GOF = giant oil
fields (>500 million barrels of oil equivalent).