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Chapter 1
6. In statistics, conducting a census means:

A) making decisions based on sample results
B) checking if a variable is qualitative or quantitative
C) collecting information from all members of the population
D) collecting a sample with replacement
Ans: C Difficulty level: low Objective: Define the term "census."
7. In statistics, a representative sample is a sample that:

A) contains the characteristics of the population as closely as possible
B) represents the results of a sample exactly
C) contains all people living in an area
D) contains elements collected with replacement
Ans: A Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain what constitutes a
representative sample from a population.
8. A random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

A) each member of the population has a 0.10 chance of being included in the sample
B) all elements of a population are included
C) some members of the population have no chance of being included in the sample
D) each member of the population has some chance of being included in the sample
Ans: D Difficulty level: low Objective: Differentiate between a random sample
and a nonrandom sample.
9. A simple random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

A) each member of the population has some chance of being included in the sample
B) every tenth element of an arranged population is included
C) each sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected
D) each member of the population has a 0.10 chance for being included in the sample
Ans: C Difficulty level: low Objective: Differentiate between a random sample
and a nonrandom sample.
10. A data set is a:

A) set of decisions made about the population
B) set of graphs and pictures
C) collection of observations on one or more variables
D) score collected from an element of the population
Ans: C Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain the meaning of a member,
variable, measurement, and data set with reference to given tabular information.
Page 2
Chapter 1
11. An observation is a:
A) graph observed for a data set
B) value of a variable for a single element
C) table prepared for a data set
D) sample observed from the population
Ans: B Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain the meaning of a member,
variable, measurement, and data set with reference to given tabular information.
12. A quantitative variable is the only type of variable that can:

A) assume numeric values for which arithmetic operations make sense
B) be graphed
C) be used to prepare tables
D) have no intermediate values
Ans: A Difficulty level: low Objective: Define the term "quantitative variable."
13. A discrete variable is a variable that can assume:

A) categorical values only C) an uncountable set of values
B) a countable set of values only D) non-numerical values
Ans: B Difficulty level: low Objective: Distinguish between discrete and
continuous variables.
14. A continuous variable is a variable that can assume:

A) categorical values only C) an uncountable set of values
B) a countable set of values only D) non-numerical values
Ans: C Difficulty level: low Objective: Distinguish between discrete and
continuous variables.
15. A qualitative variable is the only type of variable that:

A) can assume numerical values
B) cannot be graphed
C) can assume an uncountable set of values
D) cannot be measured numerically
Ans: D Difficulty level: low Objective: "Define the term ""qualitative (or
categorical) variable,"" providing practical examples."
16. Time-series data are collected:

A) on the same element for the same variable at different points in time
B) on a variable that involves time, e.g., minutes, hours, weeks, months, etc.
C) for a qualitative variable
D) on different elements for the same period of time
Ans: A Difficulty level: low Objective: Define the term "time-series" data.
Page 3
Chapter 1
17. Cross-section data are collected:

A) on the same variable for the same variable at different points in time
B) on different elements at the same point in time
C) for a qualitative variable
D) on different elements for the same variable for different periods of time
Ans: B Difficulty level: low Objective: Define the term "cross-section" data.
Use the following to answer questions 18-21:
The telephone bills for the past month for four families are $48, $65, $39, and $81.
18. The value of x is:

Ans: 233
Difficulty level: low Objective: Perform elementary computations involving sigma
notation and one variable.
19. The value of x 2

is:
Ans: 14,611
( x)
2
20. The value of is:
Ans: 52,900
21. The value of  ( x − 5) is:

Ans: 210
The test scores of five students are 85, 64, 95, 75, and 93.
22. The value of x is:

Ans: 412
Page 4
Chapter 1

is:
Ans: 34,620
( x)
2
24. The value of is:
Ans: 169,744
25. The value of  ( x −10) is:

Ans: 362
Consider the following five pairs of m and f values:
m f
6 3
9 5
7 5
13 6
7 8
26. The value of m is:

Ans: 42
27. The value of  mf is:

Ans: 232
notation and two variables.
28. The value of m 2

is:
Ans: 384
Page 5
Chapter 1
29. The value of f 2

is:
Ans: 159
30. The value of m 2

f is:
Ans: 2,164
31. The value of  mf 2

is:
Ans: 1,370
 ( m − 3)
2
32. The value of f is:
Ans: 1,015
Difficulty level: medium Objective: Summation notation
Consider the following six pairs of x and y values:
x y
8 10
11 16
15 20
5 7
20 28
21 21
33. The value of y is:

Ans: 102
34. The value of  xy is:

Ans: 1,592
Page 6
Chapter 1
35. The value of  xy 2

is:
Ans: 34,802

y is:
Ans: 27,712

is:
Ans: 1,374
38. The value of y 2

is:
Ans: 2,080
39. The value of  ( x − 2) 2

y is:
Ans: 24,101
Difficulty level: medium Objective: Perform elementary computations involving
sigma notation and one variable.
40. Whether or not a university's enrollment increased from last year to this year is an
example of qualitative or quantitative data?
Ans: Qualitative
Difficulty level: low Objective: Categorize variables as being quantitative or
qualitative.
41. Total insect population among 12 U.S. national parks in 2003 is an example of time-
series or cross-section data?
Ans: Cross-section
Difficulty level: low Objective: Categorize data as being cross-section data or time-
series data.
42. Is the variable "lengths of top-ten hit songs" discrete or continuous?

