Unit 3 - Basics of Legislation in WM

Fundamentals of Waste
Technology
Unit III - Legislation
http://www.regionalbestpractices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/waste11.jpg
23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 1

Agenda
1 Legislation (Agreements and Directives)
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

Agenda
1.1 International Legislation - Global Agreements
1.2 Directives of the European Union
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

Agenda
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

International legislation for different
environmental aspects – an overview
UNEP, 2006

Binding of international agreements
Treasury Board Canada Secretariat

Global agreements –
hazardous waste – „Basel Convention“
Basel Convention (1989):
• is a global agreement addressing the problems and challenges posed by
hazardous waste;
• its objectives are to:
• minimize the generation of hazardous waste, according to quantity and level of
hazardousness;
• dispose hazardous wastes as close to the source of generation as possible; and
• reduce the movement of hazardous waste and
• specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed
countries (LDCs)
A central goal of the convention is environmentally sound management (EMS)

→ which means addressing the issue through an "integrated life-cycle approach".
More Information → http://www.basel.int/

hazardous waste – „Basel Convention“
Basel Convention (1989):

• Overview of countries that
have ratified the Basel
Convention
• Number of Parties: 189
Party
Non-Party
http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Defa
ult.aspx#enote1

hazardous waste – „Bamako Convention“
Bamako Convention (1991) “Bamako Convention on the
ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous
Wastes within Africa”:
• is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any
hazardous (including radioactive) waste;
• it was negotiated by 12 nations of the Organization of
African Unity it was adopted in Bamako (Mali), on 1991
Signed only
came into force in 1998;
ratified
• it aims to prohibit the importing of any hazardous wastes
(including radioactive) and products that have been
banned, cancelled, or withdrawn from registration for
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Conven
environmental or health reasons. tion#/media/File:Bamako_Convention.svg

radioactive waste
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of
Radioactive Waste Management (1997):
• was the first legal instrument to directly address spent fuel and radioactive waste
management on a global scale
• Convention entered into force in 2001
• objectives of this Convention are to:
• achieve and maintain safety worldwide in spent fuel and radioactive waste management
through the enhancement of national measures and co-operation;
• ensure that there are effective defenses against potential hazards during all stages of
spent fuel and radioactive waste management; and
• prevent accidents with radiological consequences and to mitigate their consequences,
should they occur.
More Information → http://www-ns.iaea.org/conventions/waste-jointconvention.asp

included waste – „Stockholm Convention“
Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPS):

• is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from POPs,
which circulate globally and can cause damage wherever they travel;
• it was signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004;
• 180 parties (180 states and the EU) (status 2016)
• the Convention:
• sets up a system for tackling chemicals that are identified as unacceptably
hazardous,
• seeks to ensure that special efforts are made to phase out certain chemicals for
certain uses,
• points the way to a future free of dangerous POPs, and
• tries to reshape our economy's reliance on toxic chemicals.
More Information → http://chm.pops.int/default.aspx

including non-hazardous or solid waste –
agreements of the OECD*
The OECD has instituted binding agreements, as the Decision of the Council
concerning the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes Destined
for Recovery Operations:
• it regulates the transboundary movements of waste destined for recovery
operations;
• since March 1992, transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery
operations between member countries of the OECD have been supervised
and controlled under a specific intra-OECD Control System.
• this Control System aims at facilitating trade of recyclables in an
environmentally sound and economically efficient manner by using a simplified
procedure as well as a risk-based approach to assess the necessary level of
control for materials.
More Information →
*Organisation for Economic Co-operation and http://www.oecd.org/env/waste/theoecd
Development (OECD) controlsystemforwasterecovery.htm

on waste and ocean – „London Convention“
London Convention (1972) on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of

Wastes and Other Matter:
• is a global agreement that was drawn at the Intergovernmental Conference on
the Dumping of Wastes at Sea in London in 1972.
• The objective of the convention is to prevent pollution of the sea, by the
dumping of waste and other matter, which is likely to:
• create hazards to human health,
• harm living resources and marine life,
• damage amenities, or
• interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.
More Information →
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environ
ment/LCLP/Pages/default.aspx

Agenda
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

Environmental Action Plans of the EU
• The EU takes an important role in environmental protection

