Psychology A Concise Introduction 5th

Edition Griggs Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankmall.com/product/psychology-a-concise-introduction-5th-edition-griggs
-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Test Bank for A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th

Edition

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-a-concise-
introduction-to-logic-13th-edition/

Test Bank for American Music A Panorama, Concise, 5th

Edition

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-american-music-a-
panorama-concise-5th-edition/

Solution Manual for American Music A Panorama, Concise,

5th Edition

https://testbankmall.com/product/solution-manual-for-american-
music-a-panorama-concise-5th-edition/

Test Bank for Mirror for Humanity: A Concise

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 9th Edition

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-mirror-for-
humanity-a-concise-introduction-to-cultural-anthropology-9th-
edition/
Test Bank for Mirror for Humanity: A Concise
Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 7th Edition :
Conrad Phillip Kottak

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-mirror-for-
humanity-a-concise-introduction-to-cultural-anthropology-7th-
edition-conrad-phillip-kottak/

Concise Introduction to Pure Mathematics 4th Liebeck

Solution Manual

https://testbankmall.com/product/concise-introduction-to-pure-
mathematics-4th-liebeck-solution-manual/

Test Bank for Psychology A Journey, 5th Edition : Coon

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-psychology-a-
journey-5th-edition-coon/

Test Bank for Concise History of Western Music 5th by

Hanning

https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-concise-history-
of-western-music-5th-by-hanning/

A Concise Public Speaking Handbook 4th Edition Beebe

Beebe Test Bank

https://testbankmall.com/product/a-concise-public-speaking-
handbook-4th-edition-beebe-beebe-test-bank/
 6. Endocrine glands do NOT include:
A) the pituitary gland.
B) tear glands.
C) the pancreas.
D) the thyroid gland.

7. George's pupils are dilated and his heart rate is speeding up. The part of the nervous
system responsible for these changes is the nervous system.
A) somatic
B) central
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

8. In the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion:

A) the emotional feeling precedes the physiological arousal.
B) the physiological arousal and emotion feeling occur simultaneously.
C) a cognitive appraisal of the situation allows us to identify the emotion.
D) each emotion produces a distinctly different pattern of physiological arousal.

9. The , a brain stem structure, is involved in regulating body functions needed for
survival, such as breathing and heartbeat.
A) amygdala
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) cerebellum

10. Which statement about the limbic system is FALSE?

A) The limbic system plays an important role in survival, memory, and emotion.
B) The limbic system is comprised of the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala.
C) The limbic system is where higher-level cognitive processes occur.
D) The limbic system surrounds the top of the brain stem.

11. Which structure is the LARGEST part of the brain?

A) the brain stem
B) the cerebral cortex
C) the cerebellum
D) the limbic system

Page 2
12. The cortex in the lobe allows us to move different parts of our body.
A) motor; frontal
B) somatosensory; parietal
C) motor; temporal
D) somatosensory; occipital

13. People with damage to Broca's area have problems:

A) understanding speech.
B) singing.
C) reading silently.
D) speaking fluently.

14. Split-brain patients:

A) have a dominant left hemisphere.
B) can orally identify information presented in their left visual field.
C) have a severed corpus callosum.
D) only use the right hemisphere.

15. The right hemisphere processes information from the:

A) left eye.
B) left half of each eye.
C) right visual field.
D) left visual field.

Page 3
Answer Key
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. D
14. C
15. D

Page 4
1. In what way is a neuron like a miniature decision-making device?
A) It decides whether or not to accept incoming messages from other neurons.
B) It decides whether or not to manufacture neurotransmitters.
C) It decides whether or not to fire an impulse.
D) It decides how fast an impulse should travel down the axon.

2. Why do neural impulses travel faster in myelinated axons than in unmyelinated axons?
A) Myelin is a better conductor of electricity than other material in the axon.
B) The impulse leaps from gap to gap in the myelin sheath, rather than traveling
continuously down the axon.
C) Myelin prevents other substances from interfering with the impulse.
D) Unmyelinated axons are less developed than myelinated axons.

3. Treating Parkinson's disease with L-dopa may lead to an increase in:

A) the ability of dopamine to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B) the amount of dopamine in the brain.
C) schizophrenia-like symptoms.
D) both the amount of dopamine in the brain and schizophrenia-like symptoms .

4. Why are drugs that block the reuptake of neurotransmitters considered agonists?
A) They keep neurotransmitters active in the synaptic gap.
B) They increase the production of neurotransmitters.
C) They attach to the receptor cells in the receiving neuron to transmit messages.
D) They encourage continuous release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal.

5. Treating schizophrenia with antipsychotic drugs can lead to side effects that resemble
Parkinson's disease because these drugs:
A) increase levels of dopamine activity.
B) decrease levels of dopamine activity.
C) destroy dopamine neurons in the brain.
D) destroy dopamine receptors in the brain.

6. Sensory and motor neurons are located nervous system(s) and interneurons are
located nervous system.
A) in both the central and peripheral; only in the central
B) in both the central and peripheral; only in the peripheral
C) only in the central; only in the peripheral
D) only in the peripheral; only in the central

Page 1
 7. carry information to the CNS, whereas carry information from the CNS.
A) Motor neurons; interneurons
B) Interneurons; sensory neurons
C) Sensory neurons; motor neurons
D) Motor neurons; sensory neurons

8. Which statement about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is

FALSE?
A) The two systems are connected to different glands and organs, thus explaining their
dissimilar effects.
B) The sympathetic nervous system is called our “fight-or-flight” system because it
prepares us for action in an emergency situation.
C) The parasympathetic nervous system is called our “rest-and-digest” system because
it returns the body to its normal resting state after arousal.
D) Both systems are part of the peripheral nervous system.

9. Hormones are released _ and carry their messages more than

neurotransmitters.
A) into the bloodstream; quickly
B) into the bloodstream; slowly
C) directly to their target sites; quickly
D) directly to their target sites; slowly

10. Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the “master gland”?

A) It is located near the very top of the brain.
B) It controls the functioning of the somatic nervous system.
C) It releases hormones that direct other endocrine glands to release their hormones.
D) All of the answers are correct.

11. According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotion occurs autonomic

arousal and the behavioral response. According to the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion,
emotion occurs autonomic arousal and the behavioral response.
A) before; after
B) after; before
C) before; at the same time as
D) after; at the same time as

Page 2
12. When you feel a slap on the left cheek of your face, the cortex in the lobe
of the hemisphere is active.
A) motor; frontal; right
B) somatosensory; parietal; right
C) motor; frontal; left
D) somatosensory; parietal; left

13. Sheila was in an accident in which she received damage to her cerebellum. Sheila is
MOST likely to have difficulty:
A) understanding what she reads.
B) playing soccer.
C) storing information in short-term memory.
D) transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

14. When you repeat aloud what someone else is saying, which choice accurately depicts
the sequence of brain activity from the time you comprehend the words until the time
you prepare to pronounce the words?
A) Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe, Broca's area in the frontal lobe
B) Broca's area in the frontal lobe, Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe
C) Wernicke's area in the frontal lobe, Broca's area in the temporal lobe
D) Broca's area in the temporal lobe, Wernicke's area in the frontal lobe

15. In laboratory testing of a split-brain patient, suppose a picture of a baseball is flashed

only to the patient's left visual field. How would the split-brain patient be able to
identify the baseball?
A) by saying the word “baseball”
B) by sense of touch, using the right hand
C) by sense of touch, using the left hand
D) by either saying the word “baseball” or by sense of touch, using the right hand

16. Why is REM sleep sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep?

A) Brain waves are very slow, even if a person is dreaming about activity.
B) Body muscles are relaxed and immobilized, but the brain is active.
C) Sleepwalking may occur, but memory is not active enough to recall it.
D) Eyes are still, but people feel as if they are watching events in a dream.

Page 3
Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B

Page 4
1. The human brain is estimated to consist of approximately nerve cells (neurons).
A) 100 million
B) 500 million
C) 100 billion
D) 500 billion

2. The is the totality of the connections between neurons in your nervous system.
A) genome
B) connectome
C) neuronome
D) glianome

3. The cells comprising the support system in the nervous system are the _, and the
cells responsible for receiving, sending, and integrating information in the nervous
system are the .
A) neurons; glial cells
B) glial cells; neurons
C) glial cells; glial cells
D) neurons; neurons

4. Recent research indicates that the ratio of glial cells to neurons is approximately:
A) 1:1.
B) 10:1.
C) 50:1.
D) 100:1.

5. According to recent research on glial cells, which statement is FALSE?

A) Glial cells communicate with other glial cells.
B) Glial cells release neurotransmitters.
C) Glial cells strengthen and weaken neuronal connections.
D) Glial cells insulate neurons and remove the waste products of neurons.

6. Which part of the neuron looks like the branches of a tree?

A) the axon
B) the cell body
C) the dendrites
D) the myelin sheath

Page 1
 7. The neuronal structure responsible for receiving information from other neurons is the:
A) axon.
B) axon terminal.
C) dendrite.
D) cell body.

8. receive information from nearby neurons and then electrical impulses travel
down en route to other neurons.
A) Axons; axons
B) Axons; dendrites
C) Dendrites; axons
D) Dendrites; dendrites

9. The process of neural transmission within a neuron begins at the and ends at the
.
A) cell body; axon
B) axon terminals; cell body
C) cell body; dendrites
D) dendrites; axon terminals

10. Starting with incoming information, which ordering describes the sequence of neuronal
transmission?
A) dendrites cell body axon axon terminal
B) dendrites axon terminal axon cell body
C) axon axon terminal cell body dendrite
D) axon terminal axon cell body dendrite

11. The long, singular fiber leaving the cell body is the:
A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) glial cell.
D) axon terminal.

12. Which part of the neuron decides whether or not information should be passed on to
other neurons?
A) the axon
B) the cell body
C) the dendrites
D) the axon terminals

Page 2
13. The contain(s) the nucleus of the neuron.
A) axon
B) dendrites
C) cell body
D) glial cell

14. Within neurons, communication is _. Between neurons, communication is _.

A) chemical; chemical
B) chemical; electrical
C) electrical; chemical
D) electrical; electrical

15. In which instances will the cell body generate an impulse?

A) Excitatory input and inhibitory input are equal.
B) Inhibitory input outweighs excitatory input by a certain amount.
C) Excitatory input outweighs inhibitory input by a certain amount.
D) The cell body will generate an impulse if excitatory input and inhibitory input are
equal or if excitatory input outweighs inhibitory input by a certain amount.

16. For any particular neuron, an "all-or-nothing" event refers to the fact that all:
A) impulses travel at the same speed, no matter how intense a stimulus is.
B) dendrites must receive input or the axon will not transmit an impulse.
C) axon terminals pass on information, or none do.
D) input must be excitatory or no information will travel down the axon.

17. We are able to interpret varying intensities of stimuli (e.g., a pat versus a slap) because:
A) a single neuron can send an intense message or a less intense message.
B) special neurons send messages more intensely.
C) neurons send messages more frequently when we receive more intense stimuli.
D) each neuron sends a different type of signal.

18. When Cheyanne sees a bright light compared with a dim light:
A) more neurons generate impulses with no change in rate.
B) more neurons generate impulses with an increase in rate.
C) the same number of neurons generates impulses with an increase in rate.
D) the impulse travels down the axon faster.

Page 3
19. Which statement about the speed of neural impulses is TRUE?
A) Impulses in all neurons travel at the same speed.
B) Impulses can travel as fast as 200 miles per hour.
C) Impulses travel slower if an axon is encased in myelin.
D) Impulses travel faster if the intensity of the stimulus is strong.

20. Compared with the impulses generated by a whisper, a loud scream will cause:
A) impulses to travel faster down axons.
B) fewer neurons to generate impulses.
C) more neurons to generate impulses more often.
D) a single neuron to send a bigger impulse.