Ans: Continuous
Difficulty level: low Objective: Distinguish between discrete and continuous
variables.
Page 7
Chapter 1
43. A statistician wants to determine the average annual Gross National Product for countries
in Africa. He samples the 20 largest (in terms of population) African countries over 10
years, and gets their quarterly G.N.P results for each quarter of each year. The statistician
is criticized because the sample is not representative. Explain why.
Ans: The statistician took the 20 largest countries. I representative sample should
include some smaller countries also.
Difficulty level: medium Objective: Explain what constitutes a representative
sample from a population.
44. A statistician wants to determine the total annual medical costs incurred by all U.S. states
from 1981 to 2001 as a result of health problems related to smoking. She polls each of the
50 states annually to obtain health care expenditures, in dollars, on smoking-related
illnesses. Does this study constitute a survey or a census. Explain.
Ans: Census. She collected data from all 50 states in the population.
Difficulty level: medium Objective: Categorize data as being collected from a
population or a sample.
45. Classify the following as cross-section or time-series data.
Monthly telephone bill for each family in an apartments

complex.
Ans: Cross-section data
Difficulty level: medium Objective: Categorize data as being cross-section data or
time-series data.
46. Classify the variable as discrete or continuous.
Duration of your last 30 cell phone calls.

Ans: Continuous
variables.
47. The two types of variables are continuous and ______.

Ans: discrete
variables.
Page 8
Chapter 1
48. An independent group wants to determine if the consumption of gasoline has increased
due to changes in price. The group randomly selects 320 gas stations from 12 different
states and collects data from the month of the year when gas is the cheapest and from the
month of the year when gas is the most expensive. The data shows no significant
difference in gas consumption between the two months.
In this example, what is the variable being studied?

A) The 320 gas stations chosen. C) The consumption of gasoline.
B) The 12 different states. D) The price of gasoline.
Ans: C Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain what constitutes a variable in a
statistical study, identifying it in practical situations.
49. The Ohio lottery involves selecting 5 numbers from 5 different bins. This is an example
of sampling
A) with replacement. B) without replacement.
Ans: A Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain the difference between random
sampling with and without replacement.
50. The Megabucks lottery involves selecting 3 numbers from a single bin. This is an
example of sampling
A) with replacement. B) without replacement.
Ans: B Difficulty level: low Objective: Explain the difference between random
sampling with and without replacement.
Page 9
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Leaves folded upward, ovate or long-oval, peach-like, one and seven-
eighths inches across, five inches long, thin; upper surface smooth and
glossy, with a grooved midrib; lower surface sparingly pubescent; apex
acuminate, base abrupt, margin unevenly serrate, glandular; petiole one
inch long, slender, pubescent along one side, with a tinge of red, with from
one to five very small, globose, brownish glands usually on the stalk.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves,
thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white, with disagreeable odor; borne in
clusters on lateral buds and spurs, in threes, fours or fives; pedicels
fifteen-sixteenths inch long, very slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
greenish, narrowly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute,
erect, lightly pubescent within, serrate and with dark-colored glands;
petals ovate or oval, irregularly crenate, tapering into long, narrow claws
with hairy margins; anthers yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long;
pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit very late, season long; one and one-eighth inches by one inch in
size, roundish-ovate narrowing somewhat toward the stem, conical,
slightly compressed, halves equal; cavity medium to deep, narrow, abrupt;
suture usually very shallow and wide, often a distinct line; apex pointed;
color dark currant-red, with inconspicuous, thin bloom; dots numerous,
small to medium, conspicuous, densely clustered about the apex; stem
very slender, five-eighths inch long, glabrous, not adhering to the fruit; skin
thick, tough, clinging but slightly; flesh attractive light yellow; moderately
juicy, coarse, fibrous, rather tender, mildly sweet next the skin but
astringent towards the pit; fair to good; stone clinging, five-eighths inch by
three-eighths inch in size, long-oval, somewhat elongated at the base and
apex, turgid, with rough and pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, blunt,
faintly ridged; dorsal suture acute, with a narrow, indistinct groove.
WEAVER
Prunus americana
1. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 267. 1874. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1883. 3.
Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 268. 1885. 4. Minn. Sta. Bul. 5:36, 37 fig. 1889. 5.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:45, 86. 1892. 6. Can. Hort. 16:409, Pl. 1893. 7. Mich.
Sta. Bul. 123:21. 1895. 8. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 62. 1897. 9. Colo. Sta. Bul.
50:46. 1898. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:291. 1900. 11. Waugh Plum Cult. 166 fig.
1901. 12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 302. 1903. 13. Can. Exp. Farm
Bul. 43:32. 1903. 14. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:283. 1904. 15. S. Dak. Sta. Bul.
93:41. 1905.
Weaver is an old and well-known Americana, once one of the

