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4. Material culture consists of
a. objects created in a given culture.
b. ideas and beliefs of a group of people.
c. laws, customs, and ideas.
d. ideas about what is right and wrong.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 28
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.01 - Define culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
5. What is the relationship between other animals and humans, according to scientists?
a. Human biology determines mostof our behavior.
b. The natural environment is the biggest determinant of human behavior.
c. Other animals lack the elaborate symbol-based forms of knowing and communication that are
common in human societies.
d. Other animals and humans are identical with regard to behavior.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 29
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
6. The discussion of birthday traditions demonstrates that

a. some forms of celebration are universal.
b. even seemingly "normal" practices have cultural roots.
c. American birthday traditions represent cultural lag.
d. U.S. culture dominates globally, even in birthday practices.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 2

7. Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples culture.
of a. high
b. material
c. nonmaterial
d. nontraditional
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 29
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
8. Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

a. Media
b. Art
c. Ideas
d. Cars
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 29
OTHER: Modified
9. How do sociologists view the value of culture for the individual?

a. A person must learn culture in order to know how to behave in their society.
b. Having culture gives a person higher status than other people.
c. The more culture one has, the more income one will earn.
d. None of these; culture is not of particular importance for humans.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 28
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup

10. Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture is
a. shared.
b. genetic.
c. questioned by those who take part in it.
d. the same everywhere at all times.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 28
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
11. Which of the following is true about culture in the U.S.?

a. Groups have different traditions but share a culture.
b. Groups have different traditions and do not share a culture.
c. Groups have independent culture experiences.
d. Groups have independent cultural traditions and do not learn a similar culture.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 28
OTHER: Pickup
12. In their day-today lives, most people

a. have to consciously think about their cultural practices.
b. take the expectations of their culture for granted.
c. spend a lot of time questioning why they engage in certain behaviors.
d. ignore their own cultural traditions.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 29
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.02 - Recall the elements of culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup

13. A(n) _____ is something that stands for something else, or anything to which people give
meaning. a. symbol
b. culture
c. identity
d. society
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 29
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.01 - Define
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
14. Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols?

a. They depend on the culture in which they appear.
b. They have no influence on human behavior.
c. They are inherent in the symbol itself.
d. They are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 32
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
15. People stand during the national anthem and are emotionally moved by the display of a cross or the Star of
David because
a. these symbols are innately
significant.
b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols.
c. crosses and stars are instinctually moving to people.
d. people innately know how to behave when facing these symbols.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 32
culture.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified

16. Which of the following is true about cultural change?
a. Culture changes only after extreme situations
change.
b. While culture changes from place to place, in each place it stays virtually the same.
c. Culture changes as people adapt in different time periods and in to different environments.
d. Culture changes overtime but not across places.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 34
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED
17. Which of the following is an element of culture?

a. Language
b. Norms
c. Mores
d. All of the above
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 31
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.02 - Recall the elements of
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
18. As an element of culture, language is important because

a. it enables a person to become a part of society.
b. it permits the formation of culture
c. it enables us to learn social skills.
d. All of these choices are true.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 31
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified

19. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
a. reality is the result of social inequality.
b. language provides the category through which social reality is defined.
c. there is no relationship between language and culture.
d. language reflects social differences and therefore material culture.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 35
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
20. Today, almost all sociologists would agree that

a. language determines what people think.
b. culture determines language.
c. language and culture are inextricably linked and each shapes the other.
d. there is no relationship between language and culture.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 35
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
21. How does language influence patterns of social inequality?

a. Language has little effect on patterns of race or gender inequality.
b. Language may reproduce inequalities through stereotypes and assumptions that may be built into
what people say.
c. Studies have proven that what someone is called really doesn’t matter, since identity is developed
internally by the individual.
d. While language affects patterns of race and gender, there is no indication that it influences patterns of class
inequality.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 35
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

22. What is the relationship between language and social inequality?
a. Language may reproduce the inequalities that exist in society.
b. The language that people use may alter social stereotypes to some extent.
c. The power relations in a situation provide a context for the meanings of particular expressions.
d. All of these choices are true.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 35
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
23. The specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation are called
_____. a. norms
b. directives
c. belief-based actualizations
d. culture-constructs
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 36
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
24. Why are norms such an important element of culture?

a. Without norms society would be chaotic.
b. People cannot survive without norms.
c. Norms are the way that people communicate with each other.
d. Norms are the basis for the formal education system.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 36
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup

25. Mechanisms of social control that enforce rules against killing are examples of:
a. norms.
b. folkways.
c. sanctions.
d. mores.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 37
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
26. Two classic cultural concepts associated with the work of William Graham Sumner are
_____. a. explicit and implicit norms
b. folkways and mores
c. dominant culture and subcultures
d. culture traits and culture concepts
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 36
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
27. Folkways are

a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures.
b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.
c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions.
d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 36
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

28. Mores are
a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures.
b. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.
c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions.
d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 36
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
29.
Those behaviors that bring the most serious sanctions are called
_____. a. folkways
b. mores
c. taboos
d. laws
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 37
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
30. As a means of social control, to enforce norms, sanctions

a. are always negative.
b. are always positive.
c. may be mild or severe.
d. are not very effective.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

31. According to researchers on culture and language:
a. terms like “handicapped” do not stigmatize
people. b. culture and language are unrelated.
c. terms for race are accurate depictions of human history.
d. language affects people's perception of reality.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 34
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
32. The strength or seriousness of social sanctions is

a. harsh, regardless of how strictly the norm is held.
b. generally lighter for violations of folkways than violations of mores.
c. unrelated to the type of norm that is violated.
d. not something that sociologists consider in the study of norm violations.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
33. The theoretical approach that is based on the idea that one can discover the normal social order through
disrupting it is referred to as _____.
a. dramaturgy
b. ethnomethodology
c. exchange theory
d. impression management
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified

34. People generally follow norms for behavior because
they a. only fear serious punishment for violations.
b. have thought about all their actions and act in the way they find most
efficient. c. are physically forced to do so.
d. have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
35. Through ethnomethodological research sociologists have learned all of the following, except
a. most of the time, specific sanctions are not necessary to achieve conformity.
b. society exists because people behave as if there is no other way to do so.
c. when norms are violated, their existence becomes apparent.
d. social norms are less important among children than adults.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
36. Shared ideas that help bind people in society together are called _____.
a. folkways
b. beliefs
c. mores
d. sanctions
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 37
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

37. Which of the following statements is false with regard to beliefs?
a. Shared beliefs hold people in a group or society together.
b. Beliefs are the basis for many norms and values in a society.
c. Beliefs must be true in order for them to guide human behavior.
d. Beliefs may be so strongly held that it is difficult to consider any contradictory information.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 37
culture.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: MODIFIED
38. The abstract standards that define the ideal principles of a society are called _____.
a. beliefs
b. values
c. myths
d. mores
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 37
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
39. Which of the following statements about values is true?

a. Values define what is considered desirable and morally correct.
b. Values are not guides for behavior because they are too abstract.
c. Societal values are actually realized or achieved most of the time.
d. Values most often create conflict.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 37
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

40. Which of the following statements about values is true?
a. Values are really too abstract to provide any guidelines for behavior.
b. Values are never the source of cultural tensions.
c. Values may cause conflict in society.
d. Values create ideals that cannot ever be
achieved.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 38
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
41. Freedom, democracy, and equal opportunity are examples of:

a. sanctions.
b. functions.
c. values.
d. mores.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 38
culture.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
42. Consumption for the sake of displaying one’s wealth is called _____.
a. conspicuous consumption
b. conspicuous austerity
c. economic posturing
d. financial reciprocity
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 39
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

43. America's dominant culture is characterized by which of the following?
a. Diversity
b. Middle-class values
c. Later arriving immigrants
d. Asians and Latin Americans
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 41
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.03 - Explain the significance of cultural diversity.
OTHER: Pickup
44. Which of these is true regarding cultural diversity in society?

