Medical Electronics (BME356 )

Chapter 1:Review of Electronics I

Dr. Qasem Qananwah

Important note: Some of the images are taken from the text book (by Boylestade and Donald Neamen)
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology

PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE DEVICES

In a passive electrical device, the time average power delivered to the device over an infinite
time period is always greater than or equal to zero. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors, are
examples of passive devices.
Active devices, such as dc power supplies, batteries, and ac signal generators, are capable of
supplying particular types of power. Transistors are also considered to be active devices in that
they are capable of supplying more signal power to a load than they receive

DISCRETE vs. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Discrete Circuits are circuits that contain discrete components, such as resistors, capacitors,
and transistors.
Integrated Circuits are an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting
material, which performs the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete
components.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology

ANALOG VS. DISCRETE SIGNALS

(a) analog signal versus time (b) Discrete signal versus time

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology

Summary of notation

vBE=VBE+vbe=VBE+VMcos(ωt +φm)

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
Semiconductor Materials

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
Semiconductor Materials

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
Semiconductor Materials

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
Semiconductor Materials

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
Semiconductor Materials

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
1. Typical pn Diode
Diode Applications: depends on types of sources
1. AC source (Large Signal)
2. DC Source
3. AC+DC sources (Small Signal)

Diode Symbol

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Definitions and Terminology
1. Typical pn Diode

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications
DC Source: DC analysis and models

(a) in the “on” condition when VD≥Vγ,

(b) in the “off’ condition when VD<Vγ,
(c) piecewise linear approximation when rf =0. When rf =0, the voltage across the diode is a
constant at VD=Vγ when the diode is conducting.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications
DC Source: DC analysis and models

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit

(a) Model circuit of diode in forward (b) Complete model circuit

The parameters gd and rd, respectively, are the diode small-signal
incremental conductance and resistance, also called the diffusion
conductance and diffusion resistance.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications
AC Signal as input source applications
a. Rectifier :

Half-Wave Rectification
Full-Wave Rectification

DC Defibrillator
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications

b. Clipper

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
1. Typical pn Diode Applications

c. Clamper

Voltage Doubler: used in pacemaker

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
2. Solar Cell Applications
A solar cell is a diode, and any diode can in principle generate electricity
from light. It is a pn junction device with no voltage directly applied across
the junction. The pn junction converts solar energy into electrical energy.
When light hits the space-charge region, electrons and holes are generated.

A pn junction solar cell connected to load

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
2. Solar Cell Applications

The conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials is

called Photovoltaics (PV) or photovoltaic effect. The word Photovoltaic
is a combination of the Greek word for Light and the name of the
physicist Allesandro Volta discovered in 1839.

This photoelectric effect describes the release of positive and negative

charge carriers in a solid state when light strikes its surface. There is no
biasing requirement for the device to work (zero biasing)

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
2. Solar Cell Applications
Solar cells are composed of various
semiconducting materials.

Semiconductors become electrically

conductive when supplied with light
or heat.

Over 95% of all the solar cells are

composed of the Si.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
2. Solar Cell Applications
o The output power of a solar cell
Characteristics of a Solar Cell
is temperature dependent.

o Higher cell temperatures lead to

lower output, and hence to lower
efficiency.

o Efficiency indicates how much of

the radiated quantity of light is
converted into useable electrical
energy.
Today on the order of 15-25%

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
3. Photodiode Applications
Photodiodes are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals.
It works exactly like the solar cell when it has zero biasing (photovoltaic
mode). An example is the photodiode, which is similar to a solar cell except
that the pn junction is operated with a reverse-bias voltage

Iout
K
IPD Diode IDark
PD Cj
RShunt

Symbol of the PD Equivalent circuit of PD Transimpedance Amplifier CRT

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
3. Photodiode Applications
Photodiodes can be operated in different modes:
• Photovoltaic mode – Also known as zero bias mode
• Photoconductive mode - The diode used in this mode is more commonly
reverse biased ie the cathode becomes positive with respect to the
anode.
• Avalanche diode mode - Avalanche photodiodes are operated in a high
reverse bias condition, which allow multiplication of an avalanche
breakdown to each photo-generated electron-hole pair. This results in
internal gain within the photodiode, which gradually increases the
responsivity of the device I
K
out

IPD Diode IDark

Cj
RShunt
Iout=Idark+IPD
A

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
Applications
3. Photodiode: Responsivity
The responsivity of silicon photodiode is a measure of sensitivity to light. It
is defined as ratio of photocurrent (Ip) to incident light power P at given
wavelength,