most popular of its species because of its hardiness and
productiveness. It is still listed by many nurserymen and is widely
distributed throughout the country but it is now rapidly passing out of
cultivation, being superseded by sorts producing larger and better
colored fruits.
This variety was found growing wild on the Cedar River, in Iowa,
by a Mr. Weaver. In 1873, Ennis and Patten, Charles City, Iowa,
began its sale to fruit-growers. The American Pomological Society
placed the Weaver on its fruit catalog list in 1883, dropped it in 1891,
and replaced it in 1897. The following description is partly compiled.
Tree large, vigorous, well formed, upright-spreading, unusually hardy,

productive; branches long, slender; branchlets slender, long, with short
internodes, reddish-brown, glabrous, with numerous, conspicuous
lenticels of medium size; leaf-buds small, conical, of average length.
Leaves falling late, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, obovate or oval, firm, thick, leathery; upper surface dark
green, slightly roughened, glabrous, with narrow midrib; lower surface pale
green, pubescent on the midrib and larger veins; apex acuminate, base
somewhat acute, margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole five-eighths
inch long, stout, reddish, slightly pubescent along one side, usually with
two large, globose, reddish-brown glands on the stem.
Flowers large, prominently stalked; calyx-lobes conspicuously glandular,
lightly pubescent within.
Fruit mid-season or later; one inch by three-quarters inch in size, large
for a native, oval or roundish-oblong, compressed, halves unequal; cavity
medium to shallow, narrow, rather abrupt; suture shallow, distinct; apex
roundish or depressed; color not uniform, yellowish overlaid with purplish-
red, mottled, covered with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, often
purplish, inconspicuous; skin thick, very tough, astringent, adhering to the
pulp; flesh deep yellow, juicy, firm and meaty, sweet, mild; fair to good;
stone variable in adhesion, three-quarters inch by three-eighths inch in
size, long and narrow, somewhat oval, flattened, obscurely pointed at the
base and apex, smooth.
WHITE BULLACE
WHITE BULLACE
Prunus insititia
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Abercrombie Gard. Ass’t 13. 1786.
3. Forsyth Fr. Trees Am. 21. 1803. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 344. 1831. 5.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:105. 1832. 6. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 300,
383. 1846. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 385. 1866. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 952.
1869. 9. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 4:160, 161 fig. 960. 1901. 10. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 481. 1904.
Bullace 5. Bullace 7. White Bulleis 1.
The origin of this old sort is unknown. It was cultivated more than
three hundred years ago for Parkinson described it as common in his
time. He says of it “The White and the blacke Bulleis are common in
most Countries, being small round, lesser than Damsons, sharper in
taste, and later ripe.” It is probably one of the first of the cultivated
plums. White Bullace is illustrated and described in full in The Plums
of New York chiefly as a means of comparison between the plums of
three centuries ago and those of the present. It has little value now
for any purpose, though the Europeans still grow it rather commonly
and from seeds, cions or suckers as convenience may dictate.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy,

