What is Motion?

&
Relative change in position
↳ What is needed?
>
-
Reference point
· ·

A B
Point of origin

Two physical quantities

Shortest part between two points (is a straight line)
L -
Distance Displacement

Case 1 Case 2
↳-----------------
N 50 m 50 m
L
↓
Distance covered Distance = 100 m
Displacement = 0

Distance = 50 m
Displacement = 50 m
-
Displacement: vector quantity
>
- Distance: scalar quantity
4
3

- -

↓
1

Case 1: shortest distance

Displacement
Types of Motion

5 sec 5 sec 5 sec >

- Equal distance covered in equal
intervals: Uniform Motion
-
A l

5m 5m 5m
2 cases
↳ 5 sec 6 sec 3 sec >
- Equal distance in unequal intervals:
↑ ↑
Non-uniform motion
5m 5m 5m
W

~
Wind speed is decreasing after increasing: Retardation

Rate of change of motion -

> Called as speed

↓
Time involved
- m/km
>
Speed = Distance
Time
↳ s/hr
When motion is non-
uniform
S.I Unit: m/s -
> Represented
↑
Average speed = Total distance
Km/hr >
- m/sec Total time
↳x 5
18
m/s > Km/hr

x 18
5

>
-
Avg. speed = 16m + 16m
4+2
= 32 = 16 m/s
6 3
Speed + Direction = Velocity

Velocity = Displacement
Time

Unit: m/s

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Only represents numerical value Numerical value + Direction

Distance Displacement

Speed Velocity

Time

Avg. speed = 180 = 3 m/s

60
Avg. velocity = 0 = 0 m/s
60

Rate of change in velocity Is called Acceleration

5 m/s

5 m/s 5 m/s
Velocity changing with
direction
 Change in velocity = Final speed - Initial speed

Acceleration = m/s = m/s

s
a

Case 1
Initial speed = 0 30 s a = 6 - 0 = 1 = 0.2 m/s
Final speed = 6 m/s 30 5

Case 2
Initial speed = 6 m/s
5s a = 4 - 6 = -2 = -0.4 m/s
Final speed = 4 m/s
5 5

Graph Representation

Slope = speed
Slope = Acceleration

Distance Velocity

Time Time
Area = Motion Area = Displacement
Numerical of Motion in straight line: The ‘UTSAV’ Concept
3 equations of motions
1 v = u + at Horizontal motion u = initial velocity
2 s = ut + 1 at t = time
2 s = distance
3 v - u = 2 as a = acceleration
v = final velocity

Straight line motion Rectilinear motion

Vertical
Horizontal

Vertical motion (a = -g)

Against the gravity
a = g Acceleration due to gravity
Free fall u=0 v = u - gt
Initial speed h = ut - 1 gt
v = u + gt 2
h = ut + 1 gt v - u = -2gh
2
v - u = 2gh
Final point = 0

Final velocity = 0
 5 x 60 = 300 s
u=0 5 min
v = 72 km/hr

72 x 5 = 20 m/s
18

a = 20-0 = 20 = 1 m/s
300 300 15

s = ut + 1 at
2
s = 0 + 1 x 1 x (300)
2 15
= 3000 m
s = 3 km

u = 18 km/h x 5 a = 10-5 = 5 = 1 m/s

18 5 5
= 5 m/s
s = ut + at
v = 36 x 5 = 10 m/s = 5 (5) + 1 x (5)
18 2
= 37.5 m
 Uniform Circular Motion motion of a body moving with speed along the circular path

Uniform = speed a =v
r

Centripetal acceleration

Acceleration towards the

centre in circular path

Change in velocity at every point

A Displacement = 0

100 m

10 s = 100 m

1 min = 60 sec
B

One Liners (MCQs)

Distance in a particular direction is called velocity

Displacement = velocity
Time
 What causes Motion?
↓ Motion is caused due to force
State
↓ L
Rest Motion

