Lab Report # 3

Chemical Equilibrium; Decomposition of Compounds

Lab group: ___A___

Date: 28/11/2018 Instructor: Maya Preshel

Grade: Remarks:

Name: ID:

Barak Henen 941170565

Jacob Frisch 336062773

Lab report #3 –winter 2018 2019 1 General Chemistry Lab 125013

 A. Demonstration: Equilibrium in an acid-base indicator

1. (1 pt.) What is the solution color following addition of the indicator methyl
orange?

The 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is a clear, colourless liquid and with the addition of methyl orange the
solution becomes a light pink colour as it is in an acidic environment.

2. a. (1 pt.) What is the solution color in the tube following addition of 1M NaOH?

After the addition of 2/3 drops of clear, colourless NaOH, the solution turned a yellow,
clear colour.

b. (1 pt.) How many drops of 1M NaOH were needed to cause the change in
color? Explain.

2 drops were needed to create a slight yellow colour, while 3 drops were used to fully
create the crisp yellow colour.

3. a. (1 pt.) What is the solution color in the tube following addition of 1M HCl?

After 6 drops of HCl the solution turned to a pink, clear solution.

4. a. (3 pt.) How can you explain the processes in the tube involving equilibrium?
Write relevant chemical reactions.
−
The chemical; equation for the experiment is: 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ⇄ 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂(𝐴𝑞) +
𝐻3 𝑂 +
(𝐴𝑞) . Methyl orange which is an orange solution acts as our acid-base indicator and
+
it changes colour based on the ph level (amount of H3O ions) in which it is situated.
When interacting with acids it acts as a base and has a yellow colour while when
interacting with bases it has a pink colour. Therefore when the solution is basic, when
we added NaOH, the solution become yellow as the methyl orange was in a solution that
lacked hydronium ions. While when adding HCl, an acid with excess hydronium ions, it
become pink.

b. (3 pt.) Not all the processes in the test tube are reversible. Write the relevant
chemical reaction.
Within the test tube there are 4 reactions occurring. 2 of the reactions are reversible and
2 of the reactions are irreversible. The 2 reactions that are irreversible are:
1. NaOh → Na+ + OH-
2. H2O + HCl → H3O+ + Cl-

B. Effect of changes in concentration and temperature on a system in

equilibrium

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 1. (2 pt.) What is the charge of a cobalt ion? Write the equation for the reaction that
takes place in tube 4.
A cobalt ion has the charge of 2+. In tube 4 AgNO3 is added and the following reaction
takes place:
AgNO3(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ AgCl3(s) + NO3i- .

2. (2 pt.) Is the following direct reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain.

Co(H2O)62+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇄ CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
The forward reaction is endothermic while the reverse reaction is exothermic. We can
see this as when we heat the solution in test tube 5 the solution turns blue favoring the
forward reaction. The opposite is true in test tube 6 when we cool the solution.

3. (3 pt.) Write the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction:

[𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙42− ] ∙ [𝐻2 𝑂]6
𝐾𝑐 =
[𝐶𝑜(𝐻2 𝑂)2+ − 6
6 ] ∙ [𝐶𝑙 ]

4. (3 pt.) Explain why the change in the concentration of water is not negligible in
this experiment.
The solution is done an isopropyl alcohol and as CoCl2*H2O is blue in an isopropyl acid
and therefore the concentration of H2O in the solution plays a vital role in the equilibrium
constant and the rate of each reaction.

5. Cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) and cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) are slightly soluble
salts water solution, with solubility products of 5.9 x 10-15 and 1.0 x 10-10,
respectively.
a. (4 pt.) Write relevant solvation reaction for each salt.

Cobalt hydroxide - 𝐶𝑜(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑜 2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) in an H2O solution.

Cobalt carbonate – 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑜 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞) in an H2O solution.

b. (4 pt.) Write the equilibrium constant expression for each salt in an

aqueous solution.

Cobalt hydroxide - 𝐾𝑐 = [𝐶𝑂2+ ] ∙ [𝑂𝐻 − ]2 - 𝐶𝑜(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑠) is a solid and therefore equals 1.
Cobalt carbonate - 𝐾𝑐 = [[𝐶𝑜 + ] ∙ [𝐶𝑂3− ] - 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) is a solid and therefore equals 1.

6. (23 pt.) Complete the following table:

Cause of change Solution color (after

Tube Explanation (12 pt.)
(5 pt.) change) (6 pt.)

Reference tube
1 Purple-Magenta Chemical equilibrium

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 Water is a product of the
forward reaction. Adding more
Distilled water
2 pink of it according to Le Chatelier’s
principle will the equilibrium
will favor the reverse reaction
𝐶𝑙 − is taken from the acid and
Blue (color change is a reactant of the forward
6M HCl
3 moves from the reaction which causes the
bottom to the top) equilibrium to favor the forward
reaction
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 ↔ 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑁𝑂3− the
silver from this reaction
attaches itself to the 𝐶𝑙 − a
reactant in the forward
reaction to form: 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝐶𝑙 − ↔
The solution turns 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙3 this reaction creates
pink with a white the white precipitate and in the
4
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 precipitate at the process consumes some of
bottom the 𝐶𝑙 − meaning that there is a
lack of reactants in our
equilibrium equation. In order
to compensate for the lack of
reactants the equilibrium
favors the reverse reaction.
We can derive from this that
the forward reaction is
Heat the solution endothermic. Heat is a
5 Deep blue
by placing it in “reactant” so to balance itself
boiling water out the equilibrium favors the
forward reaction.