a. It is rare for a society to be diverse.
b. Diversity is very characteristic of American society.
c. Many very technologically simple societies actually have the most cultural diversity.
d. As societies become more complex, the more the culture will be internally uniform and consistent across
all groups.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 36
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
45. Whereas earlier immigrants to the U.S. were predominantly from Europe, today most new immigrants come to
the U.S. from _____.
a. Southern and Eastern Europe
b. Asia and Latin America
c. the Middle East and Africa
d. South America and the Caribbean
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 39
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

46. In every society, the dominant culture is
a. the only culture in society.
b. the culture of the most powerful group.
c. strongly influenced by minority subcultures.
d. always the culture of the majority of people.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 40
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.03 - Explain the significance of cultural
diversity.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
47. The dominant culture in any society

a. is the only true culture in the society.
b. is commonly believed to be "the" culture of a society.
c. does not necessarily correspond to the groups with the most power.
d. is the least recognized.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 40
diversity.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
48. Puerto Ricans in New York and the Amish are examples of _____.
a. subcultures
b. minority cultures
c. majority groups
d. countercultures
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 42
diversity.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

49. The cultures of groups whose values and norms differ to some extent from those of the dominant culture are
called _____.
a. countercultures
b. subcultures
c. popular cultures
d. postmodern cultures
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 41
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
50. Members of a subculture

a. are never well-integrated into the dominant culture.
b. tend to share the same practices, values and beliefs as the members of the dominant culture.
c. exist within and share some elements of the dominant culture.
d. are indistinguishable from members of the dominant culture.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 41
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
51. The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that

a. countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not.
b. subcultures are created as a reaction to the dominant culture and countercultures are
not. c. countercultures retreat from the dominant culture and subcultures do not.
d. subcultures always lead to the development of countercultures.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 41
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED

52. Members of a counterculture
a. share many elements of the dominant culture and exist within it.
b. conform to most of the standards of the dominant culture.
c. reject the dominant cultural values of a society.
d. seek to redefine the dominant culture.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 42
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
53. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?

a. White supremacist
b. Feminist
c. Irish Americans
d. Anglo Americans
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 42
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
54. An ethnocentric person is characterized by which of the following?

a. An ethnocentric person is always extreme.
b. An ethnocentric person protects their identity from
others. c. An ethnocentric person is not normal.
d. None of the answer choices are correct.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 42
OTHER: Modified

55. The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one’s own group is called .
a. ethnocentrism
b. xenocentrism
c. cultural relativism
d. multiculturalism
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
56. Which of the following statements is false regarding ethnocentrism?

a. Ethnocentrism may be a strong force for group solidarity.
b. Only Americans are ethnocentric.
c. Ethnocentrism discourages intergroup understanding.
d. One’s own culture is taken for granted so it may be difficult to understand other people’s culture.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
57. Ethnocentrism
a. can be subtle or extreme.
b. can only be practiced by dominant groups.
c. encourages intergroup understanding.
d. is another word for cultural relativism.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

58. Extreme ethnocentrism
a. is rare.
b. may result in violence, including terrorism, war, and genocide.
c. is found primarily in less developed countries.
d. has not been studied by sociologists.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
59. Cultural relativism is the idea that

a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relation to the cultural context in which it
appears. b. things should be viewed from one’s own point of view.
c. culture is diffused throughout the world.
d. cultures are created in reaction to social change.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
60. From the perspective of cultural relativism, in order to understand a particular cultural practice we must know
a. how much harm it does.
b. whether or not it is practiced by the majority of people in a society.
c. the cultural values that it is based on.
d. how it compares to the practices of our own culture.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 30
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

61. The diffusion of a single culture throughout the world is termed:
a. cultural commerce.
b. cultural relativism.
c. global culture.
d. infusion.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 42
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
62. The emergence of a global culture has resulted in

a. a more heterogeneous world culture.
b. a greater appreciation for the diverse folk cultures throughout the world.
c. an increase in the influence of capitalism.
d. a significant decrease in ethnocentrism throughout the world.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 42
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
63. Some argue that many of the recent conflicts in the world are the result of a struggle between the values of a
consumer-based, capitalist Western culture and the
a. influence of socialist cultures.
b. values of a merchant-based Eastern culture.
c. traditional values of local communities.
d. global environmental movement.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 41
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

64. The widespread dissemination of information and entertainment through widely available channels of
communication is media.
called a. mass
b. cyber
c. cultured
d. elite
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 43
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.04 - Relate the influence of the mass media and popular
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
65. Television is so ever-present in people’s lives that today about _____ of U.S. households are "constant
television households" in which the television is on almost all the time.
a. 2 percent
b. 12 percent
c. 24 percent
d. 42 percent
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 43
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
66. Which of the following media sources dominates most Americans’ leisure time?
a. Newspaper
b. Books
c. Music
d. Television
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 43
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

67. What were the results of the media blackout experiment that your text author, Anderson, did with her students?
a. Students were able to live without their cell phones, but not without television.
b. Students reported feeling alienated, isolated, and detached.
c. Students noted that they could not study at all if they did not have background music.
d. Most students found the experiment much easier than they had expected.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 43
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
68. The concept of cultural hegemony implies that culture is highly

a. politicized.
b. gendered.
c. racist.
d. religious.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES:
46
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
69. The growth of media conglomerates means that fewer organizations are involved in producing and distributing
culture. Which of the following is not a consequence of this growth?
a. There may be less diversity in content of the media.
b. People may conform to the interests of the dominant groups without realizing they are doing so.
c. Cultural messages in the media become more homogeneous.
d. Over time, there inevitably will be a single corporation controlling all media
sources.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

70. Sociologists refer to the concentration of cultural power as cultural .
a. borrowing
b. relativism
c. hegemony
d. pervasiveness
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
71. Cultural hegemony refers to

a. the pervasive influence of just one culture.
b. the social agreement that the powerful should control the media.
c. the belief that mass media’s influence is larger than desirable.
d. multiple cultures merging to create a new mass media.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
72. Cultural hegemony is the term for

a. the commercialization of the media.
b. the excessive influence of one culture in society.
c. the resistance of localized cultures to the dominant culture.
d. phenomena such as the struggle between "McWorld vs. Jihad."
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

73. Mass media influences
a. values alone.
b. styles, but not values.
c. language, but not styles.
d. values, styles, and language.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
74. Beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions, such as music and films, mass-marketed
books and magazines, newspapers, and Internet websites are known collectively as _____ culture.
a. popular
b. high
c. elite
d. institutional
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 46
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: New
75. Content analyses of media show that there are patterns for how race, gender and social class are presented. For
example, research on the content of television reveals that
a. during prime time the majority of television characters are women.
b. Hispanics have caught up with whites and are now equally well-represented on television.
c. more women are shown in professional roles, and beauty has become much less important.
d. racial and gender stereotypes continue to dominate on television.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 47
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP

76. Recent research on the content of television programs has found that
a. the popular media has been influential in expanding the boundaries of what is considered female beauty in
our society.
b. the working class are now depicted as intelligent and involved members of society.
c. there has been a recent increase in the portrayal of gays and lesbians.
d. images of racism have increased despite the decline of racism within the larger society.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 47
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
77. Sociological research on the impact of media images has found that
a. most people are unable to distinguish between fantasy on television and real life.
b. music videos are the only type of media that does not have a negative impact.
c. White girls in particular believe they are judged according to media standards of beauty.
d. media has little overall influence of individual lives.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 47
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
78. The reflection hypothesis contends that

a. media organizations create popular values.
b. the mass media reflects the values of the general population.
c. nonmaterial culture shapes material culture.
d. the media tries to appeal to the rich and powerful.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 49
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.05 - Compare and contrast theoretical explanations of culture
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

