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4. Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional
approach of developmental change; the other believes in the life-span approach. Which of the
following issues would they most likely differ on?
a. Whether developmental change starts at birth or at conception
b. Whether the tabula rasa or innate goodness positions were correct
c. Whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout
adulthood as well as childhood
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Chapter 1 Introduction
d. Whether the earlier theorists, such as Freud and Jung, were correct or whether the later
theorists such as Piaget and Skinner were correct about developmental change
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 7
5. On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the
development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and
elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) approach.
a. evolutionary
b. constructivist
c. normative
d. life-span
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 7
6. The maximum life span of humans:

a. has increased over time.
b. has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.
c. has matched their life expectancy in recent times.
d. is about 65 years as the first decade of the twenty-first century draws to a close.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 7
7. Life expectancy in the United States has increased by years during the twentieth
century.
a. 20
b. 10
c. 30
d. 50
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 7
8. The life expectancy in the United States is currently:

a. 60 years.
b. 78 years.
c. 85 years.
d. 53 years.

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Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 7
9. If you subscribe to Paul Baltes’ perspective of life-span development, which of the following
statements would you NOT agree with?
a. Development is lifelong
b. Development is unidirectional
c. Development is plastic
d. Development is contextual
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 7
10. The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that
development is:
a. plastic.
b. contextual.
c. multidimensional.
d. lifelong.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 7
11. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without
considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes
that development is:
a. lifelong.
b. contextual.
c. multidimensional.
d. plastic.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 8
12. Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require
speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some
dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:
a. plastic.
b. contextual.
c. multidisciplinary.

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d. multidirectional.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 8
13. means the capacity for change.

a. Elasticity
b. Plasticity
c. Contextuality
d. Tenacity
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 8
14. Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is
pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math
class for over 30 years. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how
development is:
a. plastic.
b. multidisciplinary.
c. lifelong.
d. contextual.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 8
15. “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” This old saying refutes Paul Baltes’ life-span
perspective that views development as being:
a. plastic.
b. multidisciplinary.
c. lifelong.
d. contextual.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 8
16. Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all

share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates
how development is:
a. multidirectional.
b. plastic.

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c. multidisciplinary.
d. multidimensional.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 8
17. “Individuals are changing beings in a changing world.” Which characteristic of development
is reflected in this statement?
a. Development is multidisciplinary
b. Development is contextual
c. Development is multidimensional
d. Development is multidirectional
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 8
18. include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include
sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.
a. Normative age-graded influences
b. Normative history-graded influences
c. Normative life events
d. Nonnormative life events
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 8-9
19. By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process
can exert a influence on development.
a. plastic
b. multidirectional
c. normative age-graded
d. nonnormative age-graded
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 8-9
20. Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on
the baby boomers) are considered influences.
a. nonnormative multidirectional
b. normative age-graded
c. nonnormative age-graded

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d. normative history-graded
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 9
21. The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to
immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a
population are part of:
a. nonnormative multidirectional change.
b. normative historical change.
c. nonnormative life events.
d. nonnormative demographic change.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 9
22. When she was a child, Anna’s home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed.
More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a event
can influence a person’s development.
a. normative age-graded
b. normative generational
c. nonnormative life
d. normative history-graded
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 9
23. Nonnormative life events:

a. do not happen to all people.
b. happen to younger children but not to older adults.
c. are common to people of a particular generation.
d. influence the cultural makeup of a population.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 9
24. Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This
incident will likely affect Keith’s development and is an example of a:
a. normative history-graded influence.
b. nonnormative life event.
c. nonnormative history-graded influence.

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d. normative age-graded influence.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 9
25. Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, and in her
capacities will take center stage.
a. growth; maintenance
b. maintenance; regulation of loss
c. regulation of loss; augmentation
d. growth; regulation of loss
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 9
26. encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group
of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
a. Culture
b. Genotype
c. Social policy
d. Ethnocentricity
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 10
27. Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr.
Wilman is conducting a(n) study.
a. longitudinal
b. ethnocentric
c. cross-cultural
d. decentralized
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 10
28. Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to:

a. the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are
passed on from generation to generation.
b. a person’s position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic
characteristics.
c. the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures.

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Chapter 1
Introduction d.a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage,
nationality, race, religion, and language.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 10
29. is(are) a national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its
citizens.
a. Social policy
b. Generational policy
c. Cultural legislation
d. Socialized equity programs
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 11
30. Going by current trends, 86-year-old Matilda is likely to be living:

a. with a spouse.
b. with children.
c. by herself.
d. with grandchildren.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 13
31. Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are:

a. more likely to be married.
b. more likely to be childless.
c. less likely to be living alone.
d. less likely to need social relationships and support.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 13
32. Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an
individual’s development are:
a. developmental attributes and behavior.
b. developmental characteristics and traits.
c. developmental challenges and opportunities.
d. developmental processes and periods.
Answer: d

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Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 15
33. Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and
cardiovascular decline are all examples of processes that affect development.
a. cognitive
b. biological
c. socioemotional
d. cultural
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 15
34. processes refer to changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language.
a. Cognitive
b. Biological
c. Socioemotional
d. Cultural
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 15
35. processes involve changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes
in emotions, and changes in personality.
a. Cognitive
b. Biological
c. Socioemotional
d. Polycentric
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 15
36. The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in
the two rapidly emerging fields of:
a. developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
b. developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
c. developmental socioemotional pharmacology, developmental biological pharmacology.
d. developmental cognitive biology and developmental cognitive biology.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember

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Page(s): 15
37. The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers
to:
a. a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation.
b. a time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features.
c. a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change.
d. a time frame in a nation’s history that is characterized by rapid development.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 15
38. The period is the time from conception to birth.

a. perinatal
b. prenatal
c. neonatal
d. postnatal
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 16
39. Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only
just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following
development periods is Jonathan in?
a. Late childhood
b. Middle childhood
c. Early childhood
d. Infancy
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 16
40. Mary is three years-old, and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is
currently in.
a. Infancy
b. Early childhood
c. Middle childhood
d. Late childhood
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 16

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41. Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to
grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending
more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is
Joey in?
a. Middle childhood
b. Adolescence
c. Early adulthood
d. Late childhood
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 16
42. Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more
time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic.
She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the
following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?
a. Middle childhood
b. Late adulthood
c. Late childhood
d. Adolescence
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 16
43. is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development,

and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a
family, and rearing children.
a. Early adulthood
b. Late adolescence
c. Middle adulthood
d. Late adulthood
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 17
44. Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also
wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is
most likely in the period of development.
a. late adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood

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d. late adulthood
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
45. Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties. Which of the following
developmental periods are they currently in?
a. Central adulthood
b. The nesting years
c. Middle adulthood
d. Mate adulthood
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
46. Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and
community. Both his children are in college. Peter’s situation is most representative of which
period of development?
a. Early adulthood
b. Middle adulthood
c. Late adulthood
d. Retirement
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
47. Late adulthood is a time of:

a. life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.
b. expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility.
c. establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career.
d. selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and
rearing children.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 17
48. Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events
she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several
lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the period of development.
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood

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c. middle adulthood
d. late adulthood
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
49. has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this
age group has been increasing dramatically.
a. Middle and late childhood
b. Adolescence
c. Middle adulthood
d. Late adulthood
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 17
50. Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as:
a. young-old.
b. old-old.
c. oldest-old.
d. late-old.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
51. Which of the following statements about the “young-old” is true?

a. They are people between 60 and 65 years of age.
b. They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness.
c. They show considerable loss in cognitive skills.
d. They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 17
52. Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would

consider her to be:
a. in the second age of prime adulthood.
b. transitioning from early adulthood to middle adulthood.
c. a middle-aged woman.
d. in an adult latency period.
Answer: a

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Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 17
53. Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging describe life-span
development in terms of four “ages.” The “third age” in this conceptualization spans from:
a. adolescence to prime adulthood.
b. twenties through fifties.
c. approximately 60 to 79 years of age.
d. approximately 80 years to the time of death.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 17
54. Determining age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person’s vital organs.
a. social
b. chronological
c. biological
d. psychological
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 18
55. Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam
done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her
age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.
a. social
b. mental
c. biological
d. psychological
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 18
56. age is an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of
the same chronological age.
a. Social
b. Psychological
c. Physical
d. Biological
Answer: b

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Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 18
57. In predicting an adult woman’s behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the
mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the
concept of:
a. chronological age.
b. social age.
c. psychological age.
d. biological age.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 19
58. The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old
surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that:
a. old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.
b. developmental age is becoming increasingly irrelevant.
c. chronological age is becoming a more accurate predictor of life events in our society.
d. biological age is becoming increasingly relevant.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 19
59. In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism’s , nurture to its:

a. personality traits ; abilities.
b. attributes; ecological heritage.
c. biological inheritance; environmental experiences.
d. acquired traits, heredity.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 19
60. The issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through
life or alter.
a. growth-decline
b. stability-change
c. traits-characteristics
d. permanence-evanescence
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember

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Page(s): 20
61. Gina’s therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she
suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina’s therapist appears to be
emphasizing the aspect of her development.
a. personality
b. life-long learning
c. discontinuity
d. stability
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 20
62. In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to , while

discontinuity implies:
a. abrupt change; stability.
b. gradual change; distinct stages.
c. qualitative change; quantitative change.
d. discrete stages; gradations.
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 20
63. The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

a. qualitative change.
b. quantitative change.
c. collective change.
d. measured change.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 20
64. Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of
the following describes the sequence he should go through?
a. Collect data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, analyze data, and draw
conclusions.
b. Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw
conclusions.
c. Collect data, analyze data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, and draw
conclusions.
d. Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions, collect data, and analyze
data.

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Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 21
65. Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter
than children that do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) .
a. hypothesis
b. classification
c. variable
d. axiom
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 21
66. theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by

emotion.
a. Behavioral
b. Social-cognitive
c. Evolutionary
d. Psychoanalytic
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 21
67. Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true
understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the
deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n):
a. psychoanalytic theorist.
b. evolutionary theorist.
c. cognitive theorist.
d. behavioral theorist.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 21-22
68. Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in
Freud’s theory of development.
a. Genital, oral, anal, phallic, and latency
b. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
c. Anal, genital, oral, phallic, and latency
d. Oral, phallic, anal, latency, and genital

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Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
69. According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:

a. the way we resolve conflicts between home life and professional life.
b. the resolution of adult realities versus childhood fantasies.
c. the way we maintain a balance between family and friends.
d. the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of
reality.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
70. Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

a. proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions.
b. overemphasized sexual instincts.
c. overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual’s development.
d. underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 22
71. The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the theory of development.
a. psychobiological
b. psychogenic
c. psychosocial
d. psychoanatomical
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
72. One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:
a. Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span
development of an individual.
b. Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20.
c. Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
d. Erik Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an
individual.
Answer: c

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Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 22
73. As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

a. will leave permanent psychological scars.
b. will leave psychological scars that will eventually fade over time.
c. will have a catastrophic impact on a person’s development, and will leave a psychological scar
that will fade over time.
d. is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 22
74. The first stage in Erickson’s theory is:

a. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. generativity versus stagnation.
d. trust versus mistrust.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
75. Kelly responds to her infant son’s needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she
puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is
helping her son to develop a sense of:
a. autonomy.
b. initiative.
c. trust.
d. integrity.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 22
76. Two-year old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is
“no.” This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson’s life-span stage of:
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. trust versus mistrust.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply

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Page(s): 22
77. McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she
attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is
likely to develop a sense of:
a. initiative.
b. autonomy.
c. stagnation.
d. shame and doubt.
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 22
78. Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he
is most likely in .
a. preschool
b. elementary school
c. junior high school
d. high school
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 22
79. Erik Erikson’s developmental theory consists of stages that last from the first year of
life to:
a. seven; early adulthood.
b. eight; late adulthood.
c. six; adolescence.
d. nine; death.
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22-23
80. Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical
about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. Whenever he is in a relationship with a
woman, he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner, and these feelings
eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory,
this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the stage of development,
which in turn is causing him to experience in his current developmental stage.
a. identity versus identity confusion ; stagnation
b. trust versus mistrust; isolation
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusion

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d. trust versus mistrust; despair
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 22-23
81. The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering
knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson’s stage of takes place.
a. intimacy versus isolation
b. integrity versus despair
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. industry versus inferiority
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 23
82. Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be
an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the
stage of development.
b. identity versus identity confusion
c. initiative versus guilt
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 23
83. During early adulthood, Erik Erikson’s developmental stage of occurs.

b. integrity versus despair
c. initiative versus guilt
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 23
84. Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no
success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to
Erikson’s psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of:
a. stagnation.
b. guilt.
c. isolation.

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d. shame and doubt.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 23
85. The term “generativity” as described in Erikson’s seventh stage of development primarily
reflects a concern for:
a. helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
b. forming healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another.
c. developing healthy ego boundaries.
d. feeling secure in one’s job.
Answer: a
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 23
86. The final stage of Erik Erikson’s developmental theory is:

a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. trust versus mistrust.
c. integrity versus despair.
d. intimacy versus isolation.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 23
87. Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered
opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make
amends. Roger is slipping into:
a. stagnation.
b. identity confusion.
c. despair.
d. mistrust.
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 23
88. Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the
importance of in understanding development.
a. conscious thoughts
b. repressed memories
c. biological processes
d. the effects of genes and evolution on the development of intelligence

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Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 23
89. According to Piaget’s theory, two processes underlie children’s cognitive construction of the
world:
a. assimilation and generalization.
b. adaptation and abstraction.
c. association and abstraction.
d. organization and adaptation.
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 23
90. Amir is 18 months old. According to Piaget, he is in which of the following stages of
cognitive development?
a. Preoperational
b. Sensorimotor
c. Formal operational
d. Concrete operational
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 23
91. Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:

a. start at conception and continue until adulthood.
b. start at birth and end at death.
c. span from conception to death.
d. start at birth and continue through adulthood.
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 23-24
92. Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings.
According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the stage of cognitive
development.
a. preoperational
b. sensorimotor
c. formal operational
d. concrete operational
Answer: a

