PDF Guia para El Establecimeinto y Georreferenciacion de Puntos Geodesicos 03062021 F - Compress

YLsgr`dm mquë[
O\ËM RMTM LC
LWXMDCLG@K@LEXN P
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
HL R\EXNW OLNHÀW@GNW
MGX\MC@ZMHN MC 424=
Rrnglh`k`letn mhlgumhn le kmrgn hlc Lstmhn hl

Lklroleg`m Wme`tmr`m m E`vlc Emg`nemc GNQ@H-=0
Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhl
Olnhls`m
s`m y Xnpnormaëm
H@TLGG@×E HL GMXMWXTN
Jue`n, 424=
A`rkmhn hò`tmckletl pnr NC@QLTM

JMKLW Kmeulc Jlsus AM\
427218688?0 snat
Knt`vn: Hny Q²D²
Algfm: 2<.21.424= =7:42:4< -2<:22
O\ËM RMTM LC LWXMDCLG@K@LEXN P OLNTTLALTLE
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
@EH@GL
GMR@X\CN @ ..........................
...................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.............................. <
=. @EXTNH\GG@×E ....................................................................
................................................................................................................
............................................ <
4. NDJLX@QNW .......................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
................................. <
4.=. Ndjlt`vn Olelrmc .........................................................
.....................................................................................................
............................................ <
4.4. Ndjlt`vns Lsplgà`gns ........................................................................................... <
7. DMWL CLOMC ...............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
...................... 1
7.=. CLP ]\L LWXMDCLGL KLH@HMW GNKRCLKLEXMT@MW
GNKRCLKLEXMT@MW RMTM C M
RTNKNG@×E HLC MGGLWN M CM RTNR@LHMH ANTKMC - CLP Eº 72?==. 1
7.4. HLGTLXN CLO@WCMX@QN Eº =71<. ..................................................................... 1
7.7. HLGTLXN W\RTLKN Eº 22=-4242-Q@Q@LE
22=-4242-Q@Q@LEHM
HM ................................................ ?
7.8. TLOCMKLEXN HL NTOME@ZMG@×E P A\EG@NELW HLC NTOME@WKN
HL ANTKMC@ZMG@×E HL CM RTNR@LHMH @EANTKMC (TNA ‗ GNANRT@). ?
7.<. HLC @EWX@X\XN OLNOTÍA@GN EMG@NEMC (@OE). ........................................ ?
7.1. HLC W@WXLKM EMG@NEMC @EXLOTMHN HL @EANTKMG@×E GMXMWXTMC
RTLH@MC - WEGR ....................................................................................................... 6
8. A@EMC@HMH .........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... 0
<. MC
MCGMEGL
GMEGL ...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... 0
1. TLWRNEWMD@C@HMH ........................................................................................................ 0
GMR@X\CN @@ .............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. =2
=. LWXMDCLG@K@LEXN HL R\EXNW OLNHÀW@GNW. ................................................. =2
4. HLA@E@G@NELW..........................
.............................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.................... =2
7. GNEW@HLTMG@NELW OLNHÀW@GMW .................................................................. =?
7.=. Tl
Tlh
h Olnhàs`gm
Olnhàs`g m Rl
Rlrumem
rumem hl Kne`t nrln Gnet èun (TL
(TLORK
ORKNG)
NG) ................ =?
7.4. Lc`psn`hl Olnhàs`gn hl Tlalrleg`m ................................................................ =6
8. GNEW@HLTMG@NELW HL WLO\T@HMH P WMC\H LE LC XTMDMJN, LE
KMTGN HLC LWXMHN HL LKLTOLEG@M WME@XMT@M M E@QLC EMG@NEMC GNQ@H-
=0 =6
8.=. Tlsnc
Tlsncug
ug`÷
`÷eeh
hll Olrleg`m Olelr
Olelrmc
mc Eº 2=6
2=6-424
-4242-G
2-GNANRT
NANRT@/OO
@/OO ................... =6
8.4. Tlsnc
Tlsncug
ug`n
`nee JJlamtu
lamturmc
rmc E² 240-42
240-4242-G
42-GNANRT
NANRT@/NM-\T
@/NM-\TTFF
TFF .........
..........................
................. =6
=6
8.7. Rrntn gnc
gncnn hl Wlour`h mh pmrm cm Rrlvl Rrlvleg` eg` ÷e hlc GNQ GNQ@H-= @H-=0, 0, l lee cm
Ljlgug`÷
Ljlgug`÷ e hl Mgt`v`h mhls Gm Gmtmstrmcls
tmstrmcls ‗ HG. Tlv`smhm y mgtumc`zmhm m mdr`c
hl 424=. Melxn 27. ..............................................
...................................................................................................
..................................................... =6
=6
8.8. Lclkletns h l W
Wlour`
lour`hmh
hmh y Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn ........................................... =0
4
W\DH@TLGG@×E HL OLNHLW@M P XNRNOTMAËM - HG
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
<. L]\@RMK@LEXN OEWW. .....................

...........................................................................................
............................................................................
...... =0
1. LWRLG@A@GMG@NELW XÀGE@GMW RMTM LC RNW@G@NEMK@LEXN OLNHÀW@GN
GNE TLGLRX
TLGLRXNTLW
NTLW HLC W@WXLKM WMXLC@XMC HL EMQLOMG@×E OCNDMC
OCNDMC......... 47
1.=. Ruetn olnhàs`gn Xnpnoría`gn hl Nrhle –G‛ ..........................................
................................................
...... 47
47
1.4. Ruetn hl Mpnyn Antnormkà
Antnor mkàtr`g
tr`gnn - RMA .......................................................... 47
1.7. Lstmg`÷e Dmsl hl Mpnyn .................................................................................... 47
?. RTNGLH@K@LEXNW HL NDWLTQMG@×E GNTTLWRNEH@LEXLW MC NTHLE
HL RTLG@W@×E HLC CLQMEXMK@LEXN. .......................................................................... 47
6. RTNGLH@K@LEXNW RMTM CNW XTMDMJNW HL OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E HL
R\EXNW HL GNEXTNC OLNHÀW@GN. .............................................................................. 48
6.=. Rcm
Rcmelm
elmk`letn
k`letn hl cns t rmdmjns hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e ...........................
.................................
...... 48
48
6.=.=. Tlspnes
Tlspn esmd`c
md`c `h
`hmh
mh hl cm
c m Na`g
Na`gè
èm
m Znemc .................
..................................
.................................
................ 4<
6.=.4. Rcmelmk`let
Rcmelmk`letnnp
pmrm
mrm lc Lstmdclg`
Lstmdclg`k`let
k`letn
nhhl
l Ruetns Olnhàs`gns .....
........
... 4<
6.=.7. Lcmdnrmg`
Lcmdn rmg` ÷e hlc Rcme hl Xrmd
Xrmdmjn
mjn ...............
.................................
..................................
........................
........ 4?
6.4. Lstmdclg`k`letn hl puetns olnhàs`gns ......................................................... 72
6.4.=. Tlgneng
Tlgne ng`k
`k`let
`letn
n ..............
..............................
.................................
.................................
..................................
....................
.. 72
6.4.4. Kmtlr`mc`zmg`
Kmtlr` mc`zmg` ÷e ................
................................
.................................
..................................
..................................
...................
.. 74
6.7. Ol
Olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
nrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl puetns olnhàs`gns ................................................... 7?
6.7.=. Lstmg`nemk`letn hlc rlglptnr Tnvlr OEWW ....................................... 76
6.7.4. Gneaòurmg`÷e hlc rlglptnr ................................................................. 70
6.7.7. Tlo`strn hl hmtns le cm c`drltm hl gmkpn .......................................... 82
6.8. Rnst prn glsn le omdèl
omdèltl
tl .................................................................................. 8=
6.8.=. Rnst prnglsn hl èanrkmg`÷e.............................................................. 8=
6.8.4. Olelrmg`ne hlc Gumhrn hl Hmtns Xàge`gns ‗ GHX y A`gfms
Knenor
Knen oría`g
ía`g ms. .................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................. 84
6.8.7. Dmsl hl hmtns hl cm èan rkmg` ÷e olnhàs`g m .....
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
.........
.... 87
6.<. Lcm
Lcmdnrmg`÷e
dnrmg`÷e y rlk`s` ÷e hl èanrkl tàge`gn. ................................................. 88
0. MHK@E@WXTMG@×E HL CM
C M @EANTKMG@×E OLNHÀW@GM. ..................................... 88
=2. MELVNW .............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................... 8<
=2.=. MELVN 2=: RTNXNGNCN HL WLO\T@HMH RMTM CM RTLQLEG@×E
HLC GNQ@H-=0, LE CM LJLG\G@×E HL MGX@Q@HMHLW GMXMWXTMCLW. ... 8<
=2.4. MELVN 24: KNHLCN HL A@GFM KNENOTMA@GM ................................... 8<
=2.7. MELVN 27: LWRLG@A@GMG@NELW HL KNCHLW........................................ 8<
=2.8. MELVN 28: KNHLCN HL C@DTLXM HL GMKRN ....................................... 8<
7
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
=2.<. MELVN 2<: KNHLCN HL G\MHTN HL HMXNW XLGE@GNW ..................

.................. 8<
8
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
GMR@X\CN @
=. @EXTNH\GG@×E
Cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn m trmvàs hl cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm,

le gukpc`k`letn hl sus aueg`nels, hlsmrrnccm cm prlsletl –Ouëm pmrm lc
Lstmdclg`k`letn y Olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
lstmdclglr kàtnhns hl Ruetns
y prnglh`k`letns qul Olnhàs`gns‛, gne lc ndjltn
sl hldl gukpc`r le tnhnhl
pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn le lc kmrgn hlc Rcme hl Gmtmstrn \rdmen –\tjmw`‛ y
lc Gmtmstrn gne Aèls hl Anrkmc`zmg`ne, prnglh`k`letn mhlgumhn le kmrgn hlc
lstmhn hl lklroleg`m sme`tmr`m m e`vlc emg`nemc pnr lc GNQ@H-=0.
Cm prlsletl ouëm lxpc`gm g÷kn ut`c`zmr gnrrlgtm y la`g`letlkletl cns W`stlkms hl

Rns`g`nemk`letn pnr smtàc`tl, y cns prnglh`k`letns pmrm ndtlelr y hlaè`r gne
prlg`s`÷e cm pns`g`÷e hl ue puetn olnhàs`gn le lc lspmg`n, mgnrhls m cms
prlg`s`nels qul prnpnrg`neme cns knhlrens lqu`pns hlc W`stlkm Ocndmc hl
Emvlomg`÷e Wmtlc`tmc (OEWW).
Lstns prnglh`k`letns sl fme lstmdclg`hn ut`c`zmehn gnkn rlalrleg`m cms

lsplgà`gmg`nels tàge`gms y hlkís tlxtns hlsgr`pt`vns rlalr`hns mc
pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn gne rlglptnrls hl emvlomg`÷e pnr smtàc`tl (OEWW),
hl lxplr`leg`m
cm h`vlrsms @est`tug`nels
mcgmezmhmolelrmhnrms hl Gmrtnormaëm
le lstm kmtlr`m, Emg`nemc
pnr lc plrsnemc l @etlremg`nem
@etlremg`nemc
lsplg`mc`zmhn cy
qul
cmdnrm le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
Ms`k`skn, le v`rtuh hlc gnkprnk`sn gne cm prntlgg`÷e hl cm smcuh hl cns

slrv`hnrls m e`vlc emg`nemc, le lc kmrgn hl cn lstmdclg`hn le lc èg`sn g) hlc
mrtëgucn 4º hlc Hlgrltn Clo`scmt`vn Eº =<2< qul lstmdclgl klh`hms tlkpnrmcls
lxglpg`nemcls le kmtlr`m hl olst`÷e hl rlgursns fukmens le lc slgtnr púdc`gn
metl cm lklroleg`m sme`tmr`m pnr lc GNQ@H-=0, sl rlaulrzm le lstm ouëm cms
klh`hms pmrm rlhug`r lc r`lson hl prnpmomg`÷e y lc `kpmgtn sme`tmr`n hl cm
lealrklhmh gmusmhm pnr lc v`rus hlc GNQ@H-=0.
4. NDJLX@QNW
4.=..
4.= Ndjlt`v
Ndjlt`vnn Olel
Olelrmc
rmc
Lstmdclglr cns prnglh`k`letns, enrkms y lxòleg`ms pmrm cns trmdmjns hl
clvmetmk`letn olnhàs`gn klh`metl lc W`stlkm hl Rns`g`nemk`letn
Ocndmc, qul plrk`tm gukpc`r gne cns clvmetmk`letns tnpnoría`gns y
antnormkàtr`gns le lc íkd`tn hl cns prnylgtns qul sl ljlgutle le lc
kmrgn hlc Rcme hl Gmtmstrn \tjmw` y lc Gmtmstrn gne Aèls hl
Anrkmc`zmg`ne, prnglh`k`letn mhlgumhn le kmrgn hlc lstmhn hl
lklroleg`m sme`tmr`m m e`vlc emg`nemc pnr lc GNQ@H-=0.
4.4.
4.4. Ndjlt`vns Lsplgà`gns
 Hlaè`r cms gmrmgtlr
gmrmgtlrëst`gms
ëst`gms m tlelr le guletm le cm cngmc`zmg`÷e y
kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl puetns hl gnetrnc olnhàs`gn, le tnhms cms ltmpms
hlc prnglsn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, le dmsl m cns prnglh`k`letns
<
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
lstmdclg`hns pnr cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm (WOX)

pmrm cm rlmc`zmg`÷e hl uem Lstrugturm Gmtmstrmc Úe`gm Emg`nemc.
 Hlaè`r cms tàge`gms y pprnglh`k`letns

rnglh`k`letns pm
pmrm
rm cns trmdmjns hl
clvmetmk`letn olnhàs`gn, fmg`lehn usn hl cns s`stlkms hl
pns`g`nemk`letn pnr smtàc`tl OEWW, pmrm cm olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl cns
puetns olnhàs`gns hl mgulrhn m su usn.
 Lstmdclglr cns prntngncns y klh`hms hl slour`hmh y smcuh le tnhns cns

prnglh`k`letns hl cns trmdmjns hl clvmetmk`letn olnhàs`gn qul
plrk`tme mhnptmr cms mgg`nels prlvlet`vms y hl rlspulstm pmrm rlhug`r
lc r`lson hl prnpmomg`÷e y lc `kpmgtn sme`tmr`n hl cm lealrklhmh
gmusmhm pnr lc v`rus hlc GNQ@H-=0.
GN Q@H-=0.
7. DMWL CLOMC
7.=. CLP ]\L LWXMDCLGL KLH@H

KLH@HMW
MW GNKRCLK
GNKRCLKLEXMT@MW
LEXMT@MW RMTM CM
RTNKNG@×E HLC MGGLWN M CM RTNR@LHMH ANTKMC - CLP Eº
72?==.
Cly qul lstmdclgl klh`hms gnkpclkletmr`ms pmrm cm prnkng`÷e hlc

mgglsn m cm prnp`lhmh anrkmc, t`lel pnr ndjltn letrl ntrns, ntnromr eulvms
amguctmhls mc Nrome`skn hl Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc
(GNANRT@)9 h`spne`lehn le su mrtëgucn 8 cn sòu`letl: – Lc GNANRT@, m
plh`hn hl cms kue`g`pmc`hmhls, h`slým, `kpclkletm, olst`nem y ljlgutm hl
anrkm h`rlgtm, cms mgt`v`hmhls gmtmstrmcls hl clvmetmk`letn y/n
mgtumc`zmg`÷e gmtmstrmc urdmem hletrn hl cm jur`sh`gg`÷e gnrrlspneh`letl.
Cm ètlrvleg`÷e hlc GNANRT@ sl rlmc`zm prlv`m susgr`pg`÷e hl gnevle`n
y guckèm gne cm letrlom hl tnhm cm èanrkmg`÷e olelrmhm le kmtlr`m
gmtmstrmc urdmem, qulhmehn cms kue`g`pmc`hmhls èvncugrmhms ndcòmhms m
ljlgutmr cms hlkís mgg`nels gmtmstrmcls m su gmron. Ms`k`skn, lc
GNANRT@ ljlgutm cms mgg`nels elglsmr`ms pmrm cm olelrmg`÷e,
knhlre`zmg`÷e, gnesnc`hmg`÷e, gneslrvmg`÷e y mgtumc`zmg`÷e hl ue
gmtmstrn urdmen emg`nemc.‛
7.4. HLGTLXN CLO@WC MX@QN Eº =71<.
Hlgrltn Clo`scmt`vn qul lstmdclgl h`spns`g`nels pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn y

gnesnc`hmg`÷e hlc gmtmstrn urdmen emg`nemc, t`lel pnr aèmc`hmh gnetmr gne
lc Gmtmstrn \rdmen Emg`nemc, pmrm ue mhlgumhn h`moe÷st`gn hl cns
gletrns pndcmhns urdmens qul gnkpnele lc W`stlkm Emg`nemc hl Gletrns
Rndcmhns ‗ W@EGLR. Mhlkís, hltlrkèm qul GNANRT@ `kpclkletm,
olst`nem, mgtumc`zm y ljlgutm lc Gmtmstrn \rdmen Emg`nemc, hl mgulrhn m
cms pncët`gms, enrkms, cèlmk`letns y lsplgà`gmg`nels tàge`gms
lstmdclg`hmss pnr lc Kè`stlr`n hl Q`v`lehm, Gnestrugg`÷e y Wmelmk`letn,
lstmdclg`hm
le su gmc`hmh hl letl rlgtnr le kmtlr`m hl Gmtmstrn \rdmen9 prnknv`lehn
y lstmdclg`lehn klgme`skns hl ètlrgmkd`n hl èanrkmg`÷e prnvle`letl
hlc gmtmstrn urdmen hl cms kue`g`pmc`hmhls y hl ntrms let`hmhls
olelrmhnrms hlc k`skn, `kpclkletmehn uem pcmtmanrkm èanrkít`gm úe`gm
y snstle`dcl pmrm cm mhkè`strmg`÷e hl cm èanrkmg`÷e gmtmstrmc.
1
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
7.7. HLGTLXN W\RTLKN Eº 22=-4242-Q@Q@LE

22=-4242-Q@Q@LEHM
HM
Hlgrltn Wuprlkn qul hlgcmrm hl elgls`hmh púdc`gm y hl pr`nr`tmr`n ètlràs

ètlr às
emg`nemc hlsmrrnccn y gnesnc`hmg`÷e hl cm Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh
Rrlh`mc y hlc Gmtmstrn \rdmen Emg`nemc, prlg`sm qul GNANRT@ ls cm
let`hmh m gmron hlc Rcme hl Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh Rrlh`mc
–_ms`y‛ y hlc Rcme hl Gmtmstrn \rdmen –\tjmw`‛.
7.8. TLOCMKLEXN HL NTOME@ZMG@×E P A\EG@NELW HLC

NTOME@WKN HL ANTKMC@ZMG@×E HL CM RTNR@LHMH @EANTKMC
(TNA ‗ GNANRT@).
Mprndmhn pnr Hlgrltn Wuprlkn E² 24<-422?-Q@Q@LEHM, fmd`àehnsl

lstmdclg`hn le lc g`tmhn rlocmkletn, cm hlaè`g`÷e y cms aueg`nels hl cm
Wudh`rlgg`÷ee hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
Wudh`rlgg`÷
Mrtt ëgu
Mr ëgucn
cn 8?²: Hla
Hlaè
è`g
`g`÷
`÷e
e
Cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm ls cm rlspnesmdcl hl
hlsmrrnccmr cms mgt`v`hmhls hl clvmetmk`letn y hl cm rlprlsletmg`÷e hl cns
prlh`ns, hltlrkèmehn su pns`g`÷e hlshl ue puetn sndrl cm suplra`g`l hl
cm X`lrrm.
Lstm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hlplehl jlrírqu`gmkletl hl cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn.
Mrtt ëgu
Mr ëgucn
cn 86²: Au
Aueg
eg`n
`n els
m) Hlsmrrnccmr cms enrkms, lsplgà`gmg`nels y rlgnklehmg`nels tàge`gms
pmrm cm rlmc`zmg`÷e hl cms mgt`v`hmhls hl Antnormkltrëm, Xnpnormaëm y
Olnhls`m gne aèls hl anrkmc`zmg`÷e, le gnnrhèmg`÷e gne cm H`rlgg`÷e
hl Enrkmc`zmg`÷e y Hlsmrrnccn.
d) Mpnymr m cms Na`gèms Znemcls le cms mgg`nels rlcmg`nemhms gne cm
olnhls`m y tnpnormaëm.
g) Wuplrv`smr, gnetrncmr y fmglr gukpc`
gukpc`rr cms lsplgà`gmg`nels tàge`gms
lstmdclg`hms le gmhm uem hl cms mgt`v`hmhl
mgt`v`hmhlss gmrtnoría`gms.
h) Lk`t`r npè`÷e lsplg`mc`zmhm le cns msuetns hl su gnkpltleg`m.
l) Ntrms qul cl gnrrlspnehme hl mgulrhn m cly n cl legmroul cm H`rlgg`÷e
hl gmtmstrn.
7.<. HLC @EWX@X\XN OLNOTÍA@GN EMG@NEMC (@OE).

]ul hl gneanrk`hmh m cm Cly Eº 4?404 y su Tlocmkletn mprndmhn gne
Hlgrltn Wuprlkn Eº 22<-HL/WO, lc @est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc (@OE),
t`lel pnr aèmc`hmh auehmkletmc lcmdnrmr y mgtumc`zmr cm Gmrtnormaëm Dís`gm
Na`g`mc hlc Rlrú, prnpnrg`nemehn m cms let`hmhls púdc`gms y pr`vmhms cm
gmrtnormaëm qul rlqu`lrm pmrm cns aèls hlc hlsmrrnccn y cm hlalesm
emg`nemc.
m) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc E²2?0-4221-@OE/NMJ/HOG, sl
lstmdclgl lc W`stlkm Olnhàs`gn Na`g`mc gneanrkmhn pnr cm Tlh
Olnhàs`gm Fnr`znetmc Na`g`mc y cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Qlrt`gmc Na`g`mc, gnkn
s`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m úe`gn m e`vlc emg`nemc, pudc`gmhn le lc H`mr`n
Na`g`mc Lc Rlrumen lc 41/27/4221.
?
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
d) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc Eº 261 ‗42==‗@OE/NMJ/HOG, lk`t`hn

pnr lc @OE lc 27/2</42==, hm pnr gnegcu`hn lc plrënhn hl gnevlrs`÷e
prnorls`vn lstmdclg`hn le lc mrtëgucn slxtn hl cm Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc
Eº 2?0 ‗ 4221 ‗ @OE/NMJ/HOG, aè`qu`tmehn, pnr tmetn, cm vòleg`m y
usn hlc s`stlkm cngmc olnhàs`gn Rrnv`s`nemc Wuhmklr`gmen =0<1 ‗
RWMH<1.
g) Klh`metl Tlsncug
Tlsncug`÷e
`÷e Jlamturmc E² ==4-4221-@OE/NMJ/HOG/J
==4-4221-@OE/NMJ/HOG/J,, lk`t`hn
pnr lc @OE lc =1/2</4221,
Gmrtnoría`gn sl lstmdclgl
pmrm cm Tlpúdc`gm gnkn W`stlkm
hlc Rlrú, hl Rrnylgg`÷e
lc s`stlkm –\e`vlrsmc
Xrmesvlrsl Klrgmtnr‛ (\XK), qul ls ue s`stlkm g`cëehr`gn gneanrkl,
slgmetl mc ocndn tlrríquln gne cms sòu`letls gmrmgtlrëst`gms tàge`gms:
n Znem hl prnylgg`÷e tlrrlstrl hlc tlrr`tnr`

tlrr`tnr`nn emg`nemc: =?, =6 y
=0 hl 1² hl cneo`tuh gmhm znem.
n Cm Cmt`tuh hl nròle: 2².
n Cm Cneo`tuh hl nròle, Klr`h`men Gletrmc (KG) hl gmhm Znem.
n \e`hmh hl klh`hm:
Kltrn.
n Amcsn Enrtl: =2
222 222
n Amcsn Lstl: <22
222
n
Amgtnr hl lsgmcm le lc Klr`h`men Gletrmc: 2.0001
Lc W`stlkm hl Rrnylgg`÷e Gmrtnoría`gn metls rlalr`hn, sl leguletrm
rlcmg`nemhn gne lc lc`psn`hl hlc W`stlkm hl Tlalrleg`m Olnhàs`gn
=062 ‗ Olnhlt`g Tlalrlegl Wystlk =062 (OTW62).
h) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc E² =70-42=</@OE/\GGE, sl
mpruldm cm Enrkm Xàge`gm pmrm Rns`g`nemk`letn Olnhàs`gn
Fnr`znetmc.
l) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc E² 2<?-42=1/@OE/\GGE, sl mpruldm

cm Enrkm Xàge`gm pmrm Clvmetmk`letns Olnhàs`gn Qlrt`gmcls
Qlrt`gmcls..
a) Klh`metl Tlsn
Tlsncug`÷e
cug`÷e Jla
Jlamturmc
mturmc Eº =7=-42
=7=-42=6/@OE/HG/HRO,
=6/@OE/HG/HRO, sl hm pnr
pnr
gnegcu`hn lkpcln hl puetns olnhàs`gns pnr fmdlr mgukucmhn
hlspcmzmk`letns lxgls`vns,
Lstmg`nels hl Tmstrln y rlgnk`lehme
Rlrkmeletl lc lkpcln
hl cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm hl cms
Rlrumem hl
Kne`tnrln Gnetèun (TLORKNG).
7.1. HLC W@WX