79. Which of the following is true about prime time media?
a. Women are often the large majority of characters.
b. Women are presented as professionals late in their
careers. c. Black women are accurately depicted.
d. Men are a large majority of the characters shown.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 47
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
80. The digital divide refers to:

a. inequality based on access to electronic information.
b. differences in technology.
c. differences in perception of media.
d. None of the answer choices are correct.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 46
OTHER: Pickup
81. Classical theorists of sociology were primarily interested in the relationship of culture to
a. standards of beauty.
b. nonmaterial culture such as values and beliefs.
c. other social institutions.
d. the material artifacts that were produced.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

82. According to Max Weber,
a. the capitalist economy is the most beneficial to a culture.
b. culture is a source of power.
c. culture influences other institutions.
d. nonmaterial and material culture are equally important.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
83. The classic analysis of the Protestant work ethic and the emergence of capitalism was conducted by .
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Pierre Bourdieu
c. Max Weber
d. Robert Putnam
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
84. theorists are most likely to emphasize that cultural norms and beliefs integrate people into groups and
create social bonds.
a. Functionalist
b. Conflict
c. Symbolic interactionist
d. New cultural studies
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

85. According to functionalists, culture
a. is unpredictable and changing.
b. creates group meanings.
c. serves the interests of powerful groups.
d. integrates people into groups.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
86. Conflict theorists see contemporary culture as

a. produced within institutions that are based on inequality and capitalist
principles. b. functional for society.
c. the product of social interactions in everyday
life. d. the product of the Protestant ethic.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: New
87. Classical sociologists placed most emphasis on .

a. material culture
b. nonmaterial culture
c. real culture
d. cultural constructions
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
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88. Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction
d. New cultural studies
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP
89. Conflict theorists view culture in which of the following ways?

a. A form of integration
b. Controlled by economic monopolies
c. Multiple interests
d. A form of stability around other areas of conflict
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
90. Which of the following statements is false regarding culture from a conflict perspective?
a. Cultural conflict may be driven by intense group hatred.
b. Culture is dominated by economic interests.
c. Culture promotes solidarity within society.
d. Culture is produced within institutions that perpetuate inequality.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

91. Cultural resources that are socially designated as worthy and that give advantages to groups that possess them
are called cultural .
a. "zeitgeist"
b. capital
c. margins
d. frames
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
92. What is the significance of the concept of cultural capital for sociologists?
a. It helps explain how one group may maintain its dominant social status.
b. It refers to the urban centers in which cultural change is most likely to occur.
c. The concept is central to resistance movements and counter cultures.
d. None of these; cultural capital is not a sociological concept.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 50
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
93. The theoretical perspective that examines how culture creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings is
.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction
d. new cultural studies
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

94. According to symbolic interactionists, culture
a. serves the interests of powerful groups.
b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning.
c. provides coherence and stability to society.
d. is unpredictable and constantly changing.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
95. Symbolic interactionists emphasize the

a. economic basis of behavior.
b. role of culture in creating social solidarity.
c. manifest and latent functions of culture.
d. social construction of culture.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
96. According to the text, the interdisciplinary field known as cultural studies builds on the insights of .
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction
d. feminist theory
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup

97. is an interdisciplinary field that builds on symbolic interactionism and is often critical of classical
sociological approaches.
a. Cultural studies
b. Conflict analysis
c. Communication studies
d. Critical sociology
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
98. The orientation that sees society as comprised of the images and words that people use to represent behavior
and ideas is called .
a. new cultural studies
b. postmodernism
c. critical sociology
d. new age theory
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 52
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
99. Which of the following is true of postmodernism?

a. It places a strong emphasis on the economic basis of behavior.
b. To postmodern theorists, culture is a series of images that may be interpreted in a number of
ways. c. Postmodernism places a strong emphasis on the unifying features of culture.
d. Traditions are the most important aspects of culture.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 52
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

100. According to the new cultural studies perspective, culture
a. is ephemeral and constantly
changing. b. prevents deviance from
occurring.
c. provides stability in society.
d. does not include popular or widely understood artifacts.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 52
and the media.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
101. New scholars within cultural studies are emphasizing

a. nonmaterial over material culture.
b. material over nonmaterial culture.
c. cultural capital over civic engagement.
d. civic engagement over cultural capital.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 52
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
102. The idea of cultural capital was developed by:

a. Durkheim.
b. Weber.
c. Marx.
d. Bourdieu.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 51
and the media.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup

103. When one aspect of culture changes more slowly than other aspects, sociologists call this
cultural a. leveling.
b. obstructions.
c. lag.
d. construction.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 53
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.02.06 - Discuss the components of cultural change.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
104. Culture shock refers to the

a. experience of realizing that you are aging and culture is changing.
b. introduction of new technologies to older members of society.
c. feeling of disorientation one feels when placed in a new or rapidly changing cultural environment.
d. sticker shock of constantly increasing prices.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
105. Which of the following statements about culture shock is false?

a. Culture shock may result from being in a different culture.
b. Culture shock can only be experienced in a foreign country.
c. Rapidly changing cultural conditions may produce culture shock.
d. Some of the people displaced by Hurricane Katrina have experienced culture shock.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

106. The transmission of cultural elements from one society to another is called cultural .
a. hegemony
b. diffusion
c. lag
d. shock
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
107. The invention of subways and trains illustrates which cause of cultural change?
a. Change in the societal condition
b. Cultural diffusion
c. Innovation
d. The imposition of cultural change by an outside agency
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
108. Which of the following statements about cultural change is false?

a. Cultures change in response to changed conditions in the society.
b. Cultures change through cultural diffusion.
c. Cultures change as the result of innovation.
d. Cultural change cannot be consciously created.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

109. Manipulating culture or imposing one’s culture on another group is
a. not possible given the characteristics of culture.
b. a form of dominance and social control.
c. possible but has never been attempted.
d. common within Eastern cultures more than Western cultures.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 53
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
110. Movements like the "Black is Pride" movement of the 1970s demonstrate
that a. culture is static.
b. culture may be used as a means of political resistance.
c. the control exercised by the dominant culture is complete.
d. nonmaterial culture is more important than material culture.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 54
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
111. Culture includes ways of thinking as well as patterns of behavior.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 28
OTHER: PICKUP
112. Nonmaterial culture and material culture are both important to understanding society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 28
OTHER: Modified

113. People frequently question the practices of their own culture.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 31
OTHER: Pickup
114. The symbolic aspects of culture are less real and important than the actual reality of life.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 32
OTHER: PICKUP
115. Those who do not share the language of a group can still participate fully in its culture.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: PICKUP
116. Language is constantly evolving in response to social change.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 34
OTHER: Pickup
117. Sapir and Whorf believed that language determines social thought and therefore affects other aspects of culture.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 31
OTHER: PICKUP

118. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, social reality is defined through
language. a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 31
OTHER: Modified
119. Language reflects the value placed on different groups in society.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 32
OTHER: PICKUP
120. Violations of mores carry heavier sanctions than violations of folkways.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: Pickup
121. Norms govern every situation.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: PICKUP
122. Sanctions are always based on punishment.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: PICKUP

123. Sanctions are always necessary in order to control people’s behavior.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 35
OTHER: MODIFIED
124. Values guide individuals’ behavior but have no role in shaping society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: PICKUP
125. It is rare for a society to be culturally uniform.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 36
OTHER: PICKUP
126. The more complex the society, the more likely its culture will be internally diverse.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 36
OTHER: PICKUP
127. The dominant culture is often the standard against which other cultures are judged.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 36
OTHER: PICKUP

128. The Amish and Puerto Ricans are both examples of subcultures.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 37
OTHER: PICKUP
129. White supremacists are an example of a counterculture.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 38
OTHER: PICKUP
130. Americans and western Europeans are the only groups that express ethnocentrism.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 42
OTHER: PICKUP
131. Global culture refers to the many and diverse folk cultures that are common throughout the world.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 43
OTHER: PICKUP
132. Popular culture such as television and the Internet have a great deal of power to shape public perceptions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 44
culture.
OTHER: PICKUP

133. Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn are examples of social media.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 44
culture.
OTHER: PICKUP
134. The digital divide reflects equality.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 45
culture.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
135. Conflict theorists argue that the media are most likely to produce programs and products that support the values
and interests of the most powerful groups in society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 49
culture.
OTHER: PICKUP
136. Culture shock can affect a person within their own society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 52
and the media.
OTHER: PICKUP
137. Define what is meant by material and nonmaterial culture; give two examples of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 26–27
OTHER: PICKUP
138. Identify the five characteristics of culture.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 27–30
OTHER: PICKUP
139. Compare and contrast folkways and mores. Provide an example of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 33
OTHER: PICKUP
140. Explain why sanctions are usually not necessary in order to enforce cultural norms.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 35
OTHER: PICKUP
141. Define cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Explain how they differ.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 39
OTHER: Pickup
142. Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 39
OTHER: Pickup
143. Explain the difference between subcultures and countercultures; give one example of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 37–38
OTHER: PICKUP
144. Define cultural hegemony. Provide examples.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 42
culture.
OTHER: PICKUP
145. Define cultural capital; give two examples.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 46
and the media.
OTHER: PICKUP
146. Discuss the impact of the mass media on racial perception in the U.S.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 43
culture.
OTHER: NEW
147. How does culture change? Describe three ways.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 49–50
OTHER: PICKUP
148. Explain the five characteristics of culture presented in the text.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 27-29
OTHER: Modified
149. List and discuss the four elements of culture presented in the text. Provide examples of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 31–36
OTHER: Pickup
150. Explain how language reinforces patterns of inequality in society. Provide an example.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 31–32
OTHER: Pickup
151. Discuss the role of cultural values in creating social stability and as the source of social conflict; give examples.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 35–36

OTHER: PICKUP

152. Explain Robert Putnam's view of culture in his book Bowling Alone.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 45
and the media.
OTHER: Pickup
153. Define and give examples of global culture.

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 40
OTHER: Pickup
154. Define and give examples of culture lag.

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 48
OTHER: Pickup
155. Discuss and give examples of cultural hegemony.

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 42
culture.
OTHER: Pickup
156. Identify and explain the four sources of cultural change discussed in your text. Provide an example of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 49–51
OTHER: PICKUP

Another random document with
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assessment in all cases being the knight’s fee, in its secondary
sense of a parcel of land worth twenty pounds a year. Whatever the
laity might think of this arrangement, the indignation of the clergy
was bitter and deep. The wrong inflicted on them by the scutage of
1156 was as nothing compared with this, which set at naught all
ancient precedents of ecclesiastical immunity, and actually wrung
from the Church lands even more than from the lay fiefs.[1467] Their
wrath however was not directed solely or even chiefly against the
king. A large share of the blame was laid at the chancellor’s door; for
the scheme had his active support, if it was not actually of his
contriving. Its effects on English constitutional developement were
for later generations to trace; the men of the time saw, or thought
they saw, its disastrous consequences in the after-lives of its
originators. In the hour of Thomas’s agony Gilbert Foliot raked up as
one of the heaviest charges against him the story of the “sword
which his hand had plunged into the bosom of his mother the
Church, when he spoiled her of so many thousand marks for the
army of Toulouse”;[1468] and his own best and wisest friend, John of
Salisbury, who had excused the scutage of 1156, sorrowfully avowed
his belief that the scutage of 1159 was the beginning of all Henry’s
misdoings against the Church, and that the chancellor’s share in it
was the fatal sin which the primate had to expiate so bitterly.[1469]
[1466] “Secundum ejus scutagium assisum pro eodem exercitu

Walliæ” [this writer assigns a like object to the scutage of 1156,
but in both cases he is contradicted by chronology and
contemporary evidence] “reperies in rotulo anni quinti regis
ejusdem inferius. Fuitque assisum ad duas marcas pro quolibet
feodo, non solum super prælatos, verum tam super ipsos quam
super milites suos, secundum numerum feodorum, qui tenuerunt
de rege in capite; necnon et super residuos milites singulorum
comitatuum in communi.” [Cf. Rob. Torigni as quoted above, p.
459, note 2.] “Intitulaturque illud scutagium, De Dono. Eâ
quidem, ut credo, ratione, quod non solum prælati qui tenentur
ad servicia militaria sed etiam alii, abbates utpote de Bello et de
Salopesbirie et alii, tunc temporis dederunt auxilium.” Alex.
Swereford (Liber Ruber Scacc.) quoted in Madox, Hist.
Exchequer, vol. i. p. 626. Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 167, calls
it a scutage: “Scotagium sive scuagium de Angliâ accepit.” The
references to it are in almost every page of the Pipe Roll 5 Hen.
II. (Pipe Roll Soc.); the most important are collected by Madox,
Hist. Exch., vol. i. pp. 626, 627. There are also a few notices in
the next year; Pipe Roll 6 Hen. II. (Pipe Roll Soc.), pp. 3, 6, 24,
29, 30, 32, 51. There are a few entries of “scutage” by that name
—from the abbot of Westminster (Pipe Roll 5 Hen. II., pp. 6, 24,
27; 6 Hen. II., pp. 11, 24, 28), the bishop of Worcester (5 Hen. II.,
p. 24), William of Cardiff (ibid.), the abbot of Evesham (ib. p. 25),
and the earl of Warwick (ib. p. 26). Some of these pay “donum”
as well. In reference to this matter some of the Northumbrian
tenants-in-chivalry are designated by a title which is somewhat
startling in the middle of the twelfth century: the sheriff of
Northumberland renders an account “de dono militum et
tainorum” (Pipe Roll 5 Hen. II., p. 14). What was the distinction
between them?
The sum charged on the knight’s fee in Normandy was sixty

shillings Angevin;[1470] in England it seems to have been two marks.
[1471] The proceeds, with those of a similar tax levied upon Henry’s
other dominions,[1472] amounted to some hundred and eighty

thousand pounds,[1473] with which he hired an immense force of
mercenaries.[1474] But his host did not consist of these alone. The
great barons of Normandy and England, no less than those of Anjou,
Aquitaine and Gascony, were eager to display their prowess under
the leadership of such a mighty king. The muster at Poitiers was a
brilliant gathering of Henry’s court, headed by the chancellor with a
picked band of seven hundred knights of his own personal following,
[1475] and by the first vassal of the English Crown, King Malcolm of
Scotland,[1476] who came, it seems, to win the spurs which his

cousin had refused to grant him twelve months ago, when they met
at Carlisle just before Henry left England in June 1158.[1477] The
other vassal state was represented by an unnamed Welsh prince;
[1478] and the host was further reinforced by several important allies.
One of these was Raymond Trencavel, viscount of Béziers and
Carcassonne, a baron whom the count of Toulouse had despoiled,
and who gladly seized the opportunity of vengeance.[1479] Another
was William of Montpellier.[1480] The most valuable of all was the
count of Barcelona, a potentate who ranked on an equality with
kings.[1481] His county of Barcelona was simply the province which
in Karolingian times had been known as the Spanish March—a strip
of land with the Pyrenees for its backbone, which lay between
Toulouse, Aragon, Gascony and the Mediterranean sea. It was a fief
of the West-Frankish realm; but the facilities which every marchland
in some degree possesses for attaching itself to whichever
neighbour it may prefer, and so holding the balance between them
as to keep itself virtually independent of them all, were specially
great in the case of the Spanish March, whose rulers, as masters of
the eastern passes of the Pyrenees, held the keys of both Gaul and
Spain. During the last half-century they had, like the lords of another
marchland, enormously strengthened their position by three politic
marriages. Dulcia of Gévaudan, the wife of Raymond-Berengar III. of
Barcelona, was heiress not only to her father’s county of Gévaudan,
but also, through her mother, to the southern half of Provence,
whose northern half fell to the share of Raymond of St.-Gilles. Her
dower-lands were settled upon her younger son. He, in his turn,
married an heiress, Beatrice of Melgueil, whose county lay between
Gévaudan and the sea; and the dominions of the house of St.-Gilles
were thus completely cut in twain, and their eastern half surrounded
on two sides, by the territories of his son, the present count of
Provence, Gévaudan and Melgueil.[1482] The elder son of Dulcia,
having succeeded his father as Count Raymond-Berengar IV. of
Barcelona, was chosen by the nobles of Aragon to wed their youthful
queen Petronilla, the only child of King Ramirez the Monk. He had
thus all the power of Aragon at his command, although, clinging with
a generous pride to the old title which had come down to him from
his fathers, he refused to share his wife’s crown, declaring that the
count of Barcelona had no equal in his own degree, and that he
would rather be first among counts than last among kings.[1483] A
man with such a spirit, added to such territorial advantages, was an
ally to be eagerly sought after and carefully secured. Henry therefore
invited him to a meeting at Blaye in Gascony, and secured his co-
operation against Toulouse on the understanding that the infant
daughter of Raymond and Petronilla should in due time be married
to Henry’s son Richard, and that the duchy of Aquitaine should then
be ceded to the young couple.[1484]
[1467] Joh. Salisb. Ep. cxlv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 223; Robertson,

