Unit-4 Mutiple Access WC

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Unit-4
Multiple Access Techniques
Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Prepared By: Sweetu D. Sureja
Information Technology Department
V.V.P. Engineering College, Rajkot.
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CONTENTS
• FDD
• TDD
• Bandwidth
• Use of multiple access technique

• Multiple access Protocol
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
• OFDM
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• CSMA
Terminology
• Duplexing – user share the radio spectrum (channel) to send data to base
station and at the same time receive data from the Base station.
• It apply talking and listening is simultaneously called duplexing.
Duplexing

FDD TDD
FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEXING TIME DIVISION DUPLEXING 3

Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• Two bands of frequency for every user.
• forward band allow traffic from BS to mobile.
• Revers band allow traffic from mobile to BS.

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Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• Duplexer is need from both

• The forward and reverse channel are separated with

frequency band.
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Time division duplexing (TDD)
• Multiple user share single

radio channel in time.

• Part of time use to transmit
from BS to mobile and
remaining time is used to
transmit mobile to BS. 6
Time division duplexing (TDD)
• User allowed to access channel in assigned time slots.
• Each channel has forward time slot and revers time slot.
• TDD duplexer is not required.

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Standard Terminology
Specification Broadband/wide band Narrowband
Spectrum efficiency (Long term distance cover ) Low Very high
Power consumption High Low
Coverage range Less Very long

Speed limit 9600bps 10,000 bps
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Multiple access Protocol
1. Random Access Protocol:
• In this protocol, all the station has the equal priority to send the data over a channel.
• In random access protocol, one or more stations cannot depend on another station.
• Depending on the channel's state (idle or busy), each station transmits the data frame.
• However, if more than one station sends the data over a channel, there may be a collision or

data conflict.
• Due to the collision, the data frame packets may be lost or changed. And hence, it does not
receive by the receiver end.
• Following are the different methods of random-access protocols for broadcasting frames on
the channel.
1. Aloha 11
2. CSMA
3. CSMA/CD
4. CSMA/CA
Random Access Protocol:
Aloha
• One of the first attempts to design the MAC Protocol.
• Its main idea is that the transmitter sending packets whenever it wants without
coordination between nodes.

• It doesn’t check receiver is available or not.
• It doesn’t check receiver is free or not.
• Any station can transmit data to a channel at any time.
Aloha has also divided into 2 parts :-

1) Pure Aloha
2) Slotted Aloha 12
1) Pure Aloha
• It is improve version of aloha.
• It send or receive the message when channel is available.
• When station sends a message it waits for an acknowledgement

• If ACK doesn’t come within time then the station waits for random amount of time
called back-off time and re-sends data.
• So, collision is decreases and traffic load is increased.
2) Slotted aloha
• It is improved version of pure aloha.
• It is similar to pure aloha except that we divide time into slots and that particular time 13
slot only you can send or received data.
2. Controlled Access Protocol
In controlled access, It allows only one node to send at a time, to

avoid the collision of messages on a shared medium.
The three controlled-access methods are:

• Reservation
• Polling
• Token Passing 14
Reservation
In the reservation method, a station needs to make a reservation before sending
data.

• Reservation interval of fixed time length
• If there are 5 stations, the reservation interval is divided into 5 slots, and each
station has one slot to transmit their data.
• The stations which have reserved their slots transfer their frames in that order.
• After data transmission period, next reservation interval begins.
• Since everyone agrees on who goes next, there will never be any collisions.
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• Polling
In this process one acts as a Primary station
And Other are secondary station .

The message send by the controller contains
the poll message.
All the node receive the message but only

One responds to it and send data.
If any have no send to data , usually

“poll rejected” (NAK) message is send. 16
• Token Passing
• In token passing scheme, the stations are connected
logically to each other in form of ring.
• A token is a special bit pattern or a small message,
which circulate from one station to the next in

some predefined order.
• When station send the data it put in token and
forward to next station.
• Next station accept the token and take the data.
This method 2 problems :-

1. Add new station.
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2. Delete a new station.
Multiple Access Techniques
• Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
• Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)

• Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)
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Multiple access system
• Bandwidth is more needed for a message to be transmitted hence, multiple
access methods are introduces.
• The ability of system to carry many signals at the same time is called as
“multiple access”.

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Main three methods :- FDMA,TDMA,CDMA
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

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Different channels are assign different frequency band

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• Individual users are allocated individual channels.
• Channel or frequency band is unique for each subscriber.

• The entire radio spectrum is divided into many frequency band or channel and each
channel is allocated to user.
• The channel allocation to be done on the demand of user request.
• When call is processed, no other user can share the same channel.
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• In FDMA/FDD system user assign a pair of frequency, One for forward

channel and other for reverse channel.
• Usually implemented in narrowband systems

• FDMA is a type of channelization protocol.
• Unused frequency bands (gap) are called as guard bands
• When FDMA channel not in use, it will be idle and not used by other user. 22
hence, It generated chance of resource waste.
• FDMA needs perfect RF(Radio frequency) to minimize the adjacent channel

interference.