W@WXLKM
LKM EMG@NEMC @EXL
@EXLOTMHN
OTMHN HL @EANTKMG@×E
GMXMWXTMC RTLH@MC - WEGR
CLP E² 46408, Cly qul grlm lc W`stlkm Emg`nemc @etlormhn hl Gmtmstrn

y su Qègucmg`÷e gne lc rlo`strn hl prlh`ns
X`lel gnkn ndjlt`vn lstmehmr`zmr cms kltnhncnoëms y prnglh`k`letns hlc

clvmetmk`letn gmtmstrmc urdmen pmrm ndtlelr èanrkmg`÷e tlrr`tnr`mc
olnrrlalrleg`mhm, flrrmk`letm la`gmz pmrm cm pcmeà`gmg`÷e hlc hlsmrrnccn
y rlnrhlemk`letn urdmen, rloucmg`÷e hlc hlrlgfn hl prnp`lhmh,
tr`dutmg`÷e y mhkè`strmg`÷e hl cns d`lels y slrv`g`ns.
6
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Ëtlk M.? (pío. =7):
 M.? W`st
W` stlkm
lkm Oln
Olnhàs
hàs`g
`gn
nh hll Tlalr
Tlalrleg
leg`m
`m::
Cns puetns hl gnetrnc qul sl ut`c`gle le lc clvmetmk`letn gmtmstrmc
hldlríe `r rlalr`hns mc Kmrgn Olnhàs`gn Na`g`mc y pnhríe slr
lstmdclg`hns tmetn pnr lc @est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc (@OE) gnkn pnr
cms Kue`g`pmc`hmhls
Kue`g`pmc`hmhls n Let`hmhls Olelrmhnrms hl gmtmstrn.
8. A@EMC@HMH
Ls èh`splesmdcl qul cns trmdmjns gmrtnoría`gns y olnoría`gns qul sl rlmc`gle le

cms Na`gèms Znemcls, sl fmccle hl mgulrhn m cèlmk`letns tàge`gns, lstíehmrls
y mgt`v`hmhls këe`kms qul sl hldl gukpc`r le tnhn pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn
y pnstlr`nr prnglsmk`letn gne tlgencnoëms smtlc`tmcls OEWW, le tnhms cms ltmpms
hlc prnglsn, gne lc ndjltn hl plrk`t`r cm ueà`gmg`÷e hl kàtnhns y prnglh`k`letns,
le ue kmrgn hl rlalrleg`m olnhàs`gn, ms` gnkn, anrtmclglr cms mgg`nels
prlvlet`vms y hl rlspulstm pmrm rlhug`r lc r`lson hl prnpmomg`÷e y lc `kpmgtn
sme`tmr`n hl cm lealrklhmh gmusmhm pnr lc v`rus hlc GNQ@H-=0.
<. MCGMEGL
Cm prlsletl ouëm hltmccm cns prnglh`k`letns qul cms Na`gèms Znemcls hldle
slou`r pmrm ut`c`zmr hl anrkm gnrrlgtm y la`g`letl cns W`stlkms hl Rns`g`nemk`letn
pnr smtàc`tl, y cns prnglh`k`letns pmrm lstmdclglr y hlaè`r gne prlg`s`÷e cm
pns`g`÷e hl ue puetn olnhàs`gn le lc lspmg`n gne aèls gmtmstrmcls,
lstmdclg`lehn cns prntngncns hl slour`hmh y smcuh le lc trmdmjn, mhnptmhns le cm
enrkmt`vm vòletl.
1. TLWRNEWMD@C@HMH
Ls rlspnesmd`c`hmh hl cms Na`gèms Znemcls cm mpc`gmg`÷e hl lstm ouëm y cm
`kpclkletmg`÷e
`kpclklet mg`÷e hl cns prntngncns hl slour`hmh y smcuh le lc trmdmjn, gnegnrhmetl
gneg nrhmetl
gne cm enrkmt`vm vòletl y h`rlgt`vms ètlrems qul lk`tm cm let`hmh pmrm cns
trmdmjns hl gmkpn y omdèltl maè hl mhnptmr cms mgg`nels prlvlet`vms y hl
rlspulstm pmrm rlhug`r lc r`lson hl prnpmomg`÷e y lc `kpmgtn sme`tmr`n hl cm
lealrklhmh gmusmhm pnr lc v`rus hlc GNQ@H-=0. Lstmrí suplrv`smhm pnr cm
H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn (HG) y cm Na`gèm hl Gnnrhèmg`
Gnnrhèmg`÷e
÷e Hlsgletrmc`zmhm (NGH).
0
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
GMR@X\CN @@
=. LWXMD
LWXMDCLG@K@LEXN
CLG@K@LEXN HL R\EXNW OLNHÀW@GNW.
\em pmrtl auehmkletmc hl lstm ou`m, ls cm hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cm pns`g`÷e hl
puetns,
klh`metlgnnrhlemhms
tlgencnoëms (cmt`tuh, cneo`tuh,
smtlc`tmcls OEWW. mcturm), sndrl cm suplra`g`l
Cm kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl lstnstlrrlstrl
puetns
sndrl lc tlrrlen gnest`tuyl cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Olngàetr`gm Emg`nemc (TLOOLE).
Ls pnr lstn qul tnhn clvmetmk`letn olnhls`gn hldl lstmr rlalr`hn mc W`stlkm
Olnhls`gn Na`g`mc, gneanrkmhn pnr cm Tlh Olnhls`gm Fnr`znetmc Na`g`mc y cm Tlh
Olnhls`gm Qlrt`gmc Na`g`mc, qul gnest`tuyl lc s`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m ue`gn m e`vlc
emg`nemc y sl leguletrm ètlormhn m cns W`stlkms hl Tlalrleg`ms Kueh`mcls
ut`c`zmhns mgtumckletl
mgtumckletl gnkn lc _nrch
_ nrch Olnhlt`g Wystlk 68 (_OW-68).
4. HLA@E@G@NELW
Mc
Mct`t` t uh
Ls cm h`stmeg`m vlrt`gmc hl ue nròle hltlrkèmhn m ue puetn suplra`g`mc hlc
tlrrlen (sndrl lc oln`hl), gnes`hlrmhn gnkn e`vlc glrn, pmrm lc qul sl sulcl
tnkmr lc e`vlc klh`n hlc kmr.
@est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc hlc Rlrú
Mc
Mctu
tu rm
Ls cm h`stmeg`m vlrt`gmc rlsplgtn m ue pcmen mrd`trmr`mkletl tnkmhn gnkn
suplra`g`l hl e`vlc
e`vlc,, n rlsplgtn m uem suplr
suplra`g`l
a`g`l gurvm rlmc n `km
`kmoèmr`m
oèmr`m llclo`hm
clo`hm
gnkn suplra`g`l hl rlalrleg`m (vlrt`gmc letrl lc pcmen fnr`znetmc hlc ndslrvmhnr y
ue puetn lclvmhn).
Mc
Mctu
tu rm hl
h l met
metlem
lem
Cm mcturm hl cm metlem ls cm h`stmeg`m vlrt`gmc hlshl cm kmrgm hlc tlrrlen mc puetn
hl rlalrleg`m hl cm metlem (MTR).
Mkd`
Mk d` oólhmh
oó lhmh
@eglrt`hukdrl pnr ue eúklrn mrd`trmr`n hl g`gcns. Eúklrn letlrn hl g`gcns
hlsgneng`hn, hl cm amsl pnrtmhnrm rlgnestru`hm, gnetle`hn le ue gnejuetn hl
klh`hms gnetèums. Lc rlglptnr guletm cms nehms hl rmh`n (letrl lc smtàc`tl y cm
metlem) gne ue e`vlc hl prlg`s`÷e mctn. En ndstmetl, lc rlglptnr en t`lel
èanrkmg`÷e hlc eúklrn hl nehms qul sl levëme hlc smtàc`tl le lc knkletn le
qul lkplz÷ m gnetmr. Lstl eúklrn hl cneo`tuhls hl nehm hlsgneng`hn letrl lc
smtàc`tl y cm metlem, ls cm mkdòólhmh. Xmkd`àe sl gnengl gnkn hlsv`mg`÷e hlc
letlrn.
@est`tutn hl @eanrkmg`÷e Lstmhëst`gm y Olnoría`gm hl Jmc`sgn
=2
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Gnnrhlemhms
Wne gmet`hmhls cèlmcls n meoucmrls qul hlsòeme cm pns`g`÷e ngupmhm pnr ue
puetn le ue s`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m.
Gnnrhlemhms Olnoría`gms
Wne cns Qmcnrls hl Cmt`tuh y hl Cneo`tuh qul èh`gme cm pns`g`÷e fnr`znetmc hl ue
puetn sndrl cm suplra`g`l hl cm X`lrrm le ue kmpm.
Gnnrhlemhms pc mem
Gnnrhlemhms memss n prnylgtmhms
Wne cms qul rlsuctme hl prnylgtmr cm suplra`g`l hlc lc`psn`hl sndrl ue pcmen. Cns
puetns prnylgtmhns sne hlsòemhns pnr cm gnnrhlemhm V n Enrtl y cm
gnnrhlemhm P n Lstl, klh`hms sndrl hns ljls plrpleh`gucmrls, trmzmhns m pmrt`r
hl ue nròle hlaè`hn gnevleg`nemckletl hl h`stètms kmelrms, sloúe slm lc
s`stlkm hl prnylgg`÷e lclo`hn.
Grnqu`s
Mpuetl n lsqulkm hl ue pcmen hl ud`gmg`÷e hl prlh`ns, n hl sus
gnestrugg`nels, qul plrk`tl gnenglr su cngmc`zmg`÷e n gmrmgtlrëst`gms pnr
rlalrleg`ms, ls mprnx`kmhn y sè lsgmcm prlg`sm.
Hmtuk
Ls ue gnejuetn hl puetns hl rlalrleg`m le cm suplra`g`l tlrrlstrl gne cns gumcls
cms klh`hms hl cm pns`g`÷e sne tnkmhms y ue knhlcn msng`mhn hl cm anrkm hl cm
t`lrrm (lc`psn`hl hl rlalrleg`m) pmrm hlaè`r lc s`stlkm hl gnnrhlemhms olnoría`gn.
Hmtuk fnr`znetmc
Hmtuk
Ruetn hl rlalrleg`m olnhàs`gn pmrm cns clvmetmk`letns hl gnetrnc fnr`znetmc, hlc
gumc sl gnengle cns vmcnrls: cmt`tuh, cneo`tuh y mz`kut hl uem cëelm m pmrt`r hl
lstl puetn y cns pmríkltrns hlc lc`psn`hl hl rlalrleg`m.

Hmtuk vlrt`gmc
Hmtuk
Gumcqu`lr suplra`g`l e`vlcmhm qul sl tnkm gnkn suplra`g`l hl rlalrleg`m m pmrt`r
hl cm gumc sl gmcgucme cms lclvmg`nel
lclvmg`nels.
s. \sumckletl sl lsgnol lc oln`hl, lc gumc
ls cm suplra`g`l lqu`pntleg`mc hlc gmkpn ormv`tmg`nemc tlrrlstrl qul kljnr sl
mprnx`km mc e`vlc klh`n hlc kmr.
H`cug`÷e h l prlprlg`s`÷
g`s`÷ e hl pns`g` ÷e (Rns`t`ne H`cut` ne na Rrlg`s`÷e - R
RHN
HNR)
R)
Lxprlsm cm rlcmg`÷e letrl lc lrrnr le cm pns`g`÷e hlc usumr`n y lc lrrnr le cm
pns`g`÷e hlc smtàc`tl. @eh`gm lc knkletn le qul cm olnkltrëm hlc smtàc`tl pulhl
amg`c`tmr cns rlsuctmhns kís lxmgtns.
==
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Lalkàr`hls OEW
OEWWW
Ls uem tmdcm hl vmcnrls qul hm cms pns`g`nels hl cns smtàc`tls OEWW le ue
knkletn hmhn. Lx`stle hns t`pns: Rrlg`sms y Xrmesk`t`hms.
LOK 4226
Knhlcn kmtlkít`gn hl oln`hl m lsgmcm ocndmc hlsmrrnccmhn pnr cm Emt`nemc
Olnspmt`mc @etlccòlegl Molegy (EOM) hl cns Lstmhns \e`hns hl Mkàr`gm le lc
mýn 4226. Wl trmtm hl ue knhlcn lstmdclg`hn pmrm cm trmesanrkmg`÷e letrl
mcturms.
Lc`psn`hl hl Tlalrleg`m
Ls cm suplra`g`l anrkmhm pnr cm rlvncug`÷e hl uem lc`psl mcrlhlhnr hl su ljl
klenr y usmhn gnkn hmtn hl gnkpmrmg`÷e le clvmetmk`letns olnhàs`gns hlc
ocndn tlrrlstrl. Ls cm aòurm
a òurm kmtlkít`gm qul kís sl mprnx`km mc Oln`hl, s`lehn
sleg`ccm hl hlaè`r kmtlkít`gmkle
kmtlkít`gmkletl.tl.
Lstmg`÷e
Ruetn hlc tlrrlen, m kleuhn èh`gmhn pnr uem slýmc, hnehl sl gncngm lc
èstrukletn hl ndslrvmg`÷e pmrm lalgtumr klh`hms tnpnoría`gms n olnhàs`gms.
Lstmg`÷e dmsl n hl gnetrnc

Lstmg`÷e hl pns`g`÷e gneng`hm gne prlg`s`÷e, hnehl sl ud`gm ue lqu`pn rlglptnr,
qul hm lc gnetrnc m cms ue`hmhls lstmdclg`hms gnkn lstmg`nels rlkntms, hl cm
gumc sl hlr`vme tnhms cms hlkís pns`g`nels hlsgneng`hms.
Lstmg`÷ e h
hll Tm
Tmstr
strln
ln Rlrkmeletl (LT(LTR)
R)
Ls uem èstmcmg`÷e a`jm guym ud`gmg`÷e sl fm hltlrkèmhn gne prlg`s`÷e y
lxmgt`tuh hnehl ue rlglptnr hlc OEWW rlglpg`nem cms slýmcls hl cns smtàc`tls y
uem ètlramgl hl ètlrelt, tlcla÷e`gm n rmh`mc lk`tl lstms slýmcls mc Gletrn hl
Rrnglsmk`letn.
Oln`hl
Cm suplra`g`l lqu`pntleg`mc hlc gmkpn hl ormvlhmh qul sl mjustm kljnr mc e`vlc
klh`n hlc kmr, ym slm cngmc n ocndmckletl.
=4
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
Xàge`gm pmrm hltlrkèmr lc pns`g`nemk`l
pns`g`nemk`letnetn olnhàs`gn hl let`hmhls emturmcls n
mrtà`g`mcls gne cm aèmc`hmh hl hlaè`r cm ud`gmg`÷e olnoría`gm hl kmelrm prlg`sm y
lxmgtm le ue s`stlkm hl gnnrhlemhms y hmtuk olnhàs`gn lsplgëa`gn.
OEWW (Ocndmc Emvòmt`ne Wmtlcc`tl Wystlks)
W`stlkm Ocndmc hl Emvlomg`÷e pnr Wmtàc`tl, ut`c`zmhn pmrm hlenkèmr mc gnejuetn
hl s`stlkms hl pns`g`nemk`letn smtlc`tmc l ègcuyl m cns mgtumcls EMQWXMT-
ORW, OCNEMWW y m cns eulvns s`stlkms hl cm \e`÷e Lurnplm OMC@CLN, lc
gfèn DL@HN\, lc jmpneàs ]ZWW y lc @eh`n @TEWW.
ORW (Ocndmc Rns`t`neèo Wystlk)
W`stlkm hl Rns`g`nemk`letn Ocndmc. Ls ue s`stlkm dmsmhn le cm rmh`n-
emvlomg`÷e, qul gnes`stl hl uem gnestlcmg`÷e hl smtàc`tls y uem rlh hl
lstmg`nels tlrrlems usmhn pmrm lc kne`tnrln y gnetrnc. Cm rlh dís`gm lstí
gnkpulstm pnr 74 smtàc`tls ORW qul nrd`tme cm t`lrrm m uem mct`tuh mprnx`kmh
mprnx`kmhmm hl
42,222 i`c÷kltrns, drèhm m cns usumr`ns èanrkmg`÷e prlg`sm sndrl cm pns`g`÷e, cm
vlcng`hmh y lc t`lkpn le gumcqu`lr pmrtl hlc kuehn y dmjn gumcqu`lr gneh`g`÷e hlc
gc`km.
Alhlrmc Mv`mt`ne Mhkè`strmt`ne na \e`tlh Wtmtlh Hlpmrtklet na Xrmespnrtmt`ne
@XTA (@etlremt`nemc Xlrrlstr`mc Tlalrlegl Armkl)
Kmrgn hl Tlalrleg`m Xlrrlstrl @etlremg`nemc, W`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m ocndmc
ndtle`hn pnr lc Wlrv`g`n @etlremg`nemc hl Tntmg`÷e hl cm X`lrrm (@LTW, pnr sus
sòcms le @eocàs) m pmrt`r hl uem sncug`÷e gnkdèmhm qul ègcuyl ndslrvmg`nels
ndslrvmg`nels
gmptmhms pnr h`vlrsms tàge`gms lspmg`mcls.
Clvmetmk`letn Xnpnoría`gn
Clvmetmk`letn
Ls lc gnejuetn hl nplrmg`nels y kàtnhns qul hltlrkèm cm pns`g`÷e mdsncutm y
rlcmt`vm hl puetns hlc tlrrlen (emturmc y mrtà`g`mc) sndrl ue pcmen fnr`znetmc. Cms
gmrmgtlrëst`gms aës`gms hlc tlrrlen vme m slr rlprlsletmhns hl anrkm oría`gm y m
lsgmcm gne cm èanrkmg`÷
èanrkmg`÷ee gmpturmhm pnr cns èstrukletns tnpnoría`gns.
Cëelm dmsl
Cëelm qul rlmc`zm uem klh`g`÷e tr`h`kles`nemc letrl hns lstmg`nels, le cms qul
sl fme gmpturmhn y prnglsmhn hmtns OEWW s`kuctíelns gne tàge`gms hl
hàlrleg`mg`÷e.
Kmrgn hl rlalrleg`m
Ls cm kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl ue s`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m m trmvàs hl ue gnejuetn hl
lstmg`nels hl gnetrnc a`jms, lstmdclg`hms sndrl cm suplra`g`l tlrrlstrl pnr sus
rlsplgt`vms gnnrhlemhms y gnrrlspneh`letls vmr`mg`nels le lc t`lkpn.
=7
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Kísgmrm hl lclvmg`÷
lclvmg`÷e e
Ls lc íeoucn hl lclvmg`÷e këe`kn qul tlehríe cns lqu`pns OEWW pmrm rlg`d`r
slýmc hl cns smtàc`tls. Lstl íeoucn ls gneaòurmdcl y sl gnes`hlrm gnkn `hlmc =2²
hl lclvmg`÷e pmrm lv`tmr prndclkms hl ètlralrleg`m gmusmhns pnr lhà`g`ns,
írdncls y lrrnrls hl ku`ct`trmylgtnr`m.
Klr`h`men
Ls uem cëelm hl rlalrleg`m (slk`gërgucn) qul sl hlaèl pnr su gnrrlspneh`letl
cneo`tuh, (gnkn lc klr`h`men hl Orllew`gf), qul vm hl pncn m pncn hlc ocndn
tlrríquln. Xnhns cns puetns qul plrtlelzgme mc k`skn klr`h`men sl
gmrmgtlr`zme pnr tlelr cm k`skm fnrm cngmc.
Klr`h`men hl Orllew`gf
Klr`h`men nròle qul pmsm pnr lc Ndslrvmtnr`n Tlmc hl Orllew`gf, l èh`gm cns
glrn ormhns hl cneo`tuh, m pmrt`r hlc gumc sl k`hle tnhns cns klr`h`mens fmg`m lc
lstl y mc nlstl.
Rm
Rmrtls
rtls pnrhlc
Lxprls`÷e k
k`cc÷e
`cc÷e
lrrnr(ppk)
rlcmt`vn usmhn arlguletlkletl pmrm rlalr`rsl mc lrrnr le cm
hltlrkèmg`÷ee hl h`stmeg`ms.
hltlrkèmg`÷
Rns`g`nemk`letn
Mgg`÷e pnr cm gumc sl hltlrkème cms gnnrhlemhms hl ue puetn gne rlsplgtn m
ue s`stlkm hl rlalrleg`m.
Rns`g`nemk`letn hàlrleg`mc
Hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cms gnnrhlemhms hl ue puetn, klh`metl uem tàge`gm smtlc`tmc
le anrkm rlcmt`vm rlsplgtn hl uem lstmg`÷e dmsl.
Rns`g`nemk`letn Olnhàs`gn
Ls cm hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cms gnnrhlemhms olnhàs`gms (cmt`tuh, cneo`tuh y mcturm
lc`psn`hmc) hl cns puetns sndrl cm suplra`g`l tlrrlstrl n glrgm hl lstm, m aè hl
hlaè`r gne prlg`s`÷e, cms rlcmg`nels lspmg`mcls lx`stletls letrl h`gfns puetns le
ue s`stlkm olnhàs`gn hltlrkèmhn
hltlrkèmhn..
=8
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Rnst prnglsmk`letn
Rrnglh`k`letn qul sl rlmc`zm klh`metl prnormkms èanrkít`gns lsplg`mc`zmhn
pmrm cm gnrrlgg`÷e y prnglsmk`letn hl hmtns gnclgtmhns le gmkpn gne cns
rlglptnrls OEWW olnhàs`gns, pnr klh`n hlc gumc, sl gmcgucme gnnrhlemhms
ut`c`zmehn mconr`tkns kmtlkít`gns kuy gnkpcljns y cnormehn kíx`kms
prlg`s`nels.
Rrlg`s`÷e
Ormhn hl gnes`stleg`m letrl cns vmcnrls ndslrvmhns hl uem hltlrkèmhm
kmoe`tuh n su rlplt`t`v`hmh dmsmhm le lc ormhn hl h`sgrlpmeg`m letrl cns vmcnrls
ndslrvmhns.
Ruetn Olnhàs`gn
Gneng`hn gnkn vàrt`gl olnhàs`gn, ls ue puetn slýmc`zmhn qul èh`gm uem
pns`g`÷e olnoría`gm lxmgtm gneanrkmhm pnr uem rlh hl tr`meoucmg`÷e gne ntrns
vàrt`gls olnhàs`gns. Cm pns`g`÷e lxmgtm hl cns vàrt`gls s`rvm pmrm lcmdnrmr cns
kmpms tnpnoría`gns m lsgmcm, tmetn emg`nemcls gnkn rlo`nemcls.
Tlh Olnhàs`gm
Tlh
Ls lc gnejuetn hl puetns hlenkèmhns vàrt`gls, kmtlr`mc`zmhns aës`gmkletl
sndrl lc tlrrlen, letrl cns gumcls sl fme rlmc`zmhn ndslrvmg`nels olnhàs`gms,
gne lc aè hl hltlrkèmr su prlg`s`÷e tmetn le tàrkèns mdsncutns gnkn rlcmt`vns.
\em rlh Olnhàs`gm ls cm lstrugturm qul snst`lel tnhm cm gmrtnormaëm hl ue
tlrr`tnr`n.
TLORKNG
Tlh Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`tnrln Gnetèun, gneanrkmhm pnr cms Lstmg`nels
hl Tmstrln Rlrkmeletl (LTR)
Tlglptnr ORW/OEWW
Lqu`pn hl klh`g`÷e qul gmptm slýmcls lk`t`hms pnr cm gnestlcmg`÷e hl smtàc`tls
hlc ORW/OEWW.
T@ELV (Tlgl`vlr @ehlplehlet Lxgfmeol)

Ls lc anrkmtn ue`vlrsmc hl ètlrgmkd`n letrl rlglptnrls èhlpleh`letls. A`gflrn
MWG@@ gne èanrkmg`÷e clo`dcl pnr gumcqu`lr snatwmrl hl hàlrletls kmrgms.
=<
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
TXI (Tlmc X`kl Ièlkmt`g)