Becket, vol. v. Ep. cxciv., p. 378).
[1468] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxciv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 269; Robertson,

Becket, vol. v. Ep. ccxxv., p. 525).
[1469] Joh. Salisb. Ep. cxlv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 223, 224).
[1470] See above, p. 459, note 2{1465}.
[1471] So says Alex. Swereford. See above, p. 460 note{1466}.
[1472] “De aliis vero terris sibi subjectis inauditam similiter

censûs fecit exactionem.” Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 167. Cf.
above, p. 459, note 2{1465}.
[1473] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 167. He makes this to be

the proceeds of the scutage in England alone, but see Bishop
Stubbs’s explanation, Constit. Hist., vol. i. p. 457, note 4, and his
remarks in the preface to Gesta Hen. Reg. (“Benedict of
Peterborough”), vol. ii. pp. xciv–xcvi.
[1474] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1475] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 33.
[1476] Gerv. Cant. as above. Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1477] Chron. Mailros, a. 1158.
[1478] “Quidam rex Gualiæ.” Gerv. Cant. as above.
[1479] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 10 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 125). He

miscalls him William Trencavel.
[1480] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1481] “Vir magnus et potens, nec infra reges consistens.” Will.

Newb. as above (p. 123).
[1482] On these marriages, etc., see Vic and Vaissète, Hist. du
Languedoc, vol. iii.
[1483] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 10 (Howlett, vol. i. pp. 123–125).

Raymond’s speech, and the whole story of Raymond, Ramirez
and Petronilla, as given in this chapter, form a charming
romance, whose main facts are fully borne out by the more
prosaic version of Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1484] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
A last attempt to avert the coming struggle was made early in

June; the two kings met near the Norman border, but again without
any result.[1485] Immediately after midsummer, therefore, Henry and
his host set out from Poitiers and marched down to Périgueux.
There, in “the Bishop’s Meadow,” Henry knighted his Scottish cousin,
and Malcolm in his turn bestowed the same honour upon thirty noble
youths of his suite.[1486] The expedition then advanced straight into
the enemy’s country. The first place taken was Cahors; its dependent
territory was speedily overrun;[1487] and while in the south Raymond
Trencavel was winning back the castles of which the other Raymond
had despoiled him, Henry led his main force towards the city of
Toulouse itself.[1488] Count and people saw the net closing round
them; they had seen it drawing near for months past, and one and all
—bishop, nobles and citizens—had been writing passionate appeals
to the king of France, imploring him, if not for the love of his sister, at
least for the honour of his crown, to come and save one of its fairest
jewels from the greedy grasp of the Angevin.[1489] Louis wavered till
it was all but too late; he was evidently, and naturally, most unwilling
to quarrel with the king of England. He began to move southward,
but apparently without any definite aim; and it was not till after
another fruitless conference with Henry in the beginning of July[1490]
that he at last, for very shame, answered his brother-in-law’s appeal
by throwing himself into Toulouse almost alone, as if to encourage its
defenders by his presence, but without giving them any substantial
aid.[1491] Perhaps he foresaw the result. Henry, on the point of laying
siege to the city, paused when he heard that his overlord was within
it. Dread of Louis’s military capacity he could have none; personal
reverence for him he could have just as little. But he reverenced in a
fellow-king the dignity of kingship; he reverenced in his own overlord
the right to that feudal obedience which he exacted from his own
vassals. He took counsel with his barons; they agreed with him that
the siege should be postponed till Louis was out of the city—a
decision which was equivalent to giving it up altogether.[1492] The
soldiers grumbled loudly, and the chancellor loudest of all. Thomas
had now completely “put off the deacon,” and flung himself with all
his might into the pursuit of arms. His knights were the flower of the
host, foremost in every fight, the bravest of the brave; and the life
and soul of all their valour was the chancellor himself.[1493] The
prospect of retreat filled him with dismay. He protested that Louis
had forfeited his claim to Henry’s obedience by breaking his compact
with him and joining his enemies, and he entreated his master to
seize the opportunity of capturing Toulouse, city, count, king and all,
before reinforcements could arrive.[1494] Henry however turned a
deaf ear to his impetuous friend. Accompanied by the king of Scots
and all his host, he retreated towards his own dominions just as a
body of French troops were entering Toulouse.[1495]
[1485] Contin. Becc. a. 1159 (Delisle, Rob. Torigni, vol. ii. p.

172).
[1486] Geoff. Vigeois, l. i. c. 58 (Labbe, Nova Biblioth., vol. ii. p.

310). The Chron. Mailros, a. 1159, says Malcolm was knighted at
Tours on the way back from Toulouse; Geoff. Vigeois implies that
it was on the way out.

Rob. Torigni, a. 1159. Cf. Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 10 (Howlett, vol. i. p.
126), who however has got the sequence of events wrong.
[1488] Will. Newb. as above.
[1489] Letters of Peter archbishop of Narbonne:—Hermengard

viscountess of Narbonne:—“commune consilium urbis Tolosæ et
suburbii”— Epp. xxxiii., xxxiv., ccccxiv., Duchesne, Hist. Franc.
Scriptt., vol. iv. pp. 574, 575, 713. The archbishop curiously
describes the threatening invader as “Dux Normanniæ.” The
citizens make a pitiful appeal; the viscountess makes a spirited
one, and wishes the king “Karoli regis magnanimitatem.”
[1490] Contin. Becc. a. 1159 (Delisle, Rob. Torigni, vol. ii. pp.
173, 174).
[1491] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 33. Will.

Newb., l. ii. c. 10 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 125).
[1492] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 33,