21. The is an insulating layer of a white fatty substance.

A) glial cell
B) dendrite
C) axon
D) myelin sheath

22. The myelin sheath the neural impulse because .

A) speeds up; the axon becomes narrower
B) speeds up; the impulse "leaps" from one gap in the sheath to another
C) slows down; the axon becomes wider
D) slows down; the impulse is partially blocked by the myelin

23. As a victim of multiple sclerosis, Mrs. Samuels is suffering from deterioration of ,

leading to an obvious difficulty in .
A) dendrites; hearing
B) dendrites; moving
C) the myelin sheath; hearing
D) the myelin sheath; moving

24. The destruction of the myelin sheath results in movement difficulties for sufferers of
multiple sclerosis because:
A) unmyelinated axons transmit neural messages erratically, greatly slowing
movement.
B) cell bodies cannot respond to dendritic messages when axons are unmyelinated.
C) the transmission of the neural impulses is greatly slowed when myelin deteriorates.
D) the all-or-nothing event is stopped when axons are unmyelinated.

Page 4
25. White matter in the brain is composed of:
A) myelinated axons.
B) unmyelinated axons.
C) myelinated dendrites.
D) unmyelinated dendrites.

26. The outside layer of our cerebral hemispheres appears gray because it is composed of
billions of:
A) neurotransmitters.
B) cell bodies and dendrites.
C) dendrites and glial cells.
D) myelinated axons.

27. White matter is composed of ; gray matter is composed of .

A) myelinated axons; cell bodies and dendrites
B) cell bodies and dendrites; myelinated axons
C) dendrites; cell bodies and myelinated axons
D) cell bodies and myelinated axons; dendrites

28. What happens when the impulse reaches the axon terminals?
A) The impulse reverses direction and travels back to the cell body.
B) The vesicles in the axon terminals fuse together.
C) The vesicles in the axon terminals open and neurotransmitters enter the synaptic
gap.
D) The vesicles absorb neurotransmitters.

29. After carrying their message across the synapse to the receptor sites, neurotransmitters:
A) may be consumed by the brain for energy.
B) may be destroyed in the synaptic gap by enzymes.
C) may travel through the receptor sites into the next neuron.
D) None of the answers is correct.

30. What happens to neurotransmitters after they deliver their message to the receiving
neuron?
A) They may be destroyed by enzymes.
B) They may be taken back into the axon terminals of the sending neuron for reuse.
C) They may be destroyed by enzymes or taken back into the axon terminals of the
sending neuron for reuse.
D) They are neither destroyed by enzymes nor taken back into the axon terminals of
the sending neuron.

Page 5
31. Recycling is to aluminum cans as is/are to .
A) reuptake; neurotransmitters
B) neurotransmitters; reuptake
C) myelination; axons
D) axons; myelination

32. A neurotransmitter is:

A) the microscopic gap between neurons.
B) a naturally occurring chemical in our nervous system that specializes in
transmitting information.
C) a chemical substance manufactured outside the body that can pass through the
blood-brain barrier.
D) a structure that pushes sodium out of the neuron.

33. The synaptic gap is so small that synaptic gaps would fill one strand of human
hair.
A) 100
B) 500
C) 2,000
D) 10,000

34. The synapse is:

A) the microscopic gap between neurons.
B) a naturally occurring chemical in our nervous system that specializes in
transmitting information.
C) a fiber that emanates out of the cell body like the branches of a tree.
D) the long singular fiber leaving the cell body.

35. In relation to neural transmission, what is happening during binding?

A) Neurotransmitters attach themselves to cell bodies.
B) Neurotransmitters travel from the axon to the axon terminals.
C) Neurotransmitters attach to the axon terminals.
D) Neurotransmitters attach to dendrite receptor sites.

Page 6
36. During reuptake:
A) vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic gap.
B) neurotransmitter molecules cross the synaptic gap and attach to the receiving
neuron.
C) neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed into the sending neuron's axon
terminals.
D) enzymes destroy unused neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap.

37. , the father of neuroscience, won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering
synapses.
A) Michael Foster
B) Santiago Ram?n y Cajal
C) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
D) James Lange

38. first coined the term synapse.

A) Michael Foster
B) Santiago Ram?n y Cajal
C) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
D) James Lange

39. The brain consumes approximately percent of the body's oxygen.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50

40. Approximately percent of the body's blood supply is pumped to the brain.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 40

41. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans would NOT be useful in answering which of
these questions?
A) Which areas of the brain are active when a person is reading a book?
B) Is the left hemisphere or right hemisphere more involved in speech production?
C) Does neural activity during speech differ between deaf and speaking individuals?
D) Which neurotransmitter is involved in speech production?

Page 7
42. In studying the brain, the technique involves detection of radioactive substances,
and the technique involves the detection of the amount of oxygen being used by
brain areas.
A) fMRI; X-ray
B) X-ray; PET scan
C) fMRI; PET scan
D) PET scan; fMRI

43. The fMRI is preferred over the PET scan because:

A) it is much less costly.
B) health insurance is more likely to cover fMRIs than PET scans.
C) fMRIs are less invasive and produce sharper images.
D) The fMRI is preferable for all of these reasons.

44. Prior to undergoing a brain scan, Brian takes a harmless dose of radioactive glucose. It
is likely that Brian's doctor is using which technique?
A) PET scan
B) fMRI
C) X-ray
D) CT scan

45. An agonist the activity of one or more neurotransmitters, and an antagonist

the activity of one or more neurotransmitters.
A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

46. The neurotransmitter implicated in the memory losses associated with Alzheimer's
disease is:
A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) GABA.
D) serotonin.

47. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is involved in:

A) control of arousal and mood states.
B) pain relief.
C) inhibitory control.
D) muscle movement.

Page 8
48. Botulinum poison, an for acetylcholine (ACh), works by ACh.
A) antagonist; blocking receptor sites for
B) antagonist; blocking release of
C) agonist; stimulating receptor sites for
D) agonist; stimulating release of

49. Which drug or poison initially acts as an agonist for acetylcholine (ACh) by causing its
continuous release?
A) black widow spider venom
B) botulinum
C) curare
D) L-dopa

50. Considering their effects on acetylcholine (ACh), the poison curare and the
poison botulinum .
A) stimulates release; blocks release
B) occupies receptor sites; stimulates release
C) occupies receptor sites; blocks release
D) blocks release; occupies receptor sites

51. In which way may a drug or poison have an agonistic effect on a neurotransmitter?
A) stimulating release
B) inhibiting release
C) stimulating neurotransmitter breakdown
D) blocking receptor sites

52. Black widow spider venom is to Ach, and antianxiety drugs are _ to GABA.
A) agonistic; antagonistic
B) antagonistic; agonistic
C) agonistic; agonistic
D) antagonistic; antagonistic

53. Low levels of the neurotransmitter are associated with Parkinson's disease.
A) ACh
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Page 9
54. Why has Parkinson's disease been treated by injections of L-dopa rather than injections
of dopamine?
A) Dopamine cannot be made into a drug.
B) Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
C) L-dopa has fewer side effects than dopamine when taken as a drug.
D) L-dopa is less expensive to manufacture than dopamine.

55. Which is NOT a disadvantage of using L-dopa as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
A) L-dopa becomes less effective as the disease progresses.
B) L-dopa is not effective for all Parkinson's patients.
C) Side effects of taking L-dopa resemble the symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) L-dopa can't cross the blood-brain barrier

56. In which way may a drug or poison have an antagonistic effect on a neurotransmitter?
A) stimulating release
B) stimulating production
C) blocking release
D) blocking reuptake

57. is a neurotransmitter involved in thought processes and physical movement.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) GABA

58. Dopamine activity is believed to be among schizophrenics and _ among

Parkinson's disease sufferers.
A) lower; lower
B) higher; higher
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

59. Amphetamines act as a dopamine by .

A) agonist; stimulating dopamine release B)
agonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine C)
antagonist; stimulating dopamine release
D) antagonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine

Page 10
60. Cocaine acts as a dopamine by .
A) agonist; stimulating dopamine release B)
agonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine C)
antagonist; stimulating dopamine release
D) antagonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine

61. Amphetamines are to cocaine as is to .

A) dopamine agonist; dopamine antagonist
B) dopamine antagonist; dopamine agonist
C) dopamine agonist; dopamine agonist
D) dopamine antagonist; dopamine antagonist

62. Pleasurable mood effects of addictive drugs are associated with the release of:
A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

63. Cocaine does NOT block the reuptake of:

A) dopamine.
B) serotonin.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

64. is a neurotransmitter involved in levels of arousal and mood that is influenced by

drugs such as Zoloft.
A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) ACh

65. is a neurotransmitter involved in sleeping and eating.

A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) ACh

Page 11
66. How do drugs such as Prozac work to reduce depression?
A) They block the reuptake of serotonin.
B) They block the release of serotonin.
C) They block the reuptake of GABA.
D) They block the release of GABA.

67. How do drugs such as Cymbalta and Effexor work to reduce depression?
A) They block the reuptake of serotonin only.
B) They block the release of serotonin only.
C) They block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) They block the release of serotonin and norepinephrine.

68. is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, whereas is

the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
A) Glutamate; GABA
B) GABA; glutamate
C) Serotonin; dopamine
D) Dopamine; serotonin

69. Brakes are to an automobile as is to the nervous system.

A) dopamine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

70. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is:

A) GABA.
B) norepinephrine.
C) glutamate.
D) dopamine.

71. Valium, an for GABA, is often prescribed to .

A) agonist; reduce anxiety B)
agonist; increase arousal C)
antagonist; reduce anxiety
D) antagonist; increase arousal

Page 12
72. It has been suggested that a lack of activity may contribute to epilepsy.
A) dopamine
B) ACh
C) glutamate
D) GABA

73. Jose has epilepsy and has been prescribed Valium, a agonist, to help block
epileptic convulsions.
A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) GABA
D) glutamate

74. The neurotransmitter(s) involved in pain relief is/are:

A) GABA.
B) Ach.
C) endorphins.
D) dopamine.

75. Morphine and heroin produce their pain relieving effects by:
A) releasing serotonin.
B) binding to serotonin receptors.
C) releasing endorphins.
D) binding to endorphin receptors.

76. How do morphine and heroin reduce pain?

A) They prevent the reuptake of dopamine.
B) They prevent the release of GABA.
C) They block the receptor sites for serotonin.
D) They stimulate the receptor sites for endorphins.

77. While exercising, Sally experiences a "runner's high" that is associated with an increase
in levels of:
A) acetylcholine.
B) endorphins.
C) GABA.
D) norepinephrine.

Page 13
78. Shelby had been receiving acupuncture to help relieve her back pain. Acupuncture may
partially be explained as stimulation of:
A) endorphins.
B) glutamate.
C) serotonin.
D) norepinephrine.

79. The brain is part of the _ nervous system and the spinal cord is part of the
nervous system.
A) central; central
B) central; peripheral
C) peripheral; central
D) peripheral; peripheral

80. The sympathetic nervous system is to as the parasympathetic nervous system is

to .
A) internal environment; external environment
B) external environment; internal environment
C) fight-or-flight; rest-and-digest
D) rest-and-digest; fight-or-flight

81. After a good meal, Jane is relaxing comfortably as her food digests, suggesting her
nervous system is in control. When she is frightened by a loud noise, Jane's
digestion is inhibited and her heartbeat accelerates, suggesting that her nervous
system is in control.
A) sympathetic; sympathetic
B) sympathetic; parasympathetic
C) parasympathetic; sympathetic
D) parasympathetic; parasympathetic

82. carry information to the CNS, whereas carry information from the CNS.
A) Motor neurons; interneurons
B) Interneurons; sensory neurons
C) Sensory neurons; motor neurons
D) Motor neurons; sensory neurons

Page 14
83. Which type of neurons is found only within the central nervous system?
A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) interneurons
D) PK cells

84. integrate information within the CNS by communicating with each other.
A) Sensory neurons
B) Motor neurons
C) Intraneurons
D) Interneurons

85. Which is NOT a function of the spinal cord?

A) It is the pathway for incoming sensory messages to the brain.
B) It is the pathway for outgoing messages from the brain about motor movements.
C) It controls reflexes such as the knee-jerk reflex that do not involve the brain.
D) It regulates essential body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood
pressure.

