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Artificial Intelligence Tools in Media and Journalism: Roles and Concerns

Conference Paper · June 2023

DOI: 10.1109/MCNA59361.2023.10185738

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 Artificial Intelligence Tools in Media and
Journalism: Roles and Concerns
Rahima Aissani Rania Abdel-Qader Abdallah
Mass Communication Department Mass Communication Department
Al Ain University Al Ain University
Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates
rahima.aissani@aau.ac.ae rania.abdallah@aau.ac.ae
Abstract – This paper investigates the utilization of artificial
intelligence (AI) tools in media and journalism industry,
specifically examining their roles in writing, editing,
production, and distribution of diverse media content. The
paper addresses concerns raised by media academics and
professionals about the increasing adoption of these tools.
Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the paper
confirms that media and journalism organizations are
actively using a variety of AI tools in their work
environment. Additionally, the paper sheds light on various
concerns identified by scholars and professionals, which
include the creation of deepfake news and information, news
bias, job displacement, insufficient transparency, and ethical
challenges.
Keywords - Artificial intelligence, media and journalism,
information technology, challenges, and concerns.
I. INTRODUCTION
Experts argue that embracing AI is not a matter of
choice, but rather a matter of determining the appropriate
timeline and strategy for implementation, since AI
represents a cognitively and economically efficient
component that is growing in significance for businesses.
Considering the accelerated expansion of AI compared to
other technologies like computers and the internet, as well
as the transformative influence of AI tools, companies
cannot afford to adopt a passive stance or delay their
engagement with AI to mitigate risk. [1]
As media technology continues to advance, it has
become progressively evident that the incorporation of
artificial intelligence into various domains is not a
futuristic concept, but rather a tangible reality. The
integration of artificial intelligence with writing, editing,
production, and directing tools is fundamentally
transforming the approaches by which information, news,
and diverse content are created and conveyed to
audiences. These AI-driven tools excel at generating
content that is not only accurate and prompt, but also
captivating and compelling, consequently enhancing
efficiency and productivity throughout the preparation,
production, direction, and publication of media and
journalistic materials. [2]
AI-powered tools empower journalists, editors, and
correspondents to enhance their productivity and efficacy,
streamlining the writing and content generation processes
while harnessing the capacities of artificial intelligence,
Sawsan Taha
Mass Communication Department
Al Ain University
Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates
sawsan.taha@aau.ac.ae
Muhammad Noor Al Adwan
Mass Communication Department
Al Ain University
Abu Dhabi-United Arab Emirates
muhammadnoor.aladwan@aau.ac.ae
normal language processing, machine learning. These
cutting-edge technologies aid journalistic professionals in
conducting research, crafting narratives, identifying
dependable sources, and uncovering information.
Furthermore, AI-based utilities also facilitate the
assessment of news dissemination and timing. It is worth
mentioning, however, that although certain AI
instruments possess the ability to autonomously generate
content—thereby conserving significant time and
resources dedicated to research and composition—they
nevertheless necessitate scrutiny, analysis, and validation
by journalistic professionals, editors, and publishers. [3]
Yet, the use of artificial intelligence technologies
raises multiple issues regarding their acceptance by
individuals and institutions, as well as concerns about
privacy and the employment of personal data within the
large datasets on which artificial intelligence relies. There
are also concerns about the possibility of bias and
inaccuracy in providing and using information and data
correctly [4]. Additionally, academics and professionals
in the fields of journalism and digital media fear the
erosion of editorial control in the media, leading to biases
at different levels of production (inputs, productivity,
outputs), and deep fakes.
The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
tools into the field of journalism and media has brought
significant changes to content generation and distribution
processes. While these changes have streamlined
operations and increased efficiency, they also present new
challenges and concerns. These include the potential
erosion of editorial control, increased biases in news
production, issues of privacy and accuracy, and the ethical
use of personal data. Moreover, the acceptance of AI
technologies by individuals and institutions within the
media sector is still an area of uncertainty. Despite the
criticality of these issues, there is a lack of comprehensive
understanding of the roles, functionalities, and capacities
of AI-driven tools within journalism and media, as well as
a limited exploration of the potential implications and
apprehensions articulated by scholars and practitioners.