Geoff. Vigeois, l. i. c. 58 (Labbe, Nova Biblioth., vol. ii. p. 310),
Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 10 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 125), the Draco Norm., l.
i. c. 12, vv. 437–464 (ib. vol. ii. pp. 608, 609), and R. Diceto
(Stubbs), vol. i. p. 303, attribute the retreat to Henry’s reverence
for his overlord; Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 167, seems to
look upon it as a measure of necessity; but considering that
Louis had brought almost nothing but himself to Raymond’s aid,
one does not see what necessity there could be in the case. The
Draco alone mentions Henry’s consultation with the barons—
unless there is some allusion to it in the words of Will. Fitz-
Steph., who describes Henry as “vanâ superstitione et reverentiâ
tentus consilio aliorum.”
[1493] The English archdeacon’s unclerical doings in this war

were however quite eclipsed by those of the archbishop of
Bordeaux. See a letter from the citizens of Toulouse to King
Louis; Ep. ccccxxv., Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Scriptt., vol. iv. p.
718.
[1495] Ibid.
He had, however, conquered the greater part of the county,[1496]

and had no intention of abandoning his conquests; but the task of
protecting them against Raymond and Louis together, without the
support of Henry’s own presence, was a responsibility which all his
great barons declined. Two faithful ministers accepted the duty:
Thomas the chancellor and Henry of Essex the constable.[1497]
Thomas fixed his head-quarters at Cahors;[1498] thence, with the
constable’s aid, he undertook to hold the country by means of his
own personal followers,[1499] backed by Raymond of Barcelona,
Trencavel, and William of Montpellier.[1500] He ruled with a high
hand, putting down by proscription and even with the sword every
attempt at a rising against Henry’s authority storming towns and
burning manors without mercy in his master’s service;[1501] in helm
and hauberk he rode forth at the head of his troops to the capture of
three castles which had hitherto been considered impregnable.[1502]
Henry’s “superstition” (as it was called by a follower of Thomas)[1503]
about bearing arms against his overlord applied only to a personal
encounter in circumstances of special delicacy; he had no scruples
in making war upon Louis indirectly, as he had done more than once
before, and was now doing not only through Thomas but also at the
opposite end of France. The English and Scottish kings had retired
from Toulouse to Limoges, where they arrived about Michaelmas.
[1504] Meanwhile Count Theobald of Blois, now an ally of Henry, was
despatched by him “to disquiet the realm of France”—that is,
doubtless, to make a diversion which should draw off the attention of
the French from Toulouse and leave a clear field to the operations of
Thomas. The French king’s brothers, Henry, bishop of Beauvais, and
Robert, count of Dreux, retaliated by attacking the Norman frontier
with fire and sword.[1505] Thomas, having chased away the enemies
across the Garonne and secured the obedience of the conquered
territory, hurried northward to join his sovereign, whom he apparently
followed into Normandy. There he undertook the defence of the
frontier. Besides his seven hundred picked knights, he maintained at
his own cost for the space of forty days twelve hundred paid
horsemen and four thousand foot in his master’s service against the
king of France on the marches between Gisors, Trie and Courcelles;
he not only headed his troops in person, but also met in single
combat a valiant French knight of Trie, Engelram by name; and the
layman went down before the lance of the warlike archdeacon, who
carried off his opponent’s destrier as the trophy of his victory.[1506]
The king himself marched into the Beauvaisis, stormed Gerberoi,
and harried the surrounding country till he gained a valuable
assistant in Count Simon of Montfort, who surrendered to him all his
French possessions, including the castles of Montfort, Rochefort and
Epernon. As these places lay directly in the way from Paris to
Etampes and Orléans, Louis found himself completely cut off from
the southern part of his domain, and was compelled to ask for a
truce. It was made in December, to last till the octave of Pentecost.
[1507] Henry’s wife had now joined him; they kept Christmas together
at Falaise,[1508] and Henry used the interval of tranquillity to make

some reforms in the Norman judicature.[1509] When the truce expired
the two kings made a treaty of peace,[1510] negotiated as usual by
the indefatigable chancellor;[1511] the betrothal of little Henry and
Margaret was confirmed, and the Vexin was settled upon the infant
couple. As for the Aquitanian quarrel, Louis formally restored to
Henry all the rights and holdings of the count of Poitou, except
Toulouse itself; Henry and Raymond making a truce for a year,
during which both were to keep their present possessions, and
complete freedom of action was left to their respective allies.[1512]

Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1498] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1499] Will. Fitz-Steph. as above.
[1500] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1501] E. Grim (Robertson, Becket, vol. ii.), p. 365. Herb. Bosh.

(ib. vol. iii.), pp. 175, 176.
[1502] Will. Fitz-Steph. (ibid.), p. 34.
[1503] Ib. p. 33. See above, p. 465, note 1{1485}.
[1504] Geoff. Vigeois, l. i. c. 58 (Labbe, Nova Biblioth., vol. ii. p.

310).
[1505] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.

[1506] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), pp. 34, 35.
[1507] Rob. Torigni, a. 1159.
[1508] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.
[1509] Contin. Becc. a. 1160 (Delisle, Rob. Torigni, vol. ii. p.

180).
[1510] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.
[1511] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 24 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 159).
[1512] The treaty is printed in Lyttelton’s Hen. II., vol. iv. pp.
173, 174. It has no date; we have to get that from Rob. Torigni—
May 1160. The terms of the treaty are summarized by Rog.
Howden (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 218, who places it a year too late. He
also introduces a second betrothal, between Richard and Adela,
the second daughter of Louis and Constance. But the treaty
printed by Lyttelton says nothing of this; and if it be the treaty
mentioned by Rob. Torigni the clause is impossible, for Adela
was not born till the autumn of 1160.
This imperfect settlement, as far as Toulouse was concerned,

advanced no further towards completion during the next thirteen
years. Henry’s expedition could hardly be called a success; and
whatever advantage he had gained over Raymond was dearly
purchased at the cost of a quarrel with Louis. There can be little
doubt that Henry had fallen into a trap; Louis had misled him into
lighting the torch of war, and then turned against him in such a way
as to cast upon him the blame of the subsequent conflagration. The
elements of strife between the two kings could hardly have failed to
burst sooner or later into a blaze; the question was whose hand
should kindle it. In spite of Henry’s Angevin wariness, Louis had
contrived to shift upon him the fatal responsibility; and for the rest of
his life the fire went smouldering on, breaking out at intervals in
various directions, smothered now and then for a moment, but never
thoroughly quenched; consuming the plans and hopes of its
involuntary originator, while the real incendiary sheltered himself to
the last behind his mask of injured innocence.
For six months all was quiet. In October the two kings held another
meeting; the treaty was ratified, and little Henry, who had lately come
over from England with his mother, was made to do homage to Louis
for the duchy of Normandy.[1513] About the same time the queen of
France died, leaving to her husband another infant daughter.[1514]
Disappointed for the fourth time in his hopes of a son, Louis in his
impatience set decency at defiance; before Constance had been a
fortnight in her grave he married a third wife, Adela of Blois, daughter
of Theobald the Great, and sister of the two young counts who were
betrothed to the king’s own elder daughters.[1515] His subjects,
sharing his anxiety for an heir, easily forgave his unseemly haste and
welcomed the new queen, who in birth, mind and person was all that
could be desired.[1516] It would, however, have been scarcely
possible to find a choice more irritating to Henry of Anjou. On either
side of the sea, the house of Blois seemed to be always in some way
or other crossing his path; in their lives or in their deaths, they were
perpetually giving him trouble. At that very time the death of
Stephen’s last surviving son, Earl William of Warren,[1517] had led to
a quarrel between the king and his dearest friend. William was
childless, and the sole heir to his county of Boulogne was his sister
Mary, abbess of Romsey. This lady was now brought out of her
convent to be married by Papal dispensation to Matthew, second son
of the count of Flanders.[1518] The scheme, devised by King Henry,
[1519] was strongly opposed by the bridegroom’s father,[1520] and
also by Henry’s own chancellor. Thomas, somewhat unexpectedly
perhaps, started up as a vindicator of monastic discipline,
remonstrated vehemently against the marriage of a nun, and used all
his influence at Rome to hinder the dispensation; he gained,
however, nothing save the enmity of Matthew, and a foretaste of that
kingly wrath[1521] which was to burst upon him with all its fury three
years later. Even without allowing for Henry’s probable frame of mind
in consequence of this affair, the French king’s triple alliance with the
hereditary rivals of the Angevin house would naturally appear to him
in the light of a provocation and a menace. The chancellor seems to
have made his peace by suggesting an answer to it.
[1513] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.
[1514] Ibid. R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 303. Hist. Ludov.

(Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Scriptt., vol. iv.), p. 415. Constance died
on October 4; Lamb. Waterloo, Rer. Gall. Scriptt., vol. xiii. p. 517.
[1515] R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 303. Cf. Gerv. Cant.

