Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from one-celled (single-celled, unicellular)1

creatures2 to the most complex3 living organism of all — the human being. Biology includes4 the study
of genes5 and cells6 that give living things their special characteristics.

Biology is a natural science7 concerned with8 the study of life and living organisms, including their
structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution9, and taxonomy.

The term biology is derived from10 the Greek word βίος, bios, "life" and the suffix -λογία, -logia,
"study of."

In general, biology recognizes11 the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity12,
and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood
today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their
internal environment13 to maintain14 a stable15 and vital16 condition (homeostasis).

Foundations17 of modern biology

Cell theory
Cell theory states18 that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and that all living things are composed
of19 one or more cells and that all cells arise from20 other cells through21 cell division.22

Evolution
A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops 23 through evolution, and that
all life-forms known have a common origin24. The theory of evolution postulates25 that all organisms

1
jednokomórkowy
2
stworzenia
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złożony
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obejmuje
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geny
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komórki
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nauka przyrodnicza
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zajmująca się
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rozmieszczenie
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pochodzi od
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uznaje
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dziedziczność
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środowisko wewnętrzne
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podtrzymać, utrzymać
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stały
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odpowiednie do życia
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fundamenty, podstawy
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twierdzi
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zbudowane z
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powstają z
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poprzez
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podział komórkowy
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rozwija się
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wspólne pochodzenie
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postuluje, twierdzi
on the Earth, both living and extinct26, have descended from a common ancestor27 or an ancestral gene
pool28.

Genetics
Genes are the primary units of inheritance29 in all organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity30 and
corresponds to31 a region of DNA that influences32 the form or function of an organism in specific
ways. All organisms, from bacteria to animals, share33 the same basic machinery that copies and
translates DNA into proteins.

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable
conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium34 adjustments35 controlled by interrelated
regulation mechanisms36. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit37
homeostasis.

Energy
The survival38 of a living organism depends on39 the continuous40 input of energy.

These are the main branches of biology:

 Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or
specifically in humans
o Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
 Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function,
usually a focus on the cellular level
 Botany – the study of plants
 Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical
interactions that occur within a living cell
 Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-
living elements of their environment
 Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
 Genetics – the study of genes and heredity.
 Hematology (also known as Haematology) – the study of blood and blood-forming organs.
 Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions
with other living things
 Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some
cross over with biochemistry

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wymarłe
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przodek
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dziedziczna pula genów
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dziedziczenie
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dziedziczność, dziedziczenie
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odpowiada
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wpływa na
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dzielić, mieć wspólny
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równowaga
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dostosowania
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wzajemnie powiązane mechanizmy regulacyjne
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wykazują
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przeżycie, przetrwanie
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zależy od
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ciągły
 Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of
living organisms
 Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and
behaviour