Force can:
Bring a rested body to Motion

Jo
-

Bring a moving body to rest

I

Speed up a body (acceleration) Force is producing the change

↑

Speed down a body (applying brakes) in velocity

Change the direction of a body
↑

Change the shape/size

-

Concept of forces
H S.I unit of force: Newton
Case 1 Represented as “N” Case 2
-

10 N 10 N 10 N 30 N
> E > E

Net force = 0 Fnet = 30-20

↓ = 10 N
-
Balanced force ↓
Acceleration = 0 Unbalanced force

>
-
>
- a-
= 0 No change in velocity

F
Frictional force
Contact and Non-contact forces Types of forces

Force

Conservative force Non-conservative force

Work done is independent of the Work done is dependent on path

path taken
Work done is 0 in case of closed Eg: frictional force
path
Eg: gravitational force, non-contact
force, spring force
Exception
Laws of motion
By Newton and Galileo
However three laws of motion given by Newton

1st Law of Motion

An object if at rest remains at rest Current state
or if in motion remains in motion at
a constant velocity unless an Change
Rest Inertia
Inertia Motion external force is applied on it
Resist
Direction

Depends on mass Inertia Mass

of the object

Examples:
The dry leaves and fruits falls when we shake a tree
A person sitting in a moving car may be pushed forward when the car
stops abruptly as our legs are in contact with the surface

2nd Law of Motion

Momentum Quantifies motion
S.I unit of p = Kg m/s
p=mxV

M Truck (where mass of the body is more than the velocity)

V Bullet bike (where the velocity is more than the mass of the truck)
Derivation
Force = rate of change in momentum change in momentum = mV - mu
Rate of change in momentum = mV - mu
F = vector quantity t
F=mxa
F = Kg m/s m = scalar quantity = m (V - u)
a = vector quantity t
Force (f) = ma
p = vector quantity
a
m = scalar quantity
V = vector quantity
 F=mxa 10 = 5 x v - 3
F=mx v-u 5
t 10 = v - 3
F=5x 7-3 V = 13 m/s
2
5 x 4 = 10 N
2

3rd Law of Motion

It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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 X

Works on conservation
of momentum and
Newton’s 3rd law

↓d -
·
Gas expelled out

Conservation of Momentum

Change in velocity not mass

↓
Momentum is conserved >
- Conservation principle
 m u + m u = (M + M ) x V

40 x 5 0
40 x 5 = (40 + 3) x V
200 = 43 V
V = 4. 65

One liners (MCQs)

The range of weak nuclear force is of the order of 10 m

Friction depends on the smoothness of the surfaces. The force of friction always
opposes the applied forces

The force of the Earth’s gravity on every kilogram is about 10 N

g = 9.8 m/s 10 m/s

Every kg = 1 x 10
= 10 N

‘Action at a distance force’: Gravitational force

Once a satellite has been launched into orbit, the only force governing its motion is the
force of: Force of gravity
S.I unit of Electrostatic force
In 1785, Charles Augustine Coulomb used the calibrate tortion balance to measure the
force between electric charges Where q = charge
F= q q
Constant 4 E
The measure of force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis is called: Torque
 Universal Law of Gravitation

Electrostatic Force

mI r mI

qI

C
Both are non-contact r q2
- and conservative ↓
F L M I M2 L
forces

SS
(

rI q 12
q
W
FL
-
Work done is r I

F = G M MI I independent of path
If r2 -
Work done in a close F= 1 q q
Gravitational Constant
path is zero 4 ↑E 2r o

R S.I unit
I

-
q = charge
S.I unit of charge: Coulomb
A
G = Gravitational constant
I T

Value: 6.67 x 10 Nm/Kg

I 2
GM M
F= I I
I

-
> -

Discovered by: Henry Cavendish r 2

RM

G = Nm
I
(1798) N = G Kg
I
>
-

Kg
-
2

m 2

Kepler’s Planetary Laws

PA

if / A
T r

Ellipse K
E
First Law: Law of Orbit
Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus
Second law: Law of Area
The line joining the planet and the Sun sweep out equal areas in equal interval of time
Third law: Law of Time Period
Cube of mean distance of a planet from the Sun is proportional to the square of the time
period/orbital speed T r

C
Mercury nearest to Sun: 88 days revolution
Neptune farthest to Sun: 165 yrs revolution

SS
Difference between Mass and Weight

Inertia

Constant R
A
Weight: force by which Earth attracts a mass
Force = m x a
Weight = m x g
RM