86. Autonomic is to somatic as is to .

A) parasympathetic; sympathetic
B) external; internal
C) involuntary; voluntary
D) fight; flight

87. At dinner, while John converses with friends, his nervous system controls his
heart rate and respiration. His nervous system regulates his stomach and controls
the digestion of food.
A) somatic; somatic
B) somatic; autonomic
C) autonomic; somatic
D) autonomic; autonomic

88. At dinner, when John picks up his fork, his nervous system controls the
movement of his fingers. His nervous system regulates his stomach and controls
the digestion of food.
A) somatic; somatic
B) somatic; autonomic
C) autonomic; somatic
D) autonomic; autonomic

Page 15
89. are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and transmitted
.
A) Neurotransmitters; in the bloodstream
B) Hormones; across the synapse
C) Neurotransmitters; across the synapse
D) Hormones; in the bloodstream

90. A major difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is that:

A) hormones are part of the peripheral nervous system and neurotransmitters are part
of the central nervous system.
B) neurotransmitters are released at their target site, whereas hormones are carried
through the bloodstream to target sites.
C) there are significantly more hormones in the body than there are neurotransmitters.
D) only hormones are capable of influencing male sexual activity through the effects
of testosterone.

91. Neurotransmitters are to as hormones are to .

A) neurons; endocrine glands
B) endocrine glands; neurons
C) CNS; PNS
D) PNS; CNS

92. The , releasing hormones essential for human growth, is/are controlled by the
.
A) pituitary gland; hypothalamus
B) hypothalamus; pituitary gland
C) adrenal glands; pancreas
D) pancreas; adrenal glands

93. The "master gland" of the endocrine system is the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) adrenal gland.
D) thyroid gland.

Page 16
94. A doctor has diagnosed Denise with a high blood-sugar level, a diagnosis that is MOST
likely linked to a problem with the:
A) thyroid gland.
B) pituitary gland.
C) hypothalamus.
D) pancreas.

95. Adrenal glands are involved in , whereas the thyroid gland is involved in .
A) regulating metabolism; digestion and maintaining blood-sugar levels
B) digestion and maintaining blood-sugar levels; regulating metabolism
C) triggering the fight-or-flight response; releasing hormones affecting growth and
maturation
D) releasing hormones essential for human growth; triggering the fight-or-flight
response

96. Which statement about the physical component of emotion is FALSE?

A) The physical component of emotion involves the autonomic nervous system.
B) When we are aroused, the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure.
C) Different emotions seem to lead to subtly different patterns of arousal.
D) We have a lower body temperature when we are angry than when we are afraid.

97. Which finding is BEST explained by the facial-feedback hypothesis?

A) We are more likely to respond with smiling faces to crying babies than with
smiling faces to smiling babies.
B) We smile at others when we are sad because we want them to smile back at us.
C) Our brains use our facial expressions to determine the emotions we are
experiencing.
D) When you see someone you care about, your brain registers the happiness you feel
by triggering the smile response.

98. A big smile is an example of the component of emotion. According to the facial-
feedback hypothesis, our facial muscles send a message to the , which determines
which emotion is being experienced.
A) physical; brain
B) physical; heart
C) behavioral; brain
D) behavioral; heart

Page 17
 99. In the theory of emotion, the physiological arousal and behavioral response

the emotional feeling.

A) James-Lange; precede
B) James-Lange; follow
C) Cannon-Bard; precede
D) Cannon-Bard; follow

100. Walking down a dark, deserted street, Brian suddenly hears footsteps behind him. He
starts to sweat and begins to run down the street, interpreting his sweating and running
as an indication of fear. This particular description of an emotional experience MOST
directly agrees with which theory of emotion?
A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) LeDoux
D) Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory

101. Which statement reflects the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A) The racing heartbeat we feel when afraid is indistinguishable from the racing
heartbeat we feel in the presence of a romantic partner.
B) The racing heartbeat and increased skin sensitivity we feel in the presence of a
romantic partner is interpreted as the emotion of love.
C) The physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses to the presence of a
romantic partner occur in varying orders depending on contextual factors, such as
time of day and frequency of exposure.
D) The racing heartbeat we feel when we are afraid.

102. Alone in an isolated vacation cabin, Kristie hears the sound of a window breaking.
Simultaneously, she feels very nervous, runs to the phone to call 911, and experiences
the emotion of fear. This particular description of an emotional experience MOST
directly agrees with which theory of emotion?
A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) LeDoux
D) Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory

103. What are the two factors in Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory?
A) physiological arousal and behavioral response
B) behavioral response and emotional feeling
C) cognitive appraisal and emotional feeling
D) physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

Page 18
104. When he saw the tornado cloud approach his home, Jason's level of arousal was
extremely high. Cognitively appraising the situation and his arousal, Jason labeled his
emotion as fear. This particular description of an emotional experience in which
cognitive appraisal precedes an emotion MOST directly agrees with which theory of
emotion?
A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) LeDoux
D) Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory

105. proposed that there are different brain systems for different emotions.
A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter-Singer
D) LeDoux

106. Liz died from a drug overdose that impaired her ability to breathe. It is likely that the
drug suppressed the functioning of the:
A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) cerebellum.
D) hypothalamus.

107. Which structure in the central core is involved in sleep and dreaming?
A) the thalamus
B) the reticular formation
C) the pons
D) the medulla

108. The medulla is responsible for , whereas the reticular formation is involved in
.
A) controlling essential body functions; modulating levels of arousal and
consciousness
B) modulating levels of arousal and consciousness; coordinating movements and
balance
C) coordinating movements and balance; controlling essential body functions
D) relaying sensory information; modulating levels of arousal and consciousness

Page 19
109. Cerebellum is to as pons is to .
A) essential body functions; levels of arousal and consciousness
B) levels of arousal and consciousness; essential body functions
C) coordination of our movements and balance; involvement in sleeping and dreaming
D) involvement in sleeping and dreaming; coordination of our movements and balance

110. Which structure is included in the central core of the brain?

A) the amygdala
B) the brain stem
C) the cerebellum
D) both the brain stem and the cerebellum

111. Which structure is NOT in the central core of the brain?

A) the medulla
B) the basal ganglia
C) the thalamus
D) the amygdala

112. In our daily lives, we are constantly exposed to a wide array of sensory stimuli. What
part of the brain is involved in deciding which of these stimuli enter our conscious
awareness?
A) the thalamus
B) the reticular formation
C) the basal ganglia
D) the amygdala

113. Which statement is TRUE?

A) The basal ganglia serve as a relay station for incoming sensory information.
B) The cerebellum is concerned mainly with the coordination of physical movements.
C) The thalamus is responsible for our different levels of arousal and consciousness.
D) The reticular formation is involved in essential body functions such as heartbeat,
breathing, blood pressure, digestion, and swallowing.

114. After an accident, Carl has some difficulty keeping his balance and also seems to have
forgotten how to ride a bike. It is MOST likely that Carl has suffered damage to which
brain structure?
A) the cerebellum
B) the hippocampus
C) the hypothalamus
D) the thalamus

Page 20
115. A ballet dancer's ability to coordinate a variety of physical movements during
performances would be disrupted after damage to the .
A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

116. Following a night of drinking, Stephen is unsteady and cannot walk in a straight line.
These uncoordinated movements are likely due to the effect of alcohol on the:
A) pons.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

117. Which statement is FALSE?

A) The thalamus serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information.
B) The cerebellum is concerned mainly with the coordination of physical movements.
C) The reticular formation is responsible for our different levels of arousal and
consciousness.
D) The medulla is responsible for the initiation and execution of physical movements.

118. is to coordinating movement as is to initiating movement.

A) Basal ganglia; cerebellum
B) Cerebellum; basal ganglia
C) Medulla; thalamus
D) Thalamus; medulla

119. Which is NOT a similarity between Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease?
A) Both involve difficulties in movement.
B) Both involve the basal ganglia.
C) Both involve neurotransmitter deficits.
D) Both involve dopamine activity.

120. Parkinson's disease is to as Huntington's disease is to .

A) dopamine deficits; GABA and acetylcholine deficits
B) GABA and acetylcholine deficits; dopamine deficits
C) dopamine overactivity; serotonin deficits
D) serotonin deficits; dopamine overactivity

Page 21
121. Which three structures are found in the limbic system?
A) the hypothalamus, the medulla, and the hippocampus
B) the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the medulla
C) the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala
D) the hypothalamus, the medulla, and the amygdala

122. The limbic system plays an important role in:

A) basic bodily functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
B) relaying incoming sensory information.
C) the initiation and execution of physical movements.
D) our survival, emotion, and memory.

123. Which functions are regulated by the hypothalamus?

A) the operation of basic drives such as eating
B) the operation of the somatic nervous system
C) the operation of procedural memory
D) The hypothalamus controls both the operation of basic drives and the somatic
nervous system.

124. Hypothalamus is to as hippocampus is to .

A) eating; drinking
B) drinking; eating
C) memory; sex
D) sex; memory

125. The hippocampus is NOT involved in:

A) forming new memories.
B) creating new neurons.
C) controlling emotions like anger and fear.
D) neurogenesis.

126. Fred Gage discovered that the hippocampus was capable of creating new neurons
through his study of:
A) Phineas Gage's brain.
B) postmortem brains of cancer victims.
C) H. M.'s brain.
D) postmortem brains of Huntington's chorea victims.

Page 22
127. The hippocampus is involved in , whereas the amygdala is involved in .
A) regulating aggression and fear; maintaining an internal equilibrium
B) maintaining an internal equilibrium; regulating aggression and fear
C) forming memories; regulating aggression and fear
D) maintaining an internal equilibrium; forming memories

128. Violent rhesus monkeys become tame and docile following surgical removal of their:
A) hippocampus.
B) thalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) hypothalamus.

129. The structure that allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate is the:
A) cerebral cortex.
B) hippocampus.
C) corpus callosum.
D) central core.

130. The differentiates the human brain from that of all other animals.
A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) corpus callosum
D) central core

131. The right and left hemispheres of the brain are connected by the and are covered
by the .
A) association areas; motor cortex
B) motor cortex; association areas
C) corpus callosum; cerebral cortex
D) cerebral cortex; corpus callosum

132. The frontal lobe is located the lateral fissure, and the temporal lobe is located
the lateral fissure.
A) above; above
B) above; below
C) below; above
D) below; below

Page 23
133. The parietal lobe is located in of the central fissure and the lateral fissure.
A) back; above
B) back; below
C) front; above
D) front; below

134. The part of the brain that enables you to feel someone holding your hand is in the
lobe.
A) parietal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) frontal

135. Interpreting body sensation is to as motor movement is to .

A) temporal lobe; parietal lobe
B) parietal lobe; frontal lobe
C) frontal lobe; parietal lobe
D) occipital lobe; frontal lobe

136. The proportion of space in the motor cortex devoted to a specific body part depends on
the:
A) size of the body part.
B) location of the body part.
C) sensitivity of the body part.
D) precision of movement made by the body part.