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Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 24
93. Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the
complex algebraic problems that his 14-year old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of
Jean Piaget’s stages of development?
a. Preoperational
b. Concrete operational
c. Formal operational
d. Conceptual operational
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 24
94. Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is
in the stage of development.
a. preoperational
b. concrete operational
c. formal operational
d. conceptual operational
Answer: c
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 24
95. Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes how guide(s) cognitive development.

a. culture and social interaction
b. biology
c. the unconscious mind
d. genes
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 25
96. Dr. Alondro is an information-processing psychologist, thus he is most likely to:

a. emphasize the influence of culture on development.
b. emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
c. state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information.
d. state that thinking does not constitute information processing.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply

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Page(s): 25
97. Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

a. unconscious motives.
b. discontinuity in behavior.
c. continuity in development.
d. that development occurs in stage-like fashion.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 25
98. Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a
behavior occurring. He is arguing that conditioning is important for behavioral
modification.
a. stimulus
b. operant
c. classical
d. cognitive
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 25
99. Nellie, 3, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could
Skinner’s concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?
a. Explore experiences from Nellie’s early childhood and address them in therapy
b. Test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioning
c. Investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressors
d. Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 25
100. B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape
development are .
a. thoughts and feelings
b. unconscious motivations
c. rewards and punishments
d. culture and society
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 25

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101. Danny’s mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny, too, is growing up
to be a polite, good-natured boy. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of
in Bandura’s social cognitive theory.
a. operant conditioning
b. observational learning
c. salient stimuli
d. classical conditioning
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 26
102. Bandura’s most recent model of learning and development includes three elements:
behavior, environment, and:
a. person/cognition.
b. culture.
c. education level.
d. motivation.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 26
103. Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment, development, or

phylogeny occurs. He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected
for. He is most likely taking a(n) approach.
a. behavioral
b. ethological
c. social cognitive
d. psychoanalytic
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 26
104. A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than
are boys. You agree with this because you believe nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on
through the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the
species. Your view reflects the perspective of development.
a. ideological
b. clinical
c. ethological
d. theological
Answer: c

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Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 26
105. Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching,
identified him as their mother. He coined this form of attachment .
a. conditioning
b. imprinting
c. internalizing
d. acclimatizing
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 26
106. In Lorenz’s view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of
the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the:
a. receptive period.
b. sensitive period.
c. critical period.
d. bonding period.
Answer: c
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 26
107. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, a person’s family, peers, school, and
neighborhood constitute his/her:
a. microsystem.
b. mesosystem.
c. chronosystem.
d. macrosystem.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 27
108. The involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.

a. metasystem
b. mesosystem
c. chronosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember

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Page(s): 27
109. The consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have
an active role and the individual’s immediate context.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 27
110. The involves the culture in which individuals live.

a. chronosystem
b. mesosystem
c. ethnosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: d
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 27
111. Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems consists of the patterning of

environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical
circumstances?
a. Mesosystem
b. Chronosystem
c. Macrosystem
d. Exosystem
Answer: b
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 28
112. Flevy is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students
to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their
responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?
a. Laboratory research
b. Survey
c. Naturalistic observation
d. Physiological measures
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
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Page(s): 30
113. Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her
city. What could be a problem that Cynthia could encounter while using this method of data
collection?
a. The assumption that a person’s behavior is consistent and stable
b. The inability to sample a large number of people
c. That surveys have to be conducted only in person
d. Some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 31
114. Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?

a. They allow a person’s performance to be compared with that of other individuals.
b. They assume a person’s behavior is consistent and stable.
c. They provide information about individual differences among people.
d. They are difficult to design.
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 31
115. Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane
companies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel
most likely to perform?
a. Descriptive
b. Correlational
c. Collaborative
d. Discrete
Answer: b
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 32
116. Dr. Jackson’s research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is
+.10. From this information, we can conclude that:
a. people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with smaller heads.
b. there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.
c. people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads.
d. head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.
Answer: b
Blooms: Apply
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Page(s): 32
117. Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

a. –.65
b. +.46
c. + .70
d. –.77
Answer: d
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 32
118. A(n) is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to
influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
a. case study
b. survey
c. experiment
d. correlation
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 33
119. A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The
patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for
eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can
walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:
a. the number of minutes on the treadmill.
b. the exercise program (high versus low).
c. the number of elderly patients.
d. the eight-week duration of the exercise program.
Answer: a
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 33
120. In an experimental study, the group serves as a baseline against which the effects of
the manipulated condition can be compared.
a. control
b. experimental
c. dependent
d. independent
Answer: a

Blooms: Understand
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Page(s): 33
121. The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:

a. various research methodologies.
b. various developmental theories.
c. individuals of different ages.
d. individuals of different genders.
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 34
122. Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and
70s where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of
research approach is Dr. McLean using?
a. Longitudinal
b. Cohort
c. Latitudinal
d. Cross-sectional
Answer: d
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 34
123. The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:

a. the same individuals over a long period of time.
b. individuals of different ages.
c. individuals from around the globe.
d. individuals born in the same year.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 34
124. According to APA’s guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation
will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following
issues?
a. Deception
b. Debriefing
c. Informed consent
d. Confidentiality
Answer: c
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 37
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125. When researchers use surface labels such as “Blacks,” “Hispanics,” and “Caucasians,” they
underrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group. This
practice is referred to as:
a. ethnic gloss.
b. euphemizing.
c. acculturation.
d. acclimatization.
Answer: a
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 38
Identification Questions
126. This refers to the capacity for change.

Answer: Plasticity
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 8
127. This is a way of conceptualizing age where age is characterized by physical health and the
functional capacities of a person’s vital organs.
Answer: Biological age
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 18
128. The developmental issue or debate concerning whether development is influenced by

biology or environment.
Answer: Nature-nurture issue
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 19
129. Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and
heavily colored by emotion.
Answer: Psychoanalytic theories
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 21
130. This theorist proposed that psychosexual development occurred in the five stages: oral
stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, and genital stage.
Answer: Sigmund Freud

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Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
131. This theorist proposed eight psychosocial stages of development.

Answer: Erik Erikson
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
132. Xavier believes that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and
measured. He argues that affective and cognitive explanations are circular. Which theoretical
orientation is most akin to his views?
Answer: Behavioral orientation
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 25
133. This theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning.