This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap and provide
an in-depth examination of the use of AI in journalism and
media, its challenges, and its potential implications. The
authors believe that the novelty of this paper lies in its
comprehensive, multidimensional examination of
artificial intelligence's (AI) role within the media and
journalism industry. The paper does not limit itself to a
single aspect of AI's influence but instead scrutinizes its
impact across various sectors, including writing, editing,
production, and content distribution. It strikes a balance
by delving into both the positive and negative implications
of AI adoption, discussing the benefits such as increased
efficiency and data analysis capabilities while critically
analyzing potential concerns like job displacement, bias,
and ethical challenges. This broad yet nuanced approach
provides a holistic understanding of AI's complex
influence on the media industry, which is not often
encountered in other studies.
Furthermore, the paper adopts a future-oriented
perspective, acknowledging the inevitable growth and
influence of AI, and stresses the importance of leveraging
its advantages while mitigating potential risks. This
foresight, combined with a global perspective informed by
diverse studies, makes our paper not only novel but also
highly relevant to the evolving media and journalism
landscape.
The hypothesis of this paper assumes that artificial
intelligence tools provide creative opportunities in the
field of journalism and media production, while at the
same time raising several concerns and limitations for
both professionals and academics in this field.
Accordingly, the paper aims to answer three main
questions:
1. What are the artificial intelligence tools used by
journalism and media institutions to produce various
media materials?
2. What are the roles and functions performed by these
tools in writing, editing, producing, and publishing
media content?
3. What are the concerns expressed by academics and
professionals in the fields of journalism and media
regarding the use of artificial intelligence?
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In their study, Heesen et al. (2023) addressed the point
that, as journalism undergoes a metamorphosis due to
digitization, artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a
critical force driving this transformation and significantly
influencing the everyday editorial operations of numerous
newsrooms. AI frameworks bolster research endeavors,
streamline news dissemination, and generate automated
text compositions. With recent advancements surrounding
extensive language models like ChatGPT, the application
spectrum in this domain is poised for further expansion.
The study stated that employing these AI solutions can
enhance the efficiency of editorial teams and media
organizations, elevate the caliber of contributions, and
foster reliable media communication. However, such
outcomes hinge on the responsible development, training,
and incorporation of AI technologies into editorial tasks,
adhering to journalistic quality benchmarks and firmly
established ethical principles. [5]
In contrast, Noain (2022) conducted a study that
examined how artificial intelligence affects journalism,
particularly its impact on ethical principles and quality
standards. The study was exploratory and involved an
analysis of how artificial intelligence is utilized in
newsrooms, with a focus on its advantages and
disadvantages, as well as its impact on the media and news
industry operations. The study involved 15 in-depth
interviews carried out in two rounds during 2019 and
2021, with a sample of media professionals, journalists,
technology experts, and academics from Germany, Spain,
the United States, and the United Kingdom. According to
the study, interviewees viewed AI as having both positive
and negative effects. The study also found that AI creates
new business opportunities for media enterprises and
enhances job satisfaction for journalists. However, the use
of AI tools can also increase skepticism and hostility
towards journalists, which requires a change in media
organizations' attitudes. Consequently, this development
has resulted in an increase in ethical quandaries. [6]
In the research conducted by Karimi and Borhani
(2022), the authors predict that AI will soon attain a
notable level of maturity within the sphere of professional
content creation and direction for the film industry.
Broadcasters are urged to implement the strategies
proposed in the article to foster compatibility and optimize
the application of this technology and its ancillary
products. The paper also delves into the tactical hurdles
and strategic potential of large-scale AI tools, which
significantly bolster digital system performance while
mitigating the expenses associated with necessary
processing resources. The adoption of comprehensive
models and self-supervision capabilities, which generate
labels by scrutinizing the interconnections among
disparate data components, is underscored within the
article and endorsed by leading global technology firms
engaged in AI-driven content production across textual,
auditory, and visual dimensions. [7]
Yasin (2021) conducted a study to investigate whether
the use of artificial intelligence enhances the working
conditions of journalists, the role of technology in
modernizing and transforming journalism, and how
Pakistani and foreign journalists differ in their use of AI.
The study employed an exploratory approach, using
qualitative research methods and in-depth interviews with
snowball sampling. The study population included four
Pakistani journalists and four well-known foreign
journalists for data collection. The NVIVO methodology
was used to validate the findings through statistical
analysis, and the interviews were grouped into four
primary themes: Identity, Update, Threat, and Interest,
with further subcategories of Yes and No. The study's
conclusions revealed that Pakistani journalists' use of AI
technology is rudimentary, with some not even using it at
all, while foreign journalists expressed concerns about
major media organizations adopting this technology.