137. Motor cortex is to as somatosensory cortex is to .

A) frontal lobe; parietal lobe
B) parietal lobe; temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe; temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe; frontal lobe

138. The amount of space for body parts in the motor cortex is allocated according to the
, and the amount of space for body parts in the somatosensory cortex is allocated
according to the .
A) size of the body part; size of the body part
B) precision and complexity of the movement of the body part; sensitivity to touch of
the body part
C) precision and complexity of the movement of the body part; size of the body part
D) size of the body part; sensitivity to touch of the body part

Page 24
139. The amount of space devoted to each part of the body in the somatosensory cortex is:
A) greater for larger parts, such as the torso.
B) related to the size of a specific body part.
C) related to the sensitivity of a specific body part.
D) the same for all body parts, excluding the lips, hands, and feet, which receive
greater space.

140. When the doctor gives Takisha an injection in her right arm, the temporary pain of the
needle is registered by the cortex in her hemisphere.
A) motor; left
B) motor; right
C) somatosensory; left
D) somatosensory; right

141. It is possible for people to be conscious during brain surgery because:

A) local anesthesia can be applied to the surface of the brain.
B) the brain does not have pain receptors.
C) the somatosensory cortex can be inhibited.
D) pain signals cannot travel when local anesthesia is applied to the cortex.

142. The homunculi for the motor and somatosensory strips were determined by:
A) Santiago Ram?n y Cajal.
B) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Wilder Penfield.

143. After an accident, Carla experienced visual and auditory difficulties. It is MOST likely
that she suffered damage to her lobes.
A) frontal and occipital
B) occipital and temporal
C) temporal and parietal
D) parietal and frontal

144. The auditory cortex is located in the lobes, and the visual cortex is located in the
lobes.
A) temporal; occipital
B) occipital; temporal
C) temporal; frontal
D) occipital; parietal

Page 25
145. The ability to see the beautiful dance movements in a ballet performance results from
processing in the lobe. The ability to hear the music accompanying the dance
movements results from processing in the lobe.
A) occipital; temporal
B) temporal; occipital
C) frontal; parietal
D) parietal; frontal

146. Occipital lobes are to as parietal lobes are to .

A) movement of body parts; interpreting body sensation

B) interpreting visual information; interpreting body sensation
C) interpreting visual information; interpreting auditory information
D) interpreting body sensation; movement of body parts

147. All cortical areas in the brain, except those devoted to primary sensory or motor
processing, are referred to as cortex.
A) the sensory
B) the association
C) Wernicke's
D) Broca's

148. is a rare neurological condition in which otherwise normal people have

cross-sensory experiences in which stimulation in one sensory modality leads to
automatic activation in another modality.
A) Parkinson's disease
B) Synesthesia
C) Schizophrenia
D) Epilepsy

149. Shauna sees the sound of a guitar as blue, a characteristic of a neurological condition
called:
A) epilepsy.
B) myasthenia gravis.
C) synesthesia.
D) aphasia.

Page 26
150. The majority of the cortex, devoted to the of information, is called the
cortex.
A) initial detection: sensory
B) initial detection; association
C) integration; sensory
D) integration; association

151. Approximately percent of the cortex is association cortex.

A) 40
B) 50
C) 70
D) 80

152. The fusiform face area (FFA) is located in the lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

153. When Pamela recognized her mother's face, the hemisphere of her lobe
was most active.
A) left; parietal B)
right; parietal C)
left; temporal D)
right; temporal

154. Brandon was told by a psychologist that he has prosopagnosia, which means he has
difficulty:
A) seeing colors.
B) recognizing people by their faces.
C) hearing a conversation with background noise.
D) remembering people's names.

155. Neurobiological research on the adolescent brain suggests that incomplete development
of the lobe may partially explain the poor decision-making and risky behaviors
common among adolescents.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Page 27
156. Phineas Gage's accident led neuroscientists to hypothesize the involvement of the:
A) frontal lobes in impulse control.
B) occipital lobes in vision.
C) parietal lobes in sensitivity to pain.
D) temporal lobes in hearing.

157. The lobes are important for planning, decision making, and personality.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

158. Broca's area, involved in the of speech, is most often located only in the
hemisphere.
A) production; left
B) production; right
C) comprehension; left
D) comprehension; right

159. An impairment in generating fluent speech is called aphasia, whereas an

impairment in language comprehension is called _ aphasia.
A) Broca's; association
B) Wernicke's; Broca's
C) association; Wernicke's
D) Broca's; Wernicke's

160. Which statement about language areas in the brain is TRUE?

A) Broca's area and Wernicke's area are located in the left hemisphere in the majority
of people.
B) Broca's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for generating fluent
speech.
C) Wernicke's area, located in the left frontal lobe, is responsible for comprehension
of speech and text.
D) Damage to Broca's area results in nonsensical speech.

Page 28
161. Broca's area is to the lobe as Wernicke's area is to the lobe.
A) frontal; temporal
B) temporal; frontal
C) parietal; occipital
D) occipital; parietal

162. Interestingly, damage to Broca's area not only influences _, it also influences
.
A) language comprehension; language production
B) language production; the ability to use sign language
C) the ability to use sign language; language comprehension
D) the ability to sing; the ability to use sign language

163. After an accident, David has difficulty understanding what other people say to him. It is
highly probable that David has suffered damage to:
A) his frontal lobe.
B) his parietal lobe.
C) Wernicke's area.
D) Broca's area.

164. It is estimated that approximately percent of left-handers process speech in the

left hemisphere.
A) Most right-handers process speech in the left hemisphere, and most left-handers
process speech in the right hemisphere.
B) More right-handers than left-handers process speech in the left hemisphere.
C) The ability to produce speech and the ability to use sign language are both
processed primarily in the left hemisphere.
D) None of these statements is false.

165. How did Einstein's brain differ from a "normal" brain?

A) It was much larger in overall size.
B) The cortex had a much larger surface area.
C) The cerebellum was much larger.
D) The corpus callosum was much thinner.

166. Severing the corpus callosum has been used as a medical treatment for severe cases of:
A) depression.
B) epilepsy.
C) multiple personality disorder.
D) schizophrenia.

Page 29
167. In severe cases, surgeons have severed the in humans to reduce the symptoms of
.
A) cerebral cortex; epilepsy
B) corpus callosum; epilepsy
C) cerebral cortex; aphasia
D) corpus callosum; aphasia

168. Visual information in the left visual field is processed by and then routed to the
hemisphere.
A) only the right eye; left
B) only the left eye; right
C) both eyes; left
D) both eyes; right

169. If a split-brain patient has a picture of a spoon flashed briefly in his left visual field, the:
A) image will be processed in his left hemisphere.
B) image will be processed in his right hemisphere.
C) patient will be able to identify the image with his right hand.
D) patient will be able to say that he saw a spoon.

170. A person suffering a stroke that produces severe damage to the left hemisphere might
experience difficulty with:
A) drawing a map.
B) recognizing faces.
C) completing a block design puzzle.
D) balancing a checkbook.

171. In laboratory testing of a split-brain patient, suppose a picture of a dog is flashed to the
patient's left visual field and a picture of a cat is flashed to the right visual field. Which
of the pictures could the split-brain patient verbally identify?
A) both the cat and the dog
B) only the cat
C) only the dog
D) neither the cat nor the dog

Page 30
172. A split-brain patient is presented with a lime to her right visual field and a lemon to her
left visual field. If asked to say orally what she saw, her response would be . If
asked to point with her left hand to what she saw, she would point at the .
A) lime; lime
B) lemon; lemon
C) lime; lemon
D) lemon; lime

173. In general, the left hemisphere is more involved in tasks, and the right
hemisphere is more involved in tasks.
A) analytic; spatial
B) spatial; analytic
C) verbal; mathematical
D) mathematical; verbal

174. In general, the left hemisphere is more involved in tasks.

A) analytic
B) spatial
C) facial recognition
D) holistic processing

175. Left hemisphere is to as right hemisphere is to .

A) flowers; buds
B) trees; forest
C) verbal; analytical
D) analytical; verbal

176. In general, the right hemisphere is more involved in tasks.

A) analytic
B) spatial
C) logic
D) verbal

177. Which statement BEST describes the scope of consciousness?

A) We are conscious of the overwhelming majority of our brain and body functioning.
B) We are conscious of how the brain processes information.
C) We are conscious of both how the brain processes information and the results of
that processing.
D) We are conscious of our inner thinking and feeling and what is happening in our
external environment.

Page 31
178. is to electrical activity as is to oxygen use.
A) PET; fMRI
B) PET; EEG
C) fMRI; PET
D) EEG; fMRI

179. is used to monitor electrical activity via small electrodes attached to the scalp.
A) PET
B) CT
C) fMRI
D) EEG

180. A doctor has suggested that Dwayne should undergo a sleep study to determine why he
is having difficulty sleeping. When Dwayne arrives at the study, the doctors use a(n)
to measure his brain waves as he sleeps.
A) PET
B) fMRI
C) EEG
D) EOG

181. Sleep researchers have hypothesized that sleep spindles, occurring during sleep,
serve to the brain's sensitivity to sensory input.
A) Stage 2; decrease
B) Stage 2; increase
C) REM; decrease
D) REM; increase

182. As we progress from Stage 1 to Stage 4 sleep, which statement BEST describes how our
brain waves change?
A) They become faster and larger.
B) They become faster and smaller.
C) They become slower and larger.
D) They become slower and smaller.

Page 32
183. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the presence of _ , and Stage 4 sleep is
characterized by the presence of .
A) sleep spindles; delta waves
B) delta waves; sleep spindles
C) sleep spindles; alpha waves
D) alpha waves; sleep spindles

184. Although we may dream about running, it is unlikely that we can even walk while we
are dreaming. Why is it unlikely that we can actually walk while we are dreaming?
A) Our brain is not consuming enough oxygen to support walking.
B) We are too tired to walk.
C) Our bodies are essentially paralyzed.
D) Our eyelids are closed, and we would get hurt if we walked.

185. Which statement concerning dreaming is FALSE?

A) We spend about two hours per night dreaming.
B) We are most likely to remember dreams from our last phase of REM sleep.
C) REM is the stage in which most dreaming occurs.
D) Some individuals do not dream as evidenced by their inability to recall dreams.

186. One possible reason why dreams seem highly emotional is that during REM sleep, the
frontal lobes are and the amygdala and hippocampus are .
A) shut down; shut down
B) shut down; active
C) active; shut down
D) active; active

187. The fact that Alzheimer's disorder is often associated with sleep disturbances suggests
support for which theory regarding the function of sleep?
A) Sleep helps us process what we learn.
B) Sleep helps the brain clean itself of toxic metabolic byproducts.
C) Sleep evolved as an adaptive process.
D) Sleep contributes to the production of myelin.

188. Which consequence has NOT been asserted as resulting from sleep deprivation?
A) muscle mass loss
B) suppression of the immune system
C) feelings of weakness and discomfort
D) impaired concentration

Page 33
189. Which is NOT true of REM sleep?
A) Dreaming occurs during REM sleep.
B) There is a significant increase in the amount of REM sleep following deprivation
of REM sleep.
C) Disruption of REM sleep following learning impairs memory for this learning
D) Humans are the only mammals that exhibit REM sleep.

190. Which purpose has NOT been proposed as a function of sleep?

A) restoring the brain and body
B) consolidating memory
C) adapting to a dangerous environment
D) building stronger muscles

191. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, we dream because the brain:

A) needs to consolidate and synthesize daily activities.
B) actively synthesizes newly acquired information during dreaming.
C) attempts to make sense of the random neural activity that occurs during sleep.
D) needs time to rest from the active synthesizing of information that occurs during
normal awake periods.

192. What is the main idea of the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A) Dreams activate emotions and beliefs so we can synthesize them with actual
events.
B) Dreams help us synthesize newly learned information by activating the
hippocampus.
C) Dreams are an attempt to synthesize random neural activity generated by the pons.
D) Dreams activate unsolved problems so we can synthesize better solutions.

193. Which statement is a major criticism of the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A) It fails to explain why not all individuals remember their dreams.
B) Dream content is often more incoherent, bizarre, and confusing than would be
expected.
C) Dream content is more consistent over time than would be expected.
D) It fails to explain why young children recall their dreams more often than older
children.