Answer: B. F. Skinner
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 25
134. Riley argues that behavior is strongly influenced by biology; it is tied to evolution, and
characterized by critical or sensitive periods. What theoretical orientation, does Riley most likely
take?
Answer: Ethology
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 26
135. A method of gathering data by means of observing behaviors in real-world settings, making
no effort to manipulate or control the situation.
Answer: Naturalistic observation
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 30
Short Answer Questions
136. In addition to chronological age, list and briefly describe the three other ways that “age” has
been conceptualized.
Answer: Biological age is a person’s age in terms of biological health and is determined by
knowing the functional capacities of a person’s vital organs. Psychological age refers to an

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Chapter 1
Introduction individual’s
adaptive capacities compared with others of the same chronological age.
Social age refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 18-19
137. Define theory and hypothesis. Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer: A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and
facilitate predictions. A hypothesis is a specific assumption and prediction that can be tested and
determined for accuracy. Hypotheses are formulated in order to test the assumptions of a theory.
Results from research based on these hypotheses may, in turn, be used to revise the theory.
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 21
138. List Freud’s psychosexual stages and explain how adult personality is determined as a result
of these stages.
Answer: Freud believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and genital. According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by the way
we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 22
139. Briefly describe the ethological perspective. Provide an example that involves a critical
period to bolster this perspective’s argument.
Answer: Ethology stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution,
and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. These are specific time frames during which,
according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting
influence on individuals. Lorenz coined the term “imprinting” to describe the process of the
rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen. In Lorenz’s view,
imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will
not take place. This point in time is called a critical period.
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 26
140. List and briefly describe Urie Bronfenbrenner’s five environmental systems.
Answer: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory identifies five environmental systems: microsystem,
mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. The microsystem is the setting in
which an individual lives. The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or
connections between contexts. The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which
the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate environment. The
macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live. The chronosystem consists of the
patterning of environmental events and transitions as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

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Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 27-28
141. Explain eclectic theoretical orientation. What is the merit in using such an orientation?
Answer: An eclectic theoretical orientation is one which does not follow any one theoretical
approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features. In this way,
you can view the study of development as it actually exists—with different theorists making
different assumptions, stressing different empirical problems, and using different strategies to
discover information.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 28
142. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data.
Answer: Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large
number of people. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A
disadvantage to survey research is that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is
socially acceptable rather than saying what they honestly think and believe.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 30-31
143. If, as a developmental researcher, you wished to study in-depth the life and mind of Ted
Kaczynski—the notorious Unabomber—who is featured at the beginning of the text, which
method of data collection would you adopt? Why?
Answer: A case study would best serve the purpose of studying Ted Kaczynski as the subject of
research. A case study is an in-depth look at a single individual. It is performed mainly by mental
health professionals when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an
individual’s life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals—as is the scenario for Ted
Kaczynski. A case study provides information about the person’s experiences and allows the
researcher to focus on any aspect of the subject’s life that helps him/her to understand the
person’s mind, behavior, or other attributes.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 31
144. Briefly explain the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experiment.
Describe the relationship between them.
Answer: Experiments include two types of changeable factors, or variables: independent and
dependent. An independent variable is a manipulated, influential, experimental factor. It is a
potential cause. The label “independent” is used because this variable can be manipulated
independently of other factors to determine its effect. An experiment may include one
independent variable or several of them. A dependent variable is a factor that can change in an

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Chapter 1
Introduction experiment,
in response to changes in the independent variable. As researchers
manipulate the independent variable, they measure the dependent variable for any resulting
effect.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 33
145. Compare and contrast the cross-sectional and longitudinal approach to research, listing the
advantages and disadvantages of both.
Answer: The cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares
individuals of different ages. Data are usually collected over a short period of time. The
longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a
period of time, usually several years or more. In a cross-sectional study, the researcher does not
have to wait for the individuals to grow up or become older. However, it gives no information
about how individuals change or about the stability of their characteristics and can obscure the
increases and decreases of development. Longitudinal studies address these concerns, but are
expensive and time consuming and carry the risk of participants dropping out mid-way.
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 34

14e
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
property which he had seized, as security.[9] And all concerned in the
seizure, if they are slaves, and did so willingly, shall each receive a
hundred lashes; but if they are freemen, they shall restore to the
owner as much as they are proved to have taken from him, without
the sum usually given as indemnity by him who has been convicted
of having acted wrongfully in similar cases.
IX. Concerning Those who Venture to Defend the Suits of

Others.
Whoever has recourse to a person of high rank or influence, that,
through his aid in court, he may be able to oppress his adversary,
shall lose his case, even though his cause be just; and as soon as
the judge perceives that any powerful person is interfering in a case,
he shall order him to desist. But if the said person should defy the
judge, and, obstinately resisting, should refuse to leave the court, or
to cease interfering with the proceedings, the judge shall have
authority to fine him two pounds of gold, one of which shall be for his
own benefit, and the other for the benefit of the party injured by the
said powerful adversary, and the latter shall be violently thrown out
of court. Any freeman or slave who refuses to desist from
interference with the business of the court, after having been warned
by the judge, shall receive fifty lashes with the scourge, in public.
FLAVIUS CHINTASVINTUS, KING.
X. No Freeman shall Refuse to Answer the Slave of another
in Court.
In order that insolence may be the more easily punished, the law
regards excuses as superfluous. Sometimes freemen do not hesitate
to injure the slaves of others, and then refuse to answer the petition
of a slave in court; declaring that they should not be compelled to
answer any one from whom they cannot collect damages, if they
should chance to be victorious. But lest, through this delay, the slave
himself should unjustly suffer injury; though his master should be
distant fifty miles, or any objection should be made by his master on
account of his employment at the time; after due deliberation, we
hereby decree that a hearing shall be denied to no one. If, however,
a slave should assert that he has any claim of his own, or any
business to transact in court on behalf of his master or mistress, he
against whom he files a complaint, shall straightway be compelled to
appear and answer; and, in the end, make such compensation as is
authorized by law, if he be vanquished by the slave; but if the slave
is unable to prove what he has adduced, then the freeman shall
declare under oath that he has no knowledge of, nor has in his
possession, the property to which claim is made; nor has done, nor
has caused to be done, any of those things of which he is accused.
And, after this oath has been taken, the slave or the freeman, as the
case may be, must not delay to make amends for filing his unjust
complaint. But if, in the settlement of these damages, where the
claim is for a small amount, it should appear that his master is only
worth ten solidi, the slave shall be compelled to pay only half the
penalty, that is to say, two half solidi. But if it should appear that the
master of the slave is distant less than fifty miles, his slave cannot
bring an action against any freeman, unless the master is unable, in
person, to be present in court; or should send a letter, written in his
own hand, and signed with his signature, authorizing the slave to
appear for him, by the latter as messenger to the judge.
If the slave, acting on behalf of his master, should cause him any
injury, either through fraud or neglect, or should lose the case, it shall
be lawful for the master to have it reviewed, either upon his own
application, or upon that of a lawful representative, and have it justly
decided by the testimony of such witnesses as he may be able to
produce.
TITLE III. CONCERNING COMMISSIONERS AND COMMISSIONS.
I. Princes and Bishops should not Conduct their Cases in Court in Person,
but through their Subjects or Subordinates.
II. The Judge must inquire of a Litigant, whether the Suit brought by Him is
his Own, or that of Another.
III. He who cannot Conduct his Cause Himself must give Written Authority to
his Attorney.
IV. Torture shall, in no Case, be inflicted upon Persons of Noble Birth who are
acting as Representatives of Others; and, In what way a Freeman of the
Lower Class, or a Slave, may be subjected to Torture.
V. If He who has Appointed an Attorney Suffers Delay, he can Revoke his
Commission.
VI. It shall not be Lawful for a Woman to Act as an Attorney, but She may
Conduct Her Own Case in Court.
VII. The Constituent shall receive the Benefit, and bear the Loss, resulting
from Proceedings Instituted by his Attorney.
VIII. If a Representative should die, his Heirs shall be entitled to his Fees.
IX. What Persons those in Power, and those that are Poor, may appoint to
Conduct their Cases.
X. Those who have Charge of the Royal Treasury, when the Suit is brought
for its Benefit, have authority to appoint whom they wish to represent
them.
FLAVIUS RECESVINTUS, KING.