(Stubbs), vol. i. p. 167, and Rob. Torigni, a. 1160. Adela was
crowned at Paris with her husband on S. Brice’s day (November
13); Hist. Ludov. (Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Scriptt., vol. iv.), p. 416.
[1516] Hist. Ludov. as above.
[1517] He died in October 1159, on the way home from

Toulouse; Rob. Torigni, ad ann.
[1518] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160. Lamb. Waterloo (Rer. Gall.

Scriptt., vol. xiii.), p. 517. According to Matthew Paris, Hist. Angl.
(Madden), vol. i. p. 314, the marriage took place in 1161.
[1519] Herb. Bosh. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 328.
[1520] Lamb. Waterloo as above.
[1521] Herb. Bosh. as above. Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Madden),

vol. i. pp. 314, 315.
One of Henry’s great desires was to recover the Vexin, which at

his father’s suggestion he had ceded to Louis in 1151 as the price of
the investiture of Normandy. By the last treaty between the two kings
it had been settled that this territory should form the dowry of little
Margaret; her father was to retain possession of it, and to place its
chief fortresses in the custody of the Knights Templars, for the next
three years, until she should be wedded to young Henry with the
consent of Holy Church; whenever that should take place, Henry’s
father was to receive back the Vexin. In other words, the dowry was
not to be paid till the bride was married; and there was evidently a
tacit understanding, at any rate on the French side, that this was not
to be for three years at least.[1522] Later in the summer two cardinal-
legates visited France and Normandy on business connected with a
recent Papal election.[1523] Henry, apparently at the instigation of
Thomas,[1524] persuaded them to solemnize the marriage of the two
children on November 2 at Neubourg.[1525] The written conditions of
the treaty were fulfilled to the letter—the babes were wedded with
the consent of Holy Church, represented by the Pope’s own legates;
and the castles of the Vexin were at once made over to Henry by the
Templars,[1526] three of whom were present at the wedding.[1527]
Louis found himself thoroughly outwitted. His first step was to banish
the three Templars, who were cordially received by Henry;[1528] his
next was to concert with the brothers of his new queen a plan of
retaliation in Anjou. The house of Blois naturally resented a
curtailment of the possessions of the crown which they now hoped
one day to see worn by a prince of their own blood. Louis and
Theobald accordingly set to work to fortify Chaumont, a castle which
Gelduin of Saumur had long ago planted on the bank of the Loire as
a special thorn in the side of the Angevin counts. Henry flew to the
spot, put king and count to flight, besieged and took the castle of
Chaumont together with thirty-five picked knights and eighty men-at-
arms whom Theobald had sent to reinforce its garrison; he then
fortified Fréteval and Amboise, and, secure from all further
molestation, went to keep Christmas with Eleanor in his native city of
Le Mans.[1529]
[1522] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 24 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 159), distinctly

states that the children were not to be married till they were of a
fit age; and such was no doubt the intention of Louis; but it was
by no means expressed in the treaty:—“Totum remanens
Wilcassini” [i.e. all except three of its fiefs which were specially
reserved to Henry] “regi Francie; hoc modo, quod ipse illud
remanens dedit et concessit maritagium cum filiâ suâ filio regis
Anglie habendum. Et eum unde seisiendum ab Assumptione B.
Marie proximâ post pacem factam in tres annos, et si infra hunc
terminum filia regis Francie filio regis Anglie desponsata fuerit,
assensu et consensu Sancte Ecclesie, tunc erit rex Anglie
seysitus de toto Wilcassino, et de castellis Wilcassini, ad opus filii
sui.” Treaty in Lyttelton, Hen. II., vol. iv. p. 173. The question
turned on the construing of “tunc.” Louis intended it to mean
“then, when the three years are expired, if the children shall be
wedded”; Henry and his friends the Templars made it mean
“then, when the children are wedded, whether the three years
are expired or not.”
[1523] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxlviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 197). Of their

business we shall see more later.
[1524] This must surely be the meaning of Herb. Bosh.

(Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 175: “Quam industrie munitiones
quinque munitissimas, in Franciæ et Normanniæ sitas confinio,
domino suo regi, ad cujus tamen jus ab antiquo spectare
dignoscebantur, a rege Francorum per matrimonium, sine ferro,
sine gladio, absque lanceâ, absque pugnâ, in omni regum
dilectione et pace revocaverit, Gizortium scilicet, castrum
munitissimum, et alia quatuor.” Cf. Thomas Saga (Magnusson),
vol. i. p. 57, which seems however to refer rather to the drawing-
up of the treaty.
[1525] R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 304. Cf. Gerv. Cant.

(Stubbs), vol. i. p. 168, Rog. Howden (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 218, and
Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.
[1526] Rog. Howden and Rob. Torigni, as above. Will. Newb., l.

ii. c. 24 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 159).
[1527] Roger of Pirou, Tostig of S. Omer and Richard of

Hastings; Rog. Howden as above.
[1528] Ibid.
[1529] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.
A year of peace followed: Henry spent the greater part of it in

Normandy, garrisoning the castles of the duchy, strengthening its
newly-recovered border-fortresses, providing for the restoration of
the old royal strongholds and the erection of new ones in all parts of
his dominions, and superintending the repair of his palace at Rouen,
the making of a park at Quévilly, and the foundation of an hospital for
lepers at Caen.[1530] The chancellor was still at his side, and had
lately, as a crowning mark of his confidence, been intrusted with the
entire charge of his eldest son. Thomas received the child into his
own household, to educate him with the other boys of noble birth
who came to learn courtly manners and knightly prowess in that
excellent school; he playfully called him his adoptive son, and
treated him as such in every respect.[1531] Little Henry was now in
his seventh year, and his father was already anxious to secure his
succession to the throne. The conditional homage which he had
received as an infant was, as Henry knew by personal experience, a
very insufficient security. Indeed, the results of every attempt to
regulate the descent of the crown since the Norman conquest
tended to prove that the succession of the heir could be really
secured by nothing short of his actual recognition and coronation as
king during his father’s life-time. This was now becoming an
established practice in France and Germany. In England, where the
older constitutional theory of national election to the throne had
never died out, such a step had never been attempted but once; and
that attempt, made by Stephen in behalf of his son Eustace, had
ended in signal failure. Discouraging as the precedent was, however,
Henry had made up his mind to follow it; and in the spring of 1162 he
sent his boy over sea and called upon the barons of England to do
him homage and fealty, as a preliminary to his coronation as king.
[1532]
[1530] Rob. Torigni, a. 1161.

Herb. Bosh. (ibid.), pp. 176, 177.
[1532] E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 366. Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 13.
A matter so important and so delicate could be intrusted to no one

but the chancellor. He managed it, like everything else that he took in
hand, with a calm facility which astonished every one. He brought
the child to England, presented him to the bishops and barons of the
realm in a great council summoned for the purpose,[1533] knelt at his
feet and swore to be his faithful subject in all things, reserving only
the fealty due to the elder king so long as he lived and reigned;[1534]
the whole assembly followed his example, and thus a measure
which it was believed that Henry’s personal presence would hardly
have availed to carry through without disturbance was accomplished
at once and without a word of protest,[1535] save from the little king
himself, who with childish imperiousness, it is said, refused to admit
any reservation in the oath of his adoptive father.[1536] Henry
probably intended that the boy’s recognition as heir to the crown
should be speedily followed by his coronation.[1537] This, however,
was a rite which could only be performed by the primate of all
England; and the chair of S. Augustine was vacant. Once again it
was to Thomas that Henry looked for aid; but this time he looked in
vain. Thomas had done his last act in the service of his royal friend.
The year which had passed away since Archbishop Theobald’s
death had been, on both sides of the sea, a year of almost ominous
tranquillity. It was in truth the forerunner of a storm which was to
shatter Henry’s peace and to cost Thomas his life.
[1533] Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 13. R. Diceto

(Stubbs), vol. i. p. 306.
[1534] R. Diceto as above.
[1535] Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 13.
[1536] Mat. Paris, Hist. Angl. (Madden), vol. i. p. 316.
[1537] Such an intention is distinctly stated by E. Grim