Page 34
194. theory of dreams suggests that dreams result from our normal cognitive
processes, but they use self-generated sensory data during sleep rather than external
sensory input as they do when we are awake.
A) Activation-synthesis
B) Neurocognitive
C) REM-rebound
D) Brain activation

Page 35
Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. C
18. B
19. B
20. C
21. D
22. B
23. D
24. C
25. A
26. B
27. A
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. A
32. B
33. C
34. A
35. D
36. C
37. B
38. C
39. C
40. B
41. D
42. D
43. C
44. A

Page 36
45. B
46. A
47. D
48. B
49. A
50. C
51. A
52. C
53. B
54. B
55. D
56. C
57. C
58. C
59. A
60. A
61. C
62. B
63. D
64. A
65. A
66. A
67. C
68. A
69. B
70. A
71. A
72. D
73. C
74. C
75. D
76. D
77. B
78. A
79. A
80. C
81. C
82. C
83. C
84. D
85. D
86. C
87. D
88. B
89. D
90. B

Page 37
 91. A
92. A
93. A
94. D
95. C
96. D
97. C
98. C
99. A
100. B
101. A
102. A
103. D
104. D
105. D
106. A
107. C
108. A
109. C
110. D
111. D
112. B
113. B
114. A
115. A
116. B
117. D
118. B
119. D
120. A
121. C
122. D
123. A
124. D
125. C
126. B
127. C
128. C
129. C
130. B
131. C
132. B
133. A
134. A
135. B
136. D

Page 38
137. A
138. B
139. C
140. C
141. B
142. D
143. B
144. A
145. A
146. B
147. B
148. B
149. C
150. D
151. C
152. D
153. D
154. B
155. A
156. A
157. A
158. A
159. D
160. A
161. A
162. B
163. C
164. A
165. B
166. B
167. B
168. D
169. B
170. D
171. B
172. C
173. A
174. A
175. B
176. B
177. D
178. D
179. D
180. C
181. A
182. C

Page 39
183. A
184. C
185. D
186. B
187. B
188. A
189. D
190. D
191. C
192. C
193. C
194. B

Page 40
1. The main function of the is to receive information from other neurons.
A) dendrites
B) cell body
C) axon
D) axon terminals

2. Which compound is an agonist?

A) curare
B) GABA
C) botulinum poison
D) amphetamine

3. An SSRI works by blocking the reuptake of:

A) dopamine.
B) serotonin.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

4. Which type of neuron carries information from the CNS to the rest of the body?
A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) interneuron
D) glial

5. Which action is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A) pupil dilation
B) stimulation of digestion
C) acceleration of heartbeat
D) contraction of blood vessels

6. The actions of the pituitary gland are controlled by the:

A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.

Page 1
 7. The limbic system consists of the:
A) thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala.
B) hypothalamus, medulla, and reticular formation.
C) amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia, amygdala, and cerebellum.

8. In the majority of people, Broca's area is located in the hemisphere, and

Wernicke's area is located in the hemisphere.
A) right; right
B) right; left
C) left; right
D) left; left

9. Information in a person's left visual field goes to the half of each eye and then to
the hemisphere.
A) left; left B)
left; right C)
right; right D)
right; left

10. Which stage of sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep?

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 4
D) REM sleep

11. The theory of emotion proposes that the physiological arousal and behavioral
responses and the emotional feeling all occur simultaneously but independently.
A) Schachter-Singer two-factor
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) “common sense”

12. At dinner, when John picks up his fork, his nervous system controls the
movement of his finger. His nervous system regulates his stomach and controls
the digestion of food.
A) autonomic; autonomic
B) autonomic; somatic
C) somatic; autonomic
D) somatic; somatic

Page 2
13. Damage to the right hemisphere will MOST likely disrupt a person's ability to:
A) balance a checkbook.
B) recognize faces.
C) do logic problems.
D) give speeches.

14. Botulinum poisoning (food poisoning) causes paralysis by blocking the release of
, and curare paralyzes by occupying the receptor sites for .
A) acetylcholine; acetylcholine
B) acetylcholine; GABA
C) GABA; acetylcholine
D) GABA; GABA

15. The amount of space devoted to each part of the body in the motor cortex is:
A) proportional to the actual size of that part of the body.
B) proportional to the complexity and precision of movement of which that part of the
body is capable.
C) the same for all body parts.
D) greater for your torso than for your hands.