Nevertheless, they acknowledged the considerable
benefits that AI provides in the field of journalism. Prior
to this innovation, journalistic tasks were executed
manually, consuming considerable time and effort. The
study's outcomes demonstrated that both foreign and
Pakistani journalists are utilizing AI to enhance the quality
and effectiveness of their work. [8]
Nwanyanwu's study (2021) explored the impact of
artificial intelligence on newsrooms and how it can be
better adapted to the field of journalism. His research
findings indicate that AI is currently facilitating
automation within newsrooms, augmenting journalistic
capabilities, fostering novel approaches to investigative
reporting, aiding in fact-checking and verification
processes, crafting personalized user experiences, and
giving rise to ethical considerations. Nonetheless, the
study discloses that Nigerian journalists have not yet fully
embraced AI. Several challenges affecting the adoption of
AI in Newsrooms in Nigeria include the lack of electricity
to run AI applications effectively; deficiency of adequate
substructure; lack of funding to purchase and maintain
such equipment; and the cost of connecting to the Internet
and training AI processors, among others. Further
challenges for journalists in using AI include undermining
creativity, possible bias, and lack of oversight,
transparency, fact-checking, and fairness, among others.
However, it is necessary for journalists, specifically in
development countries like Nigeria, to amend and accept
these changes that are caused about by artificial
intelligence. The study reveals that AI does not pose a
serious risk to professional journalism. In other words, AI
technologies have added and continue to add value to
journalism in the digital age. [9]
In their research, Fernández et al. (2022) note that
journalism has demonstrated a remarkable capacity for
adapting swiftly to technological innovations, particularly
in recent years. The integration of algorithms and artificial
intelligence (AI) within this field has burgeoned rapidly
within a relatively short timeframe, rendering it a research
domain that warrants distinct attention despite its nascent
stage. This review article aims to map and scrutinize the
worldwide scholarly output on this subject, identifying the
countries primarily focusing on this issue, the most
studied areas and methodological approaches employed,
the direction and location of its evolution, and the existing
gaps in the research. An examination of 358 texts
validates the substantial academic interest over the past
decade, primarily between 2015 and 2020, and highlights
the United States as the predominant contributor in terms
of publications on this topic. Most published works
consist of research articles primarily utilizing qualitative
methodologies. Data journalism, robot writing, and news
verification have emerged as the most prominent areas of
interest thus far. As anticipated in an evolving discipline,
other aspects such as reassessing the journalist's role,
content personalization, and the incorporation of AI into
journalism education have not been sufficiently delved
into, though they will likely garner increased attention.
[10]
The WTI Study (2020) perceives artificial intelligence
as an expanding domain, holding significant potential for
media and broadcast news. AI has the capacity to expedite
news reporting, minimize search durations, enhance data
quality, curb the proliferation of disinformation, elevate
consumer engagement, and facilitate the selection of
appropriate and successful projects. As machine learning
and natural language generation technologies advance, the
influence of AI on the industry is poised to escalate
further. Moreover, AI also contributes to the amelioration
of video editing quality and speed. As visual and voice
search becomes more widespread and accurate. Fact-
checking capabilities will improve and will be an
invaluable tool for restoring consumer confidence in the
news. AI-generated content will become more complex
and able to create more nuanced and deeper textures. With
the growth of this technology, AI will provide increasing
value to industry and consumers. The study considers
applications of artificial intelligence that create unique
opportunities for new media and agencies to improve their
work efficiency and, in some cases, their effectiveness.