Constant Gravity differs

Variation in gravity
1. Gravity is more in poles than the equator
PA

2. Gravity decreases with altitude

3. Gravity in moon is 1/6th of Earth’s gravity

Vary g = 9.8 m/s ~ 10 m/s

Different from “G”

which is constant
Thrust: when force is applied perpendicularly

Vector quantity
S.I Unit: Newton

C
Pressure: scalar quantity

SS
Invented by
Blaise Pascal

Pressure = Thrust 1 atm = 10 Pascal

Area
Unit of pressure

P = Kgm
s m
N
m
R
A
= Kg/ms or N/m
RM

Pressure in Fluids
PA

Buoyant Force

Upward force by liquid

 Archimedes Principle

C
Less buoyant force

SS
River water has less
density No salt content

R Same water level

A
Sea water has high density
High salt content
RM

Ice
High buoyant force

Relative Density
Density = Mass
Volume
PA

R. D = Density of a substance S.I unit: Kg

Density of water m

No unit
Work and Energy

What is work?
S.I unit: Nm/Joule James Prescott Joule
Force cause a displacement

Work = Force x Displacement

Work = FS cos 0

C
1J=1N.1m Scalar quantity
1J=2N.1m

SS
2
1J=1N.2m
2

+ve: force and displacement have same direction

Work
R Parallel
-ve: force and displacement are antiparallel
180
A
Displacement = 0
0
Angle between force and displacement is 90
RM

Displacement
Force
PA
 Work
What is Energy?
Energy: Capacity to do work
S.I unit: Joule
Biggest source of energy: Sun

Forms of Energy
Mass

C
Kinetic Energy = 1 m x V
Velocity
2

SS
The energy an object has
because of its motion

K. E = 1 mV
2
R
A
Relation between K.E and Momentum

K. E = 1 m V = (mV) = p = K.E
RM

2m 2m 2m

p = K.E
2m

(2p) = K.E = 4 p
PA

2m 2m
The energy stored in P.E converted to K.E
an object due to its P.E becomes less and K.E keeps
P.E increasing Velocity max
position
Potential Energy K.E
Eg: Gravitational P.E
Energy = mgh
Concept of dams based on this Weight = Force = mg
Work done = Energy = F . S

mgh
 C
SS
Scaler
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed. It can be converted
from one form to another

Electrical Heat
R
1. Dynamo: Mechanical energy Electrical energy
A
2. Generator: Mechanical energy Electrical energy
3. Motor: Electrical energy Mechanical energy
RM

4. Microphone: Sound energy Electrical Energy

5. Loudspeaker: Electrical energy Sound energy

Rate of doing work

Power = Work J J/S Watt

Time S
PA

Scalar quantity

Rate of change of velocity = acceleration = V

t
Rate of change of momentum = p
t
Horse Power

1 HP = 746W 1 kW = 1000 W
1 HP = 0.746 kW
Power = Force x Velocity

P = FV

C
Bulb
Electrical Energy Light + Heat energy

SS
Bulb filament made of tungsten (W)

One Liners (MCQs)

R
Galileo Galilei was the 1st to conclude that in vacuum all objects fall with the same
acceleration g and reach ground at same time
A
An object falling freely from a height x, after fallen to a height x/2, it will possess
RM

Half potential and half kinetic energy

Constant
The mass of an object on the surface of the moon is 60 N, the mass on the surface of
the earth will be 60 N Weight changes not mass

If an apple is taken to the mountain top, then it’s weight is decreased

PA

Battery: Chemical energy Electrical energy

The lifting of an object up and down the parade of an army, and the free fall of a
heavy object are all examples of: Rectilinear motion

Oscillatory Motion: to and fro Motion Follows same Path

Periodic motion: follows same path at particular interval

Sound: it is a form of energy

How is sound produced?

By vibrating objects
Example: vocal chords -- Vibrate > Produced sound

How sound propagates?

