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Soft Computing
Soft Computing
Soft Computing
- **Soft Computing**:
- **Hard Computing**:
- **Biological Neuron**: The basic unit of the brain and nervous system,
consisting of dendrites (input), soma (cell body), and axon (output).
- **Differences**:
- **Characteristics**:
- **Applications**:
- Financial forecasting.
- Medical diagnosis.
- **Bias**: An additional parameter that adjusts the output along with the
weighted sum of inputs.
- **Hebb’s Learning Rule**: Proposes that the weight between two neurons
should be increased if they activate simultaneously, often summarized as
"cells that fire together, wire together."
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Here, \( \eta \) is the learning rate, \( d \) is the desired output, \( y \) is the
actual output, and \( x_i \) is the input.
### Summary
Soft computing provides flexible and adaptive approaches for dealing with
uncertainty and complexity, making it highly applicable in various fields.
Neural networks, as a key component of soft computing, offer powerful
methods for learning from data and making predictions. Understanding the
basic models and learning rules of neural networks helps in developing
effective AI systems.
Unit 2
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where
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- **ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron)**: Uses the Least Mean Squares (LMS)
algorithm for training. It outputs continuous values and adjusts weights to
minimize the squared error between the predicted and actual values.
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- **Hybrid Systems**: Combine neural networks and fuzzy logic for adaptive
learning and reasoning.
Unit 3
2. **Cooperative phase**: Updates the weights of the BMU and its neighbors
to be closer to the input vector.
- **Functioning**:
- **Characteristics**:
Unit 4
- **Crisp Logic**: Classical binary logic with clear true or false values.
- **Fuzzy Logic**: Extends crisp logic to handle partial truth values, enabling
more flexible and human-like reasoning.
- **Formation**: Creating rules like "IF temperature is high THEN fan speed
is high."
- **Fuzzy Inference Systems**: Systems that use fuzzy logic to map inputs to
outputs, typically consisting of fuzzification, rule base, inference engine, and
defuzzification stages.
Unit 5