[11]
Karnouskos's (2020) research aimed to better
comprehend the nexus between digital media and artificial
intelligence, along with its ramifications for contemporary
society. The study employed various methodologies,
including the examination of diverse documents such as
technical reports, press releases, legislative proposals, and
audio-visual materials available on openly accessible
online platforms (e.g., YouTube). To integrate findings,
viewpoints and examples from multiple perspectives, the
intersectionality approach was utilized. The investigation
unveiled only a few high-level elements, necessitating a
more in-depth exploration. There exists an intrinsic risk
that society may be unable to promptly discern between
authentic and fabricated components, potentially
undermining trust in stakeholders, processes, and the
press, and allowing the "everything is fake" narrative to
predominate. While technical solutions for detecting,
verifying, and eliminating such fabrications are essential,
addressing this issue extends beyond mere technical
aspects, and encompasses regulatory measures and
educational components for users. [12]
III. METHODOLOGY
This paper adopted a descriptive approach that
provides a detailed explanation of all artificial intelligence
tools used in the fields of media and journalism, their
roles, functions, and how they are used in the design,
production, direction, and publication of media and
journalism materials across various media and
communication platforms. The paper also offered a
focused analysis of the nature of concerns expressed and
being expressed by academics and professionals in media
and communication about the increasing use of these tools
in the field of media content production, and the threats
facing those working in this field, such as job
replacement, bias, and ethical and value concerns. In
addition, the paper used in-depth scientific observation to
catalog and study all these tools during the study period
only.
The study sample: The researchers presented a
diverse sample of AI tools, highlighting the spectrum of
possibilities in AI tools used in media and journalism and
autonomous technology advancements. The sample was
chosen randomly and based on the researchers’
observation of the current AL tools available until the
writing of this paper.
Validity: The validity of this paper is firmly
established through its comprehensive and critical
analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the
media and journalism sectors. By examining both the
benefits and concerns associated with AI integration, the
study provides a balanced perspective, thereby enhancing
its internal validity. It comprehensively covers various
dimensions of AI's influence, including writing, editing,
production, and content distribution, which further
solidifies its construct validity.
Reliability: Our paper demonstrates a descriptive-
analytical approach including a basic systematic approach
in its analysis, underpinned by a robust review of literature
and a thorough discussion on the topic. Moreover, the
sources used in the literature review are credible and
reputable, enhancing the external reliability of the
research.
 IV. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN
MEDIA AND JOURNALISM, THEIR ROLES,
AND FUNCTIONS:
Several leading media and journalism organizations
including major Arab news outlets have begun to
incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) in their journalistic
practices. For example, the Associated Press (AP) uses an
AI tool developed by Automated Insights, called
Wordsmith, to automate the generation of news stories on
corporate earnings reports. The tool has allowed AP to
significantly increase the volume of stories it can cover.
Reuters also developed an AI tool called Lynx Insight to
assist its journalists in analyzing data, suggesting article
topics, and even drafting some portions of content. While
Bloomberg uses an AI system called Cyborg, which can
dissect a company's earnings reports and quickly produce
a news story that covers the main points. The BBC has
also been exploring the use of AI in its production and
distribution processes. They have used machine learning
algorithms to better recommend content to viewers. [13]
On other hand, Al-Jazeera, Sky News Arabi, Al-
Arabiya have started incorporating AI technologies into
their practices. They have been using AI to enhance their
news production and distribution, including automating
certain aspects of content creation, and using machine
learning for better content recommendation and
personalization. [14]
A. AI Tools for Investigation:
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly
utilized by media professionals to assist in the selection
and organization of journalistic content. The use of AI
extends beyond conventional search engine applications,
encompassing targeted search techniques and systematic
analysis of digital archives or data sources. This
technology plays a critical role in investigative data
journalism, allowing for the systematic and precise
exploration of complex issues, satellite imagery-based
research, and analysis of movement data. Additionally, AI
systems aid in identifying appropriate content to maintain
a balance of information and counteract biased or one-
sided reporting, including the detection of fake news. [15]
Artificial intelligence tools are increasingly used in
investigative journalism to help journalists collect and
analyses data and information promptly and accurately.
Here are some of the most common artificial intelligence
tools used in investigative journalism:
1) Dataminr: for News is a cutting-edge platform
designed to assist journalists in their newsgathering
efforts, regardless of their location in the current
COVID era. The platform leverages over 150,000
public data sources to identify the earliest indications
of developing news stories. [16]
2) Maltego: is an inclusive tool that facilitates graphical
link analyses, offering real-time data removal and
information assembly capabilities. The tool displays
this information on a node-based graph, making it
easy to identify patterns and multiple connections
between data points. The platform allows agents
worldwide to expedite and improve the accuracy of
their investigations by integrating data in a single
interface and using influential visualization and
collaboration features to identify relevant
information. Maltego has been a reliable tool since its
initial release in 2008, serving over one million
investigations globally. Its extensive range of
applications, including threat intelligence, fraud
investigations, and more, has attracted a diverse user
base, including safety professionals, criminal
investigators, exploratory journalists, and market
researchers. [17]
3) DocumentCloud: is a platform founded on the belief
that transparency in sourcing can increase public trust
in journalism. The platform serves as a powerful tool
for journalists to share, analyze, annotate, and
ultimately publish source documents to the open web.
