MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

State Department of Vocational and Technical Training

KAIBOI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

Technology for Self-Empowerment

P.O. Box 937- 30100 Eldoret Kenya

Web: www.kaiboitech.ac.ke Email: kaiboi@kaiboitech.ac.ke

Tel.: +254 727937937/+254 734937937 Fax: +254 20 2029886

AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY LED LIGHT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING.

PRESENTER: DERICK OKETCH

INDEX NO: 5401010526

INSTITUTION: KAIBOI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

SUPERVISOR: LEONARD CHEROGONY

SUBMITTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR

THE AWARD OF CERTIFICATE IN DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

DATE: 16TH JUNE 2022

ISO 9001:2015 Certified TVET Institution

i
DECLARATION

I hereby declares that this thesis entitled, AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY

LED LIGHTS submitted towards partial fulfillment of requirements for the
award of diploma in electrical and electronics engineering is my original
work and has never been submitted for examination to any other institution.

DERRICK OKETCH

Signature………………………

Date…………………………..

This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval
as the Institute Supervisor.

Leonard Cherogony

Signature………………………

Date……………………………

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to acknowledge that my project work has been

completed and I am ascertain that this is my work and was not copied.

In this accomplishment, I would like to express my special gratitude to all

my instructors and most important our Head of Department.

I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of
the librarians, who gave me permission to access the library at any time for
references and use any necessary tools in design and fabrication of my
project.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement V
Abstract VI

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………..2
1.2. Objective …………………………………………………………………..3
1.3. Overview………………………………………………………………….. 3

Chapter 2: Parts detail

2.1 Transformer…………………………………………………………………7
2.2 Resister………………………………………………………………………8
2.3 Capacitor…………………………………………………………………….9
2.4 Transistor……………………………………………………………………11
2.5 Mosfet…………..…………………………………………………………...12
2.6 Diode………………………………………………………………………..14
2.7 LED light……………………………………………………………………15
2.8 Battery………………………………………………………………………17
2.9 LED Lamp………………………………………………………………17
Chapter 3: Control & Operation

3.1 Parts Requirement………………………………………………………….20

3.2 Circuit Construction………………………………………………………..21
3.3 Real Project Image…………………………………………………………22
3.4 Operation and Work………………………………………………………..23
3. 4.1Battery Backup
Time…………………………………....................................................24

Chapter 4: Conclusion

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4.1 Advantage…………………………………………………………………………………26
4.2 Disadvantage……………………………………………………………………………...26
4.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….27
References

27 TABLE OF FIGURE

2.1 Transformer………………………………………………………………………………7

2.2 Resistor……………………………………………………………………………………8

2.3 Capacitor………………………………………………………………………………….9

2.4 Transistor………………………………………………………………………………..11

2.5 Mosfet…………………………………………………………………………………….12

2.6 Diode……………………………………………………………………………………..14

2.7 LED light………………………………………………………………………………….15

2.8 Battery…………………………………………………………………………………….17

2.9 LED Lamp……………………………………………………………………………….17

3.2 Circuit Construction ……………………………………………………………………21

3.3 Real Project Image……………………………………………………………………….22

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ABSTRACT

Emergency Lighting is lighting which operates in the event of a complete mains power failure,
to prevent panic and allow safe passage out of enclosed areas in the event of an emergency
situation such as fire. Like all other forms of artificial lighting, Emergency Lighting is
provided by luminaries. Luminaries come in many types, each type designed to fulfill specific
requirements.

Emergency backup light are more needed in our safety and security issue. In safety issue when
any important area are without lighting then it happen any accident or somebody are get do
something which are not show positive sign. And security issue when any area is out of
lighting then in a very short time might be happen Something which are fall questionable in
our life, Property and information.

vi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

By the nature of the device, an emergency light is designed to come on when the power goes
out. Every model, therefore, requires some sort of a battery or generator system that could
provide electricity to the lights during a blackout. The earliest models were incandescent light
bulbs which could dimly light an area during a blackout and perhaps provide enough light to
solve the power problem or evacuate the building. It was quickly realized, however, that a
more focused, brighter, and longer-lasting light was needed. The modern emergency
floodlight provides a high-lumen, wide-coverage light that can illuminate an area quite well.
Some lights are halogen, and provide a light source and intensity similar to that of an
automobile headlight.