Page 3
Answer Key
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. B

Page 4
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 CHLOROFORM IN PARTURITION.
When the practice of inhalation in midwifery was first introduced by Dr. Simpson, he very naturally
adopted the plan which is usually followed in surgical operations, making the patient unconscious at
once, and keeping her so to the end of the labour. It was soon found, however, by other practitioners,
that this is not necessary; and, indeed, it would not be safe in protracted cases. Drs. Murphy and Rigby
were, I believe, amongst the first to state, that relief from pain may often be afforded in obstetric cases,
without removing the consciousness of the patient; and I soon observed the same circumstance.[150]
Some persons, indeed, have alleged that the pain of labour can always be prevented, without making the
patient unconscious of surrounding objects; whilst others have asserted that no relief can be afforded
unless unconsciousness be induced. But both these opinions are directly opposed to experience. There
are comparatively few cases in which the suffering can be prevented throughout the labour without
interfering with consciousness, although there are very many cases in which it can be in this way
prevented in the early part of the labour. This difference depends, in some measure, on the constitution
of the patient, but chiefly on the severity of the pain to be prevented. It is in accordance with what is
observed in medical and surgical cases, that the pain should be removed, in some instances, without
abolishing consciousness, and that in other instances it should not; for, in certain cases of neuralgia, the
pain is so severe, that no material relief can be obtained by chloroform as long as consciousness is
retained; and in surgical operations, although it now and then happens that the minor and concluding
parts of an operation, such as tying vessels and introducing sutures, can be performed without pain,
whilst the patient is consciously looking on, a free incision in the skin can hardly ever be made, under
similar circumstances, without pain.
With regard to the cases of labour in which chloroform may be employed, it will be readily conceded
that, in cases where the pain is not greater than the patient is willing to bear cheerfully, there is no
occasion to use chloroform; but when the patient is anxious to be spared the pain, I can see no valid
objection to the use of this agent, even in the most favourable cases. The benefits arising from
chloroform in severe cases of labour are experienced in a lesser degree in favourable cases; and the
patient may be fairly allowed to have a voice in this, as in other matters of detail which do not involve the
chief results of the case. The determination of the kind of labours in which chloroform should be used, or
withheld, is really a matter of not much importance, because, as we pass from cases that are severe and
protracted to those which are short and easy, the quantity of chloroform that is used, and the amount of
diminution of the common sensibility, and of interference with the mental functions, become so trifling,
that very little remains about which to hold a discussion. Indeed, from what I have observed of the
continued use of this agent in medical cases, and its use by healthy persons for experiment, I believe that
the quantity which is inhaled in a short and easy labour might be continued daily for an indefinite
period, without appreciable effect on the health.
The above remarks apply also, in some measure, to the question as to the period of the labour when
the exhibition of chloroform should commence; for, in proportion as the pains are feeble, it must be
more sparingly administered. The most usual time when the accoucheur and I have determined that the
inhalation should be commenced, has been when the os uteri was nearly dilated to its full extent, and the
pains were taking on an expulsive character. In many of the cases which I have attended, it has, however,
been commenced much earlier; for the suffering caused by the dilating pains in the first stage of labour
is often very great, and the chloroform is consequently of the utmost service when employed at this time.
As regards the manner of giving chloroform, I shall first allude to cases not requiring manual or
instrumental assistance. In such cases, when it has been determined to resort to inhalation, the moment
to begin is at the commencement of a pain; and the chloroform should be intermitted when the uterine
contraction subsides, or sooner, if the patient is relieved of her suffering. It is desirable to give the
chloroform very gently at first, increasing the quantity a little with each pain, if the patient is not
relieved. The practitioner easily finds, with a little attention, the quantity of vapour which it is desirable
to give at any stage of the labour, and in each particular case; his object being to relieve the patient
without diminishing the strength of the uterine contractions and the auxiliary action of the respiratory
muscles, or with diminishing it as little as possible. At first, it is generally necessary to repeat the
chloroform at the beginning of each “pain”; but, after a little time, it commonly happens that sufficient
effect has been produced to get the patient over one or two uterine contractions without suffering, before
it is resumed.
 The external evidences of the uterine contractions continue as before, when the patient is rendered
unconscious by chloroform; and the muscles of respiration are called freely into play, to assist the action
of the uterus in the second stage of labour. The aspect of the patient under these circumstances, is
generally that of one who is suppressing the expression of her sufferings; and any relative or friend who
comes in, without knowing that chloroform has been given, begins to praise the unconscious patient for
her fortitude. On some occasions, indeed, there are groans and cries, as of suffering; but the mind being
unconscious of pain, it can hardly be said to exist.
It may be remarked, that complete anæsthesia is never induced in midwifery, unless in some cases of
operative delivery. The diminution of common sensibility to a certain extent, together with the
diminution or removal of consciousness, suffice to prevent the suffering of the patient during labour;
and she never requires to be rendered so insensible as in a surgical operation, when the knife may be
used without causing a flinch or a cry. The nerves of common sensation must be allowed to retain their
functions to a certain extent during labour; otherwise the assistance of the respiratory muscles, which
consists of reflex action, or “motion arising from sensation, without the aid of volition”, would not take
place, even if the contractions of the uterus should still continue.
The effects of chloroform on the brain should not be carried during labour beyond what I denominate
the second degree of narcotism, or that condition in which the mental functions are diminished, but not
altogether suspended, except when the effect of the vapour is associated with natural sleep. The patient
under the influence of chloroform to this extent, has no longer a correct consciousness of where she is,
and what is occurring around her, but is capable of being aroused to give incoherent answers, if
injudiciously questioned. In this state, the patient will sometimes assist the labour by bearing down
voluntarily, if requested to do so, and be otherwise obedient to what is said; and by withholding the
chloroform for a few minutes, she at any time becomes quite conscious. As a general rule, it is desirable
not to hold any conversation whilst the patient is taking chloroform, in order that her mind may not be
excited. The plan mentioned above, of giving the chloroform very gently at first, also has a tendency to
prevent its causing mental excitement, the patient coming gradually under its effects. In surgical
operations, excitement of the mind can nearly always be avoided by carrying the patient pretty rapidly
into a state of insensibility, in which the mental functions are necessarily suspended. But in the practice
of midwifery, it is not allowable to cause a state of coma or insensibility, except in certain cases of
operative delivery, hereafter to be mentioned.
I nearly always employ, in obstetric cases, the inhaler that I use in surgical operations. There is not the
same necessity for an accurate means of regulating the proportion of vapour in the air which the patient
is breathing during labour, where but a trifling amount of narcotism requires to be induced, as in
surgical operations, where a deeper effect is necessary; still I find the inhaler much more convenient of
application than a handkerchief, and it contains a supply of chloroform which lasts for some time,
thereby saving the trouble of constantly pouring out more. When I do administer chloroform on a
handkerchief during parturition, I follow the plan of putting only ten or fifteen minims of chloroform on
the handkerchief at one time.
The quantity of chloroform administered during any one pain, never exceeds a very few minims; but
the quantity used in the course of a protracted labour is often considerable. I have several times used
from four to six ounces; and in one case, at which I was present the greater part of the time, seventeen
fluid ounces of chloroform were used with the inhaler, which would produce as much effect as three or
four pounds used on a handkerchief. The inhalation was continued with intermissions over a period of
thirty-one hours. The patient was unconscious during the greater part of the last five or six hours, but
previously to this, her constant complaint was that she had not enough chloroform. She was the wife of a
physician, was thirty-seven years of age, and in her first confinement. The membranes ruptured early.
The labour was natural, but there was excessive sensibility. The first twenty-six hours of intermitted
inhalation were during the first stage of labour.
Chloroform can be best applied when there is an additional medical man, who has not to attend to the
ordinary duties of the accoucheur; but it can be given very well by the accoucheur himself, so as to save
the greater part of the suffering of labour; although he perhaps cannot always administer it in the perfect
way in which he could, if he had no other duties to divide his attention.
It is probable that the use of chloroform has no particular influence over the duration of labour, in the
whole number of cases in which it is employed; but individual labours are occasionally either retarded or
quickened by it, according to circumstances. In some cases, the chloroform, even when very moderately
employed, diminishes both the strength and the duration of the uterine contractions, and prolongs the
interval between them, thereby making the labour somewhat longer—a matter of no consequence,
however, as the patient is not suffering in any way. In other cases, the inhalation causes the uterine
action to become stronger and more regular, by removing the excess of sensibility by which it has been
interfered with. This occurs more particularly in the first stage of labour. In some cases, also, the
chloroform seems to act as a direct stimulant to the uterine contractions, increasing their force and
frequency—a circumstance at which we need not be surprised, when we remember that both opium and
brandy, in moderate quantity, often act in the same manner. Chloroform has also the effect of promoting
the dilatation of the os uteri in many cases, even when no rigidity exists; and when there is rigidity of the
os uteri, the inhalation is of the utmost service, and shortens labour very much. This is the case, also,
when there is rigidity of the perineum.
When the forceps have to be applied, it is desirable to make the patient insensible, as if for a surgical
operation just before they are applied; and to leave off the chloroform as soon as they are introduced, in
order to allow of the uterine action to return, and assist in the delivery. I have always found the action of
the uterus return immediately after the forceps were introduced; and where the child was not delivered
at once, I have continued the chloroform in sufficient quantity to keep the patient unconscious, whilst
allowing the uterine contractions to continue.
I have administered chloroform on nine occasions in which the forceps were applied; in four of the
cases, I was sent for in consequence of the operation being required; and in the other five cases, I was in
attendance from an early part of the labour, and had administered chloroform more or less for some
hours before the forceps were applied. They were applied in three instances by Dr. Murphy, twice by Dr.
Ramsbotham, and in the other cases by Drs. Farre, Frere, and Thudichum, and Mr. Peter Marshall.
I have administered chloroform in two cases of craniotomy, both of which were performed by Dr.
Murphy, on account of deformity of the pelvis. The amount of chloroform scarcely requires to be
increased during this operation beyond what would be given according to the strength of the pains which
may be present at the time.
In the operation of turning the child, the mother requires to be made quite insensible, in order that
the uterine contraction may be entirely suspended till the legs of the child are brought down, when the
inhalation should be discontinued to allow the contraction of the uterus to return. I have notes of six
cases of turning the child, in which I have administered chloroform. The first case, which occurred in
1848, was one of natural presentation, in which turning was performed by Dr. Murphy, on account of
narrowness of the pelvis, and the impossibility of applying the forceps; the introduction of the hand was
difficult on account of want of space, but the uterus offered no resistance. Dr. Murphy has related the
case. Three of the other instances of turning were performed by Mr. French, in cases which had been
attended by midwives, and the membranes had been ruptured for several hours. The shoulder and part
of the chest were in each case pressed down into the pelvis, and the pains were very strong; yet under a
full chirurgical dose of chloroform, the child was turned as easily as if the membranes had not been
ruptured. In the first of these three cases, the child was dead before the operation commenced. In the
other two, it was born alive. In the last case, the membranes had been ruptured for ten hours before the
operation was performed. After the child was delivered, there was found to be a second child presenting
naturally, but I did not stay to give any more chloroform. The fifth case of turning was performed in a
case of elbow presentation by Mr. Peter Marshall. The membranes had been previously ruptured. I
administered chloroform, also for Mr. Marshall, in a case where the hand was presenting below the
head; he raised it above the head, and as it did not come down again when the pains returned, the labour
was allowed to pursue its natural course, and terminated favourably in two or three hours, the child
being alive. The chloroform was not continued after the operation was performed. The remaining case of
turning was performed by Mr. Tegart, of Jermyn Street. I was in attendance with him from an early
stage in the labour, and the operation was performed before the membranes were ruptured.
I administered chloroform, in 1849, in a case in which Dr. Murphy had to make an artificial os uteri.
The patient was, of course, made quite insensible as for any other surgical operation; and the vapour was
continued afterwards in a modified degree till the labour was completed.
On December 26th, 1850, I was requested by Mr. Cooper, of Moor Street, Soho, to assist him in a case
of retention of the placenta. The patient had given birth to a child two hours before, and Mr. Cooper had
introduced his hand, but had been unable to bring away the placenta, on account of firm contraction of
the uterus in a sort of hour-glass form. On the chloroform being administered, the hand was easily
introduced, and the placenta detached, and extracted. There was very little hæmorrhage.
In some of the many cases at which I have met Dr. Cape, premature labour was induced about the
eighth month of utero-gestation, by rupturing the membranes, on account of deformity of the pelvis.
 In a case attended by Mr. Cantis, the patient was suffering from osteo-sarcoma of the bones about the
shoulder. Dr. Ferguson was present during the latter part of the labour. The lady lived a few weeks after
her confinement.
A patient, attended in her confinement by Mr. Colambell of Lambeth, in 1853, to whom I gave
chloroform, had been long under the care of Dr. Williams with cavities in the lungs. I heard very lately
that she was still living.
A patient of Mr. Robert Dunn, to whom I gave chloroform in her confinement, was at the time in a
state of insanity.
In one of the patients whom I have attended with Dr. Arthur Farre, there was separation of the recti
muscles of the abdomen; which there is no doubt must have taken place gradually during pregnancy.
The patient was but twenty years of age, and in her first labour. Quite early in the labour, before the
pains were at all strong, Dr. Farre and I observed that the abdomen was of a peculiar form, the uterus
projecting very much forwards, whilst there was a slackness in the flanks. The abdominal muscles did
not assist the pains at all; and it was probably from this cause that the labour progressed slowly and was
terminated at last with the forceps. The recti muscles recovered their position by careful bandaging.
The chloroform has always been left off as soon as the child was born, but a little has been
administered again on several occasions during the expulsion of the placenta. The placenta has generally
been expelled very soon in the labours in which I have given chloroform; usually in about five minutes.
There has hardly ever been uterine hæmorrhage of any amount, except in patients who had suffered
from it in previous labours. In a case attended by Mr. Nathaniel Ward, however, there was a slight
hæmorrhage before the birth of the child, and about an hour afterwards there was a considerable
hæmorrhage which made the patient feel rather faint for some hours. She afterwards went on
favourably, however. She was a young woman who had had several children.
A patient, to whom I was recommended by Sir John Forbes, inhaled chloroform in three
confinements. She recovered favourably from the two first; but on the third occasion, after going on
favourably till the fifth day, she was attacked with puerperal fever, and died on the seventh day from her
confinement.
I am not aware that more than one death has been recorded as having occurred from chloroform
during labour; and this took place in England, in 1855, when no medical man was present.[151] The
patient had inhaled chloroform in America in a previous labour; but her medical man, on the last
occasion, who was her particular friend, forbad that agent, and said that if she was determined to have it,
he would not attend her. She procured chloroform unknown to him, and a number of scents to put on
her handkerchief and hide the odour of it from him. He went to bed in the house, and was not called up
till his patient had been dead about an hour. The monthly nurse, who had procured the chloroform for
the patient, said that she snored very loudly for an hour after she fell asleep. About five drachms of
chloroform were used from the bottle, and the handkerchief from which it was inhaled remained close to
the patient’s face till she died. The death seemed to have taken place very slowly, and the monthly nurse
was extremely stupid to allow the patient to die. It may also be remarked that the accident would not
have taken place except for the medical man’s extreme objection to the use of chloroform.
 The chloroform has been occasionally blamed by the friends of
patients, or medical men opposed to its use, in cases where patients
have died from puerperal convulsions or other causes, so long after
the vapour had been left off that it could not be the cause of death.
The following case shows how easy it would be to make a mistake
with respect to the effects of chloroform. Soon after its introduction,
I was requested to administer it to the wife of a medical man who
had a great desire for it in her confinement. Mr. Propert was to
attend the lady. I was sent for late one evening, but as there were no
pains at the time when I arrived, I was requested to go to bed in the
house. After a time, I was called by a servant, who told me that the
baby was born, and that Mr. Propert was sent for. I found that the
birth had been so sudden that the husband, who was in the room,
could not get to the bed side before the child was born. Mr. Propert
arrived, and I went home, leaving the patient very well. Mr. Propert
informed me, that after I left the patient went into such a state of
syncope as to make him think she was going to die, and continued so
for some time. She ultimately recovered. There was no hæmorrhage
or any other cause to account for the faintness, and I understood Mr.
Propert to say, that if the patient had inhaled chloroform, he should
have blamed it for the condition into which she lapsed.
 THE INHALATION OF CHLOROFORM IN
MEDICAL CASES.
Neuralgia. When the pain of neuralgia is not extremely severe, it
may be removed by the inhalation of chloroform without causing
unconsciousness; but when it is very severe, it is necessary to make
the patient unconscious before the pain is suspended. In some cases
of neuralgia of the face, the pain is so severe that the signs of it
remain after the patient is rendered unconscious, and only disappear
when he is quite insensible; and then, as the insensibility passes off,
the hand is raised to the face, and the contortions of the features
return before the patient awakes to be aware of his suffering. When
the mental branch of the fifth nerve is affected, the paroxysms of
pain are accompanied by a motion and smacking of the lips. In a
hospital patient I have seen this when he was awake, but in a
gentleman only when his consciousness was removed by the
chloroform, and before complete insensibility was induced; when
awake, he restrained the impulse to this kind of motion of the lips.
In administering chloroform it is desirable to continue it steadily
and gradually till the pain is relieved; and if the patient is rendered
unconscious before the pain is removed, to continue it till all signs of
suffering disappear. After the first inhalation of the vapour, the pain
will generally return in a few minutes, but when again subdued, it
will not return so quickly; and after it has been suspended a few
times by the repetition of the chloroform during the space of an hour
or so, the pain is usually removed either permanently or for two or
three hours. In some cases I have had to repeat the chloroform
occasionally throughout the day, and, on one or two occasions, for
two or three days in succession. The chloroform can, in general, only
be considered a temporary remedy, and therefore such other
medicines should be applied as may be thought advisable.
When I have prescribed chloroform in a liniment, to be applied to
the face, the patient has often found out that he obtained more relief
by smelling at the liniment than by applying it. Chloroform generally
gives great relief, however, when applied locally in neuralgia, either
alone or mixed with camphorated spirit; it is advisable to apply it on
a piece of lint or blotting paper, which should be covered over with
tinfoil, or some other impermeable substance, to prevent the
evaporation. It causes about as much heat and uneasiness as a