(Robertson, Becket, vol. ii.), p. 366: . . . “filio suo, jam tunc
coronando in regem.”
CHAPTER XI.
THE LAST YEARS OF ARCHBISHOP THEOBALD.
1156–1161.
All Henry’s endeavours for the material and political revival of his
kingdom had been regulated thus far by one simple, definite
principle:—the restoration of the state of things which had existed
under his grandfather. In his own eyes and in those of his subjects
the duty which lay before him at his accession, and which he had
faithfully and successfully fulfilled, was to take up the work of
government and administration not at the point where he found it, but
at the point where it had been left by Henry I. and Roger of
Salisbury: to pull down and sweep away all the innovations and
irregularities with which their work had been overlaid during the last
nineteen years, and bring the old foundations to light once more, that
they might receive a legitimate superstructure planned upon their
own lines and built upon their own principles. In law, in finance, in
general administration, there was one universal standard of
reference:—“the time of my grandfather King Henry.”
But there was one side of the national revival, and that the most
important of all, to which this standard could not apply. The religious
and intellectual movement which had begun under Henry I., far from
coming to a standstill at his death, had gone on gathering energy
and strength during the years of anarchy till it had become the one
truly living power in the land, the power which in the end placed
Henry II. on his throne. It looked to find in him a friend, a fellow-
worker, a protector perhaps; but it had no need to go back to a stage
which it had long since overpassed and make a new departure
thence under the guidance of a king who was almost its own
creation. At the very moment of Henry’s accession, the hopes of the
English Church were raised to their highest pitch by the elevation of
an Englishman to the Papal chair. Nicolas Breakspear was the only
man of English birth who ever attained that lofty seat; and the
adventures which brought him thither, so far as they can be made
out from two somewhat contradictory accounts, form a romantic
chapter in the clerical history of the time. Nicolas was the son of a
poor English clerk[1538] at Langley, a little township belonging to the
abbey of S. Alban’s.[1539] The father retired into the abbey,[1540]
leaving his boy, according to one version of the story, too poor to go
to school and too young and ignorant to earn his bread; he therefore
came every day to get a dole at the abbey-gate, till his father grew
ashamed and bade him come no more; whereupon the lad, “blushing
either to dig or to beg in his own country,” made his way across the
sea.[1541] Another version asserts that Nicolas, being “a youth of
graceful appearance, but somewhat lacking in clerkly acquirements,”
sued to the abbot of S. Alban’s for admission as a monk; the abbot
examined him, found him insufficiently instructed, and dismissed him
with a gentle admonition: “Wait awhile, my son, and go to school that
you may become better fitted for the cloister.”[1542] Whether stung by
the abbot’s hint or by his father’s reproofs, young Nicolas found his
way to Paris and into its schools, where he worked so hard that he
out-did all his fellow-students.[1543] But the life there wearied him as
it had wearied Thomas Becket; he rambled on across Gaul into
Provence, and there found hospitality in the Austin priory of S.
Rufus. His graceful figure, pleasant face, sensible talk and obliging
temper so charmed the brotherhood that they grew eager to keep
him in their midst,[1544] and on their persuasion he joined the order.
[1545] It seems that he was even made superior of the house, but the
canons afterwards regretted having set a stranger to rule over them,
and after persecuting him in various ways appealed to the Pope to
get rid of him. The Pope—Eugene III.—at first refused to hear them;
but on second consideration he decided to give them over to their
own evil devices and offer their rejected superior a more agreeable
post in his own court.[1546] Nicolas, who had already twice visited
Rome, proceeded thither a third time and was made cardinal[1547]
and bishop of Albano.[1548] Shortly afterwards he was appointed
legate to Norway and Denmark, an office which he filled with
prudence and energy during some years.[1549] Returning to Rome
about 1150, he apparently acted as secretary to Eugene III. until the
latter’s death in July 1153.[1550] The next Pope, Anastasius III.,
reigned only sixteen months, and dying on December 2, 1154, was
succeeded by the bishop of Albano, who took the name of Adrian IV.
[1551]
[1539] Gesta Abbat. S. Albani (Riley), vol. i. p. 112.
[1540] Will. Newb. as above. Probably he separated from his

wife in consequence of some of the decrees against clerical
marriage passed under Henry I.; that she was not dead is plain
from John of Salisbury’s mention of her as still living in the days
of his friendship with Nicolas. Joh. Salisb., Metalog., l. iv. c. 42
(Giles, vol. v. p. 205).
[1541] Will. Newb. as above (pp. 109, 110).
[1542] Gesta Abbat. as above. The abbot’s name is there

given as Robert, but this must be wrong, as Robert did not
become abbot till 1151, and by 1150, as we shall see, Nicolas
was at Rome.
[1543] Gesta Abbat. (as above), pp. 112, 113.
[1545] Ibid. Gesta Abbat. (Riley), vol. i. p. 113.
[1546] Will. Newb. as above (pp. 110, 111). The church of S.

Rufus (diocese Valence) had between 1145 and 1151 an abbot
named N. . . . The editors of Gall. Christ. (vol. xvi. cols. 359,
360) will not allow that this N. was Nicolas Breakspear, and of
course the date will not agree with the version of his history in the
Gesta Abbat.; but it agrees perfectly with that of Will. Newb.;
while the Gesta’s dates are confuted by Nicolas’s undoubted
signatures at Rome.
[1547] Gesta Abbat. as above.
[1548] Will. Newb. as above (p. 111). Rob. Torigni, a. 1154.
[1549] Will. Newb. as above.
[1550] “A partir de l’année 1150, on trouve la souscription de

Nicolaus episcopus Albanensis au bas des bulles d’Eugène III.”
Delisle, Rob. Torigni, vol. i. p. 288, note 2.
[1551] Will. Newb. as above (p. 111). Date from Cod. Vatic.,
Baronius, Annales (Pagi), vol. xix. p. 77.
The English Church naturally hailed with delight the accession of a

pontiff who was at once one of her own sons and a disciple of
Eugene, whom the leaders of the intellectual and spiritual revival in
England had come to regard almost as their patron saint.[1552]
Adrian indeed shared all their highest and most cherished
aspirations far more deeply and intimately than Eugene himself
could have done. It was in the cloisters of Canterbury that these
aspirations were gradually taking definite shape under the guidance
of Archbishop Theobald. There, beneath the shadow of the cathedral
begun by Lanfranc and completed by S. Anselm, their worthy
successor had been throughout the last ten or twelve years of the
anarchy watching over a little sanctuary where all that was noblest,
highest, most full of hope and promise in the dawning intellectual life
of the day found a peaceful shelter and a congenial home. The Curia
Theobaldi, the household of Archbishop Theobald, was a sort of little
school of the prophets, a seminary into which the vigilant primate
drew the choicest spirits among the rising generation, to be trained
up under his own eyes in his own modes of thought and views of life,
till they were fitted to become first the sharers and then the
continuators of his work for the English Church and the English
nation. Through his scholars had come the revival of legal and
ecclesiastical learning in England; through them had come the
renewal of intercourse and sympathy with the sister-Churches of the
west; through them had been conducted the negotiations with Rome
which had led to the restoration of order and peace; and in them, as

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20. Today, almost all sociologists would agree that

21. How does language influence patterns of social inequality?

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24. Why are norms such an important element of culture?

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27. Folkways are

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39. Which of the following statements about values is true?

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41. Freedom, democracy, and equal opportunity are examples of:

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44. Which of these is true regarding cultural diversity in society?

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47. The dominant culture in any society

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50. Members of a subculture

51. The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that

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53. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?

54. An ethnocentric person is characterized by which of the following?

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56. Which of the following statements is false regarding ethnocentrism?

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59. Cultural relativism is the idea that

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62. The emergence of a global culture has resulted in

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68. The concept of cultural hegemony implies that culture is highly

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71. Cultural hegemony refers to

72. Cultural hegemony is the term for

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78. The reflection hypothesis contends that

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