• FDMA mobile unit uses duplexers as both transmitting and receiver operates
simultaneously.
• The cost of cell site is higher in comparison to TDMA. It result an increases the cost
of subscriber unit and BS.
• FDMA is a continuous transmission method.

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Nonlinear Effects in FDMA
• The base station is shared by many channels.
• Near saturation region for getting maximum power and it is NON LINEAR.
• Intermodulation is signals containing two or more different frequencies,

caused by nonlinearities.
• Non- linearity's cause spreading signal over the entire frequency and result in
intermodulation.
• Intermodulation generates signal that cause interference in actual signal

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• Adjacent channel can produced as a result of the interference.

Number of channel in a FDMA channel
• Single user occupies single channel while call is in progress.
• When handoff occurs a call Is completed, the channel is cleared another

mobile user use it.

• The number of channel (N) Unused frequency bands(gap) are called as guard
bands
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Example
• In an analogue cellular system, find the number of
channels when total spectrum allocation (Bt) is 10 MHz
per simplex band with guard band (Bguard) as 10 kHz
having channel bandwidth (Bc) as 30 kHz.

Given:
• Total spectrum allocation (Bt) = 10 MHz
• Guard band (Bguard) = 10 kHz
• Channel bandwidth (Bc) = 30 kHz
Note that 10^6 = 1 MHZ 26

10^3 = 1 KHZ
Example
• To find: Number of channels Formula:
• Number of channels = (Bt - 2 * Bguard) / Bc

• Calculation: Substituting the given values in the formula, we get
• Number of channels = (10 * 10^6 - 2 * 10*10^3) / 30 * 10^3
• Number of channels = 332.66 (333)

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FAMA
Types of FDMA
FDMA
DAMA

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Types of FDMA
• FAMA :-
Fixed assignment multiple access
Channel are assigned in predetermined manner So that random changes in capacity are not

allowed.
• DAMA :-
Demand assignment multiple access
Channel can be allocated according to the demand 29

MERITS OF FDMA
• All station can operate continuously all 24 hours without having to wait for
their turn to come
• No synchronization is necessary

• The complexity of system is low.
DEMERITS OF FDMA
• As a result of nonlinearities, intermodulation are generated.
• It carries only one phone circuit at a time.
• The bandwidth of FDMA channel is narrow. 30
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• It uses time instead of frequency.
• Different user shares the different time slots of the complete time available.

• Each user to allocated a time slot in which user can access the channel.
• In each slot only one user is allowed to transmit or receive.
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• TDMA system transmit data in Burst and Buffer method.
• Frame contains number of slot and preamble, information message and

trail bits.

• Half of time slots will be used for the forward link and remaining for
reverse link.
• It is assumed that there are “N” number of slots for “N” User can access
channel in their allowed time slot.
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• Duplexer is not required because of TDMA uses different time slot for
transmission and receiver.
• In TDMA the entire bandwidth can be used by every user but not

simultaneously.
• The main problem with TDMA in achieving synchronization between

different user.
• Each user needs to know the beginning of its slot and location of its slot.
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TDMA
• A single carrier frequency for several user
• low battery consumption
• handoff process much simpler

• No duplexer
• very high transmission rate
• high synchronization overhead
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TDMA

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Sync. Bits - When particular time slot transmission start up and when end it.
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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• While TDM and FDM assigns time slot and frequency, respectively CDMA assigns a
different code to each node.
• CDMA is a combination of FDMA and TDMA in which resources are allocated based

on frequency and time.
• CDMA user is given a unique code sequence.
• This code allows the user to spread the information signal across the assigned band .
• And receiver signal recovered by using the same code. 37

• CDMA system advantage by allowing several users to simultaneously utilize
the same frequency band defined by a unique code.
• These codes are selected in such a way that if the code is utilized for a second

time, the specific user code may identify.
• Main advantages of CDMA when compared to other is reduced level of

interference.
• CDMA has soft capacity limit. If the number of user increases the noise 38
increases and system performance decreases.
In CDMA, all the stations can

transmit data simultaneously.

In the figure, there are 4 stations
marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Data assigned with respective

stations as d1, d2, d3 and d4
the code assigned with respective

stations as c1, c2, c3 and c4. 39
Example show in book…..

Working of CDMA

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Working of CDMA

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Working of CDMA

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OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• It is multicarrier transmission technology.
• It transform high-speed serial transmission to low-speed parallel transmission.
• In mobile communication the selection of digital modulation is dependent on three

parameter :-

1) narrow bandwidth
2) efficient Power utilization
3) elimination of intermodulation products.
• In this multiplexing number of signals are combined and transmitted parallels over a
common channel.
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• In order to avoid interference the signal can be separated by frequency.
OFDM is robust in narrowband interference environment.
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45
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OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
• FDM allows multiple users to
share one link.
• Non overlapping sub –
channels.