Emergency Lighting is lighting which operates in the event of a complete mains power failure,
to prevent panic and allow safe passage out of enclosed areas in the event of an emergency
situation such as fire. Like all other forms of artificial lighting, Emergency Lighting is
provided by luminaires. Luminaires come in many types, each type designed to fulfil specific
requirements. Aside from providing the correct quantity and quality of light, some are capable
of being switched or dimmed, either manually or by programming or in response to movement
or daylight changes.

Emergency luminaires also come in different types, which are designed to serve a range of
functions. They also operate in different ways. These differences are described in the
following two sections. This circuit transformer are 2/3 means two input and three output.
And the transformer are work both positive and negative cycle. So power loss is nil.
Emergency backup light are more needed in our safety and security issue. In safety issue when
any important area are without lighting then it happen any accident or somebody are get do
something which are not show positive sign. And security issue when any area is out of

1
 lighting then in a very short time might be happen Something which are fall questionable in
our life, Property and information. So when there are no light, even it happen very short time
then we must be need to use Emergency Backup Light.

1.2 Objective

Modern emergency lighting is installed in virtually every commercial and high occupancy
residential building. The lights consist of one or more incandescent bulbs or one or more
clusters of high-intensity light-emitting diodes (LED). The emergency lighting heads are
usually either PAR 36 sealed beams or wedge base lamps. All units have some sort of a
reflector to focus and intensify the light they produce. This can either be in the form of a
plastic cover over the fixture, or a reflector placed behind the light source. Most individual
light sources can be rotated and aimed for where light is needed most in an emergency, such
as toward fire exits. Modern fixtures usually have a test button of some sort which temporarily
overrides the unit and causes it to switch on the lights and operate from battery power even if
the main power is still on. Modern systems are operated with relatively low voltage, usually
from 6-12 volts. This both reduces the size of the batteries required and reduces the load on
the circuit to which the emergency light is wired. Modern fixtures include a small transformer
in the base of the fixture which steps-down the voltage from main current to the low voltage
required by the lights. Batteries are commonly made of lead-calcium, and can last for 10 years
or more on continuous charge. U.S. fire safety codes require a minimum of 90 minutes on
battery power during a power outage along the path of egress.

To indicate that a power outage has occurred, some models of emergency lights can only be
shut off manually after they have been activated, even if the main building power has come
back on. The system will stay lit until the reset button on the side of the unit is pressed.

2
 1.3 Overview

More electrical power crisis in our country, people are moves to continue power like
Emergency Light for lighting in important place. Emergency Lighting is lighting which
operates in the event of a complete mains power failure, to prevent panic and allow safe
passage out of enclosed areas in the event of an emergency situation such as fire. Like all
other forms of artificial lighting, Emergency Lighting is provided by luminaries. Luminaries
come in many types, each type designed to fulfill specific requirements. Aside from providing
the correct quantity and quality of light, some are capable of being switched or dimmed, either
manually or by programming or in response to movement or daylight changes.

Emergency luminaries also come in different types, which are designed to serve a range of
functions. They also operate in different ways. These differences are described in the
following two sections. Emergency backup light are more needed in our safety and security
issue. In safety issue when any important area are without lighting then it happen any accident
or somebody are get do something which are not show positive sign. And security issue when
any area is out of lighting then in a very short time might be happen Something which are fall
questionable in our life, Property and information. So when there are no light, even it happen
very short time then we must be need to use Emergency Backup Light.

As there are strict requirements to provide an average of one foot-candle of light along the path of
egress, emergency lighting should be selected carefully to ensure codes are met.

In recent years, emergency lighting has made less use of the traditional two-head unit - with
manufacturers stretching the concept of emergency lighting to accommodate and integrate
emergency lighting into the architecture.