I. Princes and Bishops should not Conduct their Cases in
Court in Person, but through their Subjects or Subordinates.
As it is the office of persons in power to decide questions of law,
and as, in many instances, they should not be needlessly subjected
to the annoyances resulting from litigation; therefore, if either the
king or a bishop should have a lawsuit with any one, he may select a
personal representative to whom the transaction of the business
shall be intrusted; for the reason that it would seem an insult to the
dignity of persons of such high rank, if those of a lower class should
contradict their evidence in court. And again, if the king should
choose to personally assume the conduct of his case in any matter,
who is there who would dare to contradict him? Therefore, lest the
fear of royal power should suppress the truth, the case should be
conducted, not by the king, but by some of his subjects.
II. The Judge must inquire of a Litigant, whether the Suit
brought by Him is his Own, or that of Another.
The judge must, in the first place, make inquiry of a litigant
whether he is conducting his own case, or that of another. He shall
also be asked whom he represents; and, after the judge has decided
the case, he shall include in the decree him by whose order the
action was prosecuted, and, in addition, he shall receive a copy of
the authority of the representative, to be filed with the record of the
judgment. And it shall be lawful for the defendant to examine the
commission given by the plaintiff, in the presence of the judge, so
that he may know, without doubt, for what reason he was brought
into court, as well as ascertain the contents of the order granting the
authority.
III. He who cannot Conduct his Cause Himself, must give

Written Authority to his Attorney.
If any one is unable to conduct his own cause, or is unwilling to
do so, he must appoint a representative, by an instrument in writing,
under his own hand, confirmed by the seals and signatures of
witnesses. And if any such representative should be guilty of
collusion with his adversary, so that he is defeated, he shall pay to
his principal, as much of his own property as the latter has lost, or as
much as he ought to have obtained. But it shall not be lawful for a
slave to conduct any case whatever, through the commission of
another, unless on behalf of his master or mistress, or of the Church,
or of some poor person, or under the commission of the royal
treasury. If, through either the neglect or misconduct of the judge, or
through the perjury of a witness, the provisions of this law should not
be carried out, then it shall be the duty of the king to enforce the
same.
IV. Torture shall, in no Case, be inflicted upon Persons of
Noble Birth who are acting as Representatives of Others; and,
In what way a Freeman of the Lower Class, or a Slave, may be
subjected to Torture.
No person of noble rank shall, under any circumstances, be put
to the torture by authority of a commission given to another. It is,
however, hereby permitted that any freeborn person of low rank who
is poor, and has already been convicted of crime, may be tortured
under such a commission; but only when the principal gives authority
in writing to do this, signed by him, and attested by three witnesses,
which shall be entrusted for delivery, to a freeman, and not to a
slave. And if he should cause the torture to be inflicted upon an
innocent person, the aforesaid principal is hereby admonished, that
he has incurred the penalty of the law which is found in the sixth
book, first title, second chapter; wherein it is stated for what things
freeborn persons are to be put to the question. It is lawful for other
criminal causes to be prosecuted under commission; and, as has
been said above, tortures may be applied to a freeman by the
representative of another who is also free. And it is granted by the
law to a freeman or a slave, to subject a slave to torture, with this
provision, to wit: that if either torture or injury should be inflicted upon
an innocent person, the principal shall be compelled to give
complete satisfaction, under the instructions of the judge. Nor is he
to be discharged who received the commission, until either the
principal may be produced in court, or shall make amends according
to law. And whoever desires to inflict the torture, having received
authority to do so under a commission, shall be compelled by the
judge to give bond.
V. If He who has Appointed an Attorney Suffers Delay, he can

Revoke his Commission.
He who conducts a case as the representative of another should
proceed with it as rapidly as possible; and if he is dilatory, and the
case which should have been prosecuted with alacrity, is retarded
unnecessarily, or is fraudulently postponed, the principal may have
recourse to the judge. And if he who receives the commission to
conduct the case should, through malice or corruption, cause delay
for ten days after he has received the order of the judge to proceed
with the same, the adversary or the judge being present, then the
principal can either conduct the case himself, or appoint any one
else whom he may select, to conduct it for him.
ANCIENT LAW.
VI. It shall not be Lawful for a Woman to Act as an Attorney,
but She may Conduct Her Own Case in Court.
No woman can conduct a case under the authority of another, but
she is not forbidden to transact her own business in court. Nor can a
husband conduct the case of his wife without authority from her; and,
indeed, he should protect himself with such an instrument in writing,
that the wife may not repudiate the whole proceeding; and if she
should repudiate it, the husband shall undergo the penalty to which
he is liable who presumed to conduct a case without the authority of
his wife. And if the husband should lose a case which he prosecuted
without the order of his wife, her rights shall in no way be prejudiced;
and she can afterwards either prosecute the case herself, or can
authorize any one she wishes to do whatever is proper in the matter.
And if the case should justly go against the husband, and the wife
should believe that the adversary who prevailed should again be
sued; and, after the second trial, it should be apparent that her
husband was not unjustly beaten in the first trial, the wife shall
render satisfaction as prescribed by law, not only to the judge who
first heard the case, but also to the other party whom she brought
into court for the second time.
ANCIENT LAW.
VII. The Constituent shall receive the Benefit, and bear the
Loss, resulting from Proceedings Instituted by his Attorney.
He who authorizes a case to be conducted by another as his
attorney, shall enjoy the profit, or endure the loss resulting from the
same, according to the circumstances; and he who carried on the
action in compliance with his instructions, and exerted himself
faithfully in the performance of his duty, shall not be deprived of his
commission by his constituent; nor shall the latter be permitted to
afterwards transfer the conduct of the case to another; because it is
unjust that he who is known to have labored faithfully in the business
which he has undertaken, should be deprived of his reward. He who
is about to assume the conduct of a case should have an
understanding with his constituent beforehand, and ascertain what
amount he is to receive as a recompense for his services after the
cause has been decided. And if he who conducted the case shall
neglect to deliver to his constituent, within three months, any
property which came into his hands under the decree, he shall lose
the compensation for his services which he would otherwise have
received; and shall be compelled by order of court to deliver to his
constituent, whatever he was entitled to under the decision.
VIII. If an Attorney should Die, his Heirs shall be entitled to