• OFDM save the bandwidth.
• OFDM is no any guard band So, data

can easily transfer.
• In OFDM design is proper so ,no any

interference .
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• OFDM sub-channels are closely
spaced.
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49
50
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OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
OFDM variants :
• COFDM
• FLASH OFDM
• OFDMA

• VOFDM
• WOFDM
• COFDM :
COFDM stands for coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. It is the form
of OFDM where error correction coding into the signal.
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• Flash OFDM :
This variant was developed by Flarion. It is a fast hopped form of OFDM.
Multiple Access)
• OFDM variants :
• OFDMA :
OFDMA stands for orthogonal frequency division multiple access. It is used to provide multiple

access capability for applications such as cellular telecommunications,4G,5G.
• VOFDM :
VOFDM stands for vector OFDM. It uses the concept of MIMO technology. It is being
developed by CISCO systems.
• WOFDM :
WOFDM stands for wideband OFDM. This variant was particularly applicable to Wi-Fi 53
systems.
Multiple Access)
IFFT and FFT is algorithm QPSK – Quadrature phase shifting keying.
IFFT – inverse fast Fourier transform. QAM – Quadrature amplitude modulation.
FFT – fast Fourier transform

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CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
• This method was developed to decrease the chances of collisions
when two or more stations start sending their signals over the data
link layer.

• Carrier Sense multiple access requires that each station first check
the state of the medium before sending.
• CSMA protocol are based on the principle that each terminal on the
network is able to monitor the status of the channel before
transmitting information. 55
• If the channel is ideal then the user is allowed to transmit a

packet based on a specific algorithm that is same for all
transmitter on the network.

• In CSMA protocol two important parameters
1) Detection delay
2) Propagation delay
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• Detection delay is a function of the receiver hardware. It is the time requires for terminal to
sense whether it is ideal or not
• Propagation delay is a measure of time taken for a packet to travel from a base station to a
mobile terminal.
• Types of CSMA

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1) 1- Persistent
• In this schema the station which wants to transmit continuously monitors the
channel until is idle an then transmit immediately.

• The disadvantage of this strategy is that if two station are waiting then they will
transmit simultaneously and collision will take place.
• It will require retransmission.
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2) Non-Persistent
• In this schema, if a station wants to transmit a frame and it checks the carrier it finds
channel is busy, then it will wait for random amount of time.
• After this time, it again checks status of channel and if channel is free it will transmit.

3) P-Persistent
• Possibility of collisions and retransmission is reduced in P-persistent CSMA
• In this schema all the waiting station are not allowed to transmit simultaneously when
channel is in ideal.
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• For example, 6 stations are waiting then one station will transmit and other will wait.
• Methods of CSMA :-
1) CSMA/CD
2) CSMA/CA
CSMA/CD

• The Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection protocol is used to
detect a collision in the media access control (MAC) layer.
• Once the collision was detected, the CSMA CD immediately stopped the
transmission by sending the signal so that the sender does not waste all the time to
send the data packet.
• In that case, the CSMA CD immediately sends a jam signal to stop transmission
and waits for a random time context before transmitting another data packet. 60
• If the channel is found free, it immediately sends the data and returns it.
CSMA/CA
• CSMA stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance.
• It means that it is a network protocol that uses to avoid a collision and it does not
deal with the recovery of packets after a collision.

• It is similar to the CSMA CD protocol that operates in the media access control
layer.
• In CSMA CA, whenever a station sends a data frame to a channel, it checks
whether it is in use.
• If the shared channel is busy, the station waits until the channel enters idle mode.
• Hence, we can say that it reduces the chances of collisions and makes better use of
the medium to send data packets more efficiently. 61

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Thank you

63

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEXING TIME DIVISION DUPLEXING 3

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Duplexer is need from both

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Multiple user share single

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Aloha has also divided into 2 parts :-

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

In controlled access, It allows only one node to send at a time, to

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

The three controlled-access methods are:

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

All the node receive the message but only

If any have no send to data , usually

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

This method 2 problems :-

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Different channels are assign different frequency band

• Channel or frequency band is unique for each subscriber.

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• The channel allocation to be done on the demand of user request.

• In FDMA/FDD system user assign a pair of frequency, One for forward

• Usually implemented in narrowband systems

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Unused frequency bands (gap) are called as guard bands

• FDMA needs perfect RF(Radio frequency) to minimize the adjacent channel

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• FDMA is a continuous transmission method.

• Intermodulation is signals containing two or more different frequencies,

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Intermodulation generates signal that cause interference in actual signal

• Adjacent channel can produced as a result of the interference.

• When handoff occurs a call Is completed, the channel is cleared another

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Note that 10^6 = 1 MHZ 26

• Number of channels = (Bt - 2 * Bguard) / Bc

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Number of channels = (10 * 10^6 - 2 * 10*10^3) / 30 * 10^3

• Number of channels = 332.66 (333)

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Fixed assignment multiple access

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Demand assignment multiple access

Channel can be allocated according to the demand 29

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• It uses time instead of frequency.

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• In each slot only one user is allowed to transmit or receive.

• Frame contains number of slot and preamble, information message and

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

Compiled By: SWEETU D SUREJA

• Number of channels = (10 * 10^6 - 2 * 1010^3) / 30 10^3