Cool the solution by The reverse reaction is

placing it in ice- Translucent pink exothermic and the equilibrium
6 water shifts for similar reasons as
test tube 5

B. “Traffic light”

1. (8 pt.) Write the color of the solution at each step:

Step Action Color of solution Is the solution clear?

1 The indicator indigo carmine Deep Blue No

2 Addition of NaOH Light Green Yes

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 3 Addition of glucose Dark Green Yes

4 Waiting Red to Orange Yes

Yellow with a
5 After all the changes were made light circle of red Yes
at the top.
From red to
After shaking the Erlenmeyer for green to a dark
6 Yes
the first time red to orange to
yellow

After shaking the Erlenmeyer for Green to dark

7 Yes
the second time red

Orange to
8 After additional waiting Yes
yellow

2. (2 pt.) What is the solubility of oxygen in water?

According to https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/oxygen-solubility-water-d_841.html
the solubility of water at 25°C at 14.7 psi the solubility of oxygen in water is 8.3mg/l.

3. (3 pt.) Indigo carmine is both an acid-base and a redox indicator. Is the green
solution acidic, neutral or basic? Explain.
The indigo carmine which has the ph of about 11.4 and is therefore a weak base. Indigo
carmine has the natural colour of blue. When the NaOH (a strong base of ph of about
13) is added to the solution, the colour turns to green. When more NaOH is added the
solution turns yellow. This tells us that the green solution is a basic solution in
equilibrium between the indigo carmine and the NaOH.

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 4. (3 pt.) Write a hypothesis: Why isn’t the color change an immediate process?
The process is not immediate because it takes time for the compounds and atoms to
react with one another. As we are dealing with oxidation which causes one atom or
compound to “steal” electrons from another atom or compound, the process takes time
and is not instantaneous.

5. (2 pt.) Is it possible, after additional shaking, to notice any changes? Explain.

Yes the speed of the reaction will decrease as there is less air in the bottle due to the
oxidation process. Therefore after a few shakes the oxygen will be used up and the
colour change will take longer and eventually be non-existent.

C. Decomposition of a compound: Determining the formula of a

hydrated cobalt sulfate
1. (3 pt.) Write the observations from the experiment.
Before heating the 𝐶𝑜𝑆𝑂4 ∗ 𝑋𝐻2 𝑂 was a powdery rust-red colour. After 10 minutes of
heating and about 8 minutes of cooling the compound turned into a strong light purple
colour.

Once adding water to the light purple compound, the 𝐶𝑜𝑆𝑂4 ∗ 𝑋𝐻2 𝑂 released heat and
slowly returned to the rust- red colour.

2. (22 pt.) Determining the formula of a hydrated cobalt sulfate:

(1 pt.) Weight of clean crucible + lid 33.4660g

(1 pt.) Weight of crucible + lid with CoSO4 before heating 35.6471g

(1 pt.) Weight of CoSO4 only before heating: 2.1811g

(1 pt.) Weight of crucible + lid with CoSO4 after 1st 34.6777g

heating
of 10 min:
(1 pt.) Weight of CoSO4 after 1st heating of 10 min: 1.2117g

(1 pt.) Weight of CoSO4 after 2nd heating of 3 min: 1.2228g

(1 pt.) Weight of CoSO4 after 3rd heating, if necessary: 1.2098g

The compound was
If you heated the sample more than 2 times, explain why. heated twice as it was
cooled for too long
which allowed for the
absorption of water in

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 the air into the
compound.

(3 pt.) Weight of cobalt sulfate without water: 1.2098g

(1 pt.) Molecular weight of CoSO4: 154.994g/mol

(2 pt.) Moles of CoSO4 in sample: 7.8054x10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙

(3 pt.) Weight of H2O in sample: 0.9713g

(1 pt.) Molecular weight of H2O: 18.0148 g/mol

(2 pt.) Moles of H2O in sample: 53.9168 x10−3 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

(3 pt.) Mole ratio between CoSO4 and H2O: 1:6.9076

3. (2 pt.)

The experimental formula of the hydrated cobalt sulfate: 𝐶𝑜𝑆𝑂4 ∗ 6.9076𝐻2 𝑂

4. (4 pt.) If your result is similar to known values from literature, write two important
factors one should care for while conducting the experiment.
Otherwise, try to give at least two possible explanations for the error.
According to https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cobalt_sulfate_heptahydrate
the literature value of hydrated cobalt sulphate is CoSO4 * 7H2O. The value from the
experiment was 6.9076 compared to 7. This error can be explained by inaccurate weight
measurements as well as rounding off errors. Together these errors may cause the
moles of H2O to decrease. A further explanation may come from human error such as
impure samples in the crucible.

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