In other words, it is measure of the effectiveness of conversion of light

power into electric current. It varies with the wavelength of incident
light, applied reverse bias and temperature.
h=6.62606957 × 10−34
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
Applications
3. Photodiode: Responsivity

Responsivity of a black silicon

Responsivity photodiodes photodetector as compared to
commercial silicon, germanium
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
3. Photodiode: datasheet Applications

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
3. Photodiode: datasheet Applications

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. Light-Emitting Diode Applications

The light-emitting diode (LED) converts

current to light. when a forward-bias
voltage is applied across a pn junction,
electrons and holes flow across the space-
charge region and become excess minority Symbol of the LED
carriers. where they recombine with
majority carriers, and the recombination
can result in the emission of a photon.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. Light-Emitting Diode Applications

When a light-emitting diode is forward

biased, electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence

and the color of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. Light-Emitting Diode Applications

UV – AlGaN
Blue – GaN, InGaN
Red, green – GaP
Red, yellow – GaAsP
IR- GaAs
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. LED: Colors Applications
Color Wavelength (nm) Voltage (V) Semiconductor Material
Infrared λ > 760 ΔV < 1.9 Gallium arsenide (GaAs) Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)

Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium

Red 610 < λ < 760 1.63 < ΔV < 2.03
gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide

Orange 590 < λ < 610 2.03 < ΔV < 2.10
(AlGaInP)Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP)

Yellow 570 < λ < 590 2.10 < ΔV < 2.18
Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) / Gallium(III) nitride (GaN) Gallium(III) phosphide

Green 500 < λ < 570 1.9 < ΔV < 4.0
(GaP)Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP)

Zinc selenide (ZnSe), Indium gallium nitride (InGaN), Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate,
Blue 450 < λ < 500 2.48 < ΔV < 3.7
Silicon (Si)

Violet 400 < λ < 450 2.76 < ΔV < 4.0 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)

Purple multiple types 2.48 < ΔV < 3.7 Dual blue/red LEDs,blue with red phosphor,or white with purple plastic

diamond (235 nm), Boron nitride (215 nm) , Aluminium nitride (AlN) (210 nm) Aluminium
Ultra-violet λ < 400 3.1 < ΔV < 4.4
gallium nitride (AlGaN) (AlGaInN) — (to 210 nm)

White Broad spectrum ΔV = 3.5 Blue/UV diode with yellow phosphor

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. LED: datasheet
Applications

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. LED: datasheet
Applications

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
4. LED: 7 segment Display
Applications
It is a common anode display since all anodes are
joined together and go to the positive supply.

The cathodes are connected individually to resistors

limiting the current through each diode to a safe
value.

LED displays are packages of many LEDs arranged in a pattern, the most familiar pattern being the 7-segment
displays for showing numbers (digits 0-9).

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
5. LASER DIODE Applications

Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
The DIODES and Their
Applications
6. Zener Diode

Used for regulation

There are two mechanism

to obtain a Zener diode

1. Avalanche mechanism
2. Zener Mechanism

Diode I–V characteristics showing Symbol of the

breakdown effects Zener diode
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Transistors Classification

FET BJT

MOSFET
JFET NPN PNP
(IGFET)

N-Channel Enhancemen Depletion

JFET t MOSFET MOSFET

P-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

JFET MOSFET MOSFET

P-Channel P-Channel
MOSFET MOSFET

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Transistor Analogy

Incoherent
Source Light Coherent Vein Artery
Light
Valve
Gate Gain medium

Drain
Dam Laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) Heart

Ion Channel

BJT MOSFET Axonal conduction

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Transistor Analogy
Current Controlled vs Voltage Controlled Devices

Analogy

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
NPN BJTs – Operation Modes

NPN BJTs

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Single Base Resistor Biasing

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Common Emitter with Voltage Divider Biasing and Emitter Resistor

VTH  [ R2 /( R1  R2 )VCC

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Summary of the BJT:
current–voltage relationships in the active region

What if I told you β

is very large in the
Questions????????
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
The Output resistance of BJT transistor

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
1. BJT As a switch

An npn bipolar inverter circuit used as a switch Controlling LED operation

e.g. pulse oximeter

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
1. BJT As a switch

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
2. BJT as an amplifier: Small-signal equivalent circuit models

The BJT as a small-signal, A simplified small-signal hybrid-π equivalent

two-port network circuit for the npn transistor.