An emergency lighting installation may be either a central standby source such as a bank of
lead acid batteries and control gear/chargers supplying slave fittings throughout the building,
or may be constructed using self-contained emergency fittings which incorporate the lamp,
battery, charger and control equipment.
Self-contained emergency lighting fittings may operate in "Maintained" mode (illuminated all
the time or controlled by a switch) or "Non-Maintained" mode (illuminated only when the
normal supply fails).
3
 Another popular method for lighting designers, architects and contractors are battery backup
ballasts that install within or adjacent to existing lighting fixtures. Upon sensing power loss,
the ballasts switch into emergency mode turning the existing lighting into emergency lighting
in order to meet both the NFPA's Life Safety Code and the national Electric Code without the
need of wiring separate circuits or external wall mounts

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits through
electromagnetic induction. Transformers may be used in voltage conversion to transform an
AC voltage from one voltage level on the input of the device to another level at the output
terminals, to provide for different requirements of current level as an alternating current
source, or it may be used for impedance matching between mismatched electrical circuits to
effect maximum power transfer between the circuits.

A transformer most commonly consists of two windings of wire wound around a common
core to affect tight electromagnetic coupling between the windings. The core material is often
a laminated iron core. The coil that receives the electrical input energy is referred to as the
primary winding, while the output coil is called the secondary winding.

An alternating electric current flowing through the primary winding (coil) of a transformer
generates an electromagnetic field in its surroundings and a varying magnetic flux in the core
of the transformer. By electromagnetic induction this magnetic flux generates a varying
electromotive force in the secondary winding, resulting in a voltage across the output
terminals.

5
 If a load impedance is connected across the secondary winding, a current flows through the secondary
winding drawing power from the primary winding and its power source.
A transformer cannot operate with direct current, but produces a short output pulse as the voltage
rises when connected to the DC source.

2.2 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances,
such as those found in thermistors, varistors, trimmers, photo resistors and potentiometers.

The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This
relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in
units of ohms (symbol: Ω).

The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the
circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the
voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be composed of various compounds

6
 and films, as well as resistance wires (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-
chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly

analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.7
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When
specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may
require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific
application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some
precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating
which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this
is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must
sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor. While there is no
minimum working voltage for a given resistor, failure to account for a resistor's maximum
rating may cause the resistor to incinerate when current is run through it.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these
specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or
pre-amp, the noise temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in
manufacturing the Characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance,
excess noise, and resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family
of resistors manufactured using a particular technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also
characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its
leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

2.3 Capacitor

7
 A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e.,
insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'non-
conducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass,
ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits
in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy.
Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached
across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge (+Q)
to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the other plate. If a battery has
been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the
capacitor. However, if an accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance
is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge (Q) on each conductor to the potential
difference (V) between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one
coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10-12 F) to about
1 mF (10-3 F).

The capacitance is greater when there is a narrower separation between conductors and when
the conductors have a larger surface area. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a
small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the
breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and
resistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power

8
 supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power
transmission systems they stabilize voltage and power flow.

9
 2.4 Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in 1947 by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics,
and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and the inventors were
jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied
between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals.

10
 This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input
signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn
current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current
is determined by other circuit elements.
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a
circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small
current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or
switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect
transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can
control a current between source and drain.

The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow
between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Because
internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop
develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The amount of this voltage
depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE.

11
 2.5 Mosfet

up

A mosfet is an electronic device

A MOSFET is a four-terminal device having source(S), gate (G), drain (D) and body (B) terminals. In
general, The body of the MOSFET is in connection with the source terminal thus forming a three-
terminal device such as a field-effect transistor. MOSFET is generally considered as a transistor and
employed in both the analog and digital circuits. This is the basic introduction to MOSFET. And the
general structure of this device is as below :

From the above MOSFET structure, the functionality of MOSFET depends on the electrical variations
happening in the channel width along with the flow of carriers (either holes or electrons). The charge
carriers enter into the channel through the source terminal and exit via the drain.

The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on an electrode which is called the gate and it is
located in between the source and the drain. It is insulated from the channel near an extremely thin
layer of metal oxide. The MOS capacity that exists in the device is the crucial section where the entire
operation is across this.
12
 MOSFET With Terminals

MOSFET With Terminals

A MOSFET can function in two ways

Depletion Mode

Enhancement Mode

Depletion Mode

When there is no voltage across the gate terminal, the channel shows its maximum conductance.
Whereas when the voltage across the gate terminal is either positive or negative, then the channel
conductivity decreases.