• No prohibitions of environmental-damaging practices in the EU
• Stimulating the protection of the environment by creating new
business opportunities with the aim to protect environment and
minimize the environmental pollution
• With the implementation of the „Environmental action plans“ the EU
follows her aims
• Principles of the „Environmental action plans“:
▪ Precautionary principle
▪ Polluter pays
What is the meaning of „precautionary principle“ and „polluter pays“?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/abfallwirtschaft-e/best-practice-mwm/pdf

The EU’s waste management policy (I)
• EU waste policy has

evolved over the last
30 years through a
series of
environmental action
plans and a
framework of
legislation

The EU’s waste management policy (II)
• The EU’s Sixth Environment Action Programme (2002-2012) identified

waste prevention and management as one of four top priorities.
• Its primary objective is to ensure that economic growth does not
lead to more and more waste.
• This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste.
• The 2005 Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling
resulted in the revision of the WFD → the cornerstone of EU waste
policy.
• The revision brings a modernised approach to waste management,
marking a shift away from thinking about waste as an unwanted burden
to seeing it as a valued resource.

EU waste legislation
Source: https://www.etui.org/content/download/14045/115391/file/Hesamag_09_EN-26-31.pdf

Waste Framework Directive (WFD) –
Content (I)
• The EU umbrella regulation is the Waste Framework Directive

(WFD), which provides definitions of key concepts such as waste,
end-of-waste status, re-use and recycling.
• It was adopted in 2008 and transposed into the national legislation
of each EU country
• its main objectives are:
• to move the EU closer to a 'recycling society‘
• avoid waste generation, use waste as a resource, reduce the adverse
environmental and health impacts of waste and
• move Europe’s energy and resource efficiency towards the creation of
a 'circular economy‘. Waste Framework Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098&from=EN

Excursus: Recycling Society
EU want to move forwards a European recycling society:

1. more growth with less waste
2. Increase the amount of waste for reuse, recovery and recycling
3. reduce the waste going to landfill
4. Decrease the number of hazardous substances
→ reach a high level of resource efficiency
http://interactive.wttw.com/sites/default/files/styles/
tenbuildings_hero/public/tenbuildings/TF200ss.jpg

Question:
What do you understand under
„circular economy“?
In practice, a circular economy implies reducing waste to a minimum as
well as re-using, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials
and products. → turn 'waste' into a valuable resource
?
https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAM0A
AAAJGQwMWMwOTQzLTAwOWMtNDcxZi1iZDQ2LTQ2N
WJlOGYyODM0YQ.jpg

!
Excursus: Circular Economy
In practice, a circular economy implies reducing waste to a minimum as

well as re-using, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials
and products. → turn 'waste' into a valuable resource
Benefits:
• Reduce pressures on the environment
• Enhance security of supply of raw materials
• Increase competitiveness, innovation, and growth and jobs
Challenges:
• Among finance, key economic enablers, skills, consumer behaviour and
business models, and multi-level governance
Content (II)
The WFD takes into account the precautionary principle laid down in
the Treaty on EU and is based on three main principles:
1. Prevention: this refers to two aspects: prevention of waste and

prevention of the harmful effects of waste.
2. Polluter-pays principle: the original waste producer must pay for the
costs of waste management.
3. Extended producer responsibility: this may include an onus on
manufacturers to accept and dispose of products returned after use.
This aims to strengthen the re-use and the prevention, recycling and
other recovery of waste.
Waste Framework Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

Content (III)
• Competent national authorities must establish waste management plans

and waste prevention programmes.
• Special conditions apply to hazardous waste, waste oils and bio-waste.
• It introduces recycling and recovery targets to be achieved by 2020 for
household waste (50 %) and construction and demolition waste (70 %).
• The legislation does not cover certain types of waste such as
radioactive elements, decommissioned explosives, faecal matter, waste
waters and animal carcasses.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum:ev0010

Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
and Waste Hierarchy
• The WFD introduces a five-step waste hierarchy where

prevention is the best option and with disposal such as
landfill as the last resort.
• EU waste legislation aims to move waste management
up the waste hierarchy.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/WASTE%20BROCHURE.pdf Waste Framework Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-


Waste hierarchy (I)
Product
Waste
(Non-
Product)
https://www.plasticstoday.com/sites/default/files/images/WRAP_Locog.jpg

Waste hierarchy (II)
The waste hierarchy is not a hard-and-fast rule!