As a part of the MuckRock Foundation, a 501(c)3
nonprofit organization committed to promoting trust
and transparency, DocumentCloud has a deep-rooted
commitment to public service. The platform was
established in 2009 with a grant from the Knight
News Challenge, and it operated as an independent
nonprofit organization for two years before becoming
a project of Investigative Reporters and Editors in
June 2011. In August 2017, DocumentCloud became
an independent nonprofit organization once again,
before merging with the MuckRock Foundation the
following year. [18]
4) The TruthBuzz Program: draws inspiration from the
ICFJ Knight Fellowships, aiming to empower
journalists with effective storytelling methods that
enhance the impact and reach of fact-checking. The
initiative seeks to "inoculate" audiences against false
or misleading information by enabling reporters to
communicate fact-checked information in a
compelling, shareable way. Working in collaboration
with First Draft News, the program offers training in
fact-checking and verification to its fellows and their
newsroom partners. The initiative recruit’s full-time
fellows to work in newsrooms in four of the world's
largest democracies, including Brazil, Indonesia,
Nigeria, and the United States. Additionally, it
partners with Proto in India to investigate the spread
of misinformation in that country. Originally
launched as a global contest to identify innovative
approaches for spreading verified facts, the
TruthBuzz initiative aims to combat misinformation
and promote easily understandable fact-checking.
The winning entries from 2017, such as caricatures of
politicians, time-lapse videos, and a video game app,
exemplify the program's commitment to novel
methods for improving the dissemination of accurate
information. [19]
5) TinEye: This tool uses artificial intelligence to
analyses images and search for similar images online,
and it can be used in investigative journalism to
identify the sources of images and verify their
authenticity. [20]
B. AI Tools for Writing:
AI writing tools can produce high-quality, engaging,
and persuasive content by analyzing data and identifying
trends. AI tools in this field continually strive to improve
their performance by understanding the nuances of
language, grammar, knowledge, concepts, contexts,
summaries, analysis, and even code breaking to ensure
reader engagement and comprehension. This is especially
helpful in breaking news stories where journalists need to
produce content rapidly and accurately. [21]
 This is crucial in today's era of misrepresentation and
fake news, where accuracy and objectivity are crucial [22]
Despite concerns about the increased use of AI in news
and media reporting, many media outlets are already using
AI writing tools in their workflow. The following are eight
popular AI writing tools available today:
Source, Punya Batra, (2023), 8 Be s t A I Wr i ti n g S o f tw a r e f o r
N e w s r o o m s , (Last updated on Mar 23, 2023),
Source, Punya Batra, (2023), 8 Best AI Writing Software for
Newsrooms, (Last updated on Mar 23, 2023).
https://www.izooto.com/blog/best-ai-writing-software-for-newsrooms
C. AI Tools for Editing:
Media uses the following tools in the process of editing or
rewriting texts and reports contents: [23]
1) DeepL Write: This resource enables users to refine
their text by pasting a selection, offering suggestions for
improvement. It is available in both free and premium
versions.
2) Quillbot: Paraphraser: This tool transforms text into
a more polished style, making it suitable for composing
formal emails. It also offers free and paid options.
3) WordTune: Spices: An advanced word processing
utility, it provides users with both complimentary and
subscription-based access.
4) ChatGPT: Created by OpenAI in late 2022, this
conversational tool allows for dynamic dialogue, enabling
follow-up questions, admitting errors, challenging
incorrect assumptions, and denying improper requests. It
remains in beta, with feedback opportunities provided via
Discord. Despite its potential, drawbacks include its slow
response time, lack of source citation, and struggles with
information post-2021.
5) Edward Tian: A Princeton student, developed
GPTZero, a tool capable of identifying if a written piece
was generated using ChatGPT's AI tool. You can join the
beta testing phase of the tool by subscribing to the
Substack.
6) TweetGPT: is a chrome extension that utilizes
ChatGPT to compose tweets.