The resistance rπ is called the diffusion resistance or base–emitter

input resistance. gm is called a transconductance

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
2. BJT as an amplifier: Small-signal equivalent circuit models

ic   ib
vbe

rp
 g m  vbe
• ac model
IC
vbe vbe  VT • Hybrid-p model ic  vbe  g m vbe
rp     • They are equivalent VT
ib 1 gm IC
g m vbe • Works in linear region only


gm is the "transconductance"; corresponds to the slope at point Q

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 Basic transistor amplifier configurations
Basic circuit configuration small-signal equivalent circuit Voltage gain

1. The common
Emitter (CE)amplifier

2. The common-
Collector (CC) or
Emitter-follower (EF)
amplifier

3. The CB amplifier
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
2. BJT as an amplifier: Small-signal equivalent circuit models

Characteristics of the three BJT amplifier configurations

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
DC Load Line vs. AC Load Line

The dc load line is a graph that represents all the possible combinations
of IC and VCE for a given amplifier. For every possible value of IC, and
amplifier will have a corresponding value of VCE
The ac load line is used to tell you the ac load line
maximum possible output voltage swing
for a given common-emitter amplifier. IC Q - point
In other words, the ac load line will tell
dc load line
you the maximum possible peak-to-peak
output voltage (Vpp ) from a given
amplifier. This maximum Vpp is referred
to as the compliance of the amplifier. VCE

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Applications
DC Load Line vs. AC Load Line
EXAMPLE : it is Example 6.9 in the book (Solve it)

Determine the dc, ac load lines

and the maximum symmetrical
swing in the output voltage
for the circuit shown in.
Assume the transistor
parameters are: VE B(on) = 0.7 V, β
= 150, and VA = ∞.

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

What is FET ?
FET is uni-polar device i.e. operation depends on only one type of
charge carriers (h or e) . It is a Voltage controlled Device
(Gate voltage controls  Drain current)

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

Advantages of FET
1. Excellent voltage gain
2. Very high input impedance (109-1012 )
3. Source and drain are interchangeable
4. Low Voltage Low Current Operation is possible (Low-power
consumption)
5. Less Noisy
6. No minority carrier storage (Turn off is faster)
7. Very small in size, occupies very small space in Ics
8. Good frequency response
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

Mathematical Definitions of gm

ΔID  VGS 
gm  2I
g m  DSS
ΔVGS 1  
VP  VP 

For VGS = 0 V
2 I DSS  VGS  ID
gm 0  g m  g m 0 1    g m0
VP  VP  IDSS

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
FET Impedance

Input impedance:
Zi   Ω

Output Impedance:

1 ΔVDS
Zo  rd  where rd  VGS  constant
y os ΔID

yos= admittance parameter listed on FET specs sheets

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

FET Small-Signal Model

Transconductance: The ratio of a change in ID to the

corresponding change in VGS
• Transconductance is denoted gm and given by:

ΔID
gm 
ΔV GS

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

FET AC Equivalent Circuit

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
JFET Construction
There are two types of JFET’s: n-channel and p-channel.
The n-channel is more widely used.

There are three terminals: Drain (D) and Source

(S) are connected to n-channel Gate (G) is
connected to the p-type material

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
N-Channel JFET Operation

The nonconductive depletion region becomes thicker with increased reverse bias.
(Note: The two gate regions of each FET are connected to each other.)
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
p-Channel JFET

p-Channel JFET operates in a similar manner as the n-channel JFET except the
voltage polarities and current directions are reversed
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
SYMBOLS for JFET

Drain Drain

Gate Gate

Source Source

n-channel JFET p-channel JFET

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Transfer Characteristics

The input-output transfer characteristic of the JFET is not as straight

forward as it is for the BJT

In a JFET, the relationship (Shockley’s Equation) between VGS (input

voltage) and ID (output current) is used to define the transfer
characteristics, and a little more complicated (and not linear):
2
 VGS 
ID = IDSS  1 - 
 VP 

As a result, FET’s are often referred to a square law devices

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Transfer (Transconductance) Curve

From this graph it is easy to determine the value of ID for a given value of VGS
It is also possible to determine IDSS and VP by looking at the knee where VGS is 0
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 Basic transistor amplifier configurations
Basic circuit configuration small-signal equivalent circuit Voltage gain

1. The common-
source amplifier

2. The common-drain
(source-follower)
amplifier

3. The common-
Gate amplifier
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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

Characteristics of the three MOSFET amplifier configurations

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
How to calculate input and output resistance??

Small-signal equivalent circuit of

Equivalent circuit of NMOSFET source follower (CD) common-gate (CG) amplifier
amplifier

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Biasing Summary

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)

E-MOSFET Symbols

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 CHAPTER 1: Review of Electronics I
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Summary

JFET D-MOSFET E-MOSFET

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 Chapter Ends

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