unproductive; branches ash-gray, nearly smooth, with numerous, small,
inconspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, above medium in length, with
short internodes, greenish-red changing to dark brownish-red, dull, with
thick pubescence throughout the season, with few, small lenticels; leaf-
buds small, short, stubby, obtuse, strongly appressed.
Leaves flattened, obovate, one and five-eighths inches wide, two and
three-eighths inches long, thick; upper surface dark green, rugose, with
few hairs along the narrow, grooved midrib; lower surface silvery green,
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or acute, base acute, margin doubly
serrate, eglandular; petiole one-half inch long, green, pubescent,
glandless or with one or two small, globose, greenish-yellow glands
variable in position.
Blooming season medium to late, of average length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, three-quarters inch across, white, scattered on lateral
spurs; usually borne singly; pedicels one-quarter inch long, thick, densely
covered with short hairs, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, lightly pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-
serrate, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with short, broad claws; anthers
yellow with red tinge; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous,
nearly equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit late, ripening season of medium length; about one inch in
diameter, roundish, compressed, truncate at the base; cavity rather deep
and wide, abrupt; suture a line; apex flattened or depressed; color deep
amber-yellow, sometimes with faint pink blush on the exposed cheek,
overspread with moderately thick bloom; dots numerous, white,
inconspicuous; stem one-half inch long, covered with scant pubescence,
adhering strongly to the fruit; skin thin, astringent, slightly adhering; flesh
deep golden-yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, firm, sour; poor in quality; stone
clinging, five-eighths inch by one-half inch in size, ovate, turgid, blunt at
the base, acute at the apex, slightly roughened; ventral suture broad,
blunt, shallowly furrowed; dorsal suture with a wide, shallow groove.
WHITE DAMSON
Prunus insititia
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 578. 1629. 2. Quintinye Com. Gard. 67, 69. 1699.
3. M’Mahon Am. Gard. Cal. 588. 1806. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 238, fig. 15.
1817. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 146. 1831. 6. Prince Pom. Man. 2:88. 1832.
7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 287. 1845. 8. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard.
300. 1846. 9. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 334. 1849. 10. Elliott Fr. Book 430.
1854. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 190, 214. 1856. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 385.
1866. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 952. 1869. 14. Waugh Plum Cult. 131.
1901.
Frost Plum 6, 13. Late Cluster 6, 13. Late White Damson 6. Late Yellow
Damson 7, 9, 10, 13. Shailer’s White Damson 7, 10, 12, 13. Shailer’s
White Damson 5. Small Round Damson 5. White Damascene 4. White
Damascene 6, 7, 10, 13. White Damask 2. White Damson 6. White Prune
Damson 7, 8, 10, 13. White Winter Damson 6, 13. White Winter Damson
3. Winter Damson 6. Yellow Damson 9.
This old plum, known since the beginning of the Seventeenth

Century, is chiefly of historic interest. Downing thought this a very
desirable addition to our list of plums but nearly all other pomologists
who have seen the fruit of the variety think it of small importance.
Unfortunately it is not in the collection at this Station and can be
neither recommended nor condemned from first hand knowledge.
This plum was first noted in America by M’Mahon in 1806, and fifty
years later it was added to the American Pomological Society list of
promising varieties. For some reason, perhaps for its color, it has
never become so well known as the purple Damsons. Perhaps from
the division of Prunus insititia made in The Plums of New York, this
variety should be known as a Mirabelle rather than as a Damson.
The following description is a compilation:
Tree vigorous, very productive; branches long, slender. Fruit matures

the last of September, season long; small, oval, pale yellow sprinkled with
reddish-brown dots, covered with thin bloom; flesh yellowish, sprightly,
pleasant flavored; good to very good; stone clinging.
WHITE IMPERATRICE
Prunus domestica
1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:33, Tab. 181 fig. 2; 2:44, Tab. 197 fig. 2. 1796. 2.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:106. 1768. 3. Pom. Mag. 1:38, Pl. 1828. 4.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:61. 1832. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 285. 1845. 6.
Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 300, 383. 1846. 7. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1.
1846. 8. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 329. 1849. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 730. 1884.
10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 454. 1889.
Die Weisse Kaiserpflaume 3, 4, 6, 10 incor. Die Weisse Kaiserpflaume
1. Die Weisse Kaiserinnpflaume 1. Imperatrice Blanche 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,
9, 10. The White Imperatrice Plum 3. Prune Imperatrice Blanche 7. White
Imperatrice 3, 10. White Empress 5, 8, 10. Weisse Kaiserpflaume 10.
Kraft in his Pomona Austriaca, 1796, described a Weisse

Kaiserpflaume and a Weisse Kaiserinnpflaume and gave Imperatrice
Blanche as a synonym to both of them. The latter he gave as a
variety of the Weisse Kaiserpflaume but it is probable that they are
the same since no other author noted the distinction, and, in fact, the
differences mentioned are wholly insignificant. According to Downing
this variety was little known in this country in 1845 and it is doubtful if
it is now known at all. It is described as follows:
Compared with the Saint Catherine, which it resembles, it is found to
differ in that its stone is free and its flavor less high; branches smooth;
leaves smaller and less shining; fruit matures in September; of medium
size, obovate; suture indistinct; cavity narrow; skin yellow, spotted with a
little red; bloom thin; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet.
WHITE PERDRIGON
Prunus domestica
1. Rea Flora 208. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 92, 93, Pl. XXIII figs. V &
VI. 1729. 3. Miller Gard. Dict. 3. 1754. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:84, Pl.
VIII. 1768. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:41, Tab. 193 fig. 1. 1796. 6. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 151. 1831. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:52, 64. 1832. 8. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 287. 1845. 9. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 298, 301, 383.
1846. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 386. 1866. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 454. 1889.
Brignolle 11. Brignole 6, 8, 10, 11. Die weisse Duranzen pflaume 5.
Diaprée Blanche 11. Maître Claude 2, 3, 7, 9. Perdrigon blanc 4.
Perdrigon blanc 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Maître Claude 8, 10, 11. Weisser
Perdrigon 11. Weisse Diaprée 11. Weisses Rebhuhnerei 11. Prune-Pêche
(of some) 11. White Perdrigon 11.
White Perdrigon is an old French variety grown extensively in the