his Fees.
Where any person authorizes another to conduct a case for him,
and dies before it is heard, said authority shall determine; and if he
who received it should be surprised by death before the cause is
heard, then also the order addressed to him before his death shall
have no validity. But if the cause has been heard and energetically
prosecuted through his diligence, and yet, for some reason or other,
it was not entirely concluded, or some payment should remain to be
made before final settlement; and if the case has been prosecuted
as far as he who was commissioned to conduct it should have
carried it; then, his heirs shall be entitled to receive from the
constituent whatever compensation their ancestor would have been
entitled to.
IX. What Persons those in Power, and those that are Poor,
may appoint to Conduct their Cases.
It shall not be lawful for any one who selects an attorney to
conduct his case, under any circumstances, to appoint a person who
is more powerful than himself, so that the capacity to oppress, or
terrify, may be greater than his own. For if a powerful person should
be involved in a lawsuit with one who is poor, and is unwilling to
conduct it himself, he cannot appoint any one else to carry it on but
one of equal standing with, or perhaps inferior to, the other party.
But, on the other hand, if a poor man chooses, he may select as his
attorney any one of equal rank and power with his adversary.
X. Those who have Charge of the Royal Treasury, when a
Suit is brought for its Benefit, have authority to appoint whom
they wish to represent them.
Nothing should be done rashly in matters relating to the royal
treasury. And whenever it appears advisable to proceed against any
one on behalf of the treasury, he who is charged with that duty shall
have the right to conduct the case before either the governor of the
city, or the judge. If, however, he should happen to be absent from
the place where the business is to be transacted, or should be
prevented by any accident, or even should be unwilling to appear in
his own person, he shall have the unquestionable right to appoint
any one he chooses, to bring an action in which the public interests
are involved.[10]
TITLE IV. CONCERNING WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE.
I. Concerning Persons who are not Permitted to Testify.

II. Witnesses shall not Testify except under Oath; Where both parties offer
Witnesses which should be Believed; and Where a Witness Testifies
Falsely.
III. Where a Witness Testifies Orally, and Written Evidence Contradicts Him.
IV. A Slave shall not be Believed unless he Belongs to the Crown; and When
Royal Slaves shall be Believed.
V. A Witness shall not give His Testimony in Writing, but Orally, and How
Testimony should be Given.
VI. Concerning Those who give False Testimony.
VII. Concerning Those who are Proved to have given False Testimony; and
Concerning the Space of Six Months in which a Witness may be
Declared Infamous. It shall not be Lawful to give Testimony concerning
One who is Dead.
VIII. Concerning Those who Induce Others to give False Testimony; or
Encourage the Slaves of Others to Seek their Liberty.
IX. In what Causes Slaves can Testify.
X. Concerning Those who Bind themselves in Writing, not to give True
Testimony in the Causes of Others.
XI. At what Age Minors can Testify.
XII. A Near Relative, or a Kinsman, of a Party to a Suit, cannot give Testimony
against a Stranger.