C
SS
b
Medium between
tuning fork and ears
R
A
Types of waves
Sound energy travels in the form of energy
RM

Waves

L
-
Mechanical wave
Non-mechanical wave
Medium is required to No medium is required to
PA

propagate propagate
Ex: Sound waves Ex: Light waves

............
↑

-
↑

The particles in the

medium helps the
sound to propagate
 C
SS
Particles do not
move

R
A
RM
PA

Compression Rarefaction

Particles Density Particles far

together Pressure away
 Less density

Particles condensed
More density

Resting position is where the

coils are neither compressed
nor rarified

C
Wavelength

SS
Characteristics of sound waves

Frequency ( ) = 1 Unit: s ; Hertz

Time R
Determines pitch of a sound
A
Girls have high pitch, high shrillness Vocal cords
vibrates quickly Limit: 0-130 dB
RM

(sound above this

Amplitude: determines Loudness Unit: dB (decibel) is considered as
noise)
Can be defined as the loudness of the amount of
maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the
medium from their mean position when the sound is
produced
PA

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 Amplitude

Wavelength
Amplitude

C
SS
Vibrated 1
TimeR
A
time
RM

Time

Vibrated 4
times
PA

Wave taking less

time to vibrate

Timber: quality of sound

Note: sound, which is a mixture of several frequencies

Mosquito: frequency Pitch

Lion: amplitude Loudness
 Audible range: 20 Hz-20,000 Hz

Less than this: infrasonic More than this: ultrasonic

sound sound
Ex: rhinoceros
Mach no = Speed of any body
Subsonic: Mach < 1 Speed of sound in that medium

C
Supersonic: >1 ; < 5
Hypersonic: Mach > 5

SS
Transonic: Mach = 1

Speed of sound

Solid > Liquid > Gas

Light = 3x10 m/s
Speed of light is
R
A
more than the speed
of the sound
RM

It is a reflection of sound that arrives

PA

at the listener with the delay after

Reflection of Sound the direct sound
Sounds reflection: Echo
Reflect
Source
Distant: 17.2 m
Distinct reflection
Distinct reflection
 Reverberation: repeated reflection of sound

C
SS
R
A
Repeated sound
RM

reflection

Penetrating power is very high

Applications of Ultrasonic sounds
Produced by bats, dolphins
Ultrasound is banned in gender determination
To monitor growth and development of fetus
PA

Used to identify kidney stones and to break kidney stones

To identify the conditions of our internal organs

SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging

Device that is used for detecting and locating

objects specially underwater by the means of
sound waves sent out to be reflected by the
objects
One Liners (MCQs)

Loudness of sound is proportional to the Square of the amplitude of the vibration,

producing the sound

Study of production and propagation of sound waves: Acoustics

C
If an object executes 10 oscillations per second, then its frequency in kilohertz is
equal to: 0.01
10

SS
1000

The approximate speed of sound in distilled water at 25 C (77 F): 1498 m/s

Sound wave cannot travel through a: wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum
R
The velocity of sound in air is affected by the change in the: Atmospheric
pressure, moisture, temperature of air
A
Temp Velocity
RM

V = velocity of sound in moist air

V. = velocity of sound in dry air
V >V

When the temperature increases the frequency of the sound from an organ pipe
Increases
PA

Stationary waves of frequency 3000 Hz are formed in a medium in which the

velocity of sound is 1200 m/s. The distance between a node and the
neighbouring anti node is?

V=n
1200 = 300 x
=4
 SSC GK Batch 2.0 PHYSICS CLASS NOTES
What is light? - It is a form of energy
I
>
It has dual nature Particle and as a form of wave
-

Light is a form of transverse wave

-

It can travel in vacuum

-

It can be polarised

Reflection of Light

C
When a ray of light approaches a smooth polish surface, and the light ray

...
bounces back

SS
Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection
2. Incident ray, reflected ray and normal ray all lie in the same plane
>
-

- Normal

R -
-
-
Reflected ray
A
Incident ray
i= r

E
i r
RM

- k
Reflecting Horizontal
surface perpendicular
PA

Types of Mirror
Plane Mirror
Spherical Mirror Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
-

Concave Mirror -
Reflecting surfaces =
-
curved inwards
-

L
 Convex Mirror

Reflecting surface is curved

outwards

C
SS
C = 2F

R
A
Concave Convex
Mirror Mirror
RM

Types of Image

Real Image Virtual Image

PA

It can be obtained on It cannot be obtained on

screen screen
It is inverted It is erect
 C
SS
Image Formation
R Image formed behind
A
the mirror
RM

x x
PA

Plane Mirror
1. Image distance = Object distance
2. Object size = Image size
3. Erect Virtual
4. Laterally inverted: Left Right
Right Left
 Image Fromation
of Concave Mirror