vicinity of Brignoles, France where it is used in the manufacture of
the famous Brignoles Prunes. Because of its use for this purpose, it
has been badly confused with a similar variety, the Brignole, which
derived its name from the town of Brignoles, where it was first grown.
The variety is probably not known in America and might be worth
introducing. It is described as follows:
The White Perdrigon is a mid-season, medium-sized, oval plum,

tapering slightly towards the base; suture shallow; cavity small; stem
slender; skin rather tough, pale yellow, with thin bloom; dots numerous,
small, whitish; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good;
stone small, long-oval, free.
WICKSON
WICKSON
Prunus triflora × Prunus simonii
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Burbank Cat. 21 fig. 1893. 3. Gard. &

For. 7:420. 1894. 4. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:63. 1896. 5. Cal. State Bd. Hort.
53. 1897-8. 6. Cornell Sta. Bul. 139:46 fig. 120. 1897. 7. Can. Hort. 21:30
fig. 1272. 1898. 8. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:229. 1899. 9. Cornell Sta. Bul.
175:148, 149 fig. 38. 1899. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 41. 1899. 11. Kan.
Sta. Bul. 101:125. 1901. 12. Mich. Sta. Bul. 187:77, 80. 1901. 13. Waugh
Plum Cult. 227. 1901. 14. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 387. 1901. 15. Ga. Sta. Bul.
68:13, Pl. IV, 37. 1905. 16. Md. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 85. 1905. 17. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. on Plums etc. 65. 1905.
Eureka 5. Perfection 1, 2. Perfection 4, 14.
It is difficult to estimate the value of Wickson in American

pomology. Probably no plum of recent introduction has been on the
one hand so highly lauded and on the other so condemned as this
one. Its remarkable size, the largest of the Oriental plums if not the
largest of all plums; its handsome color and distinct form; the firm
flesh and peculiar flavor, generally considered pleasant; the narrow
upright tree with its long lanceolate leaves, mark the variety as a new
and for some parts of the country a valuable addition to pomology.
The contradictory evidence as to its desirability arises from the fact
that it can be well grown in comparatively few plum-growing regions,
most of these being on the Pacific Coast and in the South. In New
York, the Wickson has small value other than in private collections.
The variety is a little tender in tree and bud, hardy only in favored
parts of this State and not at all where the peach cannot be grown; it
blooms too early to be safe from frost; it is susceptible to brown-rot;
the trees are late in coming in bearing and are not reliable in fruiting;
the fruits ripen unevenly; and the trees are not of good form for
heavy crops. In California, however, the Wickson is one of the
leading Japanese sorts, possibly the leading one, and is seemingly
growing in favor. Starnes, one of the pomological authorities of the
South, in his bulletin on Japan and Hybrid Plums, speaks of Wickson
as a “grand plum” and as one of the best for Georgia. It is to be
hoped that from the same cross which produced Wickson or from
breeding this variety with some other, a plum of this type well suited
to New York may sometime be offered the plum-growers of this
State.
Wickson is one of the best known of Burbank’s many plums. The
variety was first described in the report of the Secretary of
Agriculture in 1892 under the name Perfection and as a seedling of
Kelsey crossed by Burbank. In 1893 and 1894 Burbank offered for
sale the control and the stock of this variety but found no buyers and
in 1895 introduced it himself. The parentage of the variety is in
doubt. Burbank considered it a Kelsey-Burbank cross; the Pacific
Rural Press described it as offspring of Kelsey and Satsuma; Bailey,
Waugh and the workers at this Station believe it to have Prunus
simonii characters. The foliage, flowers, the tree, the fruiting habit,
the texture of the flesh, all indicate Simon as one of its parents.
According to the report of the Secretary of the California State Board
of Horticulture shipments of this plum were made to New York in the
season of 1897 under the name of Eureka. In 1899 it was placed on
the fruit catalog list of the American Pomological Society.
Tree medium to large, vigorous, with narrow, upright head, dense-