I. Concerning Persons who are not Permitted to Testify.
Murderers, malefactors, thieves, criminals, poisoners, ravishers,
perjurors, or those who are addicted to the practice of sorcery or
divination, shall under no circumstances be permitted to testify.
II. Witnesses shall not Testify except under Oath; Where both
parties offer Witnesses which should be Believed; and Where a
Witness Testifies Falsely.
The judge, as soon as the cause is heard, the witnesses having
been sworn according to law, shall render judgment. No witnesses
shall be permitted to testify without having first been sworn. If
evidence should be offered by both sides, its weight shall be duly
considered, and the judge shall determine on which side it
preponderates.
If any one, after having been warned by the judge, should refuse
to testify concerning any matter within his knowledge; and should
either say that he does not know the facts, and hesitates to take the
oath, or should suppress the truth through favor to any one, or
through bribery; if he is a person of noble rank, he shall not be
permitted to give testimony afterwards in any cause in court, nor
shall his testimony be taken in any proceeding whatever. But if he
who refuses to testify, should be an ordinary citizen, or a person of
inferior rank, he shall be considered infamous, and shall receive a
hundred lashes; because it is no less criminal to suppress the truth,
than to commit perjury.
III. Where a Witness Testifies Orally, and Written Evidence
Contradicts Him.
Whenever a witness testifies to something contrary to what is
contained in any document, which he is known to have signed,
although he may directly contradict the text of the document, the
latter shall be preferred as evidence. But if witnesses should testify
that the document offered is not valid, he who introduced it must
confirm it by the testimony of witnesses; and if he cannot prove it by
them, and by the production of other documents, the judge must
require the witness who denies that it is in his hand, to write a similar
document, in order that the truth may be the more readily
established. And the judge shall make every effort to find other
documents which may be compared with the one in question. And if
all these efforts should fail, he shall not delay to make the witness
swear that he had never signed the document; and if, afterwards, in
any way it should become evident, that the latter had lied for the
purpose of suppressing the truth, he shall be branded with the mark
of infamy; and, if he is a person of high position, he shall be
compelled to pay, by way of satisfaction, to the person affected by
his false testimony, double the sum which the latter would have lost.
[11] But if he is a person of inferior rank, and has not sufficient
property wherewith to make amends, he shall never again be
allowed to testify, and shall receive a hundred lashes with the
scourge.
In regard to the two credible witnesses, whose evidence the
authority of a former law declared should be received as sufficient; it
must be required, not only that they should be reputable, that is,
unquestionably freemen, but also of honorable rank and possessed
of property. For care must be taken lest any one oppressed by
poverty, and unable to bear his privations, should, without due
reflection, perjure himself.
IV. A Slave shall not be Believed unless He Belongs to the
Crown; and When Royal Slaves shall be Believed.
A slave is not to be believed at all if he should try to prove any
one else guilty of crime, or if he should endeavor to implicate his
master in any offence. And even if he should be subjected to torture,
and should confess what he has done, still he must not be believed;
an exception, however, being made in the case of such slaves as
have been transferred to the royal service, and are deservedly
honored with the offices of the palace; that is to say, the chiefs of the
grooms, of the fowlers, of the silversmiths, and of the cooks; or any
besides these who are superior to them in rank or position.
Moreover, to any slaves who are well and favorably known to the
king, and who have never been guilty of depravity or crime,
permission is granted by the law to testify, as well as to persons who
are freeborn. But it must not be thought that other slaves in the royal
service can be called as witnesses, for no credit shall attach to any
of them, unless the king should especially authorize their testimony
to be taken.[12]
V. A Witness shall not give His Testimony in Writing, but
Orally; and How Testimony should be Given.
Witnesses shall not give testimony by letter, but present, in
person, they shall be required to tell the truth, as far as lies in their
knowledge. Nor shall they testify concerning foreign matters, but only
concerning those which they know to have taken place under their
own eyes. But if the witnesses, or their relatives, or friends, should
either be oppressed with age or infirmity, or resident in a foreign or
distant province, and should think that their testimony should be
taken, and if all those concerned in the case are not residents of the
same province, they shall assemble in that province, where he who
is the highest in rank among the parties lives, and, either in the
presence of the judge of the district, or of those whom he shall
select, and those interested having been duly summoned, shall give
their evidence under oath. Any other proceeding relating to such
matters shall be void and of no effect in law.[13]
VI. Concerning Those who give False Testimony.
If any one should give false testimony against another, and be
detected, or should acknowledge his crime; if he is a person of rank,
he shall give as much of his own property to him against whom he
testified falsely, as the latter would have lost by his evidence, and he
shall never again be permitted to testify in court. If he is a person of
inferior rank, and does not possess the means wherewith to make
amends, he shall be delivered as a slave to him against whom he
testified falsely. But the cause shall by no means be lost by reason of
such false testimony, unless the truth shall have been established
otherwise; that is, either by a lawful and approved witness, or by just
and legal documents in writing. If any one should corrupt another,
either by a gift, or by fraud, and should thereby induce him to perjure
himself, then, as soon as this fact shall become apparent, the
instigator of the crime who aimed at the injury of another, as well as
he who was induced by avarice to swear falsely, shall undergo the
penalty of forgery.[14]
VII. Concerning Those who are Proved to have given False
Testimony; and Concerning the Space of Six Months in which a
Witness may be Declared Infamous. It shall not be Lawful to
give Testimony concerning One who is Dead.
The wickedness of those who give false testimony is not limited
to this offence merely, but attempts to add another crime to that of
perjury. And, therefore, because such detestable criminals are
condemned to death by the Divine Law, we decree that those whom
judicial authority has proved to have given false witness against their
brethren, shall henceforth not be permitted to testify, as they have
already been declared worthy of death, not by human, but by the
Divine decree. And if any one should give evidence in court
concerning any matter in dispute, and the case should be gained by
his testimony, and this witness should subsequently declare that he
had given false testimony in the first place, and should then testify in
such a manner that his former evidence shall be overthrown; he
having been influenced by friendship, or fear, or by a gift from that
party against whom he formerly testified; we decree by this new law,
the old one still remaining in force, that the testimony of said witness
shall not be entitled to credit; and that the cause in which he perjured
himself shall not be lost by reason of his testimony, unless it
happens that the judgment shall be reversed by the introduction of
more reliable, legitimate witnesses, or by means of properly verified
documents; so that it may be proper to have a rehearing of the case,
and a second decision, as hereinbefore stated. If a party desiring to
accelerate the progress of his case should produce a witness in
court, and his adversary being present, the latter should declare that
he cannot offer anything to contradict said witness, the matter in
question shall be settled by the judge in favor of him whose witness
has testified. We, however, grant the privilege to the party who
declared that he did not know what he could adduce to contradict the
witness, to discover, if possible, within six months, the means of
contradicting him, and to remedy the defects of his case. But if,
within six months, he cannot impeach this witness, and establish his
infamy in court, no further time shall be given him in which to do so,
or to introduce other witnesses in his behalf; and whatever has been
proved by the aforesaid testimony, shall remain established for all
time. And, on the other hand, if he who has the right to impeach the
aforesaid witness within six months, shall be able to prove his
assertions within the appointed time, and if he can thereby establish
the infamy of said witness, it shall be lawful for the said party to
produce evidence to contradict any witness who is living. But if it
should be proved that any witness who formerly testified, is dead, no
testimony to impeach him shall be given. Nor shall the testimony of a
living witness, in contradiction of one who is dead, ever be taken;
excepting in the case of a lawful and manifest instrument in writing,
in which he who is dead, confessed, over his own signature, that he
was guilty of crime, or that he has been rendered publicly infamous
by the sentence of a court of justice. And these statements
concerning the infamy which renders any one incompetent to testify
in court are sufficient. But if a debt is due from a person who is dead;
or if he is accused of wrong; it shall be lawful for a party, according to
another law, to prove, either by a competent witness, or by a legal
document, either the existence of the debt or the commission of the
wrong; and to obtain such redress as he may be entitled to.
VIII. Concerning Those who Induce Others to give False
Testimony, or Encourage the Slaves of Others to Seek their
Liberty.
Any one convicted of having induced another to give false
testimony against a freeman, shall pay the same amount to him
whom he attempted to injure by that false testimony, as the latter
could have justly obtained by a judgment in court. But if a witness,
asked by another to testify, is known to have given false testimony
against a freeman or a liberated slave, and the latter has been
reduced to servitude by his evidence, and he who introduced the
witness shall not have been convicted of the fraud; the witness
himself is to be subjected to the penalty hereinbefore stated; that is,
he shall be liable to him whom he wished to injure by his testimony,
for the full sum involved in the suit. And if he should not have the
means to make amends, he shall be delivered over, with all his
property, to the party he attempted to defraud, to forever serve him
as a slave. We hereby decree that the same penalty shall be inflicted
upon those who have been convicted of giving false testimony in
order to liberate the slaves of others; or who, by their schemes, have
manifested an intention to deprive freemen of their liberty.
IX. In what Causes Slaves can Testify.
What relates to the general benefit of the public must not be
neglected in our decrees, nor shall the facility for committing crime
be such, that any person may think that he is exempt from the
operation of the law. Since, therefore, when an affray takes place
among freemen whereby death results, and no freeman is present
who can give evidence of the crime, slaves may testify; so that it
may be ascertained from their evidence how the homicide was
committed. But for the reason that, under other circumstances, the
course of justice would be obstructed; as, for instance, when the
accused freeman shall be some distance away, or, if at hand, should
not be recognized; therefore slaves shall be permitted to testify when
no freemen were present, or those who were there are implicated in
the affair in question. But slaves shall not be allowed to give
testimony in other cases, nor in matters of great importance, but only
in such as are comparatively insignificant; as those involving the title
to lands, vineyards, or buildings, which are of lesser moment, and
concerning which disputes often arise between heirs or neighbors. A
slave shall also be believed in matters in which he is personally
interested; as, for instance, if he should be seized by others, or be
illegally detained by them, and also where another slave has
escaped; on his statement, when true, the former may be returned to
his master; and by reliable information imparted by a slave, any
dispute which has arisen on account of the ownership of another,
may be ended. Nevertheless, slaves shall be considered unworthy of
credit, unless they are known to be innocent of all crime, and are not
grievously oppressed by poverty; and their testimony can, under no
circumstances, be received to contradict that of freemen; unless, as
has been hereinbefore stated, it should happen that a homicide has
been committed.
X. Concerning Those who Bind themselves in Writing, not to
give True Testimony in the Causes of Others.
We are aware that many persons are in the habit of entering into
obligations in writing, binding themselves to promptly give evidence
in their own behalf, or in that of their friends; but to furnish no
information in case any one else should bring a suit against them.
And because it is well established that they are contrary to truth and
equity, all judges shall have the power to at once examine such
contracts, cancel them, and inflict a hundred lashes on all who are
mentioned in them. Yet that this punishment may not fix upon said
persons any mark of infamy, it is granted to them by this law, that
they shall afterwards have the right to testify, and that their liberty
shall, in no way, be restrained.
XI. At what Age Minors can Testify.
It is hereby decreed that after a boy or girl has reached his or her
fourteenth year, they shall be competent to testify in any case in
court.
XII. A Near Relative, or a Kinsman of a Party to a Suit, cannot

give Testimony against a Stranger.
Brothers, sisters, half-brothers, uncles, aunts, or their children,
also grandsons and granddaughters, shall not be permitted to give
evidence in court against strangers; unless relations belonging to the
same family should have lawsuits among themselves, or there
should not be any other freeman who can testify in the case.
TITLE V. CONCERNING VALID AND INVALID DOCUMENTS; AND HOW WILLS
SHOULD BE DRAWN UP.
I. What Documents are Valid in Law.