C
SS
R
A
Object Image Nature
RM

1. Focus Real and Inverted, extremely diminished

2. Beyond C C and F Real and Inverted, diminished

3. At C At C Real and inverted, equal

PA

4. B/W C and F Beyond C Real and inverted, enlarged

5. At F Real and inverted, highly enlarged

Image Formation of Convex Mirror

C
y

SS
+ve

-ve +ve

FR x
A
-ve
Inverted image
-y
Inverted
RM

Numericals
Sign convention
u: object distance -ve (always) R = 2F
PA

v: image distance
Concave: -ve
f: focal length
Convex: +ve
R: radii of curvature

Height of image
Mirror Formula

1+1=1 Magnification = h = v
v u f h u

Height of object
Given:

C
u = -25 cm
f = -15 cm

SS
1+1=1
v u f h = -37.5
4 cm -25
1 + -1 = - 1
v 25 15 37.5 x 4
1=1-1
v 25 15
1=3-5
R
25
h = -6 cm
Enlarged image
A
v 75
1 = -2
Inverted
RM

v 75
-75 = -37.5 cm
2

Uses of Mirror
Concave
PA

Magnifying
Shaving mirror Used in solar furnace
Torchlight
Dentist mirror

Convex Diminishing
Rear view mirror in vehicle
Security reasons In ATMs
Sunglasses
Reflection in street light
 Refraction of Light

C
SS
Types of Medium
1. Rare Medium
2. Denser Medium
R Air: rarer
Water
A
Medium with more Glass: denser
Density
RM

Case A When a ray of light travels, its

Case B
path changes

i
PA

1 Rare

2 Denser
r
No difference
Bend towards the
normal
i> r
Light ray path is rectilinear
 Case C

i
Denser

C
Rarer
r

SS
Bend away from
the normal
i< r

Laws of Refraction
R
1. Incident ray, refracted, ray and normal ray all lie in same plane
2. sin i = constant Given pair of media and light of particular wavelength
A
sin r
Two mediums
RM

Refraction through a Glass Slab

Rarer
PA

Denser

Lateral Distance
No refraction if strikes
at 90 i= e
Angle of incidence = angle of emergence
Refractive Index Represented with “n” or “u”

n = Speed of light in air/vacuum

Speed of light in given medium

n =V Speed of light in air/vacuum: 3 x 10 m/s

V

C
SS
R
A
RM

Densest medium

Spherical Lens
Lens is transparent
Forms image through refraction
PA

Centre narrow
Centre bulged Ends wider
Ends narrow
 Converging lens

C
Diverging lens

Image Formation

SS
R
A
= Concave Mirror = Convex Mirror
RM

Image Formation in Convex Lens

Same as Concave Mirror
PA

Beyond C (same)
 C
SS
R
Image Formation of Concave Lens
A
Same as Convex Mirror
RM
PA

Uses
Concave Lens Convex Lens
In treatment of Myopia In treatment of Hypermetropia
Used as magnifying lens
In camera lens
 f = -15 cm

C
u=?
v = -10 cm

SS
Lens formula = 1 - 1 = 1
v u f

Magnification formula = h = v
h u

1=1-1
u v f
R
A
m = -10
1=1 - 1 -30
u -10 -15 m=1
RM

1=1 - 1 3
u 15 10
1 = 2 - 3 = -1
u 30 30 m = 1 object size = image size (same size)
m < 1 h > h (Diminished)
1 m > 1 h < h (Enlarged)
u
PA

u= -30

Power of Lens

Power = 1
1=m
Focal Length
m
+ve -ve Dioptre (S.I unit of power of lens)

Convex Concave
Diffraction: it is bending of light around the corner of an obstacle

Question -10
Convex lens = 5cm

C
Concave lens = 10 cm
Convex lens = 2 cm
When all the focal length is

SS
added what power do we
get?