topped, tender to cold, an uncertain bearer; branches medium in
smoothness, the fruit-spurs numerous, dark ash-gray with tinge of brown,
with lenticels of medium size; branchlets thick and long, with short
internodes, greenish-red changing to light chocolate-brown, glossy,
glabrous; lenticels numerous, raised, variable in size; leaf-buds small,
short, obtuse, free.
Leaves folded upward, lanceolate or oblanceolate, one inch wide, three
inches long, thin; upper surface dark green, glossy, glabrous, with a
slightly grooved midrib; lower surface pale green, glabrous, except along
the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base cuneate, margin finely serrate, with
reddish glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, lightly pubescent along
one side, faintly tinged red, glandless or with from one to nine small,
reniform, greenish or yellow glands variable in position.
Blooming season early and of medium length; flowers appearing after
the leaves, intermediate in size, white; borne in clusters on lateral spurs, in
pairs or in threes; pedicels of medium length and thickness, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, erect,
glandular-ciliate; petals oval, entire, short-clawed; anthers yellowish;
filaments below medium in length; pistil glabrous, longer than the
stamens.
Fruit early mid-season, period of ripening long; variable in size, the
larger fruits about two and one-eighth inches in diameter, obliquely
cordate, halves unequal; cavity deep, abrupt, with yellowish concentric
rings; suture often prominent and deep, with a prolonged tip at the apex;
color dark red over a yellow ground, indistinctly splashed with darker red,
mottled with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, yellow, inconspicuous,
densely clustered about the apex; stem thick, eleven-sixteenths inch long,
glabrous; skin thin, tender, separating easily; flesh amber-yellow, juicy,
coarse, somewhat fibrous, firm, sweet, pleasant but not high in flavor;
good; stone clinging, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval or ovate,
pointed, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture winged; dorsal suture grooved.
WILD GOOSE
WILD GOOSE
Prunus munsoniana
1. Gard. Mon. 9:105. 1867. 2. Am. Jour. Hort. 5:147. 1869. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 60. 1869. 4. Am. Hort. An. 78. 1870. 5. Country Gent. 35:166.
1870. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 116. 1871. 7. Ibid. 44. 1875. 8. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 36. 1875. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 152, 153, 154. 1883. 10.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 454. 1889. 11. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:51, fig. 3, 86.
1892. 12. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:482, fig. 4. 1894. 13. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 10:99,
104. 1897. 14. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 63 fig. 31. 1897. 15. Ala. Col. Sta. Bul.
112:178. 1900. 16. Waugh Plum Cult. 189, 190. 1901. 17. Ga. Sta. Bul.
67:284. 1904. 18. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:42. 1905. 19. Ohio Sta. Bul.
162:258. 1905.
Nolen Plum 10. Suwanee 9. Suwanee ?16.
Wild Goose is the first of the native plums to be generally grown

as a distinct variety though Miner was first known and named. Wild
Goose, too, is probably a parent of more sorts than any other variety
of the several cultivated native species, most of its offspring so
strongly resembling it that its name has been given to a group of its
closely related sorts. In spite of the great number of native plums
that have been introduced in recent years, Wild Goose is still a
favorite—probably more trees of it are now cultivated than of any
other native plum. Its good qualities are: bright attractive color;
tender and melting flesh with a sprightly and refreshing flavor; a
tough skin which fits the variety well for shipment and long-keeping;
comparative freedom from brown-rot and curculio and a large, hardy,
healthy and, when cross-pollinated, a very productive tree. Wild
Goose has been more extensively planted in New York than any
other plum of its kind and in a few cases has proved a fairly
profitable commercial sort. It is doubtful if it is now the best of its
species for this State but it can at least be recommended for home
plantings and in some localities as a market plum. Wherever planted
there should be some other native sort blooming at the same time for
cross-pollination.
The following account of the origin of this variety, more romantic
than credible, is told with several variations. About 1820, M. E.
McCance, who lived near Nashville, Tennessee, shot a wild goose
on his farm; his wife, in dressing the goose, found a plum seed in the
craw, which, planted in the garden, produced the Wild Goose tree.
The merits of the new fruit seem to have been discovered by J. S.
Downer, Fairview, Kentucky, and James Harvey of Columbia,
Tennessee. The former propagated, named and began the
dissemination of Wild Goose to fruit-growers. Many varieties have
been sent out for this plum and much confusion has arisen as to
what the true variety is. Since the characters of Wild Goose, even
when cross-pollinated, are transmitted to its offspring to a
remarkable degree, the name now applies to a class of plums rather
than to a variety. The American Pomological Society placed this
variety on the fruit catalog list of the Society in 1875, dropped it in
1891, and replaced it in 1897.
Tree very large and vigorous, wide-spreading, flat-topped, hardy in New