II. No Witness shall Testify as to the Contents of a Document of which He is
Ignorant.
III. Concerning the Drawing Up of Contracts, and Other Legal Documents.
IV. Neither Children, nor Other Heirs, shall contest the Final Disposition of
Property by their Ancestors.
V. Concerning the Penalties to which those are Liable who attempt to
Repudiate their Written Contracts.
VI. Contracts and Agreements made by Slaves are Invalid, unless Ordered
by their Masters.
VII. Concerning Dishonorable and Illegal Contracts.
VIII. No One shall be Liable in Person or Property, under the Terms of any
Contract, where Deception has been Practised: nor shall He be Liable
to any Penalty provided by the same.
IX. Every Obligation, or Contract, which has been Extorted by Force, or Fear,
shall be Void.
X. What Contracts entered into by Minors shall be Valid.
XI. How Wills shall be Drawn Up and Proved.
XII. How the Wills of those who Die during a Journey shall be Proved.
XIII. A Will must be Published in the Presence of a Priest, or of Witnesses,
within Six Months.
XIV. Concerning the Comparison of Handwriting, where Doubt attaches to any
Document.
XV. Concerning Holographic Wills.
XVI. Concerning the Comparison of Documents, and the Infliction of Penalties
prescribed by Wills.
XVII. No Testator shall be Permitted to Dispose of Property in One Way in the
Presence of Witnesses, and in Another by a Written Will.

I. What Documents are Valid in Law.
All documents which have been drawn up for a year and a day,
and are known to have been executed according to law; or which are
confirmed by the seals or signatures of the parties, or of witnesses;
shall be deemed valid. Such documents also, as any person, on
account of sickness, was unable to sign, but requested witnesses to
affix their signatures thereto, in his presence, shall be equally valid.
And, also, where any one is requested to affix his seal or signature
to a document, instead of the party himself; it shall be valid only
under the condition that if the maker of said document should
recover from his illness, and desiring that that which has been thus
attested be irrevocably established, should confirm it by his own
signature, then it shall have complete validity.
If a testator should die after making a will attested by another, as
aforesaid, he who was called as a witness shall see that the will is
proved by him within six months, as provided by another law.
FLAVIUS EGICA, KING.
II. No Witness shall Testify as to the Contents of a Document
of which He is Ignorant.
Where any one is asked to witness a document of any kind, he
must not sign it before he has read it, or has heard it read. And if he
should do so, and then attempt to testify concerning what he has
done negligently, his evidence shall not be received, because he
was ignorant of the contents of the paper to which he affixed his
signature; nor shall the document be valid, because its authenticity
has not been established by legal proof.
ANCIENT LAW.
III. Concerning the Drawing Up of Contracts, and Other Legal
Documents.
All contracts and agreements, which have been properly and
lawfully reduced to writing, provided they have been published for a
year and a day, shall be thereafter unalterable.
ANCIENT LAW.
IV. Neither Children, nor Other Heirs, shall contest the Final
Disposition of Property by their Ancestors.
It shall not be lawful for a son, or other heir, to contest the just
and legitimate provisions of the will of an ancestor, because it is
presumption in him who attempts to nullify the acts of his ancestors.
V. Concerning the Penalties to which those are Liable who
attempt to Repudiate their Written Contracts.
He who repudiates a contract, or obligation, lawfully and properly
executed, unless some more powerful person compelled him to do
so by force; and afterwards, before the cause is heard, shall pay the
penalty prescribed by the said contract, or obligation, then the latter
shall be valid. And any contract or obligation, properly drawn up
between the parties, even if it contains no penalty, shall under no
circumstances, be altered or cancelled. And whatever things are set
out in writing in contracts or obligations, shall be perfectly valid; and
especially if a party has drawn them up himself, and they have
reference to any indebtedness incurred by him.
VI. Contracts and Agreements made by Slaves are Invalid,
unless Ordered by their Masters.
Honor and justice both demand that, where slaves enter into
contracts in writing, or in the presence of witnesses, and not by the
order of their masters, such contracts shall be void.
VII. Concerning Dishonorable and Illegal Contracts.

We hereby decree that any contract or obligation, entered into by
any person whomsoever, which is injurious and unlawful, shall be
void.
VIII. No One shall be Liable in Person or Property, under the

Terms of any Contract, where Deception has been Practised:
nor shall He be Liable to any Penalty provided by the same.
The practices of wicked and depraved men should always be
opposed by the authority of the law. For the reason, therefore, that
the avarice of designing persons often fraudulently ensnares others,
and induces them to enter into contracts whereby their liberty and
their property are lost, such transactions are hereby absolutely
prohibited. And whenever a contract is entered into, the penalty for
its violation shall not be more than double the amount involved; or
triple the amount, if a sum of money be in dispute. But, under no
circumstances shall a person be permitted to pledge all his property
or his person for the debt of another, because it is manifestly unjust
that any one should be ruined personally and financially on account
of such indebtedness; and therefore, any obligation or contract made
in violation of this law, shall be void and of no effect.
IX. Every Obligation, or Contract, which has been Extorted

by Force, or Fear, shall be Void.
Any contract which a person of high or low rank has extorted by
force or fear; that is, if he who makes it has been put in prison, or
threatened with violent death, or undergone any punishment, or any
indignity whatever, or suffered injury of any kind, in an attempt to
compel its execution; then any obligation or agreement made under
such circumstances shall be void.
X. What Contracts entered into by Minors shall be Valid.
Minors under fourteen years of age who wish to dispose of their
property by will, or in any other manner, whether in writing, or in the
presence of witnesses, shall not be permitted to do so, unless in
case of serious illness, or impending death. But if they should be
impelled by necessity, as aforesaid all minors who are more than ten
years of age, have full liberty to make such disposition of their
property as they may desire. If, however, they should recover from
their illness, whatever they have done shall be void; unless, being ill
a second time, they should confirm what they have previously done;
or, having reached their fourteenth year, they should have full
authority to act for themselves in all matters in which they are
interested. All persons who are insane from infancy, or indeed from
any age whatever, and remain so without intermission, cannot testify,
or enter into a contract, and, if they should do so, it would have no
validity. But such as have lucid intervals, shall not be prohibited from
transacting business during those periods.
XI. How Wills shall be Drawn Up and Proved.

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Life-Span Development Santrock 14th

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8. The life expectancy in the United States is currently:

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13. means the capacity for change.

16. Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all

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23. Nonnormative life events:

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28. Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to:

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30. Going by current trends, 86-year-old Matilda is likely to be living:

31. Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are:

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38. The period is the time from conception to birth.

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43. is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development,

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47. Late adulthood is a time of:

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51. Which of the following statements about the “young-old” is true?

52. Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would

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59. In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism’s , nurture to its:

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62. In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to , while

63. The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

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66. theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by

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69. According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:

70. Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

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73. As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

74. The first stage in Erickson’s theory is:

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83. During early adulthood, Erik Erikson’s developmental stage of occurs.

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86. The final stage of Erik Erikson’s developmental theory is:

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91. Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:

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95. Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes how guide(s) cognitive development.

96. Dr. Alondro is an information-processing psychologist, thus he is most likely to:

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97. Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

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103. Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment, development, or