For Example

Enhancement Mode

When there is no voltage across the gate terminal, then the device does not conduct. When there is
the maximum voltage across the gate terminal, then the device shows enhanced conductivity.

13
 Working Principle of MOSFET

The main principle of the MOSFET device is to be able to control the voltage and current flow
between the source and drain terminals. It works almost like a switch and the functionality of the
device is based on the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is the main part of MOSFET.

The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer which is located between the source and drain
terminal can be inverted from p-type to n-type by the application of either a positive or negative gate
voltages respectively. When we apply a repulsive force for the positive gate voltage, then the holes
present beneath the oxide layer are pushed downward with the substrate.

The depletion region populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the
acceptor atoms. When electrons are reached, a channel is developed. The positive voltage also
attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel. Now, if a voltage is applied
between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate
voltage controls the electrons in the channel. Instead of the positive voltage, if we apply a negative
voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

14
 P-Channel MOSFET

The P- channel MOSFET has a P- Channel region located in between the source and drain terminals. It
is a four-terminal device having the terminals as gate, drain, source, and body. The drain and source
are heavily doped p+ region and the body or substrate is of n-type. The flow of current is in the
direction of positively charged holes.

When we apply the negative voltage with repulsive force at the gate terminal, then the electrons
present under the oxide layer are pushed downwards into the substrate. The depletion region
populated by the bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The negative
gate voltage also attracts holes from the p+ source and drain region into the channel region.

N- Channel MOSFET

The N-Channel MOSFET has an N- channel region located in between the source and drain terminals.
It is a four-terminal device having the terminals as gate, drain, source, body. In this type of Field

15
 Effect Transistor, the drain and source are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body are of
P-type.

The current flow in this type of MOSFET happens because of negatively charged electrons. When we
apply the positive voltage with repulsive force at the gate terminal then the holes present under the
oxide layer are pushed downward into the substrate. The depletion region is populated by the bound
negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms.

Upon the reach of electrons, the channel is formed. The positive voltage also attracts electrons from
the n+ source and drain regions into the channel. Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and
source the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the
electrons in the channel. Instead of positive voltage if we apply negative voltage then a hole channel
will be formed under the oxide layer.

MOSFET Regions of Operation

To the most general scenario, the operation of this device happens mainly in three regions and those
are as follows:

16
 Cut-off Region – It is the region where the device will be in the OFF condition and there zero amount
of current flow through it. Here, the device functions as a basic switch and is so employed as when
they are necessary to operate as electrical switches.

Saturation Region – In this region, the devices will have their drain to source current value as
constant without considering the enhancement in the voltage across the drain to source. This
happens only once when the voltage across the drain to source terminal increases more than the
pinch-off voltage value. In this scenario, the device functions as a closed switch where a saturated
level of current across the drain to source terminals flows. Due to this, the saturation region is
selected when the devices are supposed to perform switching.

Linear/Ohmic Region – It is the region where the current across the drain to source terminal
enhances with the increment in the voltage across the drain to source path. When the MOSFET
devices function in this linear region, they perform amplifier functionality.

Let us now consider the switching characteristics of MOSFET

A semiconductor too such as MOSFET or Bipolar Junction Transistor is basically functioned as

switches in two scenarios one is ON state and the other is OFF state. To consider this functionality, let
us have a look at the ideal and practical characteristics of the MOSFET device.

Ideal Switch Characteristics

When a MOSFET is supposed to function as an ideal switch, it should hold the below properties and
those are

In the ON condition, there has to be the current limitation that it carries

In the OFF condition, blocking voltage levels should not hold any kind of limitations

When the device functions in ON state, the voltage drop value should be null

The resistance in OFF state should be infinite

There should be no restrictions on the speed of operation

Practical Switch Characteristics

As the world is not just stuck to ideal applications, the functioning of MOSFET is even applicable for
practical purposes. In the practical scenario, the device should hold the below properties

17
 In the ON condition, the power managing abilities should be limited which means that the flow of
conduction current has to be restricted.

In the OFF state, blocking voltage levels should not be limited

Turning ON and OFF for finite times restricts the limiting speed of the device and even limits the
functional frequency

In the ON condition of the MOSFET device, there will be minimal resistance values where this results
in the voltage drop in forwarding bias. Also, there exists finite OFF state resistance that delivers
reverse leakage current

When the device is performing in practical characteristics, it loses power on ON and OFF conditions.
This happens even in the transition states too.