York, productive; branches rough and shaggy, dark ash-gray, with
numerous, large, elongated lenticels; branchlets slender, long, with
internodes of medium length, greenish-red changing to dull reddish-brown,
glossy, glabrous, with many, conspicuous, large, raised lenticels; leaf-buds
small, short, obtuse, free.
Leaves folded upward, lanceolate, peach-like, four and one-quarter
inches long, one and one-half inches wide, thin; upper surface light or dark
green changing to reddish late in the season, smooth, glabrous, with a
grooved midrib; lower surface pale green, glabrous except along the
midrib and larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt, margin finely
serrate, with small, reddish-black glands; petiole five-eighths inch long,
slender, pubescent along one side, tinged red, glandless or with from one
to six globose, yellow or reddish-brown glands on the stalk and base of
the leaf.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves,
three-quarters inch across, white, with disagreeable odor; borne in
clusters on lateral buds and spurs, in threes or fours; pedicels five-eighths
inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, narrowly
campanulate; calyx-lobes narrow, glabrous on the outer surface, lightly
pubescent within, entire, heavily pubescent and with reddish glands on the
margin, erect; petals ovate, entire, long and narrowly clawed; anthers
yellow, with a tinge of red; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit very early, season of medium length; one and three-eighths inches
by one and three-sixteenths inches in size, oval, halves equal; cavity
small, narrow, shallow, rather abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex
roundish or pointed; color bright red, with thin bloom; dots few in number,
light russet, somewhat conspicuous, clustered about the apex; the stem
attached to a stem-like growth from the fruit-spurs gives the appearance
on the tree of a jointed stem, very slender, three-quarters inch long,
glabrous, not adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, slightly astringent,
separating readily; flesh yellowish, very juicy and fibrous, tender and
melting, sweet next the skin but sour at the center, sprightly; fair to good;
stone adhering, seven-eighths inch by three-eighths inch in size, long and
narrow-oval, flattened, slightly necked at the base, acute at the apex,
roughened; ventral suture wide, blunt, ridged; dorsal suture acute or with a
shallow, indistinct groove.
WILLARD
Prunus triflora
1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 81. 1893. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:31. 1894. 3.
Ibid. 106:64. 1896. 4. Ibid. 131:194. 1897. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26.
1897. 6. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:42, 43. 1899. 7. Cornell Sta. Bul. 175:134 fig.
27. 1899. 8. Rural N. Y. 57:515, 530, 595. 1898. 9. Waugh Plum Cult. 140.
1901. 10. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:33. 1905. 11. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 420. 1905.
Botan No. 26 2, 3, 9. Botan 1. Botan No. 26 1. Willard Plum 1. Willard
Japan 8.
Willard is about the earliest of the Triflora plums that can be

shipped to the markets. When this is said all is said; as the variety
has little else to recommend it, being very inferior in quality and
having a reputation of being subject to shot-hole fungus. S. D.
Willard, Geneva, New York, procured cions of this variety from
California about 1888 from an importation made by Burbank from
Japan. According to Willard, the plum was received under the name
Botan and he labelled it No. 26 to avoid confusion; in 1893, it was
named Willard by W. F. Heikes of the Huntsville Nurseries,
Huntsville, Alabama. The American Pomological Society placed the
variety on its fruit catalog list in 1897.
Tree medium to large, vigorous, vasiform, productive; leaves falling

early, folded upward, oblanceolate, one and three-eighths inches wide,
three and three-quarters inches long, thin, glabrous; margin finely and
doubly serrate, with very small glands; petiole three-quarters inch long,
with from one to five reniform glands usually on the stalk.
Fruit early, of medium size, roundish or somewhat oblong, blunt at the
apex, dark red when well grown, covered with thick bloom; stem short,
thick, adhering poorly to the fruit; skin sour; flesh greenish-yellow, rather
firm, sweet, low in flavor; poor in quality; stone variable in adhesion, of
medium size.
WOLF
WOLF
Prunus americana mollis
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 367. 1883. 2. Rural N. Y. 44:645. 1885. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1889. 4. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:45 fig. 2, 87. 1892. 5.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:54. 1895. 6. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 64. 1897. 7. Colo.
Sta. Bul. 50:47. 1898. 8. Waugh Plum Cult. 167. 1901. 9. Ga. Sta. Bul.
67:284 fig. 1904. 10. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:42. 1905. 11. Ia. Sta. Bul.
114:148 fig. 1910.
Wolf Free 4, 6. Wolf Freestone 11.
Wolf has long maintained a high place among the standard

