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Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Introduction To Law, 4th Edition: Joanne B. Hames All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Introduction To Law, 4th Edition: Joanne B. Hames All Chapter
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a. another term for precedent
b. another term for common law
c. the study of law
d. the study of the philosophy of law
3. The theory s based on the belief that laws are created by men and therefore subject to pitfalls
created by men.
a. state constitutions
b. U.S. Constitution
c. state statutes
d. state and federal case law
e. all of the above
6. A law that gives a person who is accused of burglary the right to a trial by jury is an
example of:
9. Juries in civil cases are different from juries in criminal cases in that
a. in a civil case the parties pay for the jury, whereas in a criminal case the state pays
b. the number of jurors who must agree before a verdict is reached is often different
c. jurors in a criminal case must be convinced of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt, whereas jurors in a civil case must usually be convinced by a preponderance of the
evidence
d. all of the above
e. none of the above, criminal and civil juries are not different
a. a fine
b. incarceration
c. probation
d. any of the above
e. none of the above, criminal and civil juries are not different
Answer Key
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False
7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. e 6. d
7. b 8. e 9. d 10. d
Chapter 2: The U.S. Legal System
True/False
1. Federalism means that two separate governments, state and federal, regulate citizens in the
United States.
2. In the area of criminal law, the powers of the federal government and state governments are
concurrent.
3. When a conflict between state and federal laws exists, federal law controls.
5. The U.S. Supreme Court has the power to declare state laws unconstitutional.
6. All case law originates with a factual controversy between two or more parties.
7. The concept of stare decisis prevents one Supreme Court from overruling decisions of prior
Supreme Courts.
8. Courts of appeals in the various states decide many cases that never become stare decisis.
9. When the President refuses to either sign or veto proposed legislation, the bill is automatically
vetoed.
10. Administrative regulations are laws passed by various governmental boards, departments,
commissions, and agencies.
Multiple Choice
a. preemption
b. jurisprudence
c. jurisdiction
d. supremacy
e. federalism
4. When both state and federal governments have the right to regulate an area, those governments
have:
a. exclusive jurisdiction
b. concurrent jurisdiction
c. original jurisdiction
d. bicameral legislatures
e. none of the above
a. executive
b. legislative
c. judicial
d. the president
e. none of the above
a. precedent
b. common law
c. statutory law
d. initiative
e. referendum
Answer Key
CHAPTER IX
Physiology
Production of the Current.—It is not at first sight obvious that the
lashing of flagella in chambers arranged as above described,
between an inhalant and an exhalant system of canals, will
necessarily produce a current passing inwards at the ostia and
outwards at the osculum. And the difficulty seems to be increased
when it is found[273] that the flagella in any one chamber do not
vibrate in concert, but that each keeps its own time. This, however, is
of less consequence than might seem to be the case. Two conditions
are essential to produce the observed results: (1) in order that the
water should escape at the mouth of the chamber there must be a
pressure within the chamber higher than that in the exhalant
passages; (2) in order that water may enter the chamber there must
be within it a pressure less than that in the inhalant passages. But
the pressure in the inhalant and exhalant passages is presumably
the same, at any rate before the current is started, therefore there
must be a difference of pressure within the chamber itself, and the
less pressure must be round the periphery. Such a distribution of
pressures would be set up if each flagellum caused a flow of water
directed away from its own cell and towards the centre of the
chamber; and this would be true whether the flagellum beats
synchronously with its fellows or not.
Canal systems of the second type show a double advance upon that
of the Ascons, namely, subdivision of the gastral cavity and much
greater length of the smooth walled exhalant passage. The
choanocytes have now a task more equal to their strength, and,
further, there is now a very great inequality between the total
sectional areas of the flagellated chambers and that of the oscular
tube.
It is manifest that the current is the bearer of the supply of food; but
it requires more care to discover (1) what is the nature of the food;
(2) by which of the cells bathed by the current the food is captured
and by which digested. The answer to the latter question has long
been sought by experimenters,[275] who supplied the living sponge
with finely powdered coloured matters, such as carmine, indigo,
charcoal, suspended in water. The results received conflicting
interpretations until it became recognised that it was essential to take
into account the length of time during which the sponge had been
fed before its tissues were subjected to microscopic examination.
Vosmaer and Pekelharing obtained the following facts: Spongilla
lacustris and Sycon ciliatum, when killed after feeding for from half
an hour to two hours with milk or carmine, contain these substances
in abundance in the bodies of the choanocytes and to a slight degree
in the deeper cells of the dermal tissue; after feeding for twenty-four
hours the proportions are reversed, and if a period of existence in
water uncharged with carmine intervenes between the long feed and
death then the chambers are completely free from carmine. These
are perhaps the most conclusive experiments yet described, and
they show that the choanocytes ingest solid particles and that the
amoeboid cells of the dermal layer receive the ingested matter from
them. In all probability it is fair to argue from these facts that solid
particles of matter suitable to form food for the sponge are similarly
dealt with by it and undergo digestion in the dermal cells.
The Hexactinellid curve (c) culminates on III., showing that the group
is characteristically deep water. That for Tetractinellida (d) reaches
its greatest height on II., i.e. between 51 and 200 fathoms. Even