Example of MOSFET as a Switch

In the below circuit arrangement, an enhanced mode and N-channel MOSFET are being used to
switch a sample lamp with the conditions ON and OFF. The positive voltage at the gate terminal is
applied to the base of the transistor and the lamp moves into ON condition and here VGS =+v or at
zero voltage level, the device turns to OFF condition where VGS=0.

If the resistive load of the lamp was to be replaced by an inductive load and connected to the relay or
diode which is protected to the load. In the above circuit, it is a very simple circuit for switching a
resistive load such as a lamp or LED. But when using MOSFET as a switch either with inductive load or
capacitive load, then protection is required for the MOSFET device.

If in the case when the MOSFET is not protected, it may lead to damage of the device. For the
MOSFET to operate as an analog switching device, it needs to be switched between its cutoff region
where VGS =0 and saturation region where VGS =+v.

18
 2.6 Diode

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance;

it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite)
resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline
piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. A
vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor
diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying
abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor
diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals
such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as
selenium or germanium are sometimes used

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.
This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to
direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers— these
diodes are forms of rectifiers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on–off action, due to
their nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Semiconductor diodes begin conducting
electricity only if a certain threshold voltage or cut-in voltage is present in the forward
direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a

19
 forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this
effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.

2.7 LED Light

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic
pn-junction diode, except that an LED also emits light. When an LED’s anode lead has a
voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least the LED's forward voltage drop,
current flows. Electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used
to shape its radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low intensity
infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-
control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics.
The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red.
Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven
segment and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

20
 Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. Light-emitting

Diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful
enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and
heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.

2.8 Battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or
cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the
electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge.
Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times;
the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples
include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable
electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes; from miniature cells used to power
hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

21
 According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each
year, with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as
gasoline. This is somewhat mitigated by the fact that batteries deliver their energy as
electricity (which can be converted efficiently to mechanical work), whereas using fuels in
engines entails a low efficiency of conversion to work.

2.9 LED DIODE

General-purpose lighting needs white light. LEDs emit light in a very narrow band of
wavelengths, emitting light of a color characteristic of the energy band gap of the semiconductor
material used to make the LED. To emit white light from LEDs requires mixing light from red,
green, and blue LEDs, or using a phosphor to convert some of the light to other colors.

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 One method (RGB or trichromatic white LEDs) uses multiple LED chips, each emitting a
different wavelength, in close proximity to generate white light. This allows the intensity of
each LED to be adjusted to change the overall color.

The second method uses LEDs in conjunction with a phosphor. The CRI (color rendering
index) value can range from less than 70 to over 90, and color temperatures in the range of
2700 K (matching incandescent lamps) up to 7000 K are available.

A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional, i.e.,
emitted as a narrower beam. LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose
lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color
require no energy-absorbing filters.

White-light LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency (more light for the
same electricity) than most other lighting. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in
designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light with small reflectors
or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination
is extremely flexible, and the light output and spatial distribution of a LED array can be
controlled with no efficiency loss.

CHAPTER THREE

CONTROL & OPERATION

3.1 Parts Requirement

1. Transformer (12v, 3 A) 1 pcs

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 2. Battery (12v) 1 pcs

3. Diode (IN 4007) 3 pcs

4. Relay (12v 10A) 1 pcs

5. Capacitor (1000mic.fa) 1 pcs

6. Transistor (C 3807, C 1815) 2 pcs

7. Resistor (Micron 2ohm, 22ohm, 6 pcs

270oh, 470ohm, 1k, 1k)

8. LED light (3v) 1 pcs

9. DC Light (6v) 1 pcs

10. Connecting wires

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

BATTERY

VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

TRANSISTOR
1

TRANSITOR
2

OUTPUT

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 Wiring Diagram

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 3.3 Real Project Image

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 3.4 Operation and Work

Emergency Lighting is lighting which operates in the event of a complete mains power failure,
to prevent panic and allow safe passage out of enclosed areas in the event of an emergency
situation such as fire. Like all other forms of artificial lighting, Emergency Lighting is
provided by luminaires. Luminaires come in many types, each type designed to fulfil specific
requirements. Aside from providing the correct quantity and quality of light, some are capable
of being switched or dimmed, either manually or by programming or in response to movement
or daylight changes.