Americana plums, with which it is usually classed though put in a
sub-species, and from which it differs chiefly in having much more
pubescence on foliage, floral organs and branchlets. It is noted for its
great hardiness, reliability in bearing, attractive and well-flavored
fruits and in being one of the few freestones of its kind. This plum is
remarkably well adapted for the northern part of the Mississippi
Valley and there alone it is worth planting extensively. In New York it
might prove valuable in the coldest parts of the State where the
Domesticas and Insititias cannot be grown.
This variety was raised from a pit of a wild plum planted on the
farm of D. B. Wolf, Wapello County, Iowa, about 1852. Professor J.
L. Budd of the Iowa Agricultural College stated in 1885 that for over
a quarter of a century the original tree had not failed to produce a
partial or large crop annually on the grounds of the originator. A
spurious clingstone type of the Wolf has been propagated in some
nurseries but this false plum is readily distinguished from the true
freestone type. The variety was added to the American Pomological
Society fruit catalog list in 1889, dropped in 1891, and replaced in
1897.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, low, and open-topped, hardy,

productive, healthy; branches rough and shaggy, thorny, dark ash-gray,
with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets somewhat slender, short,
twiggy, with internodes below medium in length, green changing to dull
brownish-drab, overspread with thick pubescence, with numerous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds very small, short, conical, strongly appressed.
Leaves falling early, oval, one and seven-eighths inches wide, three and
seven-eighths inches long, thin; upper surface medium green, lightly
pubescent, with a narrow groove on the midrib; lower surface silvery-
green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, margin coarsely and doubly
serrate, eglandular; petiole one-half inch long, velvety, tinged red,
glandless or with one or two small, globose, yellowish glands on the stalk
or base of the leaf.
Blooming season of average length, late; flowers opening after the
leaves, one inch across, the buds tinged yellow changing to white as the
flowers expand; borne on lateral buds and spurs; pedicels nine-sixteenths
inch long, thickly pubescent, green; calyx-tube greenish-red, campanulate,
covered with short, fine pubescence; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, heavily
pubescent on both surfaces, with few marginal glands, reflexed; petals
inclined to curl, long-oval, fringed, long and narrowly clawed; anthers
yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil sparingly hairy on the
ovary, equal to or shorter than the stamens, frequently defective.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; less than one inch in diameter,
roundish-oval or somewhat obovate, compressed, halves equal; cavity
frequently yellowish, shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex
roundish or flattened; color dull crimson, thickly mottled, overspread with
thick bloom; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem slender,
glabrous, adhering poorly to the fruit; skin thick, tough, slightly roughened,
astringent, adhering; flesh golden-yellow, very juicy, fibrous, tender and
melting, sweet next the skin, but astringent toward the center; fair to good;
stone semi-free to free, five-eighths inch by three-eighths inch in size,
roundish-obovate, tapering at the base, blunt at the apex, with smooth
surfaces; ventral suture winged; dorsal suture acute, or with a faint,
narrow groove.
WOOD
WOOD
Prunus americana
1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 60. 1894. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:64. 1897. 3. Minn.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 433. 1898. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 168. 1901.

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Test Bank for Introductory Statistics 9th

Solution Manual for Introductory Statistics 9th by Mann

Test Bank for Introductory Statistics, 9th Edition,

Test Bank for Introductory Statistics, 9/E 9th Edition

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Using R for Introductory Statistics 2nd Verzani

6. In statistics, conducting a census means:

7. In statistics, a representative sample is a sample that:

8. A random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

9. A simple random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

10. A data set is a:

12. A quantitative variable is the only type of variable that can:

13. A discrete variable is a variable that can assume:

14. A continuous variable is a variable that can assume:

15. A qualitative variable is the only type of variable that:

16. Time-series data are collected:

17. Cross-section data are collected:

Use the following to answer questions 18-21:

18. The value of x is:

19. The value of x 2

21. The value of  ( x − 5) is:

Use the following to answer questions 22-25:

22. The value of x is:

23. The value of x 2

25. The value of  ( x −10) is:

Use the following to answer questions 26-32:

Consider the following five pairs of m and f values:

26. The value of m is:

27. The value of  mf is:

28. The value of m 2

29. The value of f 2

30. The value of m 2

31. The value of  mf 2

Use the following to answer questions 33-39:

Consider the following six pairs of x and y values:

33. The value of y is:

34. The value of  xy is:

35. The value of  xy 2

36. The value of x 2

37. The value of x 2

38. The value of y 2

39. The value of  ( x − 2) 2

42. Is the variable "lengths of top-ten hit songs" discrete or continuous?

45. Classify the following as cross-section or time-series data.

Monthly telephone bill for each family in an apartments

46. Classify the variable as discrete or continuous.

Duration of your last 30 cell phone calls.

47. The two types of variables are continuous and ______.

In this example, what is the variable being studied?

Weaver is an old and well-known Americana, once one of the

Tree large, vigorous, well formed, upright-spreading, unusually hardy,

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy,

This old plum, known since the beginning of the Seventeenth

Tree vigorous, very productive; branches long, slender. Fruit matures

Kraft in his Pomona Austriaca, 1796, described a Weisse

White Perdrigon is an old French variety grown extensively in the

The White Perdrigon is a mid-season, medium-sized, oval plum,

Prunus triflora × Prunus simonii

1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Burbank Cat. 21 fig. 1893. 3. Gard. &

It is difficult to estimate the value of Wickson in American