mustard poultice, before it relieves the pain.
Spasmodic Asthma. On November 12th, 1850, I administered
chloroform in the Hospital for Consumption, at Brompton, to a
married woman, aged thirty-five, a patient of Dr. Cursham. She was
in a fit of spasmodic asthma, but was the subject also of chronic
bronchitis. Twenty minims of chloroform were inhaled from an
inhaler. It gave immediate relief, producing a momentary state of
unconsciousness, or a state bordering on it. In a few minutes the
difficulty of breathing gradually returned, but not to the same extent,
and the inhalation was repeated with a like effect. The difficulty of
breathing returned less quickly and severely; and after a third
inhalation of twenty minims she was completely relieved, and could
lie down. The patient had a good night, and was better next day. On
the 14th, she had another fit of spasmodic asthma, which was
relieved completely by the chloroform in the same manner as the
previous one. This patient inhaled extract of stramonium every
evening, by a method which will be described further on.
Other cases of spasmodic asthma have been relieved as readily and
completely; but in one or two cases, in which the difficulty of
breathing seemed to depend on disease of the heart, the relief was
not so great; the patient went to sleep, but the breathing remained
embarrassed.
Spasmodic Croup. I have administered chloroform in seven cases
of this complaint. It was recommended in every instance by Dr.
Ferguson, and all the cases ended in recovery. The children were
from eight months to two years of age; the majority being about a
year. I always gave enough chloroform to cause a state of
unconsciousness, for which a few minims suffices in a young child,
and when the effect passed off, or nearly so, I repeated the dose. I
generally gave five or six doses in the course of about half an hour,
after which the child would often sleep for two or three hours. In the
milder cases it was repeated once a day; but in the more severe cases
it was continued, in the above manner, twice a day. I administered it
to a patient of Dr. Van Oven, respecting whom Dr. Ferguson had
been consulted, for fifteen days, twice every day, excepting the last
three days. This child was very ill when the treatment was first
commenced, having a severe fit of spasmodic breathing every five
minutes. When the chloroform is given during the spasm, it is
desirable to give it very cautiously.
Mr. W. J. H. Cox read a paper on the treatment of laryngismus
stridulus, with chloroform, at the London Medical Society, in 1850.
He had entrusted the administration of it to the mother or nurse, and
directed it to be given whenever the spasmodic breathing should
come on. I am inclined to think that this would be the best way of
giving it, if one could be quite sure of the intelligence of the party to
whom it was entrusted.
Hooping-Cough. I have only administered chloroform in two cases
of this complaint. It was recommended in both cases by Dr.
Ferguson. One of the children was extremely ill of bronchitis, and it
died. The other child recovered, but the chloroform was not
continued. I am not aware that chloroform has had any fair trial in
hooping-cough. It should be given whenever a fit of coughing comes
on.
Infantile Convulsions. I have administered chloroform in two
cases of this disease, with the effect of relieving the convulsions, but
the children died. They were both extremely ill before the chloroform
was administered. One was the patient of Mr. Walter Bryant, and Dr.
Seth Thompson was consulted about it. A case has been related by
Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, in which the chloroform was continued
for a day or two, and in which the infant recovered.
Delirium cum Tremore.[152] Some cases have been related in the
medical journals, in which this complaint was treated successfully by
chloroform alone; but I prefer to use this agent only as an adjunct to
the treatment by opium. Sometimes the patient is so violent and
suspicious that he cannot be made to take opium; but it is much
easier to make a person breathe a medicine, than swallow one. It is
only necessary to hold a patient, and to apply the chloroform near his
face, and he is obliged to breathe it, and as the effect of it subsides,
he recovers the power of swallowing before his delirium returns; for
whilst he is still unconscious, he will swallow whatever is poured into
his throat. Opium can be administered, and the chloroform can be
repeated occasionally so as to keep him asleep for an hour or two till
the opium takes effect and prolongs the sleep. It is a great advantage
of chloroform that the delirium may be subdued in a few minutes by
it, and can be kept away till opium takes effect.
In certain cases of delirium cum tremore, such a quantity of opium
is taken without procuring sleep, that the medical attendant has,
what I believe to be, a well-grounded fear of giving more. A patient
whom I saw with Mr. Peter Marshall, in April 1850, had taken ten
fluid drachms of laudanum and two grains of acetate of morphia,
within twenty-four hours of my seeing him, without any sleep being
procured. He was put to sleep immediately by chloroform, which was
repeated on the following day. The patient got quite well in a few
days.
In December 1851, I saw a patient who had had no sleep for four
days, except three intervals of a quarter of an hour each, although a
great deal of opium had been given. He was very violent; and for the
last twelve hours had spat out all the medicine that was given to him;
his pulse was small and very rapid. He was made insensible in a few
minutes, and the chloroform was repeated, at intervals, for half an
hour, so as to keep him unconscious. Fifty minims of tincture of
opium were given in one of the intervals. I waited an hour and a
quarter after the chloroform was discontinued; the patient was still
sleeping, and his pulse was less frequent. I learnt that when he awoke
he was quite free from delirium, and he was well in a few days.
Delirium in Fever. In November 1857, I administered chloroform
to a youth of seventeen, who had been ill of typhoid fever for sixteen
days. He had been in a state of constant delirium for upwards of
forty-eight hours without having the least sleep, although he had had
tincture of opium in divided doses to the extent of forty-five minims,
and had taken a tablespoonful of wine every four hours. The
chloroform was continued gently for half an hour; he slept for an
hour afterwards, and at intervals during the night. He was a little
better in the morning; and the delirium was not again so violent as it
had been. He died on the nineteenth day of the fever, from a
recurrence of diarrhœa.
Dr. Fairbrother, of Bristol, gave small doses of chloroform by
inhalation, with the best effects, in a case of typhus fever, in the
Bristol Infirmary. The patient was delirious and worn out for want of
sleep, her life being in fact despaired of. She inhaled the chloroform
occasionally for several days, sleep being always procured when it
was applied, and she recovered without any other medicine.[153]
Hydrocephalus. I administered chloroform on two occasions, for
half an hour at a time, to a child, seven years old, when delirious and
screaming violently, in this complaint. The child was much relieved
by the inhalation, but it died on the fourteenth day of the disease.
Tetanus. I have notes of three cases of tetanus in which I have
administered chloroform. The first was a patient of the late Mr.
Keate, in St. George’s Hospital, in February 1849. It was a girl,
fourteen years old, who had received some severe burns in the face
and various parts of the body, a fortnight previously. Four days
before inhaling the chloroform, she was attacked with symptoms
resembling those of chorea, but for the last two days the complaint
was recognised to be tetanus. There was rigidity of the spine and
jaws, and of one arm, which was flexed. Spasms came on every
minute or two, affecting, more particularly, the head and the arm. I
commenced to give chloroform very gently at four in the afternoon.
It prevented the spasm before consciousness was quite removed.
Whenever the spasm offered to return, the inhalation was repeated
with the effect of stopping it. The chloroform was continued till half-
past five, with the effect of keeping the spasm away; and the patient
took some drink during this time, better than she had done
previously. I saw the child again at eight o’clock in the evening, and
found that the spasms had returned soon after I left, and had
continued as before. The chloroform was given again at intervals for
an hour and a half, with the effect of keeping away the spasms, and
inducing sleep; but I found that the child was getting weaker, and
would die even if the spasm was entirely prevented. She died at a
quarter past eight the following morning. There was no inspection of
the body.
The next case was a patient of Mr. Propert, a boy, ten years of age,
who had suffered from sloughing of the skin of the inferior
extremities. The tetanus came on during the healing process, whilst
the greater part of both extremities was in a state of ulceration, and
covered with healthy granulations. The patient was in a very irritable
and feeble state, and his pulse was 150 in the minute. He was made
insensible, and the chloroform was repeated twice in the space of
half an hour. No relaxation of the muscles of the jaws was produced,
although the effect of the chloroform was carried as far as seemed
safe in such a subject. He died twelve hours afterwards.
I administered chloroform lately to a patient of Mr. Salmon in St.
Mark’s Hospital. He underwent an operation by ligature for
prolapsus ani and hæmorrhoids on March 1st; on March 5th tetanus
commenced, and on March 7th chloroform was administered whilst
Mr. Salmon removed some sloughs from the anus; and it was
repeated occasionally afterwards. The patient was a man, fifty-two
years of age; he was the subject of kidney disease, and the tetanus
was extremely severe. He had had four doses, each containing a fluid
drachm of laudanum, between the time when the tetanus
commenced and his inhaling the chloroform. His pupils were
contracted, and he was made insensible by an extremely small
quantity of chloroform. He was, in fact, very much under the
influence of opium, although the spasm of the tetanus prevented his
sleeping.
Chloroform affords great relief to the patient affected with tetanus,
and it probably increases the prospect of recovery in cases which are
not too severe and acute.
Epilepsy. Dr. Todd at one time had chloroform administered by
inhalation, in King’s College Hospital, to the extent of causing
insensibility, at stated intervals, in cases of epilepsy, and he thought
with advantage. I have frequently administered chloroform for
surgical operations to patients who were subject to epilepsy, and
have very rarely found it produce any approach to a fit.
In July 1850, I administered chloroform to a boy, seven years old,
in an epileptic fit, which had lasted about an hour when the
inhalation was commenced. He had had fits previously, the last of
which had occurred a year before, but none of them had lasted so
long as the existing one. He had eaten nine new potatoes for his
dinner, at one o’clock, and the fit came on about eight. I found the
abdomen swollen and very tympanitic. There was constant
convulsive motion of the right arm, and of the neck; the latter
drawing the head to the right side. The mouth was also drawn to the
right at each convulsive motion. The chloroform was given by putting
a few minims at a time on a handkerchief, and holding it to the
mouth and nostrils. It caused immediate cessation of the convulsions
every time it was applied. The convulsions, however, returned again
in a minute or two. In the intervals that he was partially under the
influence of the vapour, he breathed easily without stertor. The
convulsions became gradually less severe, and ceased entirely ten or
fifteen minutes after the commencement of the inhalation.
Puerperal Convulsions. I have not been called to any case of this
complaint since chloroform has been in use; but some cases have
been related in the medical journals in which the inhalation of
chloroform has been employed with a favourable result. One case is
related by Mr. Henry Rudge, of Leominster.[154] When the chloroform
was administered, the patient was in violent convulsions which came
on in frequently succeeding fits. The os uteri was dilated, and the
head presenting. The pains were entirely arrested. The chloroform
was administered by twenty minims, at intervals, on a folded
handkerchief. The convulsions, after a few inhalations, entirely
ceased, and Mr. Rudge extracted the child without difficulty. There
was another child with the head presenting: it was delivered with the
forceps. The placenta was delivered with the hand on account of
smart hæmorrhage. There was only one attack of convulsions after
delivery, and the patient recovered favourably. It was her first
labour, and her age was twenty-three years.
A case of puerperal convulsions was related by Mr. Andrew Bolton
to the Newcastle and Gateshead Pathological Society.[155] His patient,
aged twenty-two, was at the full period of her first pregnancy. The os
uteri was high, slightly dilated, and extremely rigid. She was treated
at first by blood-letting, and full doses of morphia. Mr. Bolton says:
“As her condition appeared hopeless should the paroxysms continue,
chloroform was administered on a piece of linen, in half-drachm
doses, and its full effects kept up for three hours. At two P.M., there
was a slight return of convulsion; skin warm and perspiring; the os
uteri was found steadily dilating; and from her uneasy movements, it
was apparent that uterine action had begun.
“Half-past three. The membranes were ruptured; and brisk uterine
action ensuing, a dead child was expelled, immediately followed by
the placenta. She regained her senses during the expulsive efforts,
but appeared entirely ignorant of her previous condition. Recovery
followed without any bad symptom.
“In conclusion, I would remark, that the convulsions were in no
measure mitigated by the depletion, which was carried to the utmost;
nor was there any yielding of the os uteri until the chloroform was
inhaled.”
The urine was not examined in either of the above cases, and it is
not stated that œdema was present.
Hysterical Paralysis and Contractions. In December 1851, I
administered chloroform in Charing Cross Hospital to a young
woman about twenty-five, a patient of Dr. Chowne. She kept her left
knee in a semiflexed position, and would not allow it to be moved.
She had been in bed in the hospital for two months. She inhaled the
chloroform reluctantly, and, after becoming unconscious, she
breathed and sobbed in a hysterical manner. When insensible, the
limb went down flat on the bed, the knee being quite movable. A
straight splint was applied, and the limb was secured to it with
bandages. I was informed that in a few days she contrived to get her
leg bent again. She was the domestic servant of a nobleman. It was
evident that there was nothing the matter with her limb, and that it
was only influenced by her volition, which was perverted by the
hysteria under which she was labouring.
In November, in the same year, I administered chloroform in the
same hospital to another patient of Dr. Chowne, whose case was
more obscure and complicated. The patient was a woman, aged
thirty-three, who represented that for several months she had been
unable to open her mouth, or to speak, and that she had, for the
same length of time, been paralyzed in the left arm and leg. The
affection, it was said, came on suddenly, in a kind of fit, which was
followed by unconsciousness for three or four weeks. It was also said,
that she had one or two fits the previous year, after which she was
unconscious for a long time. The patient was quite conscious before
inhaling the chloroform, and replied to questions by nodding or
shaking the head, or by writing on a slate. She was unmarried, and
had not menstruated for some months past. The chloroform was
administered with a view to ascertain whether or not she was
feigning. On first becoming unconscious, the patient breathed in a
sobbing and hysterical manner. The chloroform was given very
gradually; and as she became more affected, there were some
struggling and rigidity, when the right arm and leg were moved
about a good deal. The left arm and leg were also distinctly moved,
but not above a tenth part as much as the extremities of the opposite
side. When the patient was quite insensible, the limbs being relaxed,
the pupils turned upwards, and the conjunctiva insensible, attention
was turned to the jaws, which were still firmly closed, but they were
opened by using a moderate degree of force with the fingers. The
effect of the chloroform having been allowed in a great measure to
subside, it was again administered, when the movements of the
limbs recurred, and there was the same difference between the
motion of the right side and that of the left, as before. When I left the
patient, more than half an hour after the chloroform was
discontinued, she had not opened her eyes or answered questions;
and she did not do either for six days. I saw her five days after the
chloroform. The pulse was very rapid on my first going to the
bedside, but its frequency subsided in a few minutes. On my raising
the eyelid, she turned her eye about, as if endeavouring to hide the
pupil under the lid. On the following day she answered questions by
nodding and writing on a slate, and was, in other respects, the same
as before inhaling the chloroform.
The great difference in the amount of motion in the limbs of this
patient, under the influence of chloroform, showed that the paralysis
of the left side was not a mere pretence. It is, indeed, possible that
the absence of motion in the limbs of the left side, for several
months, would cause them to move less than the opposite ones
during the action of chloroform; but it is not to be supposed that the
patient would keep these limbs in one posture during the night, and
when no one was present, without ever moving them, unless she
herself believed that they were paralyzed. I looked on the woman as a
sick person, and not a mere impostor; for although she appeared to
exaggerate her symptoms, and to have a good deal of pretence and
affectation, this circumstance arose, no doubt, from her complaint.
In April 1853, I administered chloroform four times to a patient of
Dr. Arthur Farre, a girl of fifteen years of age, who was affected with
a contraction of the flexor muscles of the left thigh and leg, of the
muscles which bend the body to the left side, and those which bend
and turn the head to the same side, in consequence of which the leg
was drawn up, and the body and head were curved greatly to the left
side. The contraction of the muscles had lasted for several weeks, but
she had been ill for a much longer period, her illness having
commenced with a fever. She took an extremely small quantity of
nourishment, and was very thin. Her bowels were moved with
difficulty. The pulse was very feeble and small, and there was a
tendency to coldness of the surface. An eminent surgeon in the
provinces had expressed his opinion that the distortion of the limbs
and trunk was a feigned disorder; but the action of the chloroform
proved that he was altogether in error. The muscles became
completely relaxed when the patient was quite insensible, and the
limbs and trunk and head could be readily moved into any position;
but as the effects of the chloroform subsided, the deformity returned
on each occasion before the patient recovered her consciousness.
Neither the chloroform nor any other measures were of any service,
and Dr. Farre informed me that the patient died a few weeks after I
saw her.
Mania. I have been informed of several cases in which chloroform
has been administered in acute mania, with the effect of calming the
patient and procuring sleep. I have administered it in two cases with
the same temporary advantage. In one of the cases, the patient was
persuaded to inhale it; in the other, he had to be held by three
keepers till he was unconscious. An eminent and well-known
scientific man, who became insane some years ago, refused to take
food. It was found that after being made unconscious by chloroform,
he would take a meal just as he recovered from its effects, and the
chloroform was given before every meal for a long time.
Spasmodic Pain. In August 1851, I administered chloroform to a
woman who was labouring under a severe paroxysm of spasmodic
pain in the abdomen. The pain was completely removed, without
altogether causing unconsciousness. An opiate was given to prevent
the pain from returning.
I have not had the opportunity of administering chloroform during
the passage of calculi down the ureters, or of gall-stones; but there
can be no doubt that it would be of the greatest service in such cases.
If Dr. Griffin had been provided with chloroform when he attended
the late Mr. Augustus Stafford with an attack of gall-stones,[156] he
would have been able to relieve his patient in five minutes, instead of
taking two or three hours to produce relief by opium. There would
have been no occasion for the venesection, which was carried to
thirty ounces. And at the end of the attack, on Dr. Griffin leaving his
patient for the night, if chloroform had been employed, he would
have left him without any appreciable amount of the narcotic in his
system. As it was, however, he left him with a quantity of opium
unabsorbed from the alimentary canal. The bandage got displaced
from the arm; there was an additional hæmorrhage, the opium
became absorbed more quickly, and a dangerous state of narcotism
was induced.
Frequent and long continued Use of Chloroform. Many patients
have inhaled this agent hundreds of times, and it continued to
produce insensibility as readily as at first. The dose does not require
to be increased on account of its long use. I was informed of the case
of a lady who was affected with a painful cancer, and was attended by
the late Mr. Keate and Mr. Henry Charles Johnson. She inhaled
chloroform at frequent intervals, by day and night, for a very long
time, consuming three or four ounces in the twenty-four hours.
In November 1851, a surgeon in the north of England wrote to me
respecting one of his patients, a lady, who had inhaled a great deal of
chloroform, on account of neuralgia of the uterus. He said that,
during that year, and principally within the last six months, she had
inhaled at least two hundred ounces; that she often inhaled as much
as three ounces in a day; and that it seemed to have produced very
little effect on her general health, except that she seemed to be more
susceptible of pain. He said that he had reluctantly yielded to the
entreaties of his patient to administer it so often, and he wished for
my opinion respecting the propriety of continuing its use, and what
effect it would be likely to produce.
I advised that the chloroform should be continued as long as the
severity of the pain rendered it necessary; and expressed my opinion,
that it would produce as little ultimate effect as any other narcotic
which might be used to relieve the pain. I saw the surgeon in
September of the following year. He informed me that the
chloroform was continued for some time after he had written to me;
but that his patient had recovered from her complaint, and had left
off the chloroform, and was in good health.
Mr. Garner, of Stoke-upon-Trent, has related the case of a lady,
affected with neuralgia, who inhaled sixty-two ounces of chloroform
from her handkerchief, in twelve days.[157]
 SULPHURIC ETHER, OR ETHER.