Sol: 5 - 10 + 2 = -3 Concave lens

R
A
RM
PA

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 Control lensT

C
D

SS
(
Connected to brain
L
(brain sees the
Aqueous humour
L
object not the eye)
Pupil
R
Eye: Click images/formation
A
Cornea
RM

Outermost part

!
Causes refraction of light
Used in eye donation

Aqueous humour
Provides nourishment to cornea
PA

Maintains eye pressure

Iris
Dark muscular structure It also determines colour of the eye
Controls the size of pupil

Pupil
To control the amount of light entering the eye
 Lens
focuses the light ray on the retina

:
Retina
It is the spot where image is formed
Here optical energy is converted to electrical energy

C
Blind Spot
Optic nerves meet retina
No image is formed here

SS
Power of Accommodation
Eye can change focal length (situation based) Ciliary muscles

R
A
RM
PA

Least distance of distance of distinct vision: 25 cm

Defects of Eye
Myopia/Near Sightedness
-

Far object not visible clearly Focal length decreases

Correction: -ve power lens Concave lens
-
>
and Power increases
Image is formed in
front of the retina
 Hypermetropia/Far Sightedness Cannot see nearby objects

..
Image formed behind the retina

!
Light focuses behind the retina
instead of focusing on the retina

:
Correction: +ve lens Convex lens
Usually occurs above 40 yrs

C
SS
Presbyopia
Lens hardens with age Loses flexibility
Age: 55+

R
Correction: Concave + Convex lens
(Bifocal lens)
A
Glaucoma/Trachoma
Both caused due to increase in eye
RM

pressure
Glaucoma is hereditary
Not curable
-

>
-

Trachoma is bacterial infection

Tonometry: to measure your eye pressure Concave lens

PA

Colour Blindness -

IIIIIIIIIII
It is hereditary
Retina made of cone cells and rod cells
Convex lens
Not present in colourblind
people
Refraction of Light by a PRISM

V
·
Hi
L
R 7
Angle of Deviation
- ↓
-VX I'll
D
Wavelength

↓ Wavelength↑ Deviation↓

C
Ray of light away from the normal

SS
Dispersion of White Light in a Glass Prism

R -
-
Highest wavelength
Less deviation
A
Consist of 7 different colours
↑ Decreasing
wavelength
RM

V
↓
More deviation
PA

Red: more speed >

-
Less refractive index
Violet: less speed More refractive index
-
>

n = Speed of light in air

Speed of light in prism
 C
SS
Electromagnetic Spectrum

TRICK
Rich Man in Victor Uses X Gold

Radio Micro
R
Infrared Visible UV rays X-ray Gamma rays
A
waves waves

Left to right Wavelength decreases and

RM

frequency increases and energy increases

E = hf
SI unit: Hertz E = hc

wavelength
PA

Due to dispersion

2 refraction and 1 reflection

Dispersion of white light

Rainbow is formed to the here
opposite direction of the Sun
Refraction in Atmosphere
Twinkling of Stars Due to affects of the Earth’s atmosphere (atmospheric refraction of
star light)

C
Refractive index

SS
of different types of
gases In refraction, the actual
position of stars
changes to apparent
position
R
Advance Sunrise and Delayed Sunset
A
RM
PA

In this phenomenon, the sun appears to rise early by two minutes

and set late by two minutes. When the rays from the sun hit
atmosphere, they get refracted

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 Scattering of Light

C
SS
Blue colour of sky: blue light is scattered more than the other colours because it travels as
shorter, smaller waves
Our sky appears black without atmosphere
R
A
RM
PA

Red colour of Sun during sunrise and sunset: red light scatter the least by the molecules
present in the air, so at sunset and sunrise, the sunlight travels longer path through the
atmosphere to reach our eyes. The blue light catches the most and has been mostly
removed, leaving the red light remaining which reaches our eyes.

More wavelength
 C
SS
Tyndall Effect

R >
Colloidal solution scatter the light
- most because the dispersed
A
particles of colloid are bigger and
they defect light
RM

2 1

Why are danger signs red?