X`lkpn rlmc gèlkít`gn. Rrnglh`k`letn OEWW gèlkít`gn hàlrleg`mc pnr lc gumc
cms gnrrlgg`nels hl amsl sne trmesk`t`hms hlshl uem lstmg`÷e hl rlalrleg`m m ue
rlglptnr k÷v`c, tme ríp`hn gnkn sne gnclgtmhms. Tlqu`lrl rmh`n lecmgls letrl
dmsl y k÷v`c.
Wmtàc`tl
Lc ndjltn emturmc n flgfn pnr lc fnkdrl, qul nrd`tm gnetèumkletl sndrl cm
suplra`g`l hl cm t`lrrm, n hl ntrn pcmeltm, n lstrlccm. \e smtàc`tl hl plrglpg`÷e
rlkntm cclvm uen n kís èstrukletns pmrm cm ormdmg`÷e hl `kíolels hl cm X`lrrm,
qul sl trmesk`tle m uem lstmg`÷e rlglptnrm klh`metl cms nehms
lclgtrnkmoeàt`gms.
W@TOMW
W`stlkm hl Tlalrleg`m Olngàetr`gn pmrm cms Mkàr`gms. Gnest`tuyl uem
hlesà`gmg`÷e gnetèletmc
gnetèletmc hlc Kmrgn hl Tlalrleg`m Xlrrlstrl @@etlremg`nem
etlremg`nemcc (@X
(@XTA).
TA).
Wncug`÷e
Cm sncug`÷ea`jmqul sl ndt`lel, gumehn lc prnglsmhnr hl cëelms dmsl rlsulcvl cm
dúsqulhm hl mkdòólhmh y sl fme a`jmhn le sus vmcnrls letlrns, y cn fmgl gne
uem a`md`c`hmh qul cl plrk`tl slclgg`nemr lc kljnr gnejuetn hl letlrns.
Wncug`÷e acntmetl
Wl ndt`lel gumehn lc prnglsmhnr hl cëelms dmsl en ls gmpmz hl rlsncvlr cm
dúsqulhm hl mkdòólhmh hlc letlrn gne sua`g`letl a`md`c`hmh y, pnr cn tmetn, en
cnorm slclgg`nemr lc kljnr gnejuetn hl letlrns. Wl hlenkèm ‖acntmetl‐ pnrqul cm
mkdòólhmh ègcuyl uem pmrtl armgg`nemr`m.
\XK
\e`vlrsmc Xrmesvlrsm hl Klrgmtnr, ls ue s`stlkm hl gnnrhlemhms dmsmhn le cm
prnylgg`÷e gmrtnoría`gm trmesvlrsm hl Klrgmtnr, qul sl gnestruyl gnkn cm
prnylgg`÷e hl Klrgmtnr enrkmc, plrn le vlz hl fmglrcm tmeoletl mc Lgumhnr, sl
cm fmgl slgmetl m ue klr`h`men.
_OW =068 (_nrch Olnhlt`g Wystlk =068)
W`stlkm Olnhàs`gn Kueh`mc hl =068. Ls ue s`stlkm hl gnnrhlemhms olnoría`gms
kueh`mc qul plrk`tl cngmc`zmr gumcqu`lr puetn hl cm X`lrrm (sè elgls`tmr ntrn hl
rlalrleg`m) pnr klh`n hl trls ue`hmhls hmhms. Wl trmtm hl ue s`stlkm hl
rlalrleg`m grlmhn pnr cm Moleg`m hl Kmpln hlc Hlpmrtmkletn hl Hlalesm hl cns
Lstmhns \e`hns hl Mkàr`gm (Hlalesl Kmppèo Molegy - HKM).
=1
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
7. GNEW@HLTMG@NELW OLNHÀW@GMW
Cms Na`gèms Znemcls, ls prlg`sn qul cns trmdmjns gmrtnorí

gmrtnoría`gns
a`gns qul rlmc`gle, sl
fmccle hl mgulrhn m cèlmk`letns tàge`gns, lstíehmrls y mgt`v`hmhls këe`kms
qul lstmdclzgm cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm, pmrm gukpc`r le tnhn
pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn, gne lc aè hl hlaè`r cns kàtnhns y prnglh`k`letns,
pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn hl ue kmrgn hl rlalrleg`m olnhàs`gn na`g`mc.
Xnhns cns trmdmjns hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hldle lstmr rlalr`hns m cm Tlh

Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`tnrln Gnetèun (TLORKNG), cm k`skm qul t`lel
gnkn dmsl lc W`stlkm hl Tlalrleg`m Olngàetr`gn pmrm cms Mkàr`gms (W@TOMW)
y tnkmehn lc nròle hlaè`hn pnr lc @est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc qul lstí
gneanrkmhm pnr cms Lstmg`nels hl Tmstrln Rlrkmeletl (LTR).
7.=..
7.= Tl
Tlh
h Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`t
Kne`tnrln
nrln Gnet`
Gnetèun
eun (TL
(TLORK
ORKNG)
NG)
Cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`tnrln Gnetèun (TLORKNG), ls ue gnejuetn

hl lstmg`nels OEWW hl nplrmg`÷e gnetèum, gneanrkmhm pnr 1? lstmg`nels
OEWW hl kne`tnrln gnetèun, h`str`du`hms lstrmtào`gmkletl le lc tlrr`tnr`n
emg`nemc, qul kmtlr`mc`zme lc W`stlkm Olnhàs`gn _OW68, y prnpnrg`neme
slrv`g`ns hl pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn m cns usumr`ns klh`metl hmtns le cëelm
y gnnrhlemhms le lc kmrgn na`g`mc @XTA. Gmhm Lstmg`÷e hl Tlalrleg`m
Rlrkmeletl (LTR) OEWW rlgnp`cm hmtns cms 48 fnrms hlc hëm, tnhns cns hëms hlc
mýn, cm TLORKNG, ls pmrtl hl cm rlh olnhàs`gm fnr`znetmc na`g`mc y sl leguletrm
mhkè`strmhm pnr lc @est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc - @OE.
Ls `kpnrtmetl qul cns lsplg`mc`stms hl cm Na`gèm Znemc, hldme gnes`hlrmr lc

lecmgl: fttps://www.`hlp.ond.pl/olnv`snr/lrp/ pmrm lstmr èanrkmhns hlc lstmhn
hl aueg`nemk`letn hl cms LTR, s`lehn hl `kpnrtmeg`m pmrm cns trmdmjns hl
pcmelmk`letn pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn y olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl cns puetns
olnhàs`gns. Aòurm =.
=?
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
7.4..
7.4 Lc`ps
Lc`psn`h
n`hl
l Olnhàs`gn hl Tl
Tlalrleg`
alrleg` m
Lc`psn`hl : OTW62 Olnhlt`g Tlalrlegl Wystlk =062

Hmtuk : Olngàetr`gn
Wlk` Ljl Kmynr : 1 7?6 =7? kltrns
Wlk` Ljl Klenr : 1 7<1 ?<4,7=8=8 kltrns

Mgfmtmk`letn : =/406,4<?44
=/406,4<?444=2=
4=2=
Rmrm lalgtns prígt`gns gnkn lc`psn`hl pulhl slr ut`c`zmhn lc _nrch
Olnhlt`g Wystlk =068 (_OW68), gne cns sòu`letls pmríkltrns.
Lc`psn`hl : _OW68 (_nrch Olnhls`g Wystlk =068)
Hmtuk : Olngàetr`gn
Wlk` Ljl Kmynr : 1 7?6 =7? kltrns
Wlk` Ljl Klenr : 1 7<1 ?<4,7=848 kltrns
Mgfmtmk`letn : =/406,4<?44
=/406,4<?447<17
7<17
8. GNEW@HLTMG@NELW H
HL
L WLO\T
WLO\T@HMH
@HMH P WMC\H LE LC XTMD
XTMDMJ
MJN,
N, LE
KMTGN HLC LWXMHN HL LKLTOLEG@M WME@XMT@M M E@QLC EMG@NEMC
GNQ@H-=0
]ul, metl cm lx`stleg`m hl s`tumg`nels hl r`lson lclvmhn pmrm cm smcuh y cm v`hm

hl cns slrv`hnrls hl GNANRT@, ms` gnkn hl kljnrmr cms gneh`g`nels sme`tmr`ms
y mhnptmr mgg`nels hlstèmhms m prlvle`r s`tumg`nels hl r`lson le lc lstmhn hl
Lklroleg`m Wme`tmr`m, sl h`gtme klh`hms qul mslourle lc gnetrnc hlc GNQ@H-=0,
klh`metl lc hlsmrrnccn hl uem gucturm hl cm prlvleg`÷e la`gmz y prntngncns pmrm
cm slour`hmh y smcuh le lc trmdmjn:
8.=. Tlsnc
Tlsncug
ug`÷
`÷e
e hl Olrleg
Olrleg`m
`m Olelrmc Eº 2=6-4
2=6-4242
242-GNAN
-GNANRT@/
RT@/OO
OO
H`spns`g`nels le lc íkd`tn cmdnrmc hlc nrome`skn hl anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm
prnp`lhmh èanrkmc ‗ Gnanpr`, pmrm lc gukpc`k`letn hl cms klh`hms
lxglpg`nemcls y tlkpnrmcls qul dusgme prlvle`r cm prnpmomg`÷e hlc
gnv`h-=0 m e`vlc emg`nemc. Melxn 2=.
8.4. Tlsnc
Tlsncug
ug`n
`nee Jlamt
Jlamturmc
urmc E² 240-4
240-4242
242-GNA
-GNANRT@/
NRT@/NM-\TTF
NM-\TTFF F
Rcme pmrm cm Qò`cmeg`m, Rrlvleg`÷e y Gnetrnc hl GNQ@H-=0
GNQ@H -=0 hlc Nrome`skn
hl Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc ‗ GNANRT@. Melxn 24.
8.7..
8.7 Rrntn gnc
gncn
n hl Wlour`h
Wlour`hmh
mh pmrm cm Rrlvleg`÷e hlc GN GNQ@H
Q@H-=0
-=0,, le cm
Ljlgug`÷
Ljlgug`÷ e hl Mgt
Mgt`v`hmhls
`v`hmhls Gmtmstrmcl
Gmtmstrmclss ‗ HG. Tlv`smhm y mgtumc`zmhm m
mdr`c hl 424=. Melxn 27.
=6
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
8.8..
8.8 Lclkletns hl Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn
Lc plrsnemc hl olnhls`m hldl lstmr `kpclkletmhn gne `hletà`gmg`÷e y

lqu`pns hl prntlgg`÷e pmrm lc ljlrg`g`n hl sus aueg`nels, sne hl usn
plrsnemc l ètrmesalr`dc
ètrmesalr`dcl.
l.
Lstns lqu`pns hl slour`hmh le lc kmrgn hlc –prntngncn hl slour`hmh y
smcuh le lc trmdmjn‛ pmrm cms mgt`v`hmhls hl gmkpn, sl hltmccme m
gnetèumg`ne:
 Gmreà hl `hlet`hmh, hhngukletn
ngukletn nna`g`mc
a`g`mc pmrm mgrlh`tmg`÷e hl cm
`hlet`hmh y amguctmh pmrm rlmc`zmr cns trmdmjns hl gmkpn y omdèltl.
 Gfmclgn èst`tug`nemc, pmrm `hletà`gmg`÷
`hletà`gmg`÷ee y h`stèg`÷e9 mhlkís, gnkn
nrome`zmhnr hl ndjltns plrsnemcls y hl trmdmjn.
 Onrrns gne sncmpm: pmrm prntlgg`÷e hl cns lalgtns hmýèns hl cm
rmh`mg`÷e sncmr.
 Rncns hl mconh÷e t`pn gmk`slrns, këe`kn 7 pncns pnr cm mgt`v`hmh
prnp`m hl gmkpn
 Rmetmcnels (hr`c) pmrm amg`c`tmr c`dlrtmh hl knv`k`letn pnr su gneh`g`÷e
lrone÷k`gm, c`v`mem y amg`c`hmh pmrm su c`kp`lzm.
 Zmpmtns hl gulrn gne ppuetm
uetm pprntlgtnrm
rntlgtnrm t`pn dn
dntm:
tm: pm
pmrm
rm prn
prntlgg`÷e
tlgg`÷e hl
cls`nels pnr ndjltns a`cnsns n puezmetls, gmëhm hl gnsms plsmhms
(trëpnhl, dmstnels pnrtmpr`skms, ltg.), rnhmhurm hl p`lhrms,
`rrloucmr`hmhls
`rrloucmr`hmhls hl cm tnpnoría`gm, fuklhmh, ltg.
 Kmklcugns hl d`nslour`hmh `kplrklmdcl
`kplrklmdcls. s.
 Oumetls hl prntlgg`÷e: gnetrm oncpls n cls`nels hurmetl cm
kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl f`tns y clvmetmk`letn hl èanrkmg`÷e.
 Cletls gne prntlgg`÷
prntlgg`÷ee \Q
 Rrntlgtnr sncmr: pmrm prntlgg`÷e hl cm rmh`mg`÷e sncmr pnr lxpns`g`÷e
prncneomhm hurmetl lc clvmetmk`letn hl èanrkmg`÷e le gmkpn.
 Rrntlgtnr amg`mc.
<. L]\@RMK@LEXN OEWW.

Cns lqu`pns m ut`c`zmr pnr cms Na`gèms Znemcls, hldle slr rlglptnrls hl hndcl
arlguleg`m C= y C4 hàlrleg`mcls, qul plrk`tme prlg`s`nels k`c`kàtr`gms,
trmesk`t`lehn y rlg`d`lehn slýmcls hlc s`stlkm hl emvlomg`÷e pnr smtàc`tls m
e`vlc ocndmc, gnkn cns rlglptnrls qul guletm cm Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y
Xnpnormaëm. Lstns sl ut`c`zmríe le lc lstmg`nemk`letn pmrm lc pns`g`nemk`letn
olnhàs`gn y gnestme hl cns sòu`letls lclkletns:
 XT@RNHL: Lc trëpnhl ls ue mpmrmtn hl trls pmtms y pmrtl suplr`nr g`rgucmr n
XT@RNHL:
tr`meoucmr, qul plrk`tl lstmd`c`zmr ue ndjltn y lv`tmr lc knv`k`letn prnp`n hl
lstl. Lc k`skn sl pns`g`nemrí sndrl lc puetn olnhàs`gn m klh`r. (Aòurm 4)
=0
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Aòurm 4: Xr`pnhl hl mcukè`n
 DMWL E@QLCMEXL GNE RCNKMHM NRX@GM: NRX@GM: ls uem pcmgm hl a`jmg`÷e qul
sl ut`c`zm pmrm ue`r ue èstrukletn tnpnoría`gn, pnr ljlkpcn: cm metlem OEWW
m ue trëpnhl. Lc k`skn sl ut`c`zm pmrm mpcnkmr cm pns`g`÷e hl cm metlem ORW
mc ljl hl lstmg`÷e hlc puetn olnhàs`gn qul sl qu`lrl klh`r. (Aòurm 7)
Aòurm 7: Dmsl E`vlcmetl (Xr`dmgf)
 TLGLRXNT OEWW:
OEWW: lqu`pn hlc s`stlkm hl pns`g`nemk`letn ocndmc OEWW,
hl orme prlg`s`÷e, lkpclmhn pmrm klh`r cm pns`g`÷e olnhàs`gm, sloúe lc
kàtnhn hl clvmetmk`letn m lclo`r Lstít`gn, TIX n RRI, le gmhm uen hl cns
puetns m klh`r. Aòurm 8: Tlglptnr T? OEWW Xr`kdcl y Aòurm <: Tlglptnr
=422 OEWW Cl`gm.
42
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Aòurm 8: Tlglptnr T? OEWW Xr`kdcl Aòurm <: Tlglptnr =422 OEWW Cl`gm
Gnestm hl cns sòu`letls gnkpneletls:
m. Metlem OEWW:
Ls ue h`spns`t`vn mc gumc v`lel s`lkprl rlalr`hn eulstrn pns`g`nemk`letn,
rlg`dl y mkpcà`gm cm slýmc rlg`d`hm hl cns smtàc`tls, lstí gnelgtmhm m
trmvàs hl ue prlmkpcà`gmhnr mc rlglptnr, h`rlgtmkletl n klh`metl gmdcl.
Cm k`s`÷e hl cm metlem ls cm hl gnevlrt`r cm lelroëm lclgtrnkmoeàt`gm qul
rlg`dl le gnrr`letl lcàgtr`gm qul m su vlz pmsm mc rlglptnr. Aòurm 1,
Aòurm ?.
Aòurm 1: Metlem Zlpfyr Knhlc 4
Aòurm ?: Metlem Zlpfyr Olnhlt`g 4
4=
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
d. Tlglptnr OEWW:
Nrhlemhnr qul hlgnhà`gm cm slýmc rlg`d`hm pnr cm metlem y rlo`strm cms
ndslrvmg`nels, lc rlglptnr ORW gnestm hl uem slr`l hl lclkletns qul sl
legmrome hl cm rlglpg`÷e hl cms rmh`narlguleg`ms lev`mhms pnr cns
smtàc`tls. Mhlkís, sulcle pnsllr hàlrletls gmemcls pmrm slou`r
s`kuctíelmkletl m vmr`ns smtàc`tls, ue prnglsmhnr ètlren gne su
gnrrlspneh`letl snpnrtl c÷o`gn, uem ue`hmh hl klknr`m pmrm lc
mckmglemk`letn
gnkue`gmg`÷e gne hl cm èanrkmg`÷e,
lc usumr`n, hàlrletlstlgcmhn hl pmrm
gnelgtnrls gnetrnc, pmetmccm
aueg`nels hl
vmr`ms
y uem auletl hl mc`kletmg`÷e ètlrem n lxtlrem. (Aòurm 6 y 0)
Aòurm 0: Tlglptnr/Metlem =422 Cl`gm
Aòurm 6: Tlglptnr T? OEWW Xr`kdcl
g. Xlrkèmc n Gnclgtnrsm OEWW:

Ls ue lqu`pn qul sl ut`c`zm gnkn ètlramgl hl usumr`n qul plrk`tl
gnenglr lc lstmhn hl cm rlglpg`÷e, prnglsn hl gícgucn, y cclvmr m gmdn cm
lh`g`÷e hl cns hmtns hlc rlglptnr. (Aòurm =2)
Aòurm =2: Gnclgtnr XWG4 y XWG7
44
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
1. LWRLG@A@GMG@NELW XÀGE@GMW RMTM LC RNW@G@NEMK@LEXN

OLNHÀW@GN GNE TLGLRXNTLW HLC W@WXLKM WMXLC@XMC HL
EMQLOMG@×E OCNDMC.
Cms Na`gèms Znemcls, hldle gukpc`r gne cns cèlmk`letns lstmdclg`hns le cms
ou`ms, le cms ltmpms hl pcmelmg`÷e y hlsmrrnccn hl cms mgt`v`hmhls gmtmstrmcls
pmrm uem ud`gmg`÷e lspmg`mc, cm gumc lstí hmhm pnr cm cngmc`zmg`÷e olnoría`gm, le
lc pns`g`nemk`letn
ocndmc OEWW. Cm olnhàs`gn
cngmc`zmg`÷egne rlglptnrls
hldl hlc s`stlkmklh`metl
lstmr lxprlsmhm smtlc`tmc hlgnnrhlemhms
emvlomg`÷e
olnoría`gms (cmt`tuh, cneo`tuh)
cneo`tuh) n pcmems (Lstl, Enrtl), cms gumcls sne cm dmsl pmrm
uem gmrtnormaëm emg`nemc ueà`gmhm.
Gne lc ndjltn hl gnesnc`hmr ue kmrgn hl rlalrleg`m olnhàs`gn, tnhns cns trmdmjns

hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e lstmríe rlalr`hns m cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl
Kne`tnrln Gnetèun (TLORKNG).
Rmrm cns prnylgtns hl gmtmstrn, cns puetns olnhàs`gns qul sl lstmdclglríe, sl

lalgtumríe le dmsl m prnglh`k`letns lstmdclg`hns le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl
Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm y cèlmk`letns tàge`gns hlc @OE:
1.=.
1.=. Ruetn olnhàs`gn Xnpnoría`gn hl Nrhle –G‛
Lstl nrhle hldl hlstèmrsl mc lstmdclg`k`letn hl gnetrnc supclkletmr`n

le írlms urdmems y rurmcls, mc mpnyn pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn hl prnylgtns
dís`gns hl èole`lrëm y hl hlsmrrnccn urdmen-rurmc, msë gnkn m trmdmjns
qul sl rlqu`lrm uem prlg`s`÷e m ue e`vlc kíx`kn hl =2.22 kk.
1.4.
1.4. Ruetn hl Mpnyn Antnormkàtr`gn - RMA
Lstns puetns, en sne kneukletmhns y sl hlstèmrme m cns puetns hl

antngnetrnc, gne cm prlg`s`÷e qul rlqu`lrme cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms hl cns
vulcns.
1.7..
1.7 Lstmg`÷ e Dmsl hl Mpny
Mpnynn
Wlrí ue puetn le lc tlrrlen, m kleuhn èh`gmhn pnr uem slýmc, hnehl sl

gncngmrí lc èstrukletn hl ndslrvmg`÷e pmrm lalgtumr cms klh`hms
olnhàs`gms y lstm slrí uem Lstmg`÷e hl pns`g`÷e gneng`hm gne prlg`s`÷e,
hnehl sl ud`gm ue lqu`pn rlglptnr, qul hm lc gnetrnc m cms ue`hmhls
lstmdclg`hms gnkn lstmg`nels rlkntms, hl cm gumc sl hlr`vme tnhms cms
hlkís pns`g`nels hlsgneng`hms.
?. RTNGLH@K@LEXNW HL NDWLTQMG@×E GNTTLWRNE

GNTTLWRNEH@LEXLW
H@LEXLW MC NTHLE
HL RTLG@W@×E HLC CLQMEXMK@LEXN.
Xnhns cns prnylgtns gmrtnoría`gns qul olelrle ue puetn olnhàs`gn, hldle lstmr
lecmzmhns m cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`tnrln Gnetèun (TLORKNG) y
lstmdclg`hns sloúe prnglh`lk`letns hl cm Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y
Xnpnorma`m y cm Enrkm Xàge`gm Olnhàs`gm
O lnhàs`gm hlc @OE.
Ms`, pmrm cns prnylgtns gmrtnoría`gns hl hlsmrrnccn emg`nemc,

emg`nemc, qul olelrle puetns
olnhàs`gns hl nrhle –2‛, –M‛ n –D‛ (Gumhrn = y 4) cm gnrrlcmg`÷e sl lstmdclglrí
47
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
rlmc`zmehn ndslrvmg`nels hletrn hl uem aòurm olnkàtr`gm g`rguesgr`tm (le cn

pns`dcl), gne ue këe`kn hl ngfn cmhns pmrm lc nrhle –2‛ y ue këe`kn hl trls
cmhns pmrm cns hl nrhle –M‛ y –D‛9 pmrm cns puetns olnhàs`gns hl nrhle –G‛ y cns
puetns hl mpnyn, cm gnrrlcmg`÷e slrí m trmvàs hl uem cëelm dmsl9 sòu`lehn cns
sòu`letls pmríkltrns:
Eúklrn këe`kn hl lstmg`nels hl gnetrnc h l

cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Fnr`znetmc qul sl hldle
lecmzmr: 2 M D LECMGL
2 6 TLH
M 7 7 TLH
D 7 7 7 TLH
G = = = C@ELM DMWL
MRNPN (RAGF) (RMA) = = = C@ELM DMWL
Gumhrn =. Gnrrlcmg`ne hl Lstmg`nels hl lecmgl
Wlpmrmg`÷e hl cms lstmg`n

lstmg`nels
els 2 M D G RAG
RAGF
F
Wlpmrmg`÷e kíx`km (ik) letrl

lstmg`nels dmsls hletrn hlc írlm hlc 8222 =222 <22
prnylgtn.
Wlpmrmg`÷e kíx`km (ik) letrl
lstmg`nels dmsls y lc puetn m 7<22 <22 4<2 =22 =22
lstmdclglr
Gumhrn 4: Wlpmrmg`÷e kmx`km letrl lstmg`nels dmsls
6. RTNGLH@K@LEXNW RMTM CNW XTMD
XTMDMJ
MJNW
NW H
HL
L OL
OLNTTLALTLEG
NTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
@MG@×E
HL R\EXNW HL GNEXTNC OLNHÀW@GN.
Cms Na`gèms Znemcls gukpc`ríe cns prnglh`k`letns y cèlmk`letns, m aè hl grlmr
uem Lstrugturm Gmtmstrmc Úe`gm Emg`nemc. Xnhns cns prnylgtns gne
pns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn, le lc kmrgn hlc Rcme –\tjmw`‛, hldlríe rlo`rsl dmjn
lc lstmhn hl lklroleg`m sme`tmr`m pnr lc GNQ@H-=0, gukpc`lehn cns prntngncns
lstmdclg`hns le cm ouëm –Rrntngncn hl Wlour`hmh pmrm cm Rrlvleg`÷e hlc Gnetmo`n
hlc GNQ@H-=0, le cm ljlgug`÷e hl Mgt`v`hmhls Gmtmstrmcls‛ y hldlríe ljlgutmrsl
sòu`lehn cms sòu`letls ltmpms:
Rcmelmk`letn hl cns trmdmjns hl olnrrlalrl
 olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
eg`mg`÷e
Lstmdclg`k
Lstmdclg`k`letn
 `letn hl puetns olnhàs`gns
Ljlgug`÷e hl cm olnrrlalrleg
 olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
`mg`÷e
Rnst prnglsmk`
 prnglsmk`letn
letn le omdèltl
Anrkucmg`÷
Anrkucmg`÷ee y rlk`s`÷e hlc @eanrkl Xàge`gn