Emergency luminaires also come in different types, which are designed to serve a range of
functions. They also operate in different ways. These differences are described in the
following two sections.

This circuit power line continues connect in main AC line. When main power supply is OFF then
this backup light auto work and light is ON.

Normally when AC line ON, the battery is charging ,when battery charge is full then Micron resistor
are make barrier to more charging.

We know that relay have inside two connecting point. And it works like a switch. When AC
line ON then relay switching point connect A and when AC line OFF then the relay switching
point connects B. B point means battery point. When main power OFF then relay switching
point connects battery point and light then ON. It happen a micro second. The power has no
hamper. The LED light signals circuit is ON and battery is charging. This circuit transformer
are 2/3 means two input and three output. And the transformer are work both positive and
negative cycle. So power loss is nil. Emergency backup light are more needed in our safety
and security issue. In safety issue when any important area are without lighting then it happen
any accident or somebody are get do something which are not show positive sign. And
security issue when any area is out of lighting then in a very short time might be happen
Something which are fall questionable in our life, Property and information. So when there are
no light, even it happen very short time then we must be need to use Emergency Backup
Light.
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 This circuit transformer are 2/3 means two input and three output. And the transformer are work
both positive and negative cycle. So power loss is nil.

3.4.1 Backup Time in Battery

The capacity of the battery backup is represented in Ah. It is the amount of current a battery
can give during one hour of charge / discharge cycle. High capacity batteries (9 Ah) are used
to power inverters to get sufficient backup time. The formula to select the battery power
Backup Time is Load in Voltage of battery x ah / watt

For example if you wants backup time load on 6 watt and 12 volt battery for , then the capacity
of the battery should be minimum 9 Ah.

Backup Time = 12x 9 / 6watt= 18 hours.

If the load increases (within the capacity of the inverter), backup time reduces.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

4.1 Advantage

More electrical power crisis in our country, people are moves to continue power like
Emergency Light for lighting in important place. Emergency Lighting is lighting which
operates in the event of a complete mains power failure, to prevent panic and allow safe
passage out of enclosed areas in the event of an emergency situation such as fire. Like all
other forms of artificial lighting, Emergency Lighting is provided by luminaires. Luminaires
come in many types, each type designed to fulfil specific requirements. Aside from providing
the correct quantity and quality of light, some are capable of being switched or dimmed, either
manually or by programming or in response to movement or daylight changes. Emergency
luminaires also come in different types, which are designed to serve a range of functions.
They also operate in different ways. These differences are described in the following two
sections. Emergency backup light are more needed in our safety and security issue. In safety
issue when any important area are without lighting then it happen any accident or somebody
are get do something which are not show positive sign. And security issue when any area is
out of lighting then in a very short time might be happen Something which are fall
questionable in our life, Property and information. So when there are no light, even it happen
very short time then we must be need to use Emergency Backup Light. In this project we use
LED lamp, who saving us more power. It is also significant advantage in this Project.

4.2 Disadvantage

This power backup circuit if used MOSFET without Relay then it cost low. Also it switching
time less then Relay Circuit. If we use bridge Rectifier in this circuit then transformer cost
possible to less.

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 4.3 Recommendation

I would like to suggest that next generation Engineers if they may be making this type of Project
then they use MOSFET by replace Relay. Also a recommendation is next generation Engineer
should be project make upgraded technology. Bridge Rectifier used circuit cost minimum.

COST BREAK DOWN OF COMPONENTS

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 COMPONENTS RATING QUANTITY COST

NO KSH.

1 Battery 9V 1 100

2 LDR - 1 150

3 RESISTOR 10K,1K 5 15

4 TRANSISTOR BS548 1 100

5 IC VOLTAGE L7805CV 1 100

REGULATOR

6 LEDS 5mm,3V 4 15

7 MOSFET IRFZ44 1 100

TOTAL 580

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 REFERENCES

01. Principle of Electronic Book - V. K. Mehta

02. Emergency light - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

03. Power System BOOK- V. K. Mehta

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