PA

-
> Red has maximum wavelength and
is least scattered allowing it to
travel long distances without
getting scattered
 Total Internal Reflection
-

This phenomenon is responsible for optical illusions

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Condition of TIR
Examples: Mirage, optical fibers ↳ 1. Light should travel from denser to
rare medium
2. light should hit an angle greater
than critical angle

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↓

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The layer above the ground
gets warmed. The light ray gets

R refracted when light moves

through the cold air and into
the hot air layer
-
>
Total internal reflection
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Optical Fibers
ONE LINERS (MCQs)

The materials through which things can be seen are called transparent materials

The reflection on the bathroom mirror, the lake and the glare on pair of glasses are
caused by specular reflection

Gold and copper happen to absorb blue and violet light, leaving the yellow light

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The phenomenon which deals with scattering of light by molecules of a medium when

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they are excited to vibrational energy levels is called Raman Effect

The phenomena in which mountain tops acquired a rose or orange hue around the
sunrise and sunset is called Alpenglow

Canada balsam has refractive index closes to that of crown glass

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 What is Electric Current?
↑
Flow of charge per unit time
↑

Flow of electrons per unit time Electric Current

↳ 19 4)
1 e = 1.6 x 10 Coulomb
-

i=q
↳ S.I unit of charge t

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q=ixt
q=nxe
is
1 C = n x 1.6 x 10
Id
-

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n = 6 x 10 e -

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Electric current is measured by Ammeter
↑
Current S.I unit: Ampere

R Charge
Current = Charge
Time
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L W
+ve -ve
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↑
Like charges repel each other -
Conductor: is a material that
-
Opposite charges attracts each other conducts electricity/allows electron
to flow through it
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Potential Difference
↑

The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to other in an
electric field ↓
Measured though: Voltmeter
Potential < V=W · S.I unit: Volt ↑

difference q

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1 volt: if one Joule of work is done in moving,
Work done to move the one coulomb of charge
charge 1V = 1J &
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Ohm’s Law The current flowing in a conductor is directly
By George Simon Ohm in 1827 proportional to the voltage across the conductor,
V I provided all the physical condition and temperature
V = IR remain constant
Resistance

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S.I unit Ohm ( )

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Resistance: the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charge through it

Factors effecting Resistance

1. Length
R
Length Resistance (More collision of electrons)
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2. Area of cross-section Area Resistance (Less collision of electrons)
3. Temperature Temperature Resistance
4. Nature of material Increase movement of e and K.E
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Resistivity/Specific resistance

R L = mho/ohm
R 1 =lm The resistivity of a material is the
A m resistance of a wire of that material
R L m=
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A
R= L S.I unit
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Alloy has greater resistivity than its constituent metals

Types of Materials

electrons
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Conductor: materials that conduct electricity/allow electric flow through them

Seen in metals
Has free
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Semi-conductor: they are materials which have conductivity between conductors and non-
conductors or insulator. Eg: Silicon (usually Metalloids)
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Insulator: materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them. Eg: Non-metals
such as glass, wood

Resistance of a System of Resistance

Types:
1. Series
2. Parallel Parallel
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Series
R R

1 =1 +1 +1
R R R R
R R
R =R +R +R +R
-
Series: same current; different potential difference
-

Parallel: same potential difference; different current

Q. 2 resistors = 20I and 4l (Series)

Connected to a 6 volt battery
Current flow?

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>
-

Red = R ↑ + R I
V = IR
20 + 4 = 24z

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6 V = I x 24e
1/6 =I
4 24
/
0.25 A = I

Q. R = 522
&

P.d = 12 V
Current?
; R = 10+ ; R32
= 30
R >
-
Parallelly connected
A
-

V = IR V = IR V = IR
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12 = I x 5 12 = I x 10 12 = I x 30
12 = I 1.2 A = I 0.4 A = I
5
2.4 A = I
>
- 2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4 = 4.0 A
1 =1 +1 +1
OR H M
- -
>
-

Rea R R I R3
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1 =1+1 +1
- - -
V = IR
R ed 5 10 30
12
/ = I x↓
3
1=6+3+1
I =4A
R ec 30
1 = 10
Rea 30
R = 3I
Heating effect of Electric Current

&
V=W Power = Work Done
q Time
-
Substituting
Electric Power = qV-

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Electric Power = VI
Heat = Power x t

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Heat = VIt
IR x IT
Z
I RT = H

Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current

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:
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men

-en
m
↓
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Filament made of
Coils in heater made of Nichrome
↓ Tungsten (W)
Alloy of Ni and Cr
-

Has high melting

point
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Fuse
I
Low melting point
-

It is used to protect electrical

appliances from excessive current
and to prevent short circuits or
mismatched loads
Electric Power

P = VI
P=I R V = IR
P=V V =I
R R

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Commercial Unit of Energy
1 unit = 1 kWh

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Pxt 1 kW = 1000 W
1000 x 3600s 1 hr = 60 mins
36 x 10 Ws 60 x 60 = 3600 secs
3.6 x 10 J 1 unit

220 V; 50 Hz
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In electric appliances
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Live wire: Red
Colour of wire
Neutral: Black
Ground/Earth: Green/Yellow
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 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
~

Heating effect of electric

Discovery
current: James Joule (1840)
-

Hans Christian Orsted in 1820

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Electric current passed through the
>
-
>
wire

/
d
>
-

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V

Causing deflection in the

compass whenever there is
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a current in wire showing

current carrying wire
produces a magnetic field
around it

Direction of magnetic field changes due

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to change in direction of current in the

wire
 Magnetic Field Lines

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↳
Same poles repel each other Iron fillings align themselves with
-

Different poles attract each other the magnetic field >

- when spread

R across a magnetic bar, they

respond to magnetic effect of the
bar magnet and align themselves
A
accordingly
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-
>
Magnetic field lines originate from North Pole
outside the magnet and terminate at South Pole
-
>
Magnetic field line are in the form of closed
loop
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>
-
Magnetic field lines never intersect each other
d
L If they insect, there will be
Vector quantity two directions of magnetic
field lines which is not
possible
=>
If magnetic field lines are closer - Magnetic
Field↑
Magnetic Field due to a Current Carrying Conductor

Magnetic field lines around a straight

conductor carrying current are concentric
circles whose centre lie on the wire

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Magnetic Field 1

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Distance

Distance Magnetic Field

Current Magnetic Field

R Direction of current changes

Magnetic Field changes
Direction of
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Current upwards: Magnetic field Anti-clockwise

Current downwards: Magnetic field Clockwise
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Maxwells Right Hand Thumb Rule

to find direction of magnetic field
 South Pole North Pole

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Clockwise Anti-clockwise

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Maxwell’s screw rule to find
direction of magnetic field in a
straight current carrying conductor

Magnetic Field due to a Current carrying Circular Loop

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No. of turns in loop Magnetic Field

Distance Magnetic Field
Current Magnetic Field
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In centre, the magnetic

field lines are parallel
and uniform
Magnetic Field due to a current carrying Solenoid

Behaves like a bar magnet

when current is passed

In a solenoid the magnetic field is

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maximum inside the solenoid

It is uniform

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Current passed through a
solenoid
If direction of current is
Magnetic field lines outside the
reversed, the direction of
R
magnetic field is also
reversed
solenoid is very weak Considered to
be practically zero
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Electromagnetic
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Soft iron rod that behaves like

a magnet when current is
passed through it
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Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Current direction upwards

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Magnetic field

Motor works on principle of Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Electric energy Mechanical energy

Force will be Maximum: the angle between the conductor and the magnetic

R
field is 90

Minimum: The conductor is placed along the direction of

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magnetic field, whether parallel or antiparallel Zero
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Used when a current carrying

conductor is introduced in an
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external magnetic field

Electromagnetic Induction

Generator work on this concept

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It is the phenomenon in which
electric current is generated by
charging magnetic fields

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Discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831

When the bar magnet is pushed

towards the coil, the pointer in the
galvanometer deflects
R The relative motion between the
A
magnet and the coil is responsible
for generation of electric current in
the coil
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Generator Mechanical Energy Electrical

Energy
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 Short circuit: it is caused due to breaking of insulation of wires, forming the contact
between live wire and neutral wire

Current in a circuit increases abruptly

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One Liners (MCQs)

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Device that is used to either break an electric circuit or to complete it: Switch

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff stated that at a junction in electric circuit, the sum of
currents flowing in the junction is equal to the sum of current flowing out of the
junction

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Wheatstone Bridge is an arrangement of four resistors used for accurate
measurement of resistance
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Coil of wire in an electric room heater is known as: Element

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The current in the bulb will stop flowing if the circuit is broken

In the symbol of electric cell, the thicker, shorter line represents the: Negative
terminal

Michael Faraday gave the concept of electric field for the first time
 The scientist who was awarded an Noble Prize for the services to Theoretical Physics,
and specially for his discovery of Law of Photoelectric Effect: Albert Einstein
E = hv

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