▪ the generated waste has to be treated, that is the rule of the waste hierarchy
▪ The treatment method of the waste is not defined in this concept
▪ i.e. The same type of waste can be treated by different methods
▪ e.g. organic waste can be handled in a composting plant or in a fermentation
plant.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/WASTE%20BROCHURE.pdf

A life-cycle approach (I)
• The new WFD has introduced the

concept of life-cycle thinking into
waste policies.
• This approach gives a broader view
of all environmental aspects and
ensures any action has an overall
benefit compared to other options.
• Products and services have
environmental impacts, from the
extraction of raw materials for their
production to their manufacture,
distribution, use and disposal.

A life-cycle approach (II)
• These include energy and resource

use, soil, air and water pollution and
the emission of greenhouse gases.
• Life-cycle thinking involves looking at
all stages of a product’s life to find
out where improvements can be
made to reduce environmental
impacts and use of resources.
• A key goal is to avoid actions that
shift negative impacts from one
stage to another.

End-of-waste criteria
• End-of-waste criteria specify when certain waste ceases to be waste

and obtains a status of a product (or a secondary raw material).
• According to the WFD specified waste shall cease to be waste when it
has undergone a recovery (including recycling) operation and complies
with specific criteria:
• the substance or object is commonly used for specific purposes;
• there is an existing market or demand for the substance or object;
• the use is lawful (substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for
the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards
applicable to products);
• the use will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health
impacts.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/end_of_waste.htm

Landfill Directive (1999)
• bans landfilling of untreated waste and sets targets

• defines the different categories of waste (municipal waste, hazardous
waste, non-hazardous waste and inert waste)
Landfills are divided into 3 classes:
• landfills for hazardous waste;
• landfills for non-hazardous waste;
• landfills for inert waste.
wastes that may not be accepted in a landfill:
• liquid and flammable waste;
https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/mt/2016/03
• explosive or oxidizing waste; /RTX5YUZ/lead_960.jpg?1459372556
• hospital and other clinical waste which is infectious;

• used tyres, with certain exceptions Landfill Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01999L0031-20111213&from=EN

Packaging Waste Directive (1994)
• sets targets for recovery and recycling of

packaging waste
• requires the encouragement of the use of
recycled packaging materials in the
manufacturing of packaging and other products
• requires packaging to comply with 'essential
requirements' which include the minimization of
packaging volume and weight, and the design
http://www.packagingdigest.com/sites/default/files/styles/featured
of packaging to permit its reuse or recovery _image_750x422/public/Material%20identification%20for%20was
te%20recovery%2072%20dpi.jpg?itok=FX-4O3Ls
• requires the implementation of measures to

prevent packaging waste, which may include
measures to encourage the re-use of packaging
Packaging Waste Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01994L0062-20150526&from=EN

WEEE Directive (2012)
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

(WEEE Directive)
• It set collection, recycling and recovery targets for all
types of electrical goods, with a minimum rate of 4 kg per
head of population per year recovered for recycling by
2009
https://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Waste_Electrical_and_
Electronic_Equipment_Dir
ective#/media/File:WEEE
_symbol_vectors.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_E
lectrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_
WEEE Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
Directive#/media/File:Waste_electric
al_c.png
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2012:197:FULL&from=EN

EU waste legislation
Note
Source: https://www.etui.org/content/download/14045/115391/file/Hesamag_09_EN-26-31.pdf

Agenda
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

Question:
Which types of waste do you know?
?
!
Types of waste
• There are
different
approaches to
categorize
waste types
http://www.grid.unep.ch/waste/downloa
d/waste0607.PDF

Types of waste
http://www.grid.unep.ch/waste/download/waste0607.PDF

Differentiation of waste
municipal solid waste biodegradable

hazardous waste
waste
http://www.ilgiornale.it/sites/default/files/foto/2015/05/22/1432 http://www.flensburg-online.de/blog/wp- http://www.hamburg.de/recycling/4801708/bioabfall/