D. AI Tools for Production:
The objective of these tools is to enhance productivity,
efficiency, and creative opportunities during program
production while delivering information to viewers
quickly, accurately, and automatically. With AI
applications, journalists in production can generate text,
image, and audio content automatically, connect them, or
even create new composite media. AI systems are already
being used to produce weather and sports reports by
accessing databases containing relevant information such
as weather data and match results. In addition, AI
applications are widely used to transcribe recorded audio
and translate articles, simplifying daily editorial work [24]
E. AI Tools for Distribution:
The objective is to offer digital media users
personalized products that align with their individual
interests, while simultaneously maintaining a wide and
relevant news base. Media institutions aim to present
uniquely tailored stories to each user, leveraging the
richness and diversity of content available in the long tail.
Artificial intelligence can aid this personalization effort
and enhance the distribution of media products to specific
audiences by creating user preference profiles based on
usage data and recommending next reads. Additionally,
AI can provide more refined customization, such as based
on regional interests, or generate news content according
to users' preferred media outlets. [25]
F. AI tools for video editing:
A set of artificial intelligence tools are also used in
video editing and modification that enable users to create
high-level video clips quickly and easily, including [26]:
# Tools functions and tasks
1 An AI tool for editing video footage automatically
Magisto and produces a polished final product, ready for
publishing once the user has selected the footage
and accompanying music.
2 A video creation tool that converts written content
into videos, using AI to generate video storyboards,
suggest relevant media assets, match text with
appropriate visual elements, and provide a vast
library of designs, music, and videos. With a
Lumen5
powerful algorithm, it can convert marketing or
blog content into social media, marketing, and
product presentation videos. Even beginners can
create videos, and it can convert Zoom recordings
into videos.
3 This tool uses AI to transform long videos into
Pictory
short clips, perfect for social media platforms,
4
This platform offers multiple AI-powered video
editing tools and products. One of the main
advantages of Runway ML is its ability to provide
multi-track audio and video editing functions, such
Runaway ML as background removal, video enhancement, color
grading, object selection, and automatic noise
reduction from audio tracks. It helps journalists and
content creators improve their video clips with
minimal effort.
5 An AI-powered video and audio editing tool that
Descript automatically transcribes video and audio files,
creating editable text for easy editing.
6 A mobile platform for creating high-quality video
content that automates aspects of video editing,
Videolioius storytelling, and branding. It helps journalists and
content creators produce professional content while
on the go, such as while traveling.
7 An AI-powered video editor that offers a wide range
of tools, including storyboarding and editors, to
assist users in the entire video creation process.
Synthesys
Synthes’s is useful for producing explainer videos,
instructional videos, tutorials, and marketing
content.
8 AI comprehensive design tool that specifically
Designs.ai
focuses on using artificial intelligence technology to
Video Maker
improve the video editing process.
9
A video editing tool that is ideal for creating
Flexclip
effective explanatory and marketing videos.
10 An advanced video editing tool powered by
artificial intelligence, designed for companies to
create high-quality videos on a wide scale. It enables
the production of multiple videos quickly,
increasing conversions, boosting brand recognition,
Elai and improving user experience through professional
video content. Its automatic translation capability is
one of its main strengths, enabling the creation of
videos in multiple languages. Additionally, Elia
offers a large collection of video templates that cater
to diverse design preferences.
11 An AI professional video enhancement tool that
HitPaw Video
uses artificial intelligence to fix old, blurry, and
Enhancer
low-resolution videos.
12 AI tool allows the creation of attractive video
Video
summaries automatically by summarizing long
Summarization
.videos into shorter clips.
V. CONCERNS FACING THE USE OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN
MEDIA AND JOURNALISM
AI technologies offer a substantial advancement in the
media landscape by addressing key challenges in
journalism and media, such as combating fake news,
adhering to editorial policies, and tailoring content.
Furthermore, AI has demonstrated its effectiveness in
interactive digital marketing by anticipating individuals'
future behaviors in the commercial sector, as well as
advancing the presentation of media messages on
television programs and social media platforms. [27]
Nevertheless, scholars and professionals from various
disciplines and fields within journalism and media have
expressed significant apprehension regarding the
increasing use of artificial intelligence tools in the design,
editing, production, and publication of media content.
Dependence on AI tools and applications can potentially
result in job loss, discrimination and bias risks, diminished
quality and credibility, and a lack of transparency and
objectivity in reporting and analysis. Moreover, the
integration of AI systems prompts ethical and normative
concerns surrounding the evolving nature of work, the
emerging competencies and skills required, quality
standards in journalism and media, professional
accountability, and the responsibility to categorize
automated content. Simultaneously, there exists a degree
of skepticism about AI technology and worries about the
erosion of the professional identity of journalists and
media experts. [28]
According to Charlie Beckett's report which indicates
that 44% of the surveyed news organizations have already
experienced the impact of artificial intelligence. The
report suggests that this impact could include job losses
and changes in work and production methods, as well as
ethical and standards challenges in the use of smart
technologies in journalism and media. However, the
report also indicates that many news organizations have
adopted AI technologies to improve their operations,
increase productivity and efficiency, and provide a better
media experience for the audience. [29] Accordingly,
academics and professionals in various fields and
professions in journalism and media express the most
significant concerns about the expansion of the use of
artificial intelligence tools and applications as follow:
A. Deep fakes:
The manipulation of personal characteristics such as
voices, facial expressions, and gestures using new text and
image content is now possible. To maintain trust in AI-
based composite contributions, journalists and editorial
teams must play a critical role as a corrective measure,
ensuring that machine-generated content is subjected to
rigorous quality standards.
B. Bias:
Artificial intelligence systems are capable of learning
and reproducing existing biases found in the data on
which they are trained. If the data used to train an AI
system is biased, the output produced by the system may
also be biased. This can result in news stories that are
inaccurate, misleading, or even harmful, particularly
when fed with fake or incorrect data. Moreover, this can
infringe upon the copyrights of traditional media outlets.
According to Olga Russakovsky, a computer science
professor at Princeton University, AI bias goes beyond
race and gender and encompasses data as well. As AI is
developed by inherently biased humans, its applications
pose significant risks, such as creating distorted content
that deceives the public. AI systems may struggle to
understand the nuanced differences between news stories,
including the context in which they were written and the
social and cultural impacts of their content, leading to
misunderstandings or misinterpretations of news. [30]
C. Jobs displacement:
The use of artificial intelligence may lead to the
replacement of workers in the editing and media sector
with automated systems, leading to job loss in this field.
According to the results of some reports and studies, it is
expected that 85 million jobs will be lost due to the use of
AI in most jobs between 2020 and 2025. As AI robots
become more intelligent and skilled, the same tasks will
require fewer humans. AI systems and robots require
much less investment and operational expenses than
human workers; there are no lunch breaks, vacations, sick
leave, or salaries. Therefore, it is likely that investments
in AI newsrooms will lead to a reduction in jobs.
Microsoft has already laid off about 50 journalists and
replaced them with AI since June 2020. Although most
media outlets strive to protect their readers from
falsification and deep fakes, some outlets employ fake AI
technologies to produce counterfeit images and audio
recordings with the intent of manipulating the public. [31]
D. Transparency:
Artificial intelligence-driven news editing can give rise to
transparency issues, as readers may struggle to
comprehend how the system arrives at decisions related to
news editing. Furthermore, AI systems possess limited
capabilities to indicate the underlying "motives" for their
decision-making and can only perceive inputs and
outputs. AI content creation may also exhibit a significant
bias towards consumer demand in areas where it
contradicts social welfare, and the utilization of AI tools
can prove to be particularly effective in persuasive and
deceptive applications. While AI has the potential to aid
consumers in navigating online content through personal
search and recommendations and identifying instances of
external manipulation, there is a legitimate cause for
concern. [32]
E. Ethical Concerns:
There exist moral apprehensions surrounding the
implementation of artificial intelligence within the
domain of news editing, encompassing its effects on
aspects such as confidentiality, openness, and
accountability. It is crucial to meticulously evaluate the
ethical ramifications prior to integrating AI into
journalistic environments. AI algorithms lack the capacity
for critical analysis and transparency. Ethical lapses, in
contrast to the potential for job displacement or
technology misuse, are already transpiring. Introducing
prejudiced datasets into algorithms inevitably results in
the reinforcement of existing biases. Artificial intelligence
shall not alter the foundational principles of journalism; in
a newsroom context, AI can only thrive if the time-
honored journalistic and editorial norms are maintained.
Algorithms are susceptible to biases and errors, akin to the
humans who develop them. Considering newsrooms
adopting AI, the establishment of an ethics board that can
formulate an ethical guideline for AI utilization in
newsrooms is highly advisable. The accelerated
emergence of the AI chatbot instrument ChatGPT is
regarded as one of the ethical dilemmas, as numerous
users have harnessed the technology to supplant writing
tasks, thereby jeopardizing academic uprightness and
ingenuity. [33]
In conclusion, a salient fact remains unambiguous –
the employment of AI solutions within the media sphere
has the potential to significantly augment both the
quantity and quality of exceptional journalism. This
development will assuredly generate novel opportunities.
Nevertheless, comprehending the constraints of AI is
essential. Moreover, AI applications are unlikely to
supplant human journalists and editors, thereby
accentuating the importance of human discernment. [34]
F. Media censorship:
Asian governments are also employing artificial
intelligence as a means of shaping media landscapes. In
China, for instance, the authorities have established an AI-
augmented framework designed to scrutinize digital
content and pinpoint potential sources of unrest. This
system additionally serves to suppress material deemed
politically delicate. In India, the government harnesses AI
capabilities to oversee social media engagement and
detect fabricated news stories. Although the primary
objective of such endeavors is to preserve societal
equilibrium, they concurrently evoke apprehensions
regarding censorship and the safeguarding of personal
privacy. [35]
VI. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
The analysis of this paper showed positive impact
toward the use of AI in media industry, as AI tools
suggested by this paper earlier, have shown potential in
enhancing efficiency and productivity in the media and
journalism sectors. By automating repetitive tasks, AI
applications can free up journalists' time, allowing them
to focus on investigative work and in-depth reporting.
These tools have the potential to increase accuracy and
uncover hidden patterns, thereby enhancing the overall
quality of content and ensuring that relevant information
reaches the public.
However, the paper raises some concerns in using AI
in the media field. Despite the promising aspects,
concerns about AI tools' adoption in media and journalism
are growing. These concerns revolve around job loss, bias
and discrimination, transparency, ethical implications,
and the potential erosion of professional identities. It is
crucial to address these concerns, develop ethical
guidelines, and establish systems to prevent misuse and
negative consequences. Accordingly, the paper
highlighted some of the ethical concerns facing the media
industry as AI systems become more capable in handling
and processing vast amounts of data. Ethical concerns
arise regarding data privacy and the protection of sources.
Journalists must ensure that the AI tools they use adhere
to established ethical guidelines and maintain the
confidentiality of sensitive information. For example,
establishing ethical guidelines and standards for AI use in
media and journalism could be vital. These guidelines
should address issues such as data privacy, content
manipulation, and algorithmic biases, ensuring that AI
tools are used responsibly and ethically. On other hand,
Regulation and Oversight: Governments and regulatory
bodies must monitor the use of AI tools in the media sector
and develop policies that safeguard public interests. This
can help prevent the misuse of AI technologies and ensure
a balance between innovation and societal well-being.
In conclusion, as the media landscape evolves, AI
tools are likely to play an increasingly significant role.
The industry must find ways to leverage AI's advantages
while mitigating potential risks.
VII. LIMITAIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Despite the comprehensive analysis presented in this
paper, we believe that it is not without limitations. One of
 the primary constraints is the rapidly evolving nature of
artificial intelligence (AI) technology itself, which makes
it challenging to maintain up-to-date and relevant
findings. While the paper presents a current snapshot of
AI's use in media and journalism, future technological
advancements may lead to unexpected outcomes or new
areas of exploration that are not covered in this research.
Furthermore, this paper primarily focuses on the
implications of AI in the media industry and less on the
technical intricacies of AI systems. This could limit the
understanding of specific AI capabilities and their direct
impact on journalistic tasks. Additionally, the research
does not delve deeply into the regional variations of AI
implementation in journalism, an aspect that may carry
significant implications given the cultural and societal
differences across the world.
Future studies on this topic could aim to overcome
these limitations. In-depth exploration of the technical
aspects of AI systems and their impact on specific
journalistic tasks would provide a more granulated
understanding. Research could also investigate the
regional variations in AI implementation in the media
industry, considering the cultural, societal, and regulatory
differences that may affect its usage. As AI continues to
evolve, longitudinal studies would be beneficial to track
the changes and trends over time, offering a dynamic
understanding of AI's role in journalism. Moreover, future
research could focus on the creation of frameworks or
guidelines that can guide the ethical and responsible use
of AI in journalism, considering the different concerns
related to privacy, bias, and transparency.
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