6.=..
6.= Rcmelm
Rcmelmk`let
k`letnn hl cns trmdmjns hl olnrr
olnrrlalrleg`mg`
lalrleg`mg`÷e
÷e
Lc pcmelmk`letn lstí còmhn mc lstuh`n hl prl lvmcumg`÷e hlc prnylgtn hl

gmtmstrn, lc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m trmdmjmrí le dmsl m cm èanrkmg`÷e
rlg`d`hm pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns, lstmdclglrí
cns ndjlt`vns, pcme hl trmdmjn y grnenormkms pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn hlc
prnylgtn, pnr cn qul sl hldl tlelr le guletm cn sòu`letl:
48
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
6.=.=.
6.=.=. Tlspnesmd` c`h mh hl cm Na`g` em Znemc
Cm Na`gèm Znemc gnkn rlspnesmdcl hl cm ljlgug`÷e hl cms mgt`v`hmhls

gmtmstrmcls, le gneanrk`hmh m cms aueg`nels lstmdclg`hms, hlsòemrí mc
prnals`nemc rlspnesmdcl lsplg`mc`zmhn le olnhls`m y suplrv`smrí lc
gukpc`k`letn hl cns prntngncns hl slour`hmh. Lc lsplg`mc`stm snc`g`tmrí cm
èanrkmg`÷e elglsmr`m gnkn pnr ljlkpcn: Gnevle`n susgr`tn hnehl sl
leguletrme cns íkd`tns m ètlrvle`r, gmrtnorma`m, pcmens, letrl ntrns, le
aueg`÷e hlc prnylgtn hl gmtmstrn m hlsmrrnccmr.
Ljlkpcn:
• Rmrm lc gmsn hl ue prnylgtn hl gmtmstrn
gmtmstrn,, sl snc`g`tmrí lc gnevle`n
susgr`tn gne lc ond`lren cngmc, cns k`skns qul hldlríe gnetlelr cns
gnkprnk`sns hletrn hlc kmrgn hlc Rcme \tjmw`.
Ms`k`skn, cm Na`gèm Znemc, hlaèl cns rlgursns fukmens y tàge`gns pmrm

cm ljlgug`÷e hl cms mgt`v`hmhls y tmrlms hlc prnglsn hl
olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, lc plrsnemc hlsòemhn lstmdclgl cns gmemcls hl
gnkue`gmg`÷e, gne cns ond`lrens cngmcls èvncugrmhns y gne cm
Wudh`rlgg`÷e
suplrv`s`÷e. hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm (WOX), pmrm su slou`k`letn y
6.=.4.
6.=.4. Rcmelm
Rcmelmk`let
k`letnn pmrm lc Lstmdclg`k
Lstmdclg`k`letn
`letn hl Ruetns Olnhàs`gns
Lc lsplg`mc`stm hl cm Na`gèm Znemc rlspnesmdcl hl cm olelrmg`÷e hl
uem gmrtnormaëm úe`gm, pr`knrh`mc pmrm olelrmr cm dmsl oría`gm,
rlmc`zmrí cms sòu`letls mgt`v`hmhls:
m) Lc Lsplg`mc`
Lsplg`mc`stm
stm le Olnhls`m, snc`g`tmrí cm èanrkmg`÷e y
hngukletmg`÷e
hngukletmg` ÷e gnrrlspneh`letl, rlalrletl mc prnylgtn hl gmtmstrn m
ljlgutmrsl, pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn y olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl cns
puetns olnhàs`gns.
d) Wl lstmdclglrí cns rmeons hl lxmgt`tuh y prlg`s`÷e këe`kns y

kíx`kns pns`g`nemcls hl mgulrhn m cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms y
elgls`hmhls hlc prnylgtn. Msë k`skn sl hldl tlelr le guletm cm
v`md`c`hmh hl cm ud`gmg`÷e hl cns puetns pmrm cn gumc hldle slr
orma`gmhms sndrl uem gmrtnormaëm lx`stletl n olelrmhm sndrl mrgf`vns
le anrkmtn IKZ.
g) Le lc pcmelmk`letn, sl hltlrkèmrí cm gnhà`gmg`÷e

gnhà`gmg`÷e,, h`str`dug`÷e,
hlesà`gmg`÷e y ud`gmg`÷e mprnx`kmhm hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns:
 Gnhà`gmg`÷e, ls cm hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cns g÷hòns hl

`hletà`gmg`÷e hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns klh`metl gnkdèmg`nels
hl cltrms y eúklrns gnrrlcmt`vns.
Cns g÷hòns hldle lstmr msng`mhns mc enkdrl hlc h`str`tn hlc

íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn gmtmstrmc y hldle slr `rrlplt`dcls, cn qul
4<
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
plrk`t`rí cm `hletà`gmg`÷e èlquëvngm hl cns puetns m e`vlc

emg`nemc.
Lc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m hl cm Na`gèm Znemc, gnnrhèmrí gne

cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm v`m gnrrln
èst`tug`nemc, cm msòemg`÷e hl cm gnhà`gmg`÷e hlc puetn
olnhàs`gn.
Lstns sl èsgr`d`ríe le cm pmrtl suplr`nr hl cms kmrgms y le dmjn

rlc`lvl, rlspltmehn cm gnhà`gmg`÷e hlc pcmelmk`letn. En hldl
mctlrmrsl mýmh`lehn lspmg`ns vmgëns u ntrns gmrmgtlrls.
 H`str`dug`÷e, lstmrí le aueg`÷e hlc prnylgtn m olnrrlalrleg`mr,

h`str`du`hm tletmt`vmkletl sndrl uem gmrtnormaëm lx`stletl n
`kíolels smtlc`tmcls
smtlc`tmcls hl v`stm hl pcmetm gnkn lc Onnocl Lmrtf.
Rmrm cngmc`hmhls gne lstrugturm urdmem cm h`str`dug`÷e hl cns

puetns olnhàs`gns hldl slr le pmrls v`s`dcls letrl së y
dusgmehn cm h`str`dug`÷e lqu`tmt`vm le tnhn lc íkd`tn hlc
prnylgtn.
Wl hldl `hletà`gmr tletmt`vmkletl znems urdmems mhlgumhms

pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns hlaè`t`vns n
tlkpnrmcls.
 Hlesà`gmg`÷e, ls lc ormhn hl c`dlrtmh hl mglrgmk`letn n

mcljmk`letn qul sl hm m cns puetns olnhàs`gns m aè hl hlaè`r cm
gmet`hmh le pmrls, le lc írlm hlc prnylgtn, cm k`skm qul
hlplehlrí hl vmr`ns amgtnrls, s`lehn cm prèg`pmc cm hlanrkmg`÷e
prnhug`hm pnr cm memknrans`s cèlmc hlc W`stlkm hl Rrnylgg`÷e
\XK.
Cns amgtnrls qul èacuyle le cm hltlrkèmg`÷e hlc rmh`n hl mgg`÷e

hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns slríe cns sòu`letls:
 Lc amgtnr hl lsgm
lsgmcm
cm gnkd
gnkdèmhn
èmhn lstmhëst`gn, cm k`s
k`skm
km qul
ls aueg`÷e
Le cm ltmpmhlhlccm pcmelmk`letn,
cmt`tuh olnhàs`gm
lstly amgtnr
cm mcturm
ls lc`psn`hmc.
gmcgucmhn
mprnx`kmhmkletl gne hmtns lxtrmëhns hlc prnormkm
Onnocl Lmrtf y ue prnormkm lcmdnrmhn pnr cm
Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
 Lc rlc`lvl hl cm suplra`g`l
suplra`g`l hlc tlrrlen, lc ormhn hl
gnesnc`hmg`÷e hl cms írlms urdmems y lc hèmk`k`skn
pndcmg`nemc.
 Cms gneh`g`nels klh`n mkd`letmcls: qul lstmrí

suplh`hmtn m cm hles`hmh hl eldcèms, mctms
tlkplrmturms, ltg.
41
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Wl hldl tlelr le guletm qul cm slpmrmg`÷e kè`km hl cns puetns

hl gnetrnc hldle tlelr ue h`stmeg`mk`letn en klenr m =22 k,
smcvn le gmsns lxglpg`nemcls hl mgulrhn m cms gneh`g`nels hlc
cuomr.
 \d`gmg`÷e mprnx`kmhm,
mprnx`kmhm, ls cm cngmc`zmg`÷e mprnx`kmhm hnehl sl
kmtlr`mc`zmrí lc puetn olnhàs`gn. Ls mprnx`kmhm, pnrqul sl
rlmc`zm lc
gnkn le Onnocl
omdèltl,Lmrtf,
fmg`lehn usn hl mpc`gmt`vns
cm mprnx`kmg`÷e hl rlmc`hmh
gne cm ètlrelt
hlplehlrí hl cm gmc`hmh hl `kmole qul sl tleom le lc íkd`tn
hlc prnylgtn. Cm ud`gmg`÷e aèmc sl hltlrkèmrí hurmetl lc
prnglsn hl rlgneng`k`letn y kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e.
h) Wl rlgnp`cmrí cm èanrkmg`÷e sndrl cm ud`gmg`÷e y gmrmgtlrës

gmrmgtlrëst`gms
t`gms hlc
cuomr gnkn cns t`lkpns hl hlspcmzmk`letn hlshl lc gletrn hl
nplrmg`nels, h`stmeg`mk`letns m cms dmsls hl mpnyn, slour`hmh,
letrl ntrns.
l) Qlrà`gmr qul cns rlgursns lgne÷k`gns, fukmens y cnoëst`gn

cnoëst`gns,
s, hldle
lstmr h`spne`dcls le lc plr`nhn prnpulstn.
a) Wl vlrà`gmr
vlrà`gmríí lc aueg`nemk`let
aueg`nemk`letnn hl cm lstmg`÷e hl rmstrln plrkmeletl
(LTR) kís pr÷x`km mc íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn.
o) Wl gnnrhèmrí gne cns ls lsplg`mc`stms
plg`mc`stms hhll antnormkltrë
antnormkltrëmm hl cm nna`gèm
a`gèm
znemc pmrm lc pcmelmk`letn hl cns puetns hl mpnyn antnormkàtr`gn
(RMA), cns k`skns qul le cm h`str`dug`÷e y hlesà`gmg`÷e pnhríe
slr hl ut`c`hmh le lc clvmetmk`letn antnormkàtr`gn
antnormkàtr`gn y tnpnoría`gn hlc
prnylgtn qul sl rlqu`lrm.
f) Wl `hletà`gmríe cns cuomrls pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`let

lstmdclg`k`letnn hl cm dmsl hl
mpnyn pmrm cm olnrrlalrleg
olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e.
`mg`÷e.
6.=.7.
6.=.7. Lcmdnrmg` ÷e hlc Rcme hl Xrmdmjn
Lc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m lcmdnrmrí lc Rcme hl Xrmdmjn, lc k`skn
qul mgt`v`hmhls
hl cl drèhmrí cmn pns`d`c`hmh
pmsns m hl lstrugturmr
rlmc`zmr, y nrome`zmr
lstmdclglr ue gnejuetn
guícls sne cms
pr`nr`hmhls y hltlrkèmr ue grnenormkm le lc gumc sl hldl
hlsmrrnccmr h`gfn pcme m aè hl mcgmezmr cns ndjlt`vns prnpulstns. Xnhm
cm hngukletmg`÷e slrí rlk`t`hm le anrkmtn RHA m cm Wudh`rlgg`n
Wudh`rlgg`nee hl
Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
m) Rcme hl Xrmdmjn
Lstl hngukletn gnetlehrí cns sòu`letls prnglsns, mgt`v`hmhls y

kltms gne cns gumcls lc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m, hlsmrrnccmrí cms
mgg`nels pmrm lc lstmdclg`k`letn y olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl puetns
olnhàs`gns, pmrm cnormr sus ndjlt`vns.
H`gfn pcme plrk`t`rí nrhlemr y s`stlkmt`zmr cm èanrkmg`÷e ndtle`hm le

lc pcmelmk`letn, rlclvmetl pmrm rlmc`zmr ue trmdmjn y prnpnelr uem
4?
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
anrkm hl ètlrrlcmg`nemr cns rlgursns fukmens, aèmeg`lrns,

kmtlr`mcls y tlgenc÷o`gns h`spne`dcls.
Lc prèg`pmc ndjlt`vn hlc pcme hl trmdmjn ens plrk`tl h`v`h`r ue prnglsn

gnkpcljn n hl orme levlromhurm gne lc aè hl h`v`h`rcn le plqulýms
tmrlms msòeíehncl ue pcmzn hl t`lkpn.
W` h`v`h`knsuetnhms
msòemkns cms hl
plrënhn tmrlms qulpnhrlkns
t`lkpn, tlelkns lstmdclglr
qul cclvmr hl
m gmdn
anrkmykís
cls
nrome`zmhm guíetn vmkns m tmrhmr le gneslou`r mcgmezmr eulstrn
ndjlt`vn.
Rrèg`pmcls gmrmgtlrëst`gms pmrm tnkmr le guletm le cm lcmdnrmg`÷e hl

ue Rcme hl Xrmdmjn:
Aòurm ==: Gmrmgtlrëst`gms hl ue Rcme hl Xrmdmjn
Hlc meíc`s`s hl cms prèg`pmcls gmrmgtlrëst`gms hlc Rcme hl Xrmdmjn sl

pulhle prlg`smr cns sòu`letls rlqulr`k`letns pnr ljlkpcn:
 Lstrmtlo`m (Cnoëst`gm):
Gnes`stl le lc rlqulr`k`letn hl flrrmk`letms, kmtlr`mcls, lqu`pns
y knv`c`hmh pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn y ljlgug`÷e hlc Rcme hl Xrmdmjn, qul
gnecclvl mc gukpc`k`letn hl cns ndjlt`vns hlc prnylgtn hl
clvmetmk`letn
clvmetmk`le tn gmtmstrmc le cns íkd`tns susgr`tns.
Ms`k`skn, sl olst`nemrí slour`hmh pnc`g`mc n slrlemzon, pmrm
mqulccns cuomrls hletrn hlc íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn, hnehl cm
slour`hmh hlc plrsnemc y lqu`pns lstàe le r`lson hl morls`÷e n
rndn.
 Tlspnesmd`c`h
Tlspnesmd`c`hmhls
mhls (Rlrsnemc hl mpnyn):
Ls lc plrsnemc hl cm Na`gèm Znemc, hlsòemhns pmrm cns trmdmjns
hl clvmetmk`letn antnormkàtr`gn, olnhàs`gn y tnpnoría`gn,
rlspnesmdcl hlc prnglsn hl clvmetmk`letn gmtmstrmc le lc íkd`tn
hlsòemhn.
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 Tlgursns (Rrlsupulstn):
Gnkprlehl cm msòemg`÷e prlsupulstmc pmrm lc mcqu`clr hl
lqu`pns, gnkprm hl kmtlr`mcls l èsukns y ntrns omstns qul
hlkmehl cm ljlgug`÷e hl cm mgt`v`hmh hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e. Wlrí
olst`nemhm npnrtuemkletl
npnrtuemkletl pnr cm Na`gèm Znemc, pmrm qul sl è`g`l
cms mgt`v`hmhls hl gmkpn.
d) Grnenormkm hl Mgt`v` hmhls
Lc lsplg`mc`stm lcmdnrmrí lc grnenormkm qul gnet`lel lc hlsmrrnccn

h`mr`n hlc prnglsn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, ègcuyl cns hëms hl
hlspcmzmk`letn
hlspcmzmk` letn (`hm y rltnren) y prnglsmk`letn hl èanrkmg`÷e (pnst
prnglsn9 lcmdnrmg`÷e hl a`gfms knenoría`gms, olelrmg`÷e hlc Gumhrn
hl Hmtns Xàge`gns - GHX y lcmdnrmg`÷e hlc @eanr
@eanrkl
kl Xàge`gn).
Cms algfms qul sl gnesòele le lc grnenormkm, hldle slr cms

hlaè`t`vms, le dmsl mc gumc, sl rlmc`zmríe cms olst`nels pmrm mcgmezmr
cms kltms y prnglsns le lc Rcme hl Xrmdmjn.
Lc grnenormkm hl mgt`v`hmhls, hldlrí slr rlk`t`hm m cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e

hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm, pmrm cm prnormkmg`÷e hl cms mgt`v`hmhls
hl suplrv`s`÷e. Aòurm =4
Aòurm =4: Grnenormkm hl Mgt`v`hmhls
g) Mckmglem
Mckmglemk`letn
k`letn hl cm @eanrkmg`÷e.
Lc lsplg`mc`stm olelrmrí cm gmrpltm hlc prnylgtn, hnehl sl

mckmglemrí tnhm cm èanrkmg`÷e rlgnp`cmhm le lc pcmelmk`letn y
olelrmhm le lc prnglsn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hlc prnylgtn, tnhm
hngukletmg`÷e y mrgf`vns mhjuetns, ndtle`hm hurmetl cm ltmpm hl
pcmelmk`letn,
pcmelmk`letn, slrí gnevlrt`hm le aanrkmtn
nrkmtn RHA le mctm rlsncug`÷e pmrm
su mckmglemk`letn.
Ls grlmhm pnr lc rlspnesmdcl hl cns trmdmjns hl gmkpn, le dmsl m cns

cèlmk`letns hl cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm. \em vlz
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grlmhm, hldl olelrmrsl cms sudgmrpltms gne lc mpc`gmt`vn

AnchlrOEWW, hlsmrrnccmhn pnr cm Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y
Xnpnorma`m, qul le tntmc sne s`ltl (Aòurm =7), hnehl sl mckmglemrí
tnhm cm èanrkmg`÷
èanrkmg`÷ee hlc prnylgtn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e..
Aòurm =7: Grlmg`÷e hl cm gmrpltm hlc prnylgtn
6.4.
6.4. Lstmdclg`k`letn hl puetns olnhàs`gns
Lstm ltmpm gnkprlehl lc rlgneng`k`l
rlgneng`k`letn
etn y kmtlr`mc`zmg`
kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e
÷e hl cns puetns
olnhàs`gns le dmsl mc pcmelmk`letn rlmc`zmhn le omdèltl pnr cns
lsplg`mc`stms rlspnesmdcls hlc lstmdclg`k`letn y olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl
puetns olnhàs`gns pmrm cm olelrmg`÷e hl cm gmrtnormaëm gmtmstrmc.
Wlrí rlmc`zmhn pnr cms dròmhms rlspnesmdcls hl olelrmr èanrkmg`÷e

tnpnoría`gm hl cm Na`gèm Znemc, dmjn cm suplrv`s`÷e hlc lsplg`mc`stm le
olnhls`m y cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
6.4.=. Tlgneng`k`letn
Metls hl cm kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e, hldl rlmc`zmrsl lc rlgneng`k`letn hl

gmkpn hl tnhn lc íkd`tn hl ètlrvleg`÷e hlc prnylgtn m gmtmstrmr.
Cms dròmhms hl rlgneng`k`letn, gne uem `kprls`÷e gmrtnoría`gm dmsl

hl cm h`str`dug`÷e y hlesà`gmg`÷e hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns, lvmcumrí
cm ud`gmg`÷e mprnx`kmhm prnpulstm le lc pcmelmk`letn, hlaè`lehn cm
v`s`d`c`hmh le pmrls hl puetns, hltlrkèmrí s` ls elglsmr`n hlesà`gmr
kmynr gmet`hmh hl puetns y lstmdclglrí cms gneh`g`nels y
knhmc`hmhls en prlv`stms le lc k`skn.
Cms dròmhms legmromhms hlc lstmdclg`k`letn hl cns puetns

olnhàs`gns, tlehríe le gnes`hlrmg`÷e cns sòu`letls gr`tlr`ns:
 Mg gls`d
Mggls `d `c `h
`hmh,
mh, cns cuomrls hldle slr hl aíg`c mgglsn y mprnp`mhns
pmrm lc lstmg`nemk`letn hlc lqu`pn OEWW, lv`tmr le cn pns`dcl, írlms
pr`vmhms n prntlo`hms.
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 Lstmd`c`hmh, lc tlrrlen hldl tlelr uem lstmd`c`hmh rmznemdcl pmrm

omrmet`zmr cm plrkmeleg`m hlc puetn olnhàs`gn qul sl lstmdclzgm
hurmetl tnhn lc prnylgtn gnkn t`lkpn këe`kn, lxletns m
hlsc`zmk`letns, fueh`k`letns, znem pmetmensm y rlkng`÷e le kmsm.
Mhlkís, hldle ud`gmrsl m h`stmeg`ms pruhletls hl cns dnrhls hl
tmcuh.

Q`s`d`c`hmh, cns puetns hl gnetrnc fnr`znetmc hldle slr v`s`dcls pnr cn
klens m ntrn puetn olnhàs`gn, rlqu`s`tn auehmkletmc pmrm usn
tnpnoría`gn.
Le gmsn hl slr ue puetn hl mpnyn antnormkàtr`gn (RMA), en slrí

elglsmr`n tlelr le guletm lc gr`tlr`n hl v`s`d`c`hmh hl cns puetns hl
gnetrnc fnr`znetmc, smcvn qul slm hl usn tnpnoría`gn y antnormkltr`gn.
 Gndlrturm
Gndlrtur m hlc lletnren
etnren , lc klh`n g`rguehmetl mc f`tn hldl lstmr c`drl
hl ndstrugg`nels pmrm lv`tmr lrrnr hl kuct`trmylgtnr`m n kuct`gmkèn
(Aòurm =8), g`lcn hlspljmhn sndrl cns =2º hlshl lc fnr`znetl.
Lv`tmr cm lx`stleg`m hl suplra`g`ls rlaclgtmetls m klens hl <2 kltrns

hlc puetn olnhàs`gn m lstmdclglr (gnkn lspljns hl moum, tlgfns
pcmens
klenrlskltíc`gns n gud`lrtns
h`stmeg`ms malgtmríe:hl
cmskmtlr`mcls
pmrlhls u rlaclgtmetls, u ntrns).hl
ntrms gnestrugg`nels M
kmkpnstlrëm, cëelms hl trmesk`s`÷e hl lelroëm n metlems hl lqu`pns
hl gnkue`gmg`÷e, ltg.
Aòurm =8: Lalgtn Kuct`trmylgtnr`m
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Le gmsn hl cngmc`zmrsl puetns olnhàs`gns hl ntrns prnylgtns n

rlhls, guym ud`gmg`÷e rlúem cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms lstmdclg`hms, slríe
ut`c`zmhms m aè hl lv`tmr cm prncàlrmg`÷e hl puetns olnhàs`gns qul
gneauehme m cns usumr`ns.
Wl lcmdnrmrí entms hl gmkpn, èh`gmehn tnhms cms ndslrvmg`nels le
ue grnqu`s, gncngmehn gnnrhlemhms mprnx`kmhms gne ue emvlomhnr.
Cm èanrkmg`÷e
prnylgtn, këe`km
nplrmhnr, rlqulr`hm
algfm, ls cm sòu`letl:
hlenkèmg`÷e hlenkèmg`÷e
hlc puetn, hlc
enklegcmturm,
t`pn hl kmrgm m lstmdclglr, ud`gmg`÷e hl cm kmrgm, anrkm hl mgglsn
hlshl uem cngmc`hmh, vëms hl gnkue`gmg`÷e, t`pn hl sulcn, lelroëm
lcàgtr`gm (h`stmeg`m m cm qul sl leguletrm h`spne`
h`spne`dcl).
dcl).
Mc tàrkèn hlc rlgneng`k`letn, sl lcmdnrmrí ue èanrkl hl gmkpn
èh`gmehn tnhms cms ndslrvmg`nels ndtle`hms y gnkpclkletmehn gne
èanrkmg`÷e oría`gm sndrl uem gmrtnormaëm.
6.4.4. Kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e
Guckèmhn lc rlgneng`k`letn hl gmkpn, sl prnglhlrí gne cm

kneukletmg`÷e n ègrustmg`÷e hl cms kmrgms pmrm cns puetns
olnhàs`gns, sloúe slm lc usn tnpnoría`gn n antnormkàtr`gn.
Cm kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns lstmrí le aueg`÷e hlc

ndjlt`vn, pmrm usn tnpnoría`gn pnhríe slr ègrustmg`nels n
kneukletmg`÷e,, k`letrms qul, pmrm usn antnormkàtr`gn slríe puetns
kneukletmg`÷e
tlkpnrmcls sndrl cns gumcls sl ud`gmríe kmrgms antnormkàtr`gms gne
plrkmeleg`m hurmetl lc vulcn y cm olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, hl slr lc gmsn
cns puetns olnhàs`gns qul gnèg`hme le lc usn hl mkdns kàtnhns sl
ègrustmríe kmrgms pmrm su plrkmeleg`m hurmetl lc prnglsn hlc
prnylgtn gmtmstrmc.
Cm lclgg`÷e hl cns kmtlr`mcls m ut`c`zmr lstmrí le aueg`÷e hlc kàtnhn

hl clvmetmk`letn m lclo`r: H`rlgtn n @eh`rlgtn.
@ eh`rlgtn.
m) Rmrm \sn Xnpnoría`gn:
Xmc y gnkn èh`gm lc Tlocmkletn hl cm Cly Eº 46408, mprndmhn

klh`metl Hlgrltn Wuprlkn Eº 22<-4221-J\W, le su mrtëgucn 87,
pmrm gmhm znem gmtmstrmc sl lstmdclglríe puetns hl gnetrnc
olnhàs`gns hl nrhle –G‛ hld`hmkletl lecmzmhns m cm rlh
olnhàs`gm emg`nemc hl usn na`g`mc.
Cms a`gfms knenoría`gms slríe lcmdnrmhms pnr gmhm puetn

olnhàs`gn, sloúe lc knhlcn mhjuetn le lc Melxn 28.
 Kneukletmg`÷e hl puetns o lnhàs`gns:
Rmrm cm kneukletmg`÷e hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns, sl rlmc`zmrí

gne knchls hl tmkmýn y anrkm hlaè`hns le lc Melxn 2<, lstns
f`tns sl gnestru`ríe hl gnegrltn g`gc÷pln.
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Lc knchl hl a`lrrn n kmhlrm s`rvle pmrm hmr anrkm m cns f`tns

hurmetl lc prnglsn hl kneukletmg`÷e. Cm anrkm hl cns knchls
hlplehlrí hlc klh`n hnehl sl hltlrkèl cm kneukletmg`÷e.
Rmrm su gnestrugg`÷e, sl tnkmrí le guletm cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms
olnc÷o`gms cngmcls hlc sulcn y cms gneh`g`nels mkd`letmcls, m
aè hl mslourmr su plrkmeleg`m pnr ue cmron plr`nhn hl t`lkpn.
Le hltlrkèmhns tlrrlens ls gnevle`letl morlomr glkletns
le lc sulcn qul g`rguehm mc p`cmr (sulcn glkletn)9 le ntrns,
rlsuctm vletmjnsn lalgtumr lstm gnesnc`hmg`÷e gne fnrkò÷e
kms`vn (n g`gc÷pln) gne mduehmetls p`lhrms hlc cuomr.
Le Znem urdmem
W` lc íkd`tn ls sndrl írlm hl jmrhèls, sl ut`c`zmrí lc knchl hl
cm Aòurm =<. Cm kneukletmg`÷e slrí m e`vlc hlc sulcn y le cn
pns`dcl, mcèlmhn m cns vàrt`gls hl vlrlhm u ntrn cuomr hnehl
omrmet`gl plrkmeleg`m. Rmrm lc ljl hl lstmg`÷e, sl ègrustmrí
ue plren gngfl hl 7/6 x 6‛ gne uem mrmehlcm kltíc`gm hl 7/6 x
4‛, hnehl sl `kpr`k`rí: g÷hòn hlc puetn, èst`tug`÷e qul
lstmdclgl y algfm hl cm kneukletmg`÷e
kneukletmg`÷e..
G÷hòn hlc Ruetn
GFNT=
Kls Mýn
GNANRT@
@est`tug`÷e qul cn lstmdclgl
Aòurm =<: Knchl hl slgg`÷e gumhrmhm
W` lc íkd`tn lstí sndrl ue írlm c`drl y pngn trmes`tmhm, sl

ut`c`zmrí lc knchl hl cm Aòurm =1. Lc knchl hldl ud`gmrsl sndrl
lc e`vlc hlc sulcn pmrm qul cm kneukletmg`÷e sndrlsmcom
mprnx`kmhmkletl =< gk.
Znem rurmc
Rmrm cm znem rurmc, ym slm morëgncm n glrrn, sl ut`c`zmrí lc knchl
hl cm Aòurm =1. Cm kneukletmg`÷e hldl sndrlsmc`r < gk hlc
e`vlc hlc sulcn, y pmrm lc ljl hl lstmg`÷e, sl ègrustmrí ue plren
gngfl hl 7/6 x 6‛ gne uem mrmehlcm kltíc`gm hl 7/6 x 4‛, hnehl
sl `kpr`k`rí: g÷hòn hlc puetn, èst`tug`÷e qul lstmdclgl y
algfm hl cm kneukletmg`÷e.
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Aòurm =1: Knchl hl slgg`÷e p`rmk`hmc truegm hl dmsl gumhrmhm.
 @egrustmg`÷e pmrm cm hlesà`gmg`÷e hl puetns hl gnetrnc

olnhàs`gn:
Rmrm cm ègrustmg`÷e
kneukletmg`÷e, hl cnsslr
pulhle puetns olnhàs`gns,plrkmeletls
ègrustmg`nels en elgls`tmrín
tlkpnrmcls, cns k`skns qul amg`c`tmrme su hlesà`gmg`÷e le lc
írlm hlc prnylgtn, mhlkís cm lcmdnrmg`÷e hl cms a`gfms
knenoría`gms lstmrí suplh`tmhm m su gneh`g`÷e hl tlkpnrmc.
Rmrm cm kmtlr`mc`zmg`÷e hl lstns puetns sl hldl tlelr le

guletm cn sòu`letl:
Ruetns olnhàs`gns sndrl gnestrugg`nels lx`stletls
Wl ègrustmríe plrens gne mrmehlcms, tnre`ccns ormehls n a`lrrns

sndrl gnestrugg`nels lx`stletls (gnkpneletls urdmens,
lhà`g`ns n gnestrugg`nels hl aíg`c mgglsn n gne mutnr`zmg`÷e) y
lstmríe a`jmhns gne mh`t`vn lp÷x`gn qul mslourle uem
rmznemdcl lstmd`c`hmh y plrkmeleg`m le lc t`lkpn, lstmríe
mgnkpmýmhns hl uem èsgr`pg`÷e n slýmc sloúe cn lsplgà`gmhn
le cm `hletà`gmg`÷e hlc puetn olnhàs`gn.
Ljl hl Lstmg`÷e
Wlrí uem p`lzm kltíc`gm, qul hlaèl lc puetn olnhàs`gn hl

rlalrleg`m, ls cm cëelm `kmoèmr`m qul pmsm pnr cm pmrtl klh`m
hl cm slgg`÷e trmesvlrsmc hl ue plren gngfl hl 7/6 x 6‛ Ö
(Aòurm =?m) qul slrí ègrustmhm le gnestrugg`nels lx`stletls.
Le cm pmrtl klh`m hl cm slgg`÷e (Aòurm =?d) sl tmccmrí uem gruz
n ue gërgucn le dmjn rlc`lvl, gne ornsnr n h`íkltrn hl 4 kk qul
hldlrí slr prntlo`hn hurmetl cm kneukletmg`÷e pmrm lv`tmr slr
rlcclemhn.
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Aòurm =?m: Rlren Gngfl Aòurm =?d: Wlgg`÷e Xrmesvlrsmc
 @hletà`gmg`÷e hlc puetn olnhàs`gn:
Cm `hletà`gmg`÷e slrí le uem p`lzm kltíc`gm mrmehlcm pcmem

(Aòurm =6), sndrl cm gumc sl `kpr`k`rí cm èsgr`pg`÷e n slýmc
qul hlaèl lc puetn olnhàs`gn hl rlalrleg`m (nròle hl
gnnrhlemhms).
Cm èsgr`pg`÷e hldl rlmc`zmrsl sndrl cm gmrm suplr`nr hl cm

mrmehlcm pcmem le dmjn rlc`lvl y gne cltrm clo`dcl. Rmrm amg`c`tmr
cm èsgr`pg`÷e, sl usmríe kmrgmhnrls pmrm kltmc hl eúklrns y
cltrms hlc t`pn Mr`mc y hl 8kk. Cm èsgr`pg`÷e gnestmrí hl:
hl :
G÷hòn hlc puetn:

Cns g÷hòns sl `kpr`k`ríe le cm pmrtl suplr`nr y hldle lstmr
msng`mhns mc enkdrl hlc h`str`tn hlc íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn
gmtmstrmc y hldl slr `rrlplt`dcls, cn qul plrk`t`rí cm
`hletà`gmg`÷e èlquëvngm.
Ljlkpcn: Rmrm lc h`str`tn GFNTMW, cns g÷hòns msòemhns
slríe gnrrlcmt`vns m pmrt`r hl GFTM=, GFTM4, …GFTMe.
@est`tug`÷e:
Lc enkdrl hl cm @est`tug`÷e qul cn lstmdclgl sl `kpr`k`rí le cm
pmrtl èalr`nr hl cm mrmehlcm.
Algfm hl kneukletmg`÷
kneukletmg`÷e:e:
Cm algfm sl `kpr`k`rí le cm pmrtl gletrmc hl cm mrmehlcm, cm
k`skm qul hlsgr`d`rí lc kls le lc cmhn `zqu`lrhn y lc mýn le
cmhn hlrlgfn.
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Aòurm =6: @esgr`pg`÷e sndrl Mrmehlcm pcmem hl kltmc.
d) Rmrm \sn
\sn Antno rmkàtr`gn:
Rmrm usn antnormkàtr`gn slríe puetns tlkpnrmcls sndrl cns gumcls

sl ud`gmríe kmrgms antnormkàtr`gms (Aòurm =0) gne
gmrmgtlrëst`gms y h`kles`nels lstmdclg`hms le cm Ouëm hl
Antnormkltr`m Wustletmhns le TRMW lcmdnrmhn pnr cm
Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm pmrm lc Rcme \tjmw`, cms
k`skms qul slríe hl plrkmeleg`m hurmetl lc vulcn y cm
Lstms kmrgms pulhle lstmr pètmhms sndrl lstrugturms a`jms

gnkpneletls urdmens (Aòurm 42) y le znems hnehl en sl
leguletrl gnesnc`hmg`÷e sl gncngmríe kmrgms prlamdr`gmhms
(Aòurm 4=), sloúe lsplgà`gmg`nels tàge`gms hl cm Wudh`rlgg`ne
hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnorma`m.
Aòurm =0: Kmrgm antnormkàtr`gm
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Aòurm 42: Kmrgms pètmhms
Aòurm 4=: Kmrgms prlamdr`gmhms Gmkd`mr `kmole
6.7.
6.7. Ol
Olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e
nrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hl puetn s olnhàs`gns
\em vlz gncngmhn cns puetns olnhàs`gns sl è`g`mrí cm tnkm hl hmtns
klh`metl lc s`stlkm OEWW, cns hmtns sne rlo`strmhns pnr cns lqu`pns hl
gmkpn (TNQLT) le cns puetns olnhàs`gns lstmdclg`hn
lstmdclg`hnss pnr cms dròmhms
hl rlgneng`k`l
rlgneng`k`letn.
etn.
Cns t`lkpns hl ngupmg`÷e slríe hlpleh`letls hl cm cneo`tuh hl cëelm

dmsl, eúklrn hl smtàc`tls, OHNR y hl cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms hlc lqu`pn
lkpclmhn, cm ngupmg`÷e hlc puetn olnhàs`gn hldlrí slr cn
sua`g`letlkletl mkpc`m le t`lkpn hl anrkm qul omrmet`gl cm
7?
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
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OLNHÀW@GNW
hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cm `kprlg`s`÷e le cm sncug`÷e hl cm cëelm dmsl pmrm

trmdmjns gne klh`hm hl amsl.
Cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm fm lstmdclg`hn mcouens

pmríkltrns klh`metl uem anrkucm pmrm hltlrkèmr cns t`lkpns hl
ndslrvmg`÷e, qul sl lxprlsm hl cm sòu`letl kmelrm:
Tlo`strn le kèutns Tlo`strn le fnrms
Xr ; (1H + 72) Xr ; (1H + 72)

12
Hnehl:
Xr ; X`lkpn hl rlo`strn
H ; H`stmeg`m hl cm dmsl mc rnvlr le Ik
Hldle qulhmr lsplgà`gmhms cms prnp`lhmhls y pmrt`gucmr`hmhls hlc
letnren hlc puetn olnhàs`gn sndrl lc qul sl vm m rlmc`zmr cm klh`hm. En
sl mhk`t`ríe s`tumg`nels y ud`gmg`nels hnehl sl prnhuzgme mctlrmg`nels
y/n plrturdmg`nels le cm slýmc tmcls gnkn ndslrvmg`÷e hl puetns
olnhàs`gns pr÷x`kns m tnrrls lcàgtr`gms n hl tlclgnkue`gmg`nels,
tleh`hns lcàgtr`gns, lhà`gmg`nels pnr leg`km hl cm kísgmrm hl lclvmg`÷e,
ltg.
Cms tàge`gms hl pns`g`nemk`letn lstmríe hl mgulrhn mc ndjlt`vn hlc

trmdmjn. Rmrm usn tnpnoría`gn sl ut`c`zmrí lc pns`g`nemk`letn lstít`gn,
k`letrms qul, pmrm usn antnormkàtr`gn, sl ut`c`zmrí lc pns`g`nemk`letn
lstít`gn, TXI n RRI.
Wl mgnesljm lxglhlr cms ndslrvmg`nels rlgnklehmhms m cns vmcnrls

lxpulstns, lsplg`mckletl le mqulccms cëelms dmsls hnehl cm ngupmg`÷e
slm hà`guctnsm.
Rmrm è`g`mr
sòu`letl cm klh`g`÷e hl puetns olnhàs`gns sl hldl tlelr le guletm lc
prnglh`k`letn:
6.7.=.
6.7.=. Lstmg`
Lstmg`nemk`let
nemk`letn
n hlc rlglptn
rlglptnrr T
Tnvlr
nvlr OEW
OEWW
W
\em vlz hltlrkèmhn lc puetn olnhàs`gn qul qulrlkns klh`r,

gncngmkns cm dmsl e`vlcmetl (tr`drmgf) gne pcnkmhm ÷pt`gm sndrl lc
trëpnhl y cclvmkns m gmdn lc lstmg`nemk`letn sndrl lc ljl hl lstmg`÷e
hlc puetn olnhàs`gn, m gnetèumg`÷e gncngmkns cm metlem ORW
lernsgmehncn sndrl lc mhmptmhnr hl cm dmsl e`vlcmetl. Hlspuàs hl
lstmg`nemr y gncngmr cm metlem, leglehlrlkns lc rlglptnr y cm
gnclgtnrm hl gmkpn (Aòurm 44).
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Aòurm 44: Lstmg`nemk`letn rlglptnr Tnvlr y clgturm hl gmkpn
6.7.4.
6.7.4. Gnea` our
ourmg`÷e
mg`÷e hlc rlglptn
rlglptnrr
\em vlz lstmg`nemhns le lc puetn, lc nplrmhnr rlmc`zm cm

gneaòurmg`÷e hlc kàtnhn hl clvmetmk`le
clvmetmk`letn.
tn.
Rmrm lc gmsn hl tnpnormaëm tnhms cms klh`hms OEWW ut`c`zmríe lc

knhn
hlshl hàlrleg`mc.
ue puetn Ls a`jnhlg`r, sl k`hl
(lstmg`÷e hl uem cëelm dmsl
rlalrleg`m gne(n gnnrhlemhms
dmsl cëelm),
gneng`hms) m ue puetn hlsgneng`hn (k÷v`c n –rnvlr‛).
m)
m).. R
Rns`g`
ns`g` nemk`letn olnhà
olnhàs`gn
s`gn pmrm usn tnpnorma`g
tnpnorma`gnn
Rmrm cm tnkm hl hmtns hl tnhns cns puetns olnhàs`gns
olnhàs`gns hl nrhle –G‛,
hldlríe qulhmr hlaè`hms cms gneh`g`nels hl ndslrvmg`÷e le cn qul
rlsplgtm m t`lkpns hl ndslrvmg`nels këe`kns le gmhm cëelm dmsl,
OHNR kíx`kn plrk`t`hn, ètlrvmcn hl rlo`strn n àpngms, cm kísgmrm
hl lclvmg`÷e m lkpclmr, lc eúklrn këe`kn hl smtàc`tls y rlplt`g`÷e
hl klh`hms hl cëelms dmsl.
 Kàtnhn
Kàtnhn rlcmt`vn lstít`gn
Lstns sl ndtlehríe gne lc mpnyn hl mc klens uem Lstmg`÷e Dmsl

hl Mpnyn, qul sl èstmcmrí hletrn hlc íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn n
lecmzmhns m cms Lstmg`nels hl Tmstrln Rlrkmeletl (LTR), qul
lstàe slpmrmhns lqu`h`stmetlkletl, m uem h`stmeg`m en kmynr
hl =22 Ik mc puetn olnhàs`gn qul sl qu`lrl lstmdclglr,
gnes`hlrmehn lc t`lkpn gnetèun hl ndslrvmg`÷e en klenr m 022
rlo`strns n àpngms (hl gnèg`hleg`m gne cm dmsl), m en klenr hl
ue (=) slouehn e` kmynr hl gègn (<) slouehns hl sègrne`zmg`÷e
(gne cm dmsl), gne uem lclvmg`÷e hl cm kísgmrm en kmynr m
quègl (=<) ormhns sndrl lc fnr`znetl y gne lc rmstrln
plrkmeletl en klenr hl 8 smtàc`tls.
d). Rns`g`nemk`letn olnhàs`gn pmrm usn antnormkàtr`gn
Rmrm cm tnkm hl hmtns hl tnhns cns puetns hl mpnyn antnormkàtr`gn
(RMA), pnhríe ndtlelrsl pnr tàge`gms hàlrleg`mcls hlc W`stlkm
Wmtlc`tmc hl Emvlomg`÷e Ocndmc metlr`nrkletl hlsgr`tms, lstns sl
70
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ndtlehríe gne mpnyn hl uem Lstmg`÷e Dmsl n uem Lstmg`÷e hl

Tmstrln Rlrkmeletl (LTR), qul lstàe slpmrmhns
lqu`h`stmetlkletl, m uem h`stmeg`m en kmynr hl =22 Ik mc puetn
olnhàs`gn qul sl qu`lrl mpnymr.
Gnes`hlrmehn lc t`lkpn hl ndslrvmg`÷e pmrm lc pns`g`nemk`letn
olnhàs`gn hl lstns puetns sl pulhl usmr lc kàtnhn hl
clvmetmk`letn
clvmetmk`letn lstít`gn, TXI n RRI.
 Tlmc
Tlmc X`kl Iè
Ièlkmt`g
lkmt`g (T
(TXI)-
XI)- ORW l
le
e X`lkp
X`lkpnn Tl
Tlmc
mc
Gnes`stl le cm ndtleg`÷e hl gnnrhlemhms le t`lkpn rlmc gne

prlg`s`÷e glet`kàtr`gm (= ÷ 4 gk + =ppk). \sumckletl sl mpc`gm
lstl kàtnhn m pns`g`nemk`letns gèlkít`gns, muequl tmkd`àe
plrk`tl pns`g`nemk`letns
pns`g`nemk`letns lstít`gns. Ls ue kàtnhn hàlrleg`mc. Lc
rlglptnr a`jn n rlalrleg`m lstmrí le knhn lstít`gn le ue puetn hl
gnnrhlemhmss gneng`hm
gnnrhlemhm gneng`hms,s, k`letrms lc rlglptnr k÷v`c n –rnvlr‛, ls
lc rlglptnr le knv`k`letn hlc gumc sl hltlrkèmríe cms
gnnrhlemhmss le t`lkpn rlmc.
gnnrhlemhm
Rrlg`sm hl trmesk`s`÷e pnr mcoúe s`stlkm hl tlclgnkue`gmg`nels

(vëm rmh`n-knhlk,
TLALTLEG@M OWK, ORTW,
y TNQLT. pnr smtàc`tl
Lstm slrëm u ntrns) le
uem rlstr`gg`÷e letrl
cm
ut`c`zmg`÷e hl lstl kàtnhn (hlplehleg`m hlc mcgmegl hl cm
trmesk`s`÷e). Wus mpc`gmg`nels sne kugfms le lc kuehn hl cm
tnpnormaëm, y vme hlshl clvmetmk`letns, fmstm rlpcmetlns le
t`lkpn rlmc, auehmkletmckl
auehmkletmckletl.
etl.
 Kàtnhn Gèlkít`gn Tlcmt`vn (RRI)
Lc rlglptnr hl rlalrleg`m lstmrí le knhn lstít`gn le ue puetn

hl gnnrhlemhms gneng`hms, k`letrms lc rlglptnr k÷v`c (TNQLT),
hldlrí slr è`g`mc`zmhn pmrm rlsncvlr cm mkdòólhmh, hl uem hl
cms sòu`letls anrkms: klh`metl uem ndslrvmg`÷e le lstít`gn
(ríp`hn) n d`le, pmrt`lehn hl ue puetn gne gnnrhlemhms
gneng`hms. Cms àpngms n ètlrvmcns hl gmhleg`m hl tnkm hl
hmtns slrí gmet`hmh
knv`k`letn, aueg`÷e hl
hlcpuetns
ndjlt`vn hl trmdmjn (vlcng`hmh hlc
m clvmetmr).
Lx`stle kmynrls rlstr`gg`nels le cm ndslrvmg`÷e, ym qul en

pulhl fmdlr pàrh`hm hl cm mkdòólhmh gmcgucmhm è`g`mckletl.
W` cm fud`lrm tlehrëmkns qul vncvlr m è`g`mc`zmr lc rlglptnr k÷v`c.
6.7.7.
6.7.7. Tlo`str
Tlo`strnn hl hmtns le cm c`d
c`drltm
rltm hl gmkpn
Lc lsplg`mc`stm rlo`strmrm cm tnkm hl hmtns hlc puetn olnhàs`gn,

hurmetl lc prnglsn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, cns k`skns qul slríe
mentmhns le cm c`drltm hl gmkpn hurmetl lc t`lkpn hl rlo`strn.
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Lstns hmtns slrv`ríe le cm ltmpm hl pnst prnglsmk`letn y cm

lcmdnrmg`÷e hl cms a`gfms knenoría`gms hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns.
Melxn 21.
H`gfm èanrkmg`÷e hldl gnetlelr cns sòu`letls hmtns:
 Enkdrl hlc prnylgtn hl gmtmstrn.


Enkdrls hlc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m
 @hletà`gmg`÷e hl cm lstmg`÷e n puetn olnhàs`gn.
 Hlsgr`pg`÷
Hlsgr`pg`÷ee hlc kneukletn.
 Algfm hl olnrrlalrleg`
mg`÷e.
 Gnnrhlemhms mprnx`kmh
mprnx`kmhms:ms: cmt`tuh, cneo`tuh, mcturm.
 Tlglptnr/Metlem
Tlglptnr/Metlem:: t`pn, knhlcn, slr`l.
 Mcturm hl metlem sndrl lc kneukletn: metls y hlspuàs hl cm
ndslrvmg`÷e.
 Fnrm hl è`g`n / Fnrm hl tàrkèn hl cm ndslrvmg`÷
ndslrvmg`÷e. e.
 \d`gmg`÷e: sl hlsgr`dl hlshl cm ud`gmg`÷e olnoría`g
olnoría`gmm hlc prnylgtn
cngmc`hmh, h`str`tn, prnvèg`m, hlpmrtmkletn, fmstm cm ud`gmg`÷e hlc
puetn, èh`gmehn cms gmrmgtlrëst`gms qul cn g`rguehme.
 Grnqu`s hl ud`gmg`÷e hlc puetn olnhàs`gn.
 RHNR, Eúklrn hl smtàc`tls.
6.8..
6.8 Rnst prn glsn le omdèltl
Lc lsplg`mc`stm le olnhls`m, rlgnp`cmrí cm èanrkmg`÷e hl tnhns cns

rlglptnrls ut`c`zmhns le cns trmdmjns hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, lstms
nplrmg`nelss sl rlmc`zmrme le omdèltl, le anrkm nrhlemhm y s`stlkít`gm,
nplrmg`nel
cms k`skms qul slríe lkpclmhms le cns gícgucns hl cms gnrrlgg`nels y
rlhugg`nels m cms gmet`hmhls ndslrvmhms y hltlrkèmr cns pmríkltrns hl
ètlràs klh`metl lc lkpcln snatwmrl mprnp`mhns qul omrmet`gle cm
lxmgt`tuh rlqulr`hm.
6.8.
6.8.=.
=. Rnst prnglsn hl èanrk mg`÷e
Lc prnglsmk`letn hl èanrkmg`÷e, sl rlmc`zmrí le dmsl m cns
prntngncns lstmdclg`hns le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y
Xnpnormaëm.
Wl ut`c`zmrí cns prnormkms olnhàs`gns Xr`kdcl Dusèls Gletlr (XDG)
y Cl`gm Oln Naa`gl (CON) gne c`gleg`m pmrm cm WOX.
Rmrm cm gnrrlgg`÷e hàlrleg`mc sl ut`c`zmrí èanrkmg`÷e hl cms

Lstmg`nels hl Tmstrln Rlrkmeletl hl GNANRT@ y/n hlc @est`tutn
Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc. Lc mgglsn m lstms auletls sl rlmc`zmrí klh`metl
–\sumr`n‛ y –Gnetrmslým‛ n gnrrln èst`tug`nemc h`rò`hn m cm
Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnorma`m, cm k`skm qul gnnrhèmrí cns
mgglsns m h`gfm èanrkmg`÷
èanrkmg`÷e.
e.
Rmrm trmesanrkmr mrgf`vns emt`vns m T@ELV (Tlgl`vlr @ehlplehlet

Lxgfmeol Anrkmt ÷ Anrkmtn hl Gmkd`n @ehlpleh`letl hlc Tlglptnr),
sl ut`c`zmríe prnormkms y rutèms hl cms k`skms kmrgms hl cns
rlglptnrls n prnormkms hl mgglsn c`drl:
8=
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 Gnevlrt Xn Tèlx, gnevlrt`hnr hl cm kmrgm Xr`kdcl, gnev`lrtl

tnhns cns anrkmtns msng`mhms m lstm kmrgm. Ls hl mgglsn c`drl.
 Cl`gm Oln Naa`gl (CON), prnormkm hl cm kmrgm Cl`gm qul

gnev`lrtl s÷cn lc anrkmtn Cl`gm. En ls hl mgglsn c`drl, hldl slr
ue prnormkm gne c`gleg`m pmrm fmglr lstm gnevlrs`÷e.

Xlqg, prnormkm hl mgglsn c`drl grlmhn pnr cm \e`vlrs`hmh
G`letëa`gm \EMQGN, aueg`nem le lc letnren HNW. Gnev`lrtl
èanrkmg`÷e hl gumcqu`lr kmrgm OEWW.
 Gnevlrt`hnr XLI-CT@ELVx18 v=.2.2, rutèm qul mutnkmt`zm lc

usn hlc Xlqg, hlsmrrnccmhn le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y
Xnpnormaëm klh`metl kmgrns Lxglc. Le su pr`klrm vlrs`÷e, sl
ut`c`zm s÷cn pmrm cm lxtles`÷e Cl`gm.
Gnkn rlsuctmhn hlc pns prnglsn, sl olelrmríe rlpnrtls hl

gnnrhlemhmss y pmríkltrns vlgtnr`mcls le anrkmtn FXKC.
gnnrhlemhm
Cns rlpnrtls sne:
 Olnoría`gms.ftkc, a`gflrn hl gnnrhlemhms olnoría`gms cmt`tuh,
cneo`tuh y mcturm lc`psn`hmc.
 \XK.ftkc, a`gflrn hl gnnrhlemhms \XK (Lstl, Enrtl), Mcturm
Nrtnkàtr`gm, Amgtnr hl Lsgmcm hl Mcturm, Amgtnr hl Lsgmcm hl
Rrnylgg`÷e y Amgtnr hl Lsgmcm Gnkdèmhn.
 Qlgtnrls.ftkc, gnet`lel hmtns hl t`lkpn, prlg`s`nels y

h`stmeg`ms vlgtnr`mcls.
6.8.4. Olelrmg`ne hlc Gumhrn hl Hmtns Xàge`gns ‗ GHX y A`gfms

Knenoría`gms.
Gne cns rlpnrtls hlc pns prnglsn, sl prnglhl m olelrmr lc Gumhrn hl

Hmtns Xàge`gns (GHX - Melxn 2?) y cms A`gfms Knenoría`gms
klh`metl
Xnpnormaëmcms rutèms hlsmrrnccmhn
klh`metl kmgrns Lxglc.le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y
Lstm rutèm lxtrml tnhm cm èanrkmg`÷e hl cns rlpnrtls gne anrkmtn hl
mrgf`vns FXKC y cm kulstrm le gumhrns plrsnemc`zmhns. Cns lspmg`ns
qul olelrm sne pmrm gnkpclkletmr èanrkmg`÷e hl cngmc`zmg`÷e
(Aòurm 47) y hl cm rlcmg`÷e qul lx`stl letrl puetns hl gnetrnc pmrm su
usn tnpnoría`gn y antnormkàtr`gn.
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Aòurm 47: Cclemhn hl hmtns hl gmkpn.
Lc prnormkm plrk`tl olelrmr hns t`pns hl GHX, lc pr`klrn hl enkdrl

GHX dís`gn, ls cm qul gnet`lel èanrkmg`÷e elglsmr`m pmrm cms
Na`gèms Znemcls, hldl slr rlenkdrmhm sloúe enkdrl hl cm
cngmc`hmhh m gmtmstrmr. Lc slouehn ccmkmhn GHX Olnhàs`gn, gnet`lel
cngmc`hm
tnhm cm èanrkmg`÷e hl pns`g`nemk`letn y cngmc`zmg`÷e le dmsl mc gumc,
sl lcmdnrmrí cm dmsl hl hmtns, hldl slr rlenkdrmhm gne lc enkdrl
hl cm cngmc`hmh m gmtmstrmr sè qu`tmr cm pmcmdrm olnhàs`gn.
Cm èanrkmg`÷e slrv`rí pmrm qul cms dròmhms hl gmkpn hlc prnylgtn

hl gmtmstrn, qul olst`nem cm Na`gèm
Na `gèm Znemc, rlmc`gle lc clvmetmk`letn
hl èanrkmg`÷e tnpnoría`gm n antnormkàtr`gm.
Cns GHX, slríe lev`mhns klh`metl gnrrln èst`tug`nemc, culon, sl
rloucmr`zmrí su levën vëm cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn, mhjuetn mc èanrkl
tàge`gn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e y a`rkmhns pnr cns prnals`nemcls qul
lalgtumrne cns trmdmjns. (Aòurm 48)
Aòurm 48: Gumhrn hl Hmtns Xàge`gns.
6.8.7.
6.8.7. Dmsl hl hmtns hl cm èa
èanrk
nrkmg`÷e
mg`÷e olnhàs`gm
Cm Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm lcmdnrmrí uem dmsl hl

hmtns hl cns puetns olnhàs`gns, lstmdclg`hns y olnrrlalrleg`mhns
87
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hletrn hlc prnylgtn \XJM_@, qul slríe vègucmhns m cns GHX

Olnhàs`gns y cms a`gfms knenoría`gms.
Xnhm èanrkmg`÷e olelrmhm pnr cms Na`gèms Znemcls hldlrí slr

rlk`t`hm m cm Wudh`rlgg`ne hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm, klh`metl
hngukletn, pmrm su pnstlr`nr mckmglemk`letn le cm dmsl hl hmtns.
6.<.
6.<. Lcm
Lcmdnrmg`÷e
dnrmg`÷e y rlk`s`÷e hl èanr
èanrkl
kl tàge`gn.
Lc èanrkl tàge`gn slrí lcmdnrmhn pnr lc lsplg`mc`stm y rlspnesmdcl hlc

prnglsn hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e, ut`c`zmrí gnkn dmsl, cns anrkmtns
lstmdclg`hnss le cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
lstmdclg`hn
Wl èanrkmrí m cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm, lc hlsmrrnccn

hl cms mgt`v`hmhls ljlgutmhms y cns rlsuctmhns hl cm olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e y
hl cm lvmcumg`÷e mc lstmdclg`k`letn hl cns puetns hl gnetrnc, le dmsl mc
gumc, sl rlmc`zmrí cms rlgnklehmg`nels gne lc ndjlt`vn hl kljnrmr cns
prnglsns hl slr lc gmsn.
Guckèmhn lc èanrkl tàge`gn sl rlk`t`rí m cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn

mhjuetmehn
rlspnesmdclcns
hlcGHX y a`gfms
prnylgtn knenoría`gms hld`hmkletl slccmhms pnr lc
hl gmtmstrn.
Lc èanrkl tàge`gn slrí lcmdnrmhn pnr lc Lsplg`mc`stm sloúe lc sòu`letl
ëeh`gl tletmt`vn:
 @etrnhugg`÷e
 Ndjlt`vns
 Íkd`tn hlc prnylgtn
 Rlrsnemc tàge`gn
 Lqu`pns y prnormkms ut`c`zmhns
 Mgt`v`hmhls prlc`kèmrls
n Hlsgr`pg`
Hlsgr`pg`ne
ne hl cns lclkletns hl slour`hmh.
n Tlv`s`÷e hl lqu`pns y rlqulr`k`let
rlqulr`k`letns.
ns.

Clvmetmk`letn
n
olnhàs`gn
Rcmelmk`letn
n Clvmetmk`let
Clvmetmk`letnn hl èanrkmg`÷e
n Rrnglsmk`letn
 Rrnhugtns ndtle`hns
 Gnegcus`nels
 Tlgnklehmg`nels
0. MHK@E@WXTMG@×E HL CM @EANTKMG@×E OLNHÀW@GM.
Cm èanrkmg`÷e olelrmhm slrí mckmglemhm le lc slrv`hnr hl GNANRT@, prlv`m

lstmehmr`zmg`÷e y vmc`hmg`÷e pnr cm Na`gèm Znemc.
88
OLNTTLALTLEG@MG@×E
G@MG@×E HL R\EXNW
OLNHÀW@GNW
Cm lstrugturm hl mckmglemk`letn slrí le dmsl m cns prntngncns y cèlmk`letns

lstmdclg`hns pnr cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m
O lnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm.
Cm èanrkmg`÷e rlqulr`hm pnr cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn pmrm mckmglemk`letn

slrí:
m) Gnevle`n hl Hlclomg`÷e hl Amguctmhl

Amguctmhlss y mhjue
mhjuetns
tns le anrkmtn RHA.
d) Rcme pmrm cm kneukletmg`÷e gneanrk

gneanrkmhn
mhn pnr cns mrgf`vns IKZ hl cms
pnsls`nels èanrkmcls.
g) Rcme hl trmdmjn le RHA.
h) Hmtm rlo`strmhm pnr rlglptnrls m ut`c`zmr le lc prnylgtn.
l) Hmtm hl cms Lstmg`nels hhll Tmstrln Rlr

Rlrkmeletl
kmeletl hl GNANRT@ l @OE.
a) Antnorma
Antnormaëms
ëms gnhà`gmhms sloúe g÷hòn hl puetn, kíx`kn gumtrn antns pnr
puetn.
o) Gumhrn hl Hmtns Xà
Xàge`gns
ge`gns le anrkmtn R
RHA.
HA.
f) A`gfms Knenoría`gms le RHA.
=2. MELVNW
=2.=. MELVN 2=: RTNXNGNCN HL WLWLO\T@HMH
O\T@HMH RM
RMTM
TM CCM
M RTLQ
RTLQLEG@×E
LEG@×E
HLC GNQ@H-=0, LE CM LJLG\G@×E HL MGX@Q@HMHLW
GMXMWXTMCLW.
=2.4. MELVN 24: KNHLCN HL A@GFM KNENOTMA@GM
=2.7. MELVN 27: LWRLG@A@GMG@NELW HL KNCHLW
=2.8. MELVN 28: KNHLCN HL C@DTLXM HL GMKRN
=2.<. MELVN 2<: KNHLCN HL G\MHTN HL HMXNW XLGE@GNW
8<
RTNXNGNCN HL RTLQLEG@×E P GNEXTNC
HL GNQ@H-=0 LE CMW MGX@Q@HMHLW
GMXMWXTMCLW HL GMKRN
H@TLGG@×E HL GMXMWXTN
RTNXNGNCN HL RTLQLEG@NE P GNEXTNC HL
GNQ@H =0 LE CMW MGX@Q@HMHLW GMXMWXTMCLW
HL GMKRN
Gnetle`hn
@EXTNH\GG@×E .............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. 4
=) NDJLX@QN ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... 7
4) MCGMEGL.............................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................... 7
7) TLWRNEWMD@C@HMHLW.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 7
8) DMWL CLOMC P HNG\KLEXMG@NE TLALTLEG@MC ...................................................................
................................................................... 7
<) GNEW@HLTMG@NELW OLELTMCLW HLC GNQ@H-=0 ....................................................................
.................................................................... <
<.= Knhn
Kn hn hl trmesk`s`÷e ..................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
........ <
<.4 Rlr`nhn hl ègudmg`÷e
` egudmg`÷e ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................ <
<.7 Wòens y sëetnkms ..............................................................................

...............................................................................................................
................................. <
1) H@WRNW@G@NELW OLELTMCLW ..................................................................................................
.................................................................................................. 1
?) RTNXNGNCN P KLH@HMW HL F@O@LEL ...................................................................................
................................................................................... 6
?.= RLTWNEMC HL HLWR@WXMJL ............................................................................................
............................................................................................ 6
?.4 TLCMG@×E HL @KRCLKLEXNW HL D@NWLO\T@HMH RMTM LC RLTWNEMC HL GMKRN ...... 6
?.7 HLC RLTWNEMC NRLTMX@QN P HL GMKRN..............................................................
......................................................................
........ 0
?.8 HL CM @EH\KLEXMT@M .....................................................................
.................................................................................................
............................ =2
?.< KLH@HMW HL WLO\T@HMH L F@O@LEL ...........................................................................
........................................................................... ==
?.1 KLH@HMW RMTM CNW L]\@RNW, KMXLT@MC P KÍ]\@EMW HL XTMDMJN ....................... =4
?.? KLH@HMW RMTM CM LJLG\G@×E HL CMW CMDNTLW HL GMKRN ...................................... =7
?.6 KLH@HMW MC XÀTK@EN HLC XTMDMJN LE GMKRN ....................................................... =<
?.0 KLH@HMW HL WLEW@D@C@ZMG@NE RMTM CM RTLQLEG@NE HLC GNEXMO@N LE CNW
RTNPLGXNW HL GMXMWXTN............................................................
GMXMWXTN...........................................................................................
............................... =<
6) KLGME@WKNW HL GNK\E@GMG@×E ...................................................................
....................................................................................
................. =1
0) NTOME@ZMG@×E HL CNW MKD@LEXLW...................................................................................
................................................................................... =1
=2) MELVNW .................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. =6
Melxn =: Hlgcmrmg`÷e Jurmhm hl Wmcuh ........................................................................................
........................................................................................ =0
Melxn 4: Cmvmhn hl Kmens ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
...... 42
Melxn 7: \sn Gnrrlgtn hl cms Kmsgmr`ccms .............................
...................................................................................
...................................................... 4=
Melxn 8: Hurmg`÷e hlc Gnrnemv`rus le Wuplra`g`ls .....................................................................

..................................................................... 4=
=
HL GMKRN
@EXTNH\GG@×E
Fmstm cm algfm en sl h`spnel hl uem vmguem pmrm gnkdmt`r cms èalgg`nels pnr gnrnemv`rus,
pnr lsn, gnenglr g÷kn sl trmesk`tle ls auehmkletmc pmrm lstmdclglr
lstmdclglr klh`hms hl prlvleg`÷e9
cns gnrnemv`rus sne v`rus hl trmesk`s`÷e màrlm, sl trmesk`tle pnr vëm rlsp`rmtnr`m m trmvàs hl
cms ontms qul prnhugle cns pnrtmhnrls gumehn tnsle, lstnreuhme n fmdcme.
Lstms slgrlg`nels gnet`lele pmrtëgucms v`rmcls qul pulhle mcgmezmr m plrsnems glrgmems n
hlpns`tmrsl le ndjltns y suplra`g`ls pr÷x`kms. W` mcou`le tngm lstms suplra`g`ls y m
gnetèumg`÷e slle
vëm pmrm letrmr cclvm cms kmens m sus prnp`ns njns, emr`z n dngm, lc pmt÷olen leguletrm uem
lc nrome`skn.
Kmetlelr uem fò`lel dís`gm ls cm anrkm kís la`gmz
la`gmz hl lv`tmr gnetrmlr lstl
lstl v`rus le cns cuomrls
le cns qul lx`stl ue kmynr r`lson hl trmesk`s`÷e, auehmkletmckletl cms znems le cms qul sl
fme rlo`strmhn gmsns. Ls gnevle`letl cmvmrsl cms kmens gne arlguleg`m y lv`tmr lc gnetmgtn
gne plrsnems ym èalgtmhms, prntlo`lehn lsplg`mckletl njns, emr`z y dngm. M cms plrsnems
èalgtmhms (n qul grlme qul pulhle lstmrcn) sl cls mgnesljm lc usn hl kmsgmr`ccms y usmr
pmýulcns pmrm gudr`rsl cm emr`z y cm dngm gumehn sl tnsl n sl lstnreuhm.
Cms plrsnems èalgtmhms pnr lc v`rus qul gmusm lc Gnv`h-=0 hldle oumrhmr gumrletlem hlshl
lc h`moe÷st`gn hl cm lealrklhmh fmstm =< hëms hlspuàs hl slr hmhms hl mctm. Msë cn mgnesljm
cm NKW pnrqul sl fm ndslrvmhn qul, muequl ym lstàe rlguplrmhms, pulhle slou`r
trmesk`t`lehn cm èalgg`÷e, mhlkís, sl fm ndslrvmhn qul cns èalgtmhns msètnkít`gns, n d`le
mqulccns qul tnhmvëm en fme hlsmrrnccmhn sëetnkms, pulhle trmesk`t`r lc v`rus.
Cms klh`hms prlvlet`vms hldle slou`rcms lsplg`mckletl mqulccms plrsnems qul pmhlzgme
h`mdltls, èsua`g`leg`m rlemc, eluknpmtëm gr÷e`gm n èkuenhlprls`÷e,
èkuenhlprls`÷e , ym qul t`lele kís
r`lson hl pmhlglr uem lealrklhmh ormvl le gmsn hl èalgg`÷e pnr gnrnemv`rus.
Ls `kpnrtmetl kleg`nemr qul cms klh`hms hl prlvleg`÷e pcmetlmhms le lc prlsletl prntngncn
gnrrlspnehle m cms mgg`nels qul hldle slr mhnptmhms pnr cns tàge`gns qul rlmc`zmríe
mgt`v`hmhls gmtmstrmcls le gmkpn y t`lel pnr aèmc`hmh rlhug`r lc r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e mc
GNQ@H-=0.
4
HL GMKRN
=) NDJLX@QN
Lstmdclglr klh`hms hl prlvleg`÷e y gnetrnc hl cm prnpmomg`÷e hlc GNQ@H-=0, msë gnkn
èstmurmr mgg`nels hl vò`cmeg`m y prntlgg`÷e hl cm smcuh hlc plrsnemc qul ètlrv`lel le
cm ljlgug`÷e hl mgt`v`hmhls gmtmstrmcls le gmkpn, qul rlmc`zm lc Nrome`skn hl
Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc ‗ GNANRT@.
4) MCGMEGL
Cms klh`hms gnetle`hms le lc prlsletl prntngncn, sne hl mpc`gmg`÷e ndcòmtnr`m pmrm
tnhn lc plrsnemc qul hlsmrrnccl mgt`v`hmhls gmtmstrmcls le gmkpn qul ljlgutl lc
Nrome`skn hl Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc ‗ GNANRT@.
7) TLWRNEWMD@C@HMHLW
- \e`hmh hl Tlgursns Fukmens. Tlspnesmdcl hl `kpclkletmr lc Rcme pmrm cm
Qò`cmeg`m, Rrlvleg`÷e y Gnetrnc Hl Gnv`h-=0 hl GNANRT@.
- H`rlgg`÷e
hàueh`r lc hl slour`hmh m cms Tlspnesmdcls
Gmtmstrnhly sudh`rlgg`nels.
prntngncn hl lcmdnrmr
jlamturms znemcls pmrm suy
gukpc`k`letn.
- Jlamturm Znemc. Tlspnesmdcl hl cm `kpclkletmg`÷e, pulstm le kmrgfm y hl
cms mgg`nels hl slou`k`letn mc gukpc`k`letn hlc prntngncn hl tnhn lc lqu`pn
tàge`gn nplrmt`vn.
Ls rlspnesmd`c`hmh hl gmhm trmdmjmhnr lc gukpc`k`letn lalgt`vn hl cms klh`hms hl
slour`hmh l fò`lel m `kpclkletmr, msë k`skn, tmkd`àe ls su ndcòmg`÷e plrkmelglr
mtletn m eulvms h`spns`g`nels na`g`mcls qul pulhme slr lxplh`hms le cns sòu`letls hëms
m klh`hm qul lvncug`nem cm lklroleg`m y lc letleh`k`letn qul tlelkns sndrl lc v`rus
y su prnpmomg`÷e.
8) DMWL CLOMC P HNG\KLEXMG@NE TLALTLEG@MC

Rmrm cm lcmdnrmg`÷e sl fme tnkmhn gnkn rlalrleg`ms hngukletns na`g`mcls,
prntngncns y rlgnkleh
rlgnklehmg`nels
mg`nels hl vvmr`ms
mr`ms @est`tug`nel
@est`tug`nelss y mutnr`hmhls sme`tmr`ms qu
qul
l
hlaèle cms ouëms pmrm lc rltnren cmdnrmc slourn, letrl lccns kleg`nemkns:
kleg`nemkns:
- Cly Eº 41684, Cly Olelrmc hl Wmcuh y sus knhà`gmtn
knhà`gmtnr`ms.
r`ms.
- Cly Eº 40?67, Cly hl Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc trmdmjn, y knhà`gmtn

knhà`gmtnr`m.
r`m.
- Cly E² 72?== cly qul lstmdclgl klh`hms gnkpclklet

gnkpclkletmr`ms
mr`ms pmrm cm prnkng`÷e hlc
mgglsn m cm prnp`lhmh anrkmc.
- Hlgrltn Wuprlkn Eº 22<-42=0-Q@

22<-42=0-Q@Q@LEHM,
Q@LEHM, qul mpruldm lc Tlocmkletn hl cm Cly Eº
72?==, Cly qul lstmdclgl klh`hms gnkpclkletmr`ms pmrm cm prnkng`÷e hlc mgglsn
m cm prnp`lhmh anrkmc
7
HL GMKRN
- Hlgrltn Wuprlkn E² 22=-4242-Q`v`l

22=-4242-Q`v`lehm,
ehm, qul hlgcmrm hl elgls`hmh púdc`gm y hl
pr`nr`tmr`n ètlràs emg`nemc lc hlsmrrnccn y gnesnc`hmg`÷e hl cm Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm
Rrnp`lhmh Rrlh`mc y hlc Gmtmstrn \rdmen Emg`nemc.
- Hlgrltn Wuprlkn Eº 226-4242-W

226-4242-WM,M, qul hlgcmrm le Lklroleg`m Wme`tmr`m m e`vlc
emg`nemc pnr lc pcmzn hl envletm (02) hëms gmclehmr`n y h`gtm klh`hms hl prlvleg`÷e
y gnetrnc hlc GNQ@H-=0.
- Tlsncug`÷e Kè`stlr`mc E² 2<<-4242-XT, qul mpruldm cm –Ouëm pmrm cm prlvleg`÷e hlc

Gnrnemv`rus le lc íkd`tn cmdnrmc‛.
- Hlgrltn Wuprlkn E² 288-4242-R

288-4242-RGK,
GK, qul hlgcmrm lstmhn hl lklroleg`m emg`nemc
pnr cms ormvls g`rguestmeg`ms qul malgtme cm v`hm hl cm emg`÷e m gneslguleg`m hlc
drntl hlc GNQ@H-=0.
- Hlgrltn Clo`scmt`vn E² =800, qul lstmdclgl h`vlrsms klh`hms pmrm omrmet`zmr y cm

prntlgg`÷e hl cns hlrlgfns sng`n cmdnrmcls hl cns/ms trmdmjmhnrls/ms le lc kmrgn hl
cm lklroleg`m sme`tmr`m pnr lc GNQ@H-=0.
- Hlgrltn Wuprlkn Eº 242-42=8-
242-42=8-WM,
WM, qul mpruldm lc Xlxtn Úe`gn Nrhlemhn
hl cm Cly E² 40788, Cly Kmrgn hl Mslourmk`letn \e`vlrsmc le Wmcuh.
- Tlsncug`÷e K Kè`stlr`mc
è`stlr`mc E² 886-4242-
886-4242-K@EWM,
K@EWM, mprndmr lc Hngukletn Xàge`gn:
"Cèlmk`letns pmrm cm Qò`cmeg`m, Rrlvleg`÷e y Gnetrnc hl cm smcuh hl cns
trmdmjmhnrls gne r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e m GNQ@H-=0" qul gnkn melxn anrkm pmrtl
ètlormetl hl cm prlsletl Tlsncug`÷e Kè`stlr`mc.
- TLWNC\G@×E JLAMX\TMC E² 240 -4242-GNANRT@/NM-\T

-4242-GNANRT@/NM-\TTFF,
TFF, qul mpruldm hlc
–Rcme pmrm cm Qò`cmeg`m, Rrlvleg`÷e y Gnetrnc hl GNQ@H -=0 hlc Nrome`skn hl
Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc - GNANRT@‛, mprndmhn klh`metl Mgtm E²
21-4242-GWWX-GNANRT@, hlc Gnk`tà hl Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn hl
GNANRT@.
- Hngukletns Tlalrleg`mc
Tlalrleg`mcls:
ls:
 Gnkue`gmhns hl prlesm y hlgcmrmg`nel
hlgcmrmg`nelss hl cm Nrome`zmg`÷e Kueh`mc hl cm Wmcuh
NKW
 Ouëm Xàge`gm hl Rrnglh`k`letns hl c`kp`lzm y hlsèalgg`÷e hl

mkd`letls le cns
cn s lstmdclg`k`letns
lstmdclg`k`le tns hl smcuh y slr
slrv`g`ns
v`g`ns kàh`gn
kàh`gnss hl mpnyn.
Kè`stlr`n hl Wmcuh Rlrú 42==.
 Ouëm NKW g÷kn cmvmrsl cms kmens
 Tlgnklehmg`ne
Tlgnklehmg`nels
ls pmrm lc Rúdc`gn rlsplgtn m GNQ@H-=
GNQ@H-=00 hl cm NKW.
 Ouëm pmrm cm C`kp`lzm y Hlsèalgg`÷

Hlsèalgg`÷ee hl Kmens y Wuplra`g
Wuplra`g`ls
`ls hlc @EMGMC =rm
Lh`g`÷e 4242
8
HL GMKRN
<) GNEW@HLTMG@NELW OLELTMCLW HLC GNQ@H-=0
<.= Knhn hl trmesk`s`÷e

Cns v`rus, gnkn cm or`pl y lc eulvn gnrnemv`rus, sl trmesk`tle gumehn plrsnems qul
sl leguletrle èalgtmhms gne lc v`rus letrme le gnetmgtn gne ntrms plrsnems qul en
lstíe èalgtmhms. Gumetn kís letrl le gnetmgtn gne plrsnems èalgtmhms, kís
prndmd`c`hmhls tlehrí hl gnetrmlr cm èalgg`÷e cm k`skm sl prnhugl pnr hns vëms:
 Qëm màrlm, klh`metl ontms hl smc`vm qul sne nròèmhms mc fmdcmr, tnslr n
lstnreuhmr pnr cm plrsnem lealrkm, qul gnetmkème suplra`g`ls y ndjltns y qul
mcgmezme m uem plrsnem en èalgtmhm le ue írlm hl g`rguealrleg`m hl
mprnx`kmhmkletl ue kltrn y klh`n.
Auletl: @kmole tnkmhm hlc hlc mrtëgucn hl Wu` Fumeo sndrl cm elgls`hmh hlc usn hl kísgmrms
fttps://amstcàlfmgis.gnk/e0<-vs-aap-ls/
 Ntrn klh`n hl trmesk`s`÷e hlc v`rus, sne cms kmens u ndjltns ème`kmhns
gnetmkèmhns gne slgrlg`nels, slou`hms hlc gnetmgtn gne cm kugnsm hl cm dngm,
emr`z u njns.
<.4 Rlr`nhn hl ègudmg`÷e

Lc t`lkpn qul trmesgurrl letrl cm lxpns`g`÷e m cm GNQ@H-=0 y lc knkletn le qul
gnk`lezme cns sëetnkms sulcl slr hl mcrlhlhnr hl gègn n sl`s hëms, plrn pulhl
vmr`mr letrl = y =8 hëms.
<.7 Wòens y sëetnkms

Cns sëetnkms kís fmd`tumcls hl cm GNQ@H-=0 sne cm a`ldrl, cm tns slgm y lc
gmesmeg`n. Ntrns sëetnkms klens arlguletls qul malgtme m mcouens pmg`letls sne
cns hncnrls y knclst`ms, cm gneolst`÷e emsmc, lc hncnr hl gmdlzm, cm gnejuet`v`t`s, lc
hncnr hl omrometm, cm h`mrrlm, cm pàrh`hm hlc oustn n lc ncamtn y cms lrupg`nels
gutíelms n gmkd`ns hl gncnr le cns hlhns hl cms kmens n cns p`ls. Lstns sëetnkms
sulcle slr clvls y gnk`lezme ormhumckletl. Mcouems hl cms plrsnems èalgtmhms
sncn prlsletme sëetnkms clvës`kns.
<
HL GMKRN
Cm kmynrëm hl cms plrsnems (mcrlhlhnr hlc 62%) sl rlguplrme hl cm lealrklhmh sè

elgls`hmh hl trmtmk`letn fnsp`tmcmr`n. Mcrlhlhnr hl = hl gmhm < plrsnems qul
gnetrmle cm GNQ@H-=0 mgmdm prlsletmehn ue gumhrn ormvl y lxplr`kletm
hà`guctmhls pmrm rlsp`rmr. Cms plrsnems kmynrls y cms qul pmhlgle malgg`nels
kàh`gms prlv`ms gnkn f`plrtles`÷e mrtlr`mc, prndclkms gmrh`mgns n pucknemrls,
h`mdltls n gíeglr t`lele kís prndmd`c`hmhls hl prlsletmr gumhrns ormvls. Wè
lkdmron, gumcqu`lr plrsnem pulhl gnetrmlr cm GNQ@H-=0 y gmlr ormvlkletl
lealrkm. Cms plrsnems
plrsn ems hl gumcqu`lr lhmh qul tleome a`ldrl n tns y mhlkís rlsp`rle
gne hà`guctmh, s`letme hncnr u nprls`÷e le lc plgfn n tleome hà`guctmhls pmrm fmdcmr
n knvlrsl hldle snc`g`tmr mtleg`÷e kàh`gm èklh`mtmkletl. W` ls pns`dcl, sl
rlgnk`lehm ccmkmr pr`klrn mc prnals`nemc sme`tmr`n n gletrn kàh`gn pmrm qul lstns
rlk`tme mc pmg`letl mc lstmdclg`k`letn sme`tmr`n mhlgumhn.
1) H@WRNW@G@NELW OLELTMCLW
Hlaè`g`÷e hl tàrkèns
Cms sòu`letls hlaè`g`nels fme s`hn rlgno`hms hl cm Tlsncug`÷e Kè`stlr`mc E² 886-
4242-K@EWM, qul mpruldm lc hngukletn tàge`gn –Cèlmk`letns pmrm cm vò`cmeg`m hl
cm smcuh hl cns trmdmjmhnrls gne r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e m GNQ@H- =0‛.
- Lkpclmhnr/m Xnhm lkprlsm n plrsnem jurëh`gm hlc slgtnr púdc`gn n pr`vmhn,
:
qul lkpclm m uen n vmr`ns trmdmjmhnrls.
- C`kp`lzm: Lc`kèmg`÷e hl sug`lhmh l `kpurlzms hl cms suplra`g`ls ut`c`zmehn

moum, jmd÷e, hltlroletl n sustmeg`m quëk`gm.
- Hlsèalgg`÷e: Tlhugg`÷e pnr klh`n hl sustmeg`m

sustmeg`mss quëk`gms y/n kàtnhns aës`gns hlc
eúklrn hl k`grnnrome`skns prlsletls le uem suplra`g`l n le lc mkd`letl, fmstm ue
e`vlc qul en pneom le r`lson cm smcuh.
- Dmrrlrm Aës`gm pmrm lc trmdmjn: Wne cns lclkletns qul h`skèuyle lc r`lson hl
gnetmgtn h`rlgtn letrl hns n kís plrsnems y qul gnetr`duyl gne lc ndjlt`vn hl
rlhug`r lc r`lson hl trmesk`s`÷e.
trmesk`s`÷e.
- Gmsn snsplgfnsn: Hl mgulrhn m cm mclrtm lp`hlk`nc÷o`gm lk`t`hm pnr lc GHG hlc

Kè`stlr`n hl Wmcuh vòletl.
- Gmsn gnea`rkmhn: Gmsn snsplgfnsn gne uem pruldm hl cmdnrmtnr`n pns`t`vm n

rlmgt`vm pmrm cm GNQ@H-=0, slm uem pruldm hl rlmgg`÷e hl gmhlem hl cm
pnc`klrmsm trmesgr`ptmsm rlvlrsm le kulstrms rlsp`rmtnr`ms TX-RGT y/n uem
pruldm ríp`hm hl hltlgg`÷e hl @oK/@oO. Letleh`lehn qul mqulccns rlmgt`vns m cm
pruldm fme s`hn lxpulstns mc v`rus, puh`lehn lstmr gursmehn gne cm èalgg`÷e.
- Gletrn hl Xrmdmjn: \e`hmh prnhugt`vm le lc qul sl hlsmrrnccm cm mgt`v`hmh cmdnrmc

hl uem nrome`zmg`÷e gne cm prlsleg`m hl trmdmjmhnrls.
- LRR Lqu`pn hl Rrntlgg`÷e Rlrsnemc.
:
- Kmsgmr`ccm qu`rúro`gm hlsgmrtmdcl: H`spns`t`vn klh`gn hlslgfmdcl qul

guletm gne uem gmpm a`ctrmetl pmrm lv`tmr cm h`slkèmg`1e hl k`grnnrome`skns
1
HL GMKRN
enrkmckletl prlsletls le cm dngm, emr`z n omrometm y lv`tmr msë @m

gnetmkèmg`÷e y prnpmomg`÷e hl lealrklhmhls gnetmo`nsms.
- Kmsgmr`ccm gnkue`tmr`m: Lqu`pn hl dmrrlrm, olelrmckletl hl tlcm y rlut`c`zmdcl

qul gudrl dngm y emr`z y gukpcl gne cms lsplgà`gmg`nels hlsgr`tms le cm Tlsncug`÷e
Kè`stlr`mc E² =7<-4242-K@EWM pmrm rlhug`r cm trmesk`s`÷e hl lealrklhmhls.
- Rulstns hl Xrmdmjn gne T`lson hl Lxpns`g`÷e m WMTW-GnQ-4 (GNQ@H-=0): (GNQ@H-=0):
Wne mqulccns pulstns gne hàlrletl e`vlc hl r`lson, qul hlplehle hlc t`pn hl
mgt`v`hmh qul rlmc`zm.
Wndrl cm dmsl hl cns e`vlcls hl r`lson lstmdclg`hns le lc prlsletl cèlmk`letn,
gmhm lkprlsm, gne cm mprndmg`÷e hl su gnk`tà hl slour`hmh y smcuh le lc trmdmjn,
gumehn gnrrlspnehm, hltlrkèmrm @m mpc`gmg`÷e gnegrltm hlc r`lson lsplgà`gn hlc
pulstn hl trmdmjn. Cm hltlrkèmg`÷e hl cns e`vlcls hl r`lson sl lalgtúm pnr cns
kàtnhns hl `hletà`gmg`÷e hlc plcòrn d`nc÷o`gn WMTW-Gnv4, sl lvmcúme cns r`lsons
pmrm cm smcuh y v`hm hl cms y cns trmdmjmhnrls y sl lstmdclgle cns gnetrncls, le aueg`÷e
hl @m jlrmrquëm lstmdclg`hm le lc mrtëgucn 4= hl @m Cly E² 40?67, Cly hl Wlour`hmh y
Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn.
Cns e`vlcls hl r`lson hl cns pulstns hl trmdmjn sl gcmsà`gme le:
 T`lson hl Lxpns`g`÷e m GNQ@H-=0: Wne mqulccns pulstns gne hàlrletl e`vlc

hl r`lson, qul hlplehle hlc t`pn hl mgt`v`hmh qul rlmc`zm, pnr ljlkpcn, cm
elgls`hmh hl gnetmgtn m klens hl 4 kltrns gne plrsnems qul sl gnengl n sl
snsplgfm qul lstíe èalgtmhms gne lc v`rus hlc WMTW-GnQ4, n lc rlqulr`k`letn
hl gnetmgtn rlplt`hn n prncneomhn gne plrsnems qul sl gnengl n sl snsplgfm
qul lstíe èalgtmhms gne lc v`rus WMTW-GnQ4.
 T`lson dmjn hl lxpns`g`÷e: Cns trmdmjns gne ue r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e dmjn (hl
prlgmug`÷e) sne mqulccns qul en rlqu`lrle gnetmgtn gne plrsnems qul sl
gnenzgm n sl snsplgfm qul lstíe èalgtmhms gne WMTW-GnQ4, msë gnkn, le lc
qul en sl t`lel gnetmgtn glrgmen arlgule
arlguletl
tl m klens h
hl
l = kltrn hl h`stm
h`stmeg`m
eg`m
gne lc púdc`gn le olelrmc, n le lc qul, sl pulhme usmr n lstmdclglr dmrrlrms
aës`gms pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn hl cm mgt`v`hmh cmdnrmc.
 T`lson Klh`men hl Lxpns`g`÷e: Cns trmdmjns gne r`lson klh`n hl lxpns`g`÷e

sne mqulccns qul rlqu`lrle gnetmgtn glrgmen y arlguletl m klens hl = kltrn
hl h`stmeg`m gne lc púdc`gn le olelrmc9 y qul, pnr cms gneh`g`nels le lc qul sl
rlmc`zm en sl pulhm usmr n lstmdclglr dmrrlrms aës`gms pmrm lc trmdmjn.
 T`lson Mctn hl Lxpns`g`÷e: Xrmdmjn gne r`lson pntleg`mc hl lxpns`g`÷e m

gmsns snsplgfnsns n gnea`rkmhns hl GNQ@H-=0 u ntrn plrsnemc qul hldl
èorlsmr m cns mkd`letls n cuomrls hl mtleg`÷e hl pmg`letls GNQ@H-=0,
plrn qul en sl leguletrme lxpulstns m mlrnsncls le lc mkd`letl hl trmdmjn.
 T`lson Kuy Mctn hl Lxpns`g`÷e: Xrmdmjns gne gnetmgtn, gne gmsns

snsplgfnsns y/n gnea`rkmhns hl GNQ@H-=0 lxpulstn m mlrnsncls le lc
mkd`letl hl trmdmjn (trmdmjmhnrls hlc Wlgtnr Wmcuh).
- Rcme pmrm cm Qò`cmeg`m, prlvleg`÷e y gnetrnc hl cm GNQ@H-=0 le lc trmdmjn:

Hngukletn hl ouëm pmrm lstmdclglr cms klh`hms qul sl hldlríe tnkmr pmrm vò`cmr
?
HL GMKRN
lc r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e m cm GNQ@H-=0 le lc cuomr hl trmdmjn, lc gumc hldlrí slr

mprndmhn pnr lc Gnk`tà hl Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn n Wuplrv`snr hl
Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc Xrmdmjn, sloúe gnrrlspnehm.
- Xrmdmjmhnr: Lstl gneglptn ègcuyl: m) M cns trmdmjmhnrls hl @m lkprlsm9 d) Mc

plrsnemc hl cms gnetrmtms, sud gnetrmtms, n hl gumcqu`lr tlrglrn, hlstmgmhn n
hlspcmzmhn m @m lkprlsm prèg`pmc9 g) M cms plrsnems qul, sè vëegucn cmdnrmc,
prlstme slrv`g`ns hletrn hlc gletrn hl trmdmjn. Le lc gmsn hlc èg`sn m), cm lkprlsm
rlk`tl cm èanrkmg`÷e qul fm rlo`strmhn le @m Rcme`ccm Klesumc ‘ RCMKL.
Lc tlrkèn trmdmjmhnr, usmhn pmrm lc ndjltn hlc prlsletl cèlmk`letn, gnkprlehl
s`tumg`nels en cmdnrmcls -cns èg`sns d) y g)- úe`gmkletl pmrm lc ndjltn hlc prlsletl
cèlmk`letn.
?) RTNXNGNCN P KLH@HMW HL F@O@LEL
?.= RLTWNEMC HL HLWR@WXMJL

- Cns prnylgtns hl gmtmstrn
gmtmstrn hldle
hldle hl gnetmr gne
gne ue plrsnemc gmpmg`tmhn pmrm
`kpclkletmr y fmglr gukpc`r cns prntngncns hl smcuh l fò`lel.
- Gnkprndmr cm musleg`m hl ssètnkmtncnoëm

ètnkmtncnoëm GNQ@H-=0, le cm lvmcumg`÷e hl
hlsgmrtl pnr klh`n hlc gnetrnc hl tlkplrmturm gnrpnrmc y pucs`nx`kltr`m.
- H`spnelr hl ue tlrk÷kltrn cms cmslr

lr n èarmrrnjn qul plrk`tm klh`r cm
tlkplrmturm gnrpnrmc hl gmhm trmdmjmhnr. Wl hldl rlmc`zmr lc gnetrnc hl
tlkplrmturm prlv`n mc èorlsn, rltnren y smc`hm hlc plrsn
plrsnemc
emc hl gmkpn, cm gumc
hldl slr klenr hl 76ºG.
- Lc plrsnemc gmpmg`tmhn hldl h`sph`spnelr

nelr hl tlrk÷kltrns h hl
l ue sncn usn n
gud`lrtms hl snehm pmrm tlrk÷kltrns lclgtr÷e`gns, c`kp`mhnrls hl kmens sè
moum/tnmcc`tms hlsèalgtmetls
hlsèalgtmetls pmrm kme
kmens,
ns, kmsgmr`ccms y oumetls hl
hl cítlx.
- Hl mgulrhn nm knclgucmrls
slrnc÷o`gms cm enrkmt`vm vòletl en ls ndcòmtnr`m
pmrm pulstns hl klh`mencmr`lson
mpc`gmg`÷e
mpc`gmg`÷e hl r`lson,
y dmjn pruldmsy
sl hldle fmglr úe`gmkletl dmjn cm èh`gmg`÷e hlc prnals`nemc hl smcuh hlc
Wlrv`g`n hl Wlour`hmh y Wmcuh le lc trmdmjn n sloúe èh`gmg`÷e hl cm Mutnr`hmh
Emg`nemc n rlo`nemc hl smcuh.
- Cm mpc`gmg
mpc`gmg`÷e
`÷e hl pruldms sslrnc÷o`gms
lrnc÷o`gms n knclgucmrls pmrm vò`cmeg`m hlc
GNQ@H-=0, sl mpc`gmríe úe`gmkletl m mqulccns trmdmjmhnrls le pulstns hl
trmdmjn gne ndcòmtnr`m lxpns`g`÷e hl Mctn T`lson, cm k`skm qul lstmrí m
gmron hlc lkpclmhnr.
?.4 TLCMG@×E HL @KRCLKLEX

@KRCLKLEXNW
NW HL D@NWLO\T@HMH RMTM LC
RLTWNEMC HL GMKRN
- Lc cèlmk`letn 1: Klh`hms hl Rrntlgg`÷e Rlrsnemc, gnesòemhn le lc –Rcme

pmrm cm vò`cmeg`m, prlvleg`÷e y gnetrnc hl GNQ@H-=0 hlc Nrome`skn hl
6
HL GMKRN
Anrkmc`zmg`÷e hl cm Rrnp`lhmh @eanrkmc ‗ GNANRT@‛, mprndmhn gne

Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc E² 240-4242-GNANRT@-NM-\TTFF, lstmdclgl cns
`kpclkletns hl prntlgg`÷e plrsnemc le mtleg`÷e mc r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e y sl
gcmsà`gmríe hl cm sòu`letl kmelrm:
Mh`g`nemckletl èh`gm qul cns trmdmjmhnrls qul rlmc`gl trmdmjns hl gmtmstrn

(gmkpn), hldle ègcu`r cm gmrltm amg`mc gnkn `kpclkletn hl prntlgg`÷e
plrsnemc mh`g`nemc9 mhlkís hl cns hlsgr`tns le cm Tlsncug`÷e Kè`stlr`mc E²
886-4242-K@EWM hl mgulrhn mc e`vlc hl r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e.
?.7 HLC RLTWNEMC

RLTWNEMC NRLTMX@QN P HL GMKRN
- Wl hhldlrí
ldlrí `hletà`gmr y pr`nr`zmr m cns trmdmjmhnrls gnes`hlrmh
gnes`hlrmhns
ns l
le
e lc orupn hl
r`lson pnr lhmh y amgtnrls gcëe`gns lstmdclg`hns le lc hngukletn tàge`gn
hlenkèmhn –Rrlvleg`÷e,
–Rrlvleg`÷e, H`moe÷st`gn y Xrmtmk`letn hl Rlrsnems Malgtmhms pnr
GNQ@H-=0 le lc Rlrú‛, mprndmhn klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Kè`stlr`mc E² =07 -4242-
K@EWM y knhà`gmhn pnr cms Tlsncug`nels Kè`stlr`mcls E² 420-4242-K@EWM, E²
482-4242-K@EWM, E² 4?2-4242-K@EWM
4?2-4242-K@EWM y 7?<-4242-K@EWM9 y cm Tlsncug`÷e
Kè`stlr`mc E² 886-4242-K@EWM.
- Metls hl
hlcc èorls
èorlsn
n lalgt`vn hlc pl
plrsnemc
rsnemc q
qul
ul rlm
rlmc`zm
c`zm cms cmdnrls h
hl
l gmkpn
gmkpn sl
gnkpcltmrí
hl pmrmHlgcmrmg`÷e
Gmtmstrnuem gnenglr su Jurmhm
lstmhn (Melxn E² m2=)
hl smcuh, aèlstmdclg`hm
hl gnenglrpnr cm H`rlgg`÷e
lealrklhmhls
prllx`stletls y/n hl mctn r`lson n s` le cns úct`kns hëms lc trmdmjmhnr lstuvn
lxpulstn n le gnetmgtn gne mcouem plrsnem gne sëetnkms y/n sòens hlc GNQ@H-
=0 hl kmelrm h`rlgtm n èh`rlgtm.
- Wl h
hldl
ldl tmducmr u ndtlelr lc c`stmh
c`stmhn
nhhl
l trmd
trmdmjmhnrls
mjmhnrls gne sus rlsplgt`vms
rlsplgt`vms lhmhls,
algfms hl emg`k`letn, t`pn hl smeorl, h`rlgg`÷e hnk`g`c`mr`m, plsn, lstmturm,
gnrrln lclgtr÷e`gn, tlcàanens, pnr prnylgtn y pnr mgt`v`hmh.
- Lc mpmrtmhn ?.7.8 hlc hngukletn tàge`gn –Cèlmk`letns

– Cèlmk`letns pmrm cm vò`cmeg`m,
prlvleg`÷e y gnetrnc hl cm smcuh hl cns trmdmjmhnrls gne r`lson hl lxpns`g`÷e
GNQ@H-=0‛, mprndmhn klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e E² 886-4242-K@EWM, lstmdclgl
gnkn amgtnrls hl r`lson, cns sòu`letls:
 m) Rnr Lhmh
n Wlrv`hnrls hl 1< mýns m kís.
0
HL GMKRN
 d) Rnr prlsleg`m hl gnknrd`c`hmhls

n F`plrtles`÷
F`plrtles`÷ee mrtlr`mc rlarmgtmr`m
n - Lealrklhmhl
Lealrklhmhlss gmrh`nvmsgu
gmrh`nvmsgucmrls
cmrls ormvls.
n - Gíeglr
n - H`mdltls klcc`tus
n
- Mskm Knhlrm n Ormvl
n - Lealrklhmh pucknemr gr÷e`gm
n - @es
@esua`g`leg`m
ua`g`leg`m rlemc gr÷e`gm le trmtmk`letn gne f
flknh`íc`
lknh`íc`s`s
s`s
n - Lealrklhmh n trmtmk`letn èkuensup
èkuensuprlsnr
rlsnr
n - Ndls`hmh gne @KG hl 82 m kís
- Wl hldl gnenglr s` le cns úct`kns 72 hëms, lc trmdmjmhnr lstuvn lxpulstn n le

gnetmgtn gne mcouem plrsnem gne sëetnkms y/n sòens hlc GNQ@H-=0 hl kmelrm
k melrm
h`rlgtm n èh`rlgtm.
- Ndtle`hm h`gfm èanrkmg`÷e sl tmducmrí y sl rlmc`zmrí ue c`stmhn hl cns

trmdmjmhnrls mptns pmrm gukpc`r gne cms mgt`v`hmhls rloucmrls le gmkpn qul cns
prnylgtns hlkmehme.
- Cms Na`gèms Znemcls

Znemcls h`gtmkèmríe cmcmss klh`hms cm
cmdnrmcls
dnrmcls plrtèletls
plrtèletls pmrm cm
rlègnrpnrmg`÷e n rlt`rn hlc trmdmjmhnr hl mgulrhn m cn lst`pucmhn pnr lc kmrgn
clomc vòletl hlc Lstmhn hl Lklroleg`m Wme`tmr`n Emg`nemc.
- W` t`lel sëetnkms clvls, gnkn tns n a`ldrl clvls, olelrmckletl en ls elglsmr`n

qul dusqul mtleg`÷e kàh`gm. ]uàhlsl le gmsm, mësclsl y vò`cl sus sëetnkms.
Wòm cms nr`letmg`nels emg`nemcls sndrl lc mutnm`scmk`letn. Wè lkdmron, s` v`vl
le uem znem gne pmcuh`skn (kmcmr`m) n hleoul, ls `kpnrtmetl qul en òenrl cm
a`ldrl. Dusqul myuhm kàh`gm. Gumehn mguhm mc gletrn hl smcuh cclvl kmsgmr`ccm
s` ls pns`dcl, kmetàeomsl mc klens m ue kltrn y klh`n hl h`stmeg`m hl
cms hlkís plrsnems y en tnqul cms suplra`g`ls gne cms kmens.
- Dusqul èklh`mtmkletl mtleg`÷e kàh`gm s` t`lel hà`guctmh pmrm rlsp`rmr n s`letl

hncnr n prls`÷e le lc plgfn. W` ls pns`dcl, ccmkl mc gletrn hl smcuh mhlgumhn.
?.8 HL CM @EH\KLEXMT@M
- Cns tàge`gns gm gmtmstrmcls

tmstrmcls gnetmrme gne cm èhukletmr`m
èhukletmr`m mhlgumhm:
mhlgumhm:
uem onrrm qul gudrm tnhn lc gmdlccn, uem kmsgmr`ccm qul gudrm cm emr`z y cm
dngm, y hlsèalgtmetl (mcgnfnc n jmd÷e) y npg`nemc cletls hl prntlgg`÷e.
- Lc usn hl cms kmsgmr`ccms ls NDC@OMXNT@M metls, hurmetl y hlspuàs hl

ljlgutmr sus cmdnrls gnt`h`mems.
- Cms kmsgmr`ccms hldle gukpc`r gne cms lsplgà`gmg`ne

lsplgà`gmg`nels
ls tàge`gms lstmdclg`hms
pnr lc K@EWM.
=2
HL GMKRN
?.< KLH@HMW HL WLO\T@HMH

WLO\T@HMH L F@O@LEL
Kmetàeomsl mc hëm hl cm èanrkmg`÷e kís rlg`letl sndrl lc drntl hl GNQ@H-=0, m cm

qul pulhl mgglhlr le lc s`t`n wld hl cm NKW y m trmvàs hl cms mutnr`hmhls hl smcuh
púdc`gm m e`vlc emg`nemc y cngmc.
Fmy vmr`ms prlgmug`nels qul sl pulhle mhnptmr pmrm rlhug`r cm prndmd`c`hmh hl

gnetrmlr n prnpmomr cm GNQ@H-=0:
- Cívlsl cms kmens m anehn y gne arlguleg

arlguleg`m
`m usmehn ue hlsèalgtm
hlsèalgtmetl
etl m dmsl hl
mcgnfnc n gne moum y jmd÷e.
¾Rnr quà> Cmvmrsl cms kmens gne moum y jmd÷e n gne ue hlsèalgtmetl m dmsl hl
mcgnfnc kmtm cns v`rus qul pulhm fmdlr le sus kmens.
- Kmetleom uem h
h`stmeg`m
`stmeg`m këe`km hl ue kltrn y klh`n letrl ustlh y cn
cnss hlk
hlkís.
ís.
¾Rnr quà> Gumehn mcou`le tnsl, lstnreuhm n fmdcm hlsp`hl pnr cm emr`z n cm dngm
uems ontëgucms hl cëqu`hn qul pulhle gnetlelr lc v`rus. W` cm plrsnem qul tnsl,
lstnreuhm n fmdcm t`lel cm lealrklhmh y ustlh lstí hlkms`mhn glrgm hl lccm, pulhl
rlsp`rmr cms ontëgucms y gne lccms lc v`rus hl cm GNQ@H-=0.
- Lv`tl `r m cuomrls gnegurr`hn

gnegurr`hnss
¾Rnr quà> Gumehn fmy mocnklrmg`nels, fmy kís prndmd`c`hmhls hl qul letrl le
gnetmgtn lstrlgfn gne mcou`le qul tleom GNQ@H-=0 y ls kís hàëg`c kmetlelr uem
h`stmeg`m aës`gm hl ue kltrn y klh`n
- Lv`tl tngmrsl cns njns, cm emr`z y cm dngm.
¾Rnr quà> Cms kmens tngme kugfms suplra`g`ls y pulhle rlgnolr v`rus. \em vlz
gnetmkèmhms, cms kmens pulhle trmesalr`r lc v`rus m cns njns, cm emr`z n cm dngm.
Hlshl mccë, lc v`rus pulhl letrmr le su gulrpn y gmusmrcl cm lealrklhmh.
- Xmetn ustlh gnkn cms plrsnems qul cn rnhlme h hldle

ldle mslourmrsl hl kmetlelr
uem dulem fò`lel rlsp`rmtnr`m. Lsn sòeà`gm gudr`rsl cm dngm y cm emr`z gne lc
gnhn aclx`nemhn n gne ue pmýulcn mc tnslr n lstnreuhmr. Hlslgfl hl èklh`mtn
lc pmýulcn usmhn y cívlsl cms kmens.
¾Rnr quà> Cns v`rus sl prnpmome m trmvàs hl cms ontëgucms. Mc kmetlelr uem dulem
fò`lel rlsp`rmtnr`m prntlol m cms plrsnems qul cn rnhlme hl v`rus gnkn cns hlc
rlsar`mhn, cm or`pl y cm GNQ@H-=0.
==
HL GMKRN
- Rlrkmelzgm le gmsm y mësclsl ègcusn s` prlsletm sëetnkms clvls gnkn tns,

hncnr hl gmdlzm y a`ldrl còlrm fmstm qul sl rlguplrl. R`hm m mcou`le qul cl trmòm
cms prnv`s`nels. W` t`lel qul smc`r hl gmsm, p÷eomsl uem kmsgmr`ccm pmrm en
èalgtmr m ntrms plrsnems.
¾Rnr quà> Lv`tmr lc gnetmgtn gne ntrms plrsnems cms prntlolrí hl pns`dcls
èalgg`nels pnr lc v`rus hl cm GNQ@H-=0 u ntrns.
- W` t`l
t`lel
el a`ld
a`ldrl,
rl, tns y h`
hà`guctmh
a`guctmh pm
pmrm
rm rls
rlsp`rmr,
p`rmr, dusqul mtleg`÷e kàh`gm, p
plrn
lrn le cm
klh`hm hl cn pns`dcl ccmkl pnr tlcàanen gne metlcmg`÷e y sòm cms èh`gmg`nels hl
cm mutnr`hmh sme`tmr`m cngmc.
¾Rnr quà> Cms mutnr`hmhls emg`nemcls y cngmcls h`spnehríe hl cm èanrkmg`÷e kís

mgtumc`zmhm sndrl cm s`tumg`÷e le su znem. Ccmkmr gne metlcmg`÷e plrk`t`rí qul su
h`splesmhnr hl mtleg`÷e hl smcuh cl h`r`jm ríp`hmkletl fmg`m lc gletrn hl smcuh
mhlgumhn. Lstn tmkd`àe cn prntlolrí m ustlh y myuhmrí m prlvle`r cm prnpmomg`÷e
hl v`rus y ntrms èalgg`nels.

- Kmetàeomsl èanrkmhn sndrl cms úct`kms envlhmhls m pmrt`r hl auletls a`mdcls,
gnkn cm NKW n cms mutnr`hmhls sme`tmr`ms cngmcls y emg`nemcls.
¾Rnr quà> Cms mutnr`hmhls cngmcls y emg`nemcls sne cns ètlrcngutnrls kís
èh`gmhns pmrm hmr gnesljns sndrl cn qul hldle fmglr cms plrsnems hl su znem pmrm
prntlolrsl.
- Lc usn hl cms kmsgmr`ccm

kmsgmr`ccmss ls NDC@OMXNT@M metls, hurmetl y hlspuàs hl
ljlgutmr sus cmdnrls gnt`h`mems.
- Ls tmrlm hl tnhns pnelr àeams`s y mtlehlr cm prntlgg`÷e hlc plrsnemc nplrmt`vn y

pnr lxtles`÷e hl tnhns cns ètlormetls hl eulstrm @est`tug`÷e GNANRT@,
sòu`lehn cms vëms qul lstmdclgl cm prnp`m Cly hl Rrlvleg`÷e hl T`lsons
Cmdnrmcls y cms klh`hms qul kmrqule cms mutnr`hmhls sme`tmr`ms.
?.1 KLH@HMW RMTM

RMTM CNW L]\@RNW, KMX
KMXLT@MC
LT@MC P KÍ]\@EMW HL
XTMDMJN
- Metls hhl
l ut`c`zmr su km
kmtlr`mc
tlr`mc hl trmdmjn, lc plrsnemc qul ljlgutm
ljlgutm cmdnrls
cmdnrls hl
gmkpn hldl cmvmrsl y/n hlsèalgtmrsl cms kmens gne jmd÷e y/n mcgnfnc,
s`lehn cm pr`klrm mgt`v`hmh hlc hëm, ms`k`skn, lc plrsnemc hldl ut`c`zmr lqu`pn
hl prntlgg`÷e èh`v`humc mhlgumhn pmrm c`kp`lzm y hlsèalgg`÷e.
- C`kp`mr y hlsèalgtmr
hlsèalgtmr mc è
è`g`n
`g`n y mc tàr
tàrkèn
kèn hl cms cmdnrls tnhms cms suplra`g`ls
hl sus kmtlr`mcls y lqu`pns gne pmýn hl k`grna`drm n armelcm ut`c`zmehn
mcgnfnc `snprnpëc`gn, hltlroletl n c`kp`mhnr. Hldlríe ègcu`rsl tnhns cns
mgglsnr`ns gne cns qul guletme cns lqu`pns: Ccmvls, gnetrncls, kme`jms ltg.
=4
HL GMKRN
- Tlpmsmr cms su
suplra`g`ls
plra`g`ls hl gnetmgtn gne ue pmýn
pmýn hl
hl k`grna`drm
k`grna`drm y uem klzgcm
m dmsl hl mcgnfnc (?2%) y moum (72%), hlspuàs hl gmhm gmkd`n hl ud`gmg`÷e
y cms vlgls qul lc tàge`gn
t àge`gn lst`kl elglsmr`ms.
Wuklro`r lc pmýn n armelcm le cloëm n gcnrn, lsgurr`r y ar`gg`nemr cms

suplra`g`ls m hlsèalgtmr, hljmr slgmr cm suplra`g`l.
- Hl rlm
rlmc`zmr
c`zmr su cmdnr ggne
ne ntrn gnkpmýlrn n le dròmhm, sl lv
lv`tmrí
`tmrí le cn pns`dcl
pns`dcl
lc ètlrgmkd`n hl flrrmk`letms y kmtlr`mc hl trmdmjn, rlgulrhl s`lkprl
kmetlelr ue h`stmeg`mk`letn sng`mc hl =.< kltrns gnkn këe`kn le cm klh`hm
hl cn pns`dcl.
- Le gm
gmsn
sn h
hl
leen
n gn
gnetmr
etmr l
lee su knkletn ggne
ne m
mcgnfnc
cgnfnc `snprnpëc`gn pulhl usmr uem
uem
sncug`÷e hlsèalgtmetl
hlsèalgtmetl mctlrem: Gncngmr =22 kc hl F`pngcnr`tn
F`pngcnr`tn hl snh`n (cljëm
gnkúe) hl usn hnkàst`gn le =2 c`trns hl moum. Rmrm gmet`hmhls klenrls
usmr rlocm hl trls s`kpcl pmrm fmccmr cm prnpnrg`nemc`hmh mhlgumhm. Gnkn
èh`gmhnr sl kleg`nem qu qul
l uem tmp`tm h
hl
l armsgn hl cljëm hnkàst`gm (Gcnrnx,
Wmpnc`n, Còur`m, ltg.) lqu`vmcl m < kc.
- Cm gn
gnetmkèmg`÷e
etmkèmg`÷e hl su
suplra`g`ls
plra`g`ls y ndjltns ls u uem
em hl cms vëms
vëms kís arlguletls
hl trmesk`s`÷e hl cms èalgg`nels rlsp`rmtnr`ms (y kuy le lsplg`mc hlc Gnv`h-
=0). Wl rlgulrhm qul h`vlrsms suplra`g`ls hldle slr hlsèalgtmhms
rloucmrkletl pmrm kè`k`zmr lc r`lson hl trmesk`s`÷e pnr gnetmgtn:
knstrmhnrls, dmrmehms, p`gmpnrtls, t`kdrls, rljms, pulrtms, tlgcmhns,
pmetmccms hl v`sumc`zmg`÷e, tlcàanens a`jns, glcucmrls, ltg.
?.? KLH@HMW RMTM CM LJLG\G@×E HL CMW CMDNTLW HL GMKRN

(Gmrmgtlr`zmg`÷e, Hàus`÷e plrsnemc`zmhm, Lkpmhrnemk`letn, Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm,
(Gmrmgtlr`zmg`÷e,
Qulcn antnormkàtr`gn)
antnormkàtr`gn)
- Lc plrsnemc nplrmt`vn, slm tàge`gn, suplrv`snr u ntrn, hldlrí rlspltmr cm

mpc`gmg`÷e hl cms klh`hms vòletls h`gtmhms pnr cms mutnr`hmhls sme`tmr`ms,
msë gnkn hl cms sòu`letls rlgnklehmg`nels:
- Lc usn hl cm kmsgmr`ccm ls NDC@OMXNT@M y RLTKMELEXL pmrm cns tàge`gns
qul ljlgutme cmdnrls le gmkpn, hlshl cm smc`hm hl su fnomr, gmkèn mc puetn
hl trmdmjn, hurmetl lc hlsmrrnccn hl sus cmdnrls y culon hl tlrkèmr cms
k`skms.
- Cmvmrsl y/n hlsèalgtmrsl cms kmens. Fm

Fmglrcn
glrcn s`lkprl y cms vl
vlgls
gls qul slme
elglsmr`ms.
- Le su trmylgtn rlspltmr lc kltrn y klh`n hl h`stmeg`m (gnkn këe`kn)

letrl plrsnems.
- Cns vl
vlfëgucns
fëgucns le hnehl l
lcc plrsnem
plrsnemcc qul ljlgutm cmd
cmdnrls
nrls le gmkpn sne
trmespnrtmhns m sus hàlrletls hlstèns, hldle slr hlsèalgtmhns mc è`g`n y
tàrkèn hl cms cmdnrls y pmrm su usn sl hldlrí gnes`hlrmr lc <2% hl cm
gmpmg`hmh hl trmespnrtl.
=7
HL GMKRN
- W` hu
hurmetl
rmetl lc ljlrg`g`n hl sus cmdnrls sl leg
leguletrme
uletrme gne plrsnems gne rmsons
rmsons
n sòens hl slgrlg`nels, lstnreuhns, tns u ntrns sëetnkms hl lealrklhmh,
mkpc`mr cm h`stmeg`m m hns kltrns gnkn këe`kn y rltërlsl hlc cuomr,
lxpc`gmehn qul hldl gukpc`r cms èh`gmg`nels hlc prlsletl prntngncn hl
slour`hmh.
- Lv`tmr cm mocnklrmg`÷e hl p
plrsnems
lrsnems mc lalgtu
lalgtumr
mr su trmdmjn, h
hl
l en
en slr pns`dcl
pnrqul cms plrsnems sl mglrgme, slr a`rkl y lstmdclglr lc h`stmeg`mk`letn
sng`mc K@E@KN hl ue =.< kltrns.
k ltrns.
- W` le mcoúe knkletn hl sus tm

tmrlms
rlms lc plrsnemc qul ljlgutm
ljlgutm cmdnrls
cmdnrls l
le
e gmkpn
tnsl y/n lstnreuhm, prnglhm èklh`mtmkletl m c`kp`mr y m hlsèalgtmrsl cms
kmens gne mcgnfnc y hl slr pns`dcl gne moum y jmd÷e.
- \smr slrv`ccltm n pmplc hlslgfmdcl mc knkle

knkletn
tn hl momrrmr suplra`g`ls hl usn
púdc`gn gnkn pmsmkmens, lsgmclrms, dmrmehms, pulrtms, ltg.
- Hurmetl cm v`s`tm m cns prlh`ns, metls hl è`g`mr cm cmdnr hl rlgnjn hl

èanrkmg`÷e lc tàge`gn gmtmstrmc hldl hlsèalgtmrsl cms kmens gne mcgnfnc y
vlrà`gmr qul su kmsgmr`ccm
k msgmr`ccm sl leguletrl gnrrlgtmkletl gncngmhm.
- Lc plrsn
plrsnemc
emc qu
qul
l ljlg
ljlgutm
utm cmdn
cmdnrls
rls l
le
e gm
gmkpn
kpn vlrà`gmrí qul cm plrsnem
plrsnem n t`tucmr
gmtmstrmc qul drèhl cm èanrkmg`÷e tleom pulstm cm kmsgmr`ccm. Lc rlgnjn hl
èanrkmg`÷e slrí pnr gnetrnc lxtlren, lc tàge`gn gmtmstrmc
gmtmst rmc en hldl èorlsmr mc
prlh`n.
- Lc tàge`gn qul lljlgutm

jlgutm cmd
cmdnrls
nrls le gmkpn
gmkpn hldl prlpmrmr gne m met`g`pmg`÷e
et`g`pmg`÷e su
kmtlr`mc hl trmdmjn, hlsèalgtmehn cm k`gm pcíst`gm y lc tmdclrn mgrëc`gn hnehl
gncngmrí lc pcmen rlst`tu`hn (èanrkmg`÷e oría`gm hlc prlh`n) le lc gumc
vlrà`gmrí n gnkpclkletmrí cm èanrkmg`÷e.
- Hurmetl cm gnkue
gnkue`gmg`÷e
`gmg`÷e letrl l
lcc tàge`gn qul ljlgu
ljlgutm
tm cmd
cmdnrls
nrls le
le gm
gmkpn
kpn y lc
t`tucmr gmtmstrmc n plrsnem qul drèhl cm èanrkmg`÷e, ls elglsmr`n kmetlelr
uem h`stmeg`m hl pnr cn klens hns kltrns.
- Cm èanrkmg`÷e rlgno`hm le ggmkpn
mkpn sl rlo`strm le lc lc mpc`gmt`vn èanrkít`gn
ègnrpnrmhn le lc h`spns`t`vn lclgtr÷e`gn (Xmdclt n glcucmr) prlv`mkletl
hlsèalgtmhn, gne lc gumc rlmc`zm cms tnkms antnoría`gms hlc arletl hlc cntl y
hl cm hngukletmg`÷e qul lc t`tucmr gmtmstrmc n plrsnem qul drèhl cm
èanrkmg`÷e prlsletl pmrm lc cclemhn hl cm a`gfm gmtmstrmc.
gmtm strmc.
- W` lc tàge`gn qul ljlgutm cmdnrls le gmkpn sl leguletrm gne plrsnems qul

lstíe gukpc`lehn gumrletlem
gumrletlem pnr pns
pns`dcl
`dcl gnetmo`n, rlo`strmrí cm v`v`lehm le
–Ndslrvmg`nels‛
–Ndslrvmg`nels‛ y prnglhlrí m rlt`rmrsl hlc cuomr.
- W` lc plrsnemc qul ljlgutm cm

cmdnrls
dnrls hl gmkpn y o omdèltl
mdèltl prlsletm a`ldrl km
kmynr
ynr
hl 7?.< ², tns slgm n hà`guctmh pmrm rlsp`rmr ccmkmrí mc ==7 cëelm hlc K@EWM,
pmrm qul ue kàh`gn lvmcúl l èanrkl su gmsn. EN sl prlsletmrí m cmdnrmr y
gnkue`gmrí su lstmhn hl smcuh m su jlal èklh`mtn.
=8

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YLsgr`dm mquë[

Rrnglh`k`letn mhlgumhn le kmrgn hlc Lstmhn hl

A`rkmhn h`o`tmckletl pnr NC@QLTM

<. L]\@RMK@LEXN OEWW. .....................

=2.<. MELVN 2<: KNHLCN HL G\MHTN HL HMXNW XLGE@GNW ..................

Cm H`rlgg`÷e hl Gmtmstrn m trmvàs hl cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm,

Cm prlsletl ouëm lxpc`gm g÷kn ut`c`zmr gnrrlgtm y la`g`letlkletl cns W`stlkms hl

Lstns prnglh`k`letns sl fme lstmdclg`hn ut`c`zmehn gnkn rlalrleg`m cms

Ms`k`skn, le v`rtuh hlc gnkprnk`sn gne cm prntlgg`÷e hl cm smcuh hl cns

lstmdclg`hns pnr cm Wudh`rlgg`÷e hl Olnhls`m y Xnpnormaëm (WOX)

 Hla`e`r cms tàge`gms y pprnglh`k`letns

 Lstmdclglr cns prntngncns y klh`hms hl slour`hmh y smcuh le tnhns cns

7.=. CLP ]\L LWXMDCLGL KLH@H

Cly qul lstmdclgl klh`hms gnkpclkletmr`ms pmrm cm prnkng`÷e hlc

7.4. HLGTLXN CLO@WC MX@QN Eº =71<.

Hlgrltn Clo`scmt`vn qul lstmdclgl h`spns`g`nels pmrm lc hlsmrrnccn y

7.7. HLGTLXN W\RTLKN Eº 22=-4242-Q@Q@LE

Hlgrltn Wuprlkn qul hlgcmrm hl elgls`hmh púdc`gm y hl pr`nr`tmr`n `etlràs

7.8. TLOCMKLEXN HL NTOME@ZMG@×E P A\EG@NELW HLC

Mprndmhn pnr Hlgrltn Wuprlkn E² 24<-422?-Q@Q@LEHM, fmd`àehnsl

7.<. HLC @EWX@X\XN OLNOTÍA@GN EMG@NEMC (@OE).

d) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc Eº 261 ‗42==‗@OE/NMJ/HOG, lk`t`hn

n Znem hl prnylgg`÷e tlrrlstrl hlc tlrr`tnr`

l) Klh`metl Tlsncug`÷e Jlamturmc E² 2<?-42=1/@OE/\GGE, sl mpruldm

7.1. HLC W@WX

CLP E² 46408, Cly qul grlm lc W`stlkm Emg`nemc @etlormhn hl Gmtmstrn

X`lel gnkn ndjlt`vn lstmehmr`zmr cms kltnhncnoëms y prnglh`k`letns hlc

Ëtlk M.? (pío. =7):

Ls `eh`splesmdcl qul cns trmdmjns gmrtnoría`gns y olnoría`gns qul sl rlmc`gle le

\em pmrtl auehmkletmc hl lstm ou`m, ls cm hltlrk`emg`÷e hl cm pns`g`÷e hl

@est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc hlc Rlrú

@est`tutn hl @eanrkmg`÷e Lstmhëst`gm y Olnoría`gm hl Jmc`sgn

Lstmg`÷e dmsl n hl gnetrnc

@est`tutn Olnoría`gn Emg`nemc hlc Rlrú

T@ELV (Tlgl`vlr @ehlplehlet Lxgfmeol)

TXI (Tlmc X`kl I`elkmt`g)

Cms Na`g`ems Znemcls, ls prlg`sn qul cns trmdmjns gmrtnorí

Xnhns cns trmdmjns hl olnrrlalrleg`mg`÷e hldle lstmr rlalr`hns m cm Tlh

Cm Tlh Olnhàs`gm Rlrumem hl Kne`tnrln Gnet`eun (TLORKNG), ls ue gnejuetn

Ls `kpnrtmetl qul cns lsplg`mc`stms hl cm Na`g`em Znemc, hldme gnes`hlrmr lc

Lc`psn`hl : OTW62 Olnhlt`g Tlalrlegl Wystlk =062

Wlk` Ljl Klenr : 1 7<1 ?<4,7=8=8 kltrns

]ul, metl cm lx`stleg`m hl s`tumg`nels hl r`lson lclvmhn pmrm cm smcuh y cm v`hm

Lc plrsnemc hl olnhls`m hldl lstmr `kpclkletmhn gne `hlet`a`gmg`÷e y

<. L]\@RMK@LEXN OEWW.

A`ourm 4: Xr`pnhl hl mcuk`e`n

A`ourm 7: Dmsl E`vlcmetl (Xr`dmgf)

Gnestm hl cns s`ou`letls gnkpneletls:

A`ourm 1: Metlem Zlpfyr Knhlc 4

A`ourm ?: Metlem Zlpfyr Olnhlt`g 4

A`ourm 0: Tlglptnr/Metlem =422 Cl`gm

A`ourm 6: Tlglptnr T? OEWW Xr`kdcl

g. Xlrk`emc n Gnclgtnrsm OEWW:

A`ourm =2: Gnclgtnr XWG4 y XWG7

1. LWRLG@A@GMG@NELW XÀGE@GMW RMTM LC RNW@G@NEMK@LEXN

Gne lc ndjltn hl gnesnc`hmr ue kmrgn hl rlalrleg`m olnhàs`gn, tnhns cns trmdmjns

Rmrm cns prnylgtns hl gmtmstrn, cns puetns olnhàs`gns qul sl lstmdclglríe, sl

Lstl nrhle hldl hlst`emrsl mc lstmdclg`k`letn hl gnetrnc supclkletmr`n

Lstns puetns, en sne kneukletmhns y sl hlst`emrme m cns puetns hl

Wlrí ue puetn le lc tlrrlen, m kleuhn `eh`gmhn pnr uem slýmc, hnehl sl

?. RTNGLH@K@LEXNW HL NDWLTQMG@×E GNTTLWRNE

Ms`, pmrm cns prnylgtns gmrtnoría`gns hl hlsmrrnccn emg`nemc,

rlmc`zmehn ndslrvmg`nels hletrn hl uem a`ourm olnkàtr`gm g`rguesgr`tm (le cn