284840-1432284840-rifiuti-pomezia.jpg content/uploads/2009/06/abfall-im-gillersheimerwald.jpg
‘municipal solid waste’: ‘biodegradable waste’

waste from households, as means any waste that is
well as other waste which, capable of undergoing
because of its nature or anaerobic or aerobic
composition, is similar to decomposition, such as
waste from household; food and garden waste,
and paper and paperboard
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01999L0031-20111213&from=EN

liquid waste
inert waste
http://www.baustoffrecycling-
bayern.de/system/files/bilder/Bauschutt_gemischt.jpg http://www.graphic.com.gh/images/joomlart/article/764
e2e26029816a1fd5edbbcf77faea8.jpg
‘inert waste’: means waste that does not undergo ‘liquid waste’ means any
any significant physical, chemical or biological waste in liquid form including
transformations. Inert waste will not dissolve, burn or waste waters but excluding
otherwise physically or chemically react, biodegrade sludge;
or adversely affect other matter with which it comes
into contact in a way likely to give rise to
environmental pollution or harm human health. […]
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01999L0031-20111213&from=EN

H1 Explosive
The waste will be hazardous if:
H2 Oxidising
H3 Flammable
1. it contains a dangerous
H4 Irritant
substance(s) with a
hazardous waste H5 Harmful
concentration at or above the
H6 Toxic
appropriate threshold; and/or
H7 Carcinogenic 2. a test shows a hazardous
http://www.flensburg-online.de/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2009/06/abfall-im-gillersheimerwald.jpg H8 Corrosive property.
H9 Infectious
‘hazardous waste’:
H10 Teratogenic
means any waste which
is covered by Article 1(4) H11 Mutagenic
of Council Directive H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic
91/689/EEC of 12 gases in contact with water, air or an acid.
December 1991 on H13 Substances and preparations capable by any means, after
hazardous waste disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which
possesses any characteristics listed above.
H14 Ecotoxic
https://www.hazwasteonline.com/marketing/media/Regulations/wm2_what_is_hazardous_waste.pdf

European „List of Waste“ (LoW)
• The LoW serves as a common encoding of waste

characteristics for purposes like:
• transport of waste
• installation permits
• decisions about recyclability of the waste
• as a basis for waste statistics
Example for a code:
• It contains 839 waste codes
02 01 10 waste metal
• The codes determines both:
• the assessment needed to identify the correct code
• whether a waste is hazardous or non-hazardous
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/427077/LIT_10121.pdf
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2000D0532:20020101:EN:PDF

European „List of Waste“ (LoW) –
Structure (I)
• The LoW is divided into 20 chapters.

• Some chapters are based on the type of industrial process or business
activity, e.g.:
• Chapter 04: Wastes from the Leather, Fur and Textile Industries
• or on the type of waste, e.g.:
• Chapter 13: Oil Wastes and Wastes of Liquid Fuels (except edible oils, and those in
chapters 05, 12 and 19)

Structure (II)
You find the whole list on: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2000D0532:20020101:EN:PDF

Code-structure
02 wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, food
preparation and processing
02 01 wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting and fishing
02 01 07 wastes from forestry
02 01 08* agrochemical waste containing hazardous substances
waste marked with an asterisk (*) in the list of wastes

individual entry
shall be considered as hazardous waste
sub-chapter
chapter

Question: waste assignment
Construction waste
business activity
Wood chips from furniture industry
industrial process
Are the wastes based on

?
!
the:
oil wastes and wastes of
liquid fuels a) type of industrial
process/ business
type of waste
activity, OR
packaging waste
b) type of waste?
type of waste

chapters based on industrial process or
business activity (chapters 1-12 und 17-20)
agriculture, horticulture, construction and waste from wood processing,

forestry, hunting etc. demolition waste furniture, pulp and paper, etc.
waste from the photografic wastes from human or animal formulation, supply and use
industry care and/or research of coatings, adhesives,
sealants, inks etc.
http://pixabay.com/de/photos

chapters based on the type of waste
(chapters 13-15)
waste organic solvents

oil wastes and wastes of Waste packaging,
refrigerants and
liquid fuels aborbents, wiping cloths,
propellants
filter materilas, etc.
http://www.deridderproducts.com/de/schutzklei
https://amp-versand.com/fluessige- http://www.b-z- dung?product_id=1630, https://www.euromed-
Brennstoffe s.de/bilder/TreibgasPfand11kg.png gmbh.de/caro-wipes-wischtucher.html

Wastes not otherwise specified in the list
(chapter 16)
Batteries and laboratory

waste explosives
accumulators chemicals
(rocketry, munitions)
http://pixabay.com/de/photos/?q= http://pixabay.com/de/batterien-energie- https://pixabay.com/de/flaschen-

munition&image_type=&cat=&order=best wiederaufladbare-364217/ erlenmeyerkolben-chemie-606611/

Agenda
2 Types of Waste
3 Waste Statistics

Question: What can waste statistics say
about a country?
Assign the partial country A country B

diagrams to the
respective country
?
categories!
1) low-income
2) lower middle-income
country C country D
!
3) upper middle-income
4) high-income
World Bank (2012): What a waste. A global review of solid waste management. No. 15

Waste statistics –
global waste generation
Solid waste generation in:
Sub-Saharian Africa (AFR)

• 62 million tonnes per year
• 0.09-3 kg per person per day
• Islands have the highest per
capita rates, due to waste
generated by tourism
OECD countries
• 572 million tonnes per year Africa (AFR)
East Asia & Pacific (EAP)
Eastern & Central Asia (ECA)
• 1.1-3.7 kg per person per day Latin America & the Caribbean (LAC)
Middle East & North Africa (MENA)
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
World Bank (2012): What a waste. A global review of solid waste management. No. 15 South Asia (SAR)

Waste generation Projections for 2025
by Region
• MSW generation levels are expected to double by 2025.

• The higher the income level and rate of urbanization, the greater the amount of
solid waste produced.
• OECD countries produce almost half of the world’s waste, while Africa and South
Asia regions produce the least waste.

Waste Composition by Region
AFR OECD

Recommended literature
• UNEP (w. y.): What is Waste : a multitude of approaches and definitions.

http://www.grid.unep.ch/waste/download/waste0607.PDF (last accessed: 23.06.2017)
• World Bank (2012): What a waste. A global review of solid waste management. No. 15
• European Parliament (2016): Circular economy package Four legislative proposals on
waste. Briefing EU Legislation in Progress, January 2016.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-573936-Circular-economy-package-
FINAL.pdf (last accessed: 23.06.2017)

Contact
Dr. Jan Kannengießer

Technical University Darmstadt
Institute IWAR
Department Material Flow Management and Resource Economy
E-Mail: j.kannengiesser@iwar.tu-darmstadt.de
Web: www.iwar.tu-darmstadt.de/sur

Thank you for your attention!
Source: A. Campitelli

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Fundamentals of Waste

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 1

1 Legislation (Agreements and Directives)

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 2

1 Legislation (Agreements and Directives)

1.1 International Legislation - Global Agreements

1.2 Directives of the European Union

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 3

1 Legislation (Agreements and Directives)

1.1 International Legislation - Global Agreements

1.2 Directives of the European Union

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 4

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 5

Treasury Board Canada Secretariat

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 6

A central goal of the convention is environmentally sound management (EMS)

More Information → http://www.basel.int/

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 7

Basel Convention (1989):

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 8

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 9

More Information → http://www-ns.iaea.org/conventions/waste-jointconvention.asp

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 10

Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPS):

More Information → http://chm.pops.int/default.aspx

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 11

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 12

London Convention (1972) on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 13

1 Legislation (Agreements and Directives)

1.1 International Legislation - Global Agreements

1.2 Directives of the European Union

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 14

• The EU takes an important role in environmental protection

What is the meaning of „precautionary principle“ and „polluter pays“?

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 15

• EU waste policy has

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 16

• The EU’s Sixth Environment Action Programme (2002-2012) identified

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 17

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 18

• The EU umbrella regulation is the Waste Framework Directive

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 19

EU want to move forwards a European recycling society:

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 20

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 21

In practice, a circular economy implies reducing waste to a minimum as

1. Prevention: this refers to two aspects: prevention of waste and

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 23

• Competent national authorities must establish waste management plans

23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 24

• The WFD introduces a five-step waste hierarchy where

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/WASTE%20BROCHURE.pdf Waste Framework Directive: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

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23.06.2022 | Institut IWAR | Stoffstrommanagement und Ressourcenwirtschaft | Dr. Jan Kannengießer | 26

The waste hierarchy is not a hard-and-fast rule!

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• The new WFD has introduced the