History and Composition. “This liquid is first described by

Valerius Cordus, in 1540, under the name of oleum vitrioli dulce. The
term ether was applied to it a hundred and ninety years afterwards
by Frobenius, who, in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions,
described its singular properties; at the end of this paper is a note by
Godfrey Hankwitz, Mr. Boyle’s operator, mentioning the
experiments that had been made upon it by Boyle and by
Newton.”[158]
The present chemical name of ether, or sulphuric ether, is oxide of
ethyle. It consists of four atoms carbon, five atoms hydrogen, and
one atom oxygen. Its atomic number is consequently 37.
The usual way of making ether, is to distil common alcohol (the
hydrated oxide of ethyle) with sulphuric acid.
Chemical and physical Properties. Ether is a clear, colourless
liquid, of the specific gravity of 0·715 at 68°. It boils at 96° Fahr.; and
the specific gravity of its vapour is 2·565. It is soluble, in all
proportions, in alcohol, and it is soluble in nine parts, by measure, of
water. Water is also soluble in nine parts, by measure, of ether, so
that after ether has been agitated with water, it retains one-tenth of
its volume of that fluid. Ether is very inflammable, and, as it yields its
vapour very freely, great care is required in pouring it out by artificial
light. Its vapour is also very explosive when mixed, in certain
proportions, with atmospheric air.
The ordinary ether of the shops contains a portion of alcohol which
has distilled over with it; the alcohol should be removed by agitating
the ether with twice its volume of water, before it is used for
inhalation. The ether which has been treated in this way is called
washed ether. The water which it takes up during the washing can be
removed by distilling it from lime, or dry carbonate of potassa; but
this is unnecessary, as the water does not interfere with the action of
the ether when inhaled; and part of the water evaporates and is
inhaled with the ether, when the atmospheric air is not already
saturated with moisture.
Ether has a peculiar and very strong odour; in this respect it differs
extremely from chloroform. The odour of a single drop of ether can
be distinctly perceived all over a large operating theatre, whilst a pint
of chloroform may be spilt without its odour being much noticed.
The strong odour of ether is, indeed, one of the greatest objections to
its use, since another agent has been discovered which is free from
this objection. As was previously stated, the odour of chloroform
cannot be perceived in the breath, after the lungs are emptied by one
or two expirations of the vapour just taken in; whilst the smell of
ether can be perceived in the breath for twenty-four, and sometimes
for forty-eight, hours after the patient has inhaled it. The surgeon,
and others who have been about the patient, also smell of the ether
to a less degree. When a rabbit has been killed by the inhalation of
ether, a starving cat will not eat its flesh even after it has been boiled;
whereas the odour of chloroform cannot be perceived in the bodies of
animals that have been killed by it.
If ether is exposed to atmospheric air by being kept a long time in
a bottle but partly filled, it is apt to be decomposed into acetic acid
and water.
The following Table shows the result of experiments which I made
to ascertain the quantity of vapour of ether that 100 cubic inches of
air will take up, when saturated with it, at various temperatures, the
barometric pressure being 30 inches of mercury. The ether I
employed in the experiments was washed, but not dried. It was,
therefore, saturated with water, of which it contained one-tenth of its
volume. It had a specific gravity of 0·735 at 60° Fahr., and it boiled at
98°.
 Temp. Fah. Cubic inches of vapour. Minims of ether.
50° 52 64
51 54 66
52 56 69
53 59 72
54 62 76
55 65 80
56 68 84
57 72 88
58 76 93
59 80 98
60 84 102
61 88 107
62 92 112
63 97 117
64 102 122
65 107 128
66 112 134
67 117 140
68 123 147
69 130 156
70 138 165

In the above Table the air is a constant quantity of 100 cubic

inches, which becomes expanded to 152, and so on; but the following
Table shows the quantity of vapour in 100 cubic inches of the
saturated mixture of vapour and air at different temperatures:—
 Temp. Fah. Air. Vapour.
40° 73 27
42 72 28
44 70 30
46 69 31
48 67 33
50 66 34
52 64 36
54 62 38
56 60 40
58 57 43
60 54 46
62 52 48
64 49 51
66 47 53
68 45 55
70 42 58
72 40 60
74 37 63
76 34 66
78 32 68
80 29 71

The absorption of caloric during the evaporation of ether is much

greater than during that of chloroform, owing both to the greater
quantity of vapour it yields on account of its lower boiling point, and
to the lower specific gravity of the vapour. The evaporation of ether
from the bulb of a thermometer usually lowers the temperature
nearly to zero of Fahrenheit. When the inhalation of ether was first
commenced, the inhalers employed consisted generally of glass vases
containing sponge, to afford a surface for the evaporation of the
ether. Both glass and sponge being very indifferent conductors of
caloric, the interior of the inhalers became much reduced in
temperature, the evaporation of ether was very much checked, and
the patient breathed air much colder than the freezing point of water,
and containing very little of the vapour of ether. On this account, and
through other defects